CA1126039A - Floating breakwater - Google Patents
Floating breakwaterInfo
- Publication number
- CA1126039A CA1126039A CA339,738A CA339738A CA1126039A CA 1126039 A CA1126039 A CA 1126039A CA 339738 A CA339738 A CA 339738A CA 1126039 A CA1126039 A CA 1126039A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- compartments
- breakwater
- members
- water
- buoyancy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A10/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE at coastal zones; at river basins
- Y02A10/11—Hard structures, e.g. dams, dykes or breakwaters
Landscapes
- Revetment (AREA)
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
This invention relates to a floating breakwater which includes a plurality of tubular members which carry upwardly directed fins which extend over the length of the members with the members arranged to form a structure which includes substantially parallel lee and sea walls with intermediate transverse members joining the walls to form compartments which are substantially triangular in plan, extend over the width of the breakwater and are open top and bottom in direction normal to the surface of the water with the structure in use being submerged to a depth at which the tubular members are located below water level to reduce the response rate of the structure to surface wave action and at which the fins project to above water level horizontally to enclose the compartments at water level, and buoyancy control compartments attached to the structure to be located at or above water level to ensure positive buoyancy of the breakwater.
This invention relates to a floating breakwater which includes a plurality of tubular members which carry upwardly directed fins which extend over the length of the members with the members arranged to form a structure which includes substantially parallel lee and sea walls with intermediate transverse members joining the walls to form compartments which are substantially triangular in plan, extend over the width of the breakwater and are open top and bottom in direction normal to the surface of the water with the structure in use being submerged to a depth at which the tubular members are located below water level to reduce the response rate of the structure to surface wave action and at which the fins project to above water level horizontally to enclose the compartments at water level, and buoyancy control compartments attached to the structure to be located at or above water level to ensure positive buoyancy of the breakwater.
Description
~L2~
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to floating breakwaters.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
A floating breakwater generally consists of a floating structure intended by adaptation in one way or another to dissipate or substantially attenuate water wave energy to provide an area oF relatively still water in the lee of the breakwater. Breakwaters oF the above type are well known;
few have, however, actually been built but various alternative proposals consisting oF variances of those mentioned below hava been ~ut forward.
1. Rigid floating breakwaters such as pontoons or floating platforms and floating sloping barriers;
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to floating breakwaters.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
A floating breakwater generally consists of a floating structure intended by adaptation in one way or another to dissipate or substantially attenuate water wave energy to provide an area oF relatively still water in the lee of the breakwater. Breakwaters oF the above type are well known;
few have, however, actually been built but various alternative proposals consisting oF variances of those mentioned below hava been ~ut forward.
1. Rigid floating breakwaters such as pontoons or floating platforms and floating sloping barriers;
2. Flexible structures such as floating membranes or mattresses, water or air-filled bags;
3. Maze-like structures ~hich are at least partially submerged and rely on jet diffusion; and
4. Pneumatic and hydraulic breakwaters which among others have been tested mainly under laboratory conditions.
Many and in fact most of the known proposals present enormous practical constructional difficulties and no single method of wave attenuation by means of a floating breakwater stands out as the obvious answer to the problems which have been encountered and none has achieved an outstanding breakthrough in terms of combined simplicity, economy, performance and .
.
~Z6~
durability. Quite apart from economy of construction and operation, the problems associated with known floating breakwaters are principally undue oscillation of the breakwater, insuf-ficient reduction o-f the incident wave, s-tructural failure of the floating structures, undue stressing of the mooring and general maintenance.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
It is the object of this invention to provide a floating breakwater which has greater properties of wave attenuation than known breakwaters and which is of relatively simple constructional design.
SUM~ARY OF THE INVENTION ~
A floating breakwater according to the invention consists of a structure which defines a plurality of compartments which in use are open top and bottom in a direction normal to the surface of the water with the - breakwater being characterised in that the structure includes elongated members which are tubular in cross section and adapted in use to be located below the surface of the water, upwardly directed elements which are ; 15 attached to the tubular members and extend over their length substantially to enclose the compartments horizontally at the surface of the water with the sides of the compartments across the structure being out of parallel with each other over a substantial portion of their leng-ths and buoyancy control chanbers at water level attached to the structure to ensure positive buoyancy of the structure.
