CA1122483A - Fire and flame retardant structures - Google Patents
Fire and flame retardant structuresInfo
- Publication number
- CA1122483A CA1122483A CA317,654A CA317654A CA1122483A CA 1122483 A CA1122483 A CA 1122483A CA 317654 A CA317654 A CA 317654A CA 1122483 A CA1122483 A CA 1122483A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fire
- openings
- flame
- fire retardant
- retardant composition
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/18—Fireproof paints including high temperature resistant paints
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/36—After-treatment
- C08J9/365—Coating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K21/00—Fireproofing materials
- C09K21/14—Macromolecular materials
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
- Coating Of Shaped Articles Made Of Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Fire or flame-retardant compositions, and especially those having intumescent properties, when used as coatings for fire unstable structures or when used in laminated fire unstable structures can be made more effective by appropriate disposition or placement of such fire or flame-retardant compositions. For example, a foam poly-styrene board having a fire retardant or flameproof composi-tion coated on at least one of its exterior surfaces and disposed in interior portions, such as, hollows or grooves in a surface of the board is able to withstand a remarkably and surprisingly longer severe exposure to an open flame and heat than a polystyrene foam board merely coated on an exterior surface, and with less damage to the structure.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE IN~ENTION
Fire unstable structures that are covered or coated with fire-retardant and/or flameproof' coa-tings are subject to deterioration due to ablation, disi.ntegration of the fire un-stahle structure, and the like under continued and extreme exposure to flame and heat. This detracts from the efflciency and utility of the coating compositions and the final product obtained. In order to achieve the desired ability to with-stand exposure to heat and flame it is usually necessary to provide a coating of the fire-retardant and/or flameproof composition that has more than adequate or desired thickness over the fire unstable structure. Obviously, this results in increased cost of materials, which may render the use of such structures uneconomical, and therefor not commercially competitive or feasible.
When laminates of fire unstable materials have their abutting faces coated with a fire-retardant or flameproof coating, the prolonged exposure of heat and flame can, especially if localized, create damage to portions of the total structure, such as, warping or separation of the lami-nates, and destroy or greatly reduce the e:Efectiveness of the coat:l.ng. To solve this, lar~er amounts of the f':Lre-retardant o:r :~'lamep:rooI' coatlng may be used. However, i..ncreasing the amount of the coatin~ compos.ition will not always provide an acleyuate so:Lut:l.orl. :c:r the f:ire unstab:Le ~structure or por-tions of it are exposed to the direct action of the heat and f:Lame, this may cause a separation of the coating composition from the fire unstable structure and prevent it from providing l.ts norma:L protective action. The exposure of the structure to direct flame, as occurs in a fi.re~ may cause ablation of the coating so that the fire unstable structure is directly exposed to the destructive action of the heat and flame.
For these reasons, it is common practice in the case of fire unstable structures which have been treated to render them fire retardant or flameproof to provide additional reinforcement for supplemental protection such as fireproof layers of` glass fibers, metal, plaster, gypsum board, cement, or other protec-tive materials so that the structure as a whole can withstand the prolonged effects of exposure to heat and/or open flame. r~his defeats the purpose of using fire-retardant compositions as the major protection for fire unstable structures.
It is an object of the present invention to eliminate or at least reduce the amount of such supplemental protection, depending on the structure to be protected and the intensity of the exposure that it must withstand.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
-To improve the adequacy of resistance of a struc-ture to prolonged exposure to fire and open flame, it has been found that the best results may be obtained by the provision of quantities of fire and flameproof composition in interior portions of the fire unstable structure, in addition to coating the surface of the fire unstable s-tructure. The flre-retarclant or flameproo~ co~lposition may be cl:L~posed :Ln hol]ows, cavitl.es or grooves in the f'lre unsta'ble structu:re. This is in contrast to merely coating the suYf'a(e of the fire unsta'ble structure. The resu:Lts obtained are 'beneficially disp:roportionate to the increase in the amount of f'iYe or flameproof composition employed.
Thls may be due to the f'act that the composition in the cavities or grooves acts as a reservoir of material. In addition, it provides increased adherence or interloc~ing of the composition to the fire unsta'ble structure and produces the desired end object. Thus the location and 3.
disposition of the fire-retardant or ~lameproof compositions will produce comrnercially acceptable flameproo~ structures whether the fire unstable structure is in the form of a coated single strata or is in a laminated form in association with fire-retardant or flameproof compositions.
In-tumescent coating compositions are pre~erable, particu-larly when the protected structure is a synthetic plastic having a relati.vely high degree of flammability D~TAILED DES~RIPTION 0~1 ~IE I~rVENTION
For the purposes of the present invention, the fire-retardant or flameproof structures which are produced comprise fire unstable material in a variety o~ forms and arrangements and composed of a wide variety of materials having associated therewith or coated thereon suitable fire-retardant or flameproof compositions.
Fire unstable structures are materials unsuitable for use where resistance and ability to withstand e~posure to heat and flame are required. ~lassic types of fire unstable materials are paper, wood, or other cellulosic materials. Synthet-lc plastic materials, generally of polymeric type, such as polyethylene, polyst-yrene, poly-vinylchloride, pol~urethane, and the like, ~ther in solid form OI' in the foYm o~ a ~oamed cellular product are a form of fire unstable materlals that present problems in the productiorl o~ ~lamepYoof structures since most of these materials are of a materially greater degree o~ flammability than the previously mentioned cellulosic fire unstable materials. Glass or metal ~lbers comprising a large number of filaments are also considered as fire unstable materials since they are subject to severe deterioration in the presence of prolonged heat and flame. Often the fibers ~L~Z29L~33 are coated with fire unstable substances to cause them to be flufE'y and to inhibit compacting of the fibers when they are used for insulation purposes. In this coated form such materials are c~uite flammable and require treatment to pro-vide a fire and flame-retardant structure.
Fire unstable structures~ as used herein3 include structures in almost any physical arrangement in which they may be disposed. They rnay be individual layers or may be in the form of laminated stratas o~ fire unstable materials, or may have the form of honeycomb structures produced from fire unstable structures, as a strata, or in laminated form.
According to the invention, fire or flame-retardant compositions may encompass a wide variety of chemical composi-tions having the characteristics of imparting to a fire unstable material the desired characteristics of resistance to heat and flame. ~ large number of such compositions are known. For example, fire-retardant compositions are available which when applied to a synthetic polymeric material may ~Lave the effect of rendering the material incapable of supporting combustion in the absence of a flame being applied to the material. Many such materials depend on a halogen content to provide these E':I.re and flarne-retardant character:l.stics. Meta:Llic oxides are arLother wel:L known f:lYe-retaYclant ingred:Lent. ~arious combLna-tlons ol su.ch materlals are oE'ten conLblned E'or use.
.IE':Lt :Ls clesLYed to produce structures which woulcd rnore neaYly clua:LiE'y as f':LameprooE' or E':lreproor, :it appears highly desirable that the composition be an lntumescent cornposltion. Such compositions under exposure to heat and/
or flame appea:r E'irst to soften and then to yield a volume of' foarn which serves as an insulating barrier to protect the fire unstable material. Upon prolonged exposure to flame and heat, the foam carbonizes arld forms a stable insulating char which continues to pro-tec-t the fire unstable ~aterials with remar]~-able efficiency. A particularly preferred fire and