In a preferred form of the invention the compartments are substantially triangular in plan with adjacent compartments over the length of the structure being of opposite aspect.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRA~INGS
An embodiment of the invention will now be described by way o~ example only with reference to -the drawings in which:
.
Figure 1 is a plan view of the breakwater of the invention, Figure ~ is a fragmentary perspective view of a portion of the breakwater , . .
.
': ~
_ 4 - ~!3L~6~)3~3 of Figure 1, and Figure 3 is a sectional end elevation of one of the structural members of the breakwater.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRA~IINGS
The breal<water of the invention is shown in Figure 1 of the drawings to consist of a structure indicated generally at 10 which deFines a plurality oF substantially triangular compartments 12 and 1~ which are open top and bottom and are respectively of opposite aspect.
As is more clearly seen in Figure 2 the structure is composed principally of tubular members 1~, 18 and 20. The members 16 and 18 carry upwardly directed fins or wave spoilers 22 and the member 20 carries a plurality of downwardly inclined beach members 24 which are located on the members by spaced brackets 26. Although the spoilers 22 are shown in the drawing as being continuous elements they could be vertically separated at intervals to minimise torsional forces on the tubular members, the spoilers themselves and the nodes of the structure in use.
" ., .
The tubular members 16 and 1~ are connected to a first series of air tight floatation chambers 28 and a second series of vertically divided floatation chambers 30 are located between the tubular members 18 in the apices of the compartments 14.
The struc-ture is constructed in the form of modules, such as that enclosed ~ by chain lines in Figure 1, with each module including a compartment 12 and `~ two half compartments 14. Each half compartmen-t 14 includes half of a floatation chamber 30. The ends of the tubular members 16 on the breakline of the modules could carry radial flanges for joining one module to another to form the breakwater.
In this embodiment of the invention the modules are rigidly coupled but in another embodiment could be joined by means adapted to permit limited movement between modules.
~ .
The tubular members 16 could consist of short sections of tube which are ' ' ' ~ ' '" ' '' '' ' ' ~ ~
, ,i ~ , , ,., % ~i~33
Many and in fact most of the known proposals present enormous practical constructional difficulties and no single method of wave attenuation by means of a floating breakwater stands out as the obvious answer to the problems which have been encountered and none has achieved an outstanding breakthrough in terms of combined simplicity, economy, performance and .
.
~Z6~
durability. Quite apart from economy of construction and operation, the problems associated with known floating breakwaters are principally undue oscillation of the breakwater, insuf-ficient reduction o-f the incident wave, s-tructural failure of the floating structures, undue stressing of the mooring and general maintenance.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
It is the object of this invention to provide a floating breakwater which has greater properties of wave attenuation than known breakwaters and which is of relatively simple constructional design.
SUM~ARY OF THE INVENTION ~
A floating breakwater according to the invention consists of a structure which defines a plurality of compartments which in use are open top and bottom in a direction normal to the surface of the water with the - breakwater being characterised in that the structure includes elongated members which are tubular in cross section and adapted in use to be located below the surface of the water, upwardly directed elements which are ; 15 attached to the tubular members and extend over their length substantially to enclose the compartments horizontally at the surface of the water with the sides of the compartments across the structure being out of parallel with each other over a substantial portion of their leng-ths and buoyancy control chanbers at water level attached to the structure to ensure positive buoyancy of the structure.
In a preferred form of the invention the compartments are substantially triangular in plan with adjacent compartments over the length of the structure being of opposite aspect.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRA~INGS
An embodiment of the invention will now be described by way o~ example only with reference to -the drawings in which:
.
Figure 1 is a plan view of the breakwater of the invention, Figure ~ is a fragmentary perspective view of a portion of the breakwater , . .
.
': ~
_ 4 - ~!3L~6~)3~3 of Figure 1, and Figure 3 is a sectional end elevation of one of the structural members of the breakwater.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRA~IINGS
The breal<water of the invention is shown in Figure 1 of the drawings to consist of a structure indicated generally at 10 which deFines a plurality oF substantially triangular compartments 12 and 1~ which are open top and bottom and are respectively of opposite aspect.
As is more clearly seen in Figure 2 the structure is composed principally of tubular members 1~, 18 and 20. The members 16 and 18 carry upwardly directed fins or wave spoilers 22 and the member 20 carries a plurality of downwardly inclined beach members 24 which are located on the members by spaced brackets 26. Although the spoilers 22 are shown in the drawing as being continuous elements they could be vertically separated at intervals to minimise torsional forces on the tubular members, the spoilers themselves and the nodes of the structure in use.
" ., .
The tubular members 16 and 1~ are connected to a first series of air tight floatation chambers 28 and a second series of vertically divided floatation chambers 30 are located between the tubular members 18 in the apices of the compartments 14.
The struc-ture is constructed in the form of modules, such as that enclosed ~ by chain lines in Figure 1, with each module including a compartment 12 and `~ two half compartments 14. Each half compartmen-t 14 includes half of a floatation chamber 30. The ends of the tubular members 16 on the breakline of the modules could carry radial flanges for joining one module to another to form the breakwater.
In this embodiment of the invention the modules are rigidly coupled but in another embodiment could be joined by means adapted to permit limited movement between modules.
~ .
The tubular members 16 could consist of short sections of tube which are ' ' ' ~ ' '" ' '' '' ' ' ~ ~
, ,i ~ , , ,., % ~i~33
- 5 coupled by flanges and one or more of the sections could be removed to shorten the lee wall of the structure should it be desired that the breakwa-ter have a convexly curved configuration in plan. In this event suitable spacing members, not shown, wou1d have to be provided between and joined to the halves of selected floatation compartmen-ts 30.
The tubular members of the structure are divided over their lengths by bulkheads ;nto a plurality of watertight buoyancy compartments with each compartment including a hatch through which ballast may be introduced into and removed From the compartments to vary the buoyancy of the structure.
All of the compartments of the structure in this embodiment of the invention are made from reinforced concrete but could be made from suitably coated structural steel or even ~rom a synthetic rubber or like material.
The dimensions of the structure will depend principally on the period and amplitude of the waves to be attenuated at a particular site. It has, for example, been determined from extensive flume testing of a 1:100 model of the breakwater of the invention that a breakwater beam of about 10 metres (from the sea to lee wall of the structure) will provide adequa-te pro-tection on inland ial~es with a fe~ch of about 30 km and on which wind generated waves can a-ttain periods of about three to five seconds and heights of up to 2,5 metres. On open seas with an unrestricted fetch, waves generally have periods of between five and twenty seconds and can reach heights exceeding 20 metres. In such seas the required beam dimension may be between as much as 80 and 120 metres depending on the degree o~
attenuation required. In a breakwater having an 80 metre beam dimensio~ the tube members 16 and 20 require an external diameter of about 12 metres. The diagonal members 18 are of slightly lesser diameter.
.
In practice, the modules of the breakwater are coupled at a convenient place and towed to the site of use of the breakwater. Alternatively, the modules could be towed singly-to the site and there assembled.
At the site of use the assembled breakwater is suitably anchored in position with the wall of the structure including the beach members 24 arranged to be normal to the predominant wave direction ~t the site, as indicated by the
The tubular members of the structure are divided over their lengths by bulkheads ;nto a plurality of watertight buoyancy compartments with each compartment including a hatch through which ballast may be introduced into and removed From the compartments to vary the buoyancy of the structure.
All of the compartments of the structure in this embodiment of the invention are made from reinforced concrete but could be made from suitably coated structural steel or even ~rom a synthetic rubber or like material.
The dimensions of the structure will depend principally on the period and amplitude of the waves to be attenuated at a particular site. It has, for example, been determined from extensive flume testing of a 1:100 model of the breakwater of the invention that a breakwater beam of about 10 metres (from the sea to lee wall of the structure) will provide adequa-te pro-tection on inland ial~es with a fe~ch of about 30 km and on which wind generated waves can a-ttain periods of about three to five seconds and heights of up to 2,5 metres. On open seas with an unrestricted fetch, waves generally have periods of between five and twenty seconds and can reach heights exceeding 20 metres. In such seas the required beam dimension may be between as much as 80 and 120 metres depending on the degree o~
attenuation required. In a breakwater having an 80 metre beam dimensio~ the tube members 16 and 20 require an external diameter of about 12 metres. The diagonal members 18 are of slightly lesser diameter.
.
In practice, the modules of the breakwater are coupled at a convenient place and towed to the site of use of the breakwater. Alternatively, the modules could be towed singly-to the site and there assembled.
At the site of use the assembled breakwater is suitably anchored in position with the wall of the structure including the beach members 24 arranged to be normal to the predominant wave direction ~t the site, as indicated by the
- 6 - 3 arrow in Figure 1.
The buoyancy compar-tments in the tubular mernbers are then partially filled with a sùitable ba11ast which may be water, a particulate material or pelle-ts of a heavy material. Preferably, however, the ballast should be less fluent than a liquid to minimise mass distribution problems and consequent instability of the structure due to movement of the ballast during operation of the breakwater. The structure is loaded with ballast until the e-Ffective density of the tubular portion of the structure approximates unity and so becomes substantially neutrally buoyant. The 10 sealed floatation chambers 28 and 30, in this condition of the structure, must be of such dimension and capacity as to impart sufficient positive buoyancy to the structure to overcome the inherent instabili~y of a neutrally buoyant body and to hold the tubular portion of the structure stably submerged at a depth proportional to the position illustrated in Fiyure 3 with the spoiler fins 22 projecting above mean water level. With the breakwater floated in this manner a substantial proportion o-f the mass OT ihe struc-ture is located below the turbulent surface zone of the water and is substantially less influenced by the predominant sur-Face wave energy than it would have been had the tubular portion of the structure been located at water level.
~ .
The spoiler fins 22, in st.ll water, enclose the compartments 12 and 14 at and below the sur-face of the water. The beach members 2~ are partially submerged.
:' ' It was observed from scale model studies of the breakwater o, the invention that incident waves normal.to the beach members induced a pulsàting ef-fec-t in adjacent compartments of the structure in the sense that the water level .
in compartments of one aspect were out of phase with the water levels in the compartments of opposite aspect, the water level differential being.a function o-f both wave height and period.
The complete mechanism of energy interception of the breakwater is not yet fully understood It is thought that because of the confiyuration of the structure the respecti~/e masses of water enclosed within adjacent ~- compartments are excited by orbital motion of water beneath them and an out .... .
. ~ ,-- ' ' ''' ' ' '' ~ ' ' ' '' '' ' ' '
The buoyancy compar-tments in the tubular mernbers are then partially filled with a sùitable ba11ast which may be water, a particulate material or pelle-ts of a heavy material. Preferably, however, the ballast should be less fluent than a liquid to minimise mass distribution problems and consequent instability of the structure due to movement of the ballast during operation of the breakwater. The structure is loaded with ballast until the e-Ffective density of the tubular portion of the structure approximates unity and so becomes substantially neutrally buoyant. The 10 sealed floatation chambers 28 and 30, in this condition of the structure, must be of such dimension and capacity as to impart sufficient positive buoyancy to the structure to overcome the inherent instabili~y of a neutrally buoyant body and to hold the tubular portion of the structure stably submerged at a depth proportional to the position illustrated in Fiyure 3 with the spoiler fins 22 projecting above mean water level. With the breakwater floated in this manner a substantial proportion o-f the mass OT ihe struc-ture is located below the turbulent surface zone of the water and is substantially less influenced by the predominant sur-Face wave energy than it would have been had the tubular portion of the structure been located at water level.
~ .
The spoiler fins 22, in st.ll water, enclose the compartments 12 and 14 at and below the sur-face of the water. The beach members 2~ are partially submerged.
:' ' It was observed from scale model studies of the breakwater o, the invention that incident waves normal.to the beach members induced a pulsàting ef-fec-t in adjacent compartments of the structure in the sense that the water level .
in compartments of one aspect were out of phase with the water levels in the compartments of opposite aspect, the water level differential being.a function o-f both wave height and period.
The complete mechanism of energy interception of the breakwater is not yet fully understood It is thought that because of the confiyuration of the structure the respecti~/e masses of water enclosed within adjacent ~- compartments are excited by orbital motion of water beneath them and an out .... .
. ~ ,-- ' ' ''' ' ' '' ~ ' ' ' '' '' ' ' '
- 7 - 3~ 3~
of phase damping of wave energy results from the pulsatory movement of the horizontally confined masses of water. Part of the wave energy is conver-ted to heat by turbulence in the compartments and as with any - floating structure part of the incident energy is reflected.
~ Model tests of the breakwater indicate that the wave attenuation performance o-f the breakwater is substantially improved by submerging the bulk of the mass of the structure to reduce the sensitivity of response rate of the structure to surface wave action.
~leasurements taken during testing of breakwater models showed that wave attenuation was a direct function of the ratio of wave length to beam width of the structure of the invention and that the breakwater of the invention performed well when compared with other floating structures of similar dimensions.
The invention is not limited to the precise constructional details as herein described and the tubular structural members could, for example, be of any suitable cross sectional shape. Additionally, the buoyancy compartments 28 and 30 need not necessarily be located at the nodes of the structure and could Le located at any other ~uitable position on tha s'ructure ~ ' , .
' ' ' . .
of phase damping of wave energy results from the pulsatory movement of the horizontally confined masses of water. Part of the wave energy is conver-ted to heat by turbulence in the compartments and as with any - floating structure part of the incident energy is reflected.
~ Model tests of the breakwater indicate that the wave attenuation performance o-f the breakwater is substantially improved by submerging the bulk of the mass of the structure to reduce the sensitivity of response rate of the structure to surface wave action.
~leasurements taken during testing of breakwater models showed that wave attenuation was a direct function of the ratio of wave length to beam width of the structure of the invention and that the breakwater of the invention performed well when compared with other floating structures of similar dimensions.
The invention is not limited to the precise constructional details as herein described and the tubular structural members could, for example, be of any suitable cross sectional shape. Additionally, the buoyancy compartments 28 and 30 need not necessarily be located at the nodes of the structure and could Le located at any other ~uitable position on tha s'ructure ~ ' , .
' ' ' . .
Claims
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows.
1.
A floating breakwater consisting of a substantially rigid structure which defines a plurality of compartments which in use are open top and bottom in a direction substantially normal to the surface of the water, with the structure including elongated members which are tubular in cross section and adapted in use to be located below the surface of the water, upwardly directed elements which are attached to the tubular members and extend over their length substantially to enclose the compartments horizontally at the surface of the water with the sides of the compartments across the structure being out of parallel with each other over a substantial portion of their lengths and buoyancy control chambers at water level attached to the structure to ensure positive buoyancy of the structure.
2.
A breakwater as claimed in Claim 1 in which the compartments are substantially triangular in plan.
3.
A breakwater as claimed in Claim 2 in which adjacent triangular compartments are arranged in the structure in opposite aspect.
4.
A breakwater as claimed in Claim 1 in which the structural members are arranged in the structure to define substantially parallel lee and sea walls which are joined by transverse members to form the compartments.
5.
A breakwater as claimed in Claim 4 in which the upwardly directed elements on the lee wall and transverse structural members are vertical fins which are substantially narrower than the structural members and the elements on the sea wall are elements which are downwardly inclined into the water to provide a sloping beach over and beneath which waves may enter compartments of the structure.
6.
A breakwater as claimed in Claims 1, 2 or 3, in which the tubular structural members include buoyancy compartments for ballast for adjusting the buoyancy of the structure.
7.
A breakwater as claimed in Claim 1 in which the buoyancy control chambers are fixed to the structure at the corners of the compartments and extend upwardly from the tubular members.
1.
A floating breakwater consisting of a substantially rigid structure which defines a plurality of compartments which in use are open top and bottom in a direction substantially normal to the surface of the water, with the structure including elongated members which are tubular in cross section and adapted in use to be located below the surface of the water, upwardly directed elements which are attached to the tubular members and extend over their length substantially to enclose the compartments horizontally at the surface of the water with the sides of the compartments across the structure being out of parallel with each other over a substantial portion of their lengths and buoyancy control chambers at water level attached to the structure to ensure positive buoyancy of the structure.
2.
A breakwater as claimed in Claim 1 in which the compartments are substantially triangular in plan.
3.
A breakwater as claimed in Claim 2 in which adjacent triangular compartments are arranged in the structure in opposite aspect.
4.
A breakwater as claimed in Claim 1 in which the structural members are arranged in the structure to define substantially parallel lee and sea walls which are joined by transverse members to form the compartments.
5.
A breakwater as claimed in Claim 4 in which the upwardly directed elements on the lee wall and transverse structural members are vertical fins which are substantially narrower than the structural members and the elements on the sea wall are elements which are downwardly inclined into the water to provide a sloping beach over and beneath which waves may enter compartments of the structure.
6.
A breakwater as claimed in Claims 1, 2 or 3, in which the tubular structural members include buoyancy compartments for ballast for adjusting the buoyancy of the structure.
7.
A breakwater as claimed in Claim 1 in which the buoyancy control chambers are fixed to the structure at the corners of the compartments and extend upwardly from the tubular members.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA78/6386 | 1978-11-14 | ||
| ZA786386 | 1978-11-14 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1126039A true CA1126039A (en) | 1982-06-22 |
Family
ID=25573641
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA339,738A Expired CA1126039A (en) | 1978-11-14 | 1979-11-13 | Floating breakwater |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AR (1) | AR219197A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU532918B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR7907386A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1126039A (en) |
| DK (1) | DK482379A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES253935Y (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1188865B (en) |
| MX (1) | MX150178A (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ192064A (en) |
| PT (1) | PT70442A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4703719A (en) * | 1984-11-15 | 1987-11-03 | Kei Mori | Fish feeding device |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU578112B2 (en) * | 1984-08-30 | 1988-10-13 | Pacific Marina Developments Pty. Ltd. | Prefabricated floating breakwater |
-
1979
- 1979-11-07 NZ NZ192064A patent/NZ192064A/en unknown
- 1979-11-07 AU AU52587/79A patent/AU532918B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1979-11-12 IT IT50799/79A patent/IT1188865B/en active
- 1979-11-12 PT PT70442A patent/PT70442A/en unknown
- 1979-11-13 MX MX180020A patent/MX150178A/en unknown
- 1979-11-13 CA CA339,738A patent/CA1126039A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-11-13 BR BR7907386A patent/BR7907386A/en unknown
- 1979-11-13 ES ES1979253935U patent/ES253935Y/en not_active Expired
- 1979-11-14 AR AR278890A patent/AR219197A1/en active
- 1979-11-14 DK DK482379A patent/DK482379A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4703719A (en) * | 1984-11-15 | 1987-11-03 | Kei Mori | Fish feeding device |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NZ192064A (en) | 1984-02-03 |
| BR7907386A (en) | 1980-06-17 |
| ES253935U (en) | 1981-03-16 |
| IT1188865B (en) | 1988-01-28 |
| PT70442A (en) | 1979-12-01 |
| AR219197A1 (en) | 1980-07-31 |
| IT7950799A0 (en) | 1979-11-12 |
| DK482379A (en) | 1980-05-15 |
| ES253935Y (en) | 1981-10-01 |
| MX150178A (en) | 1984-03-29 |
| AU532918B2 (en) | 1983-10-20 |
| AU5258779A (en) | 1980-05-22 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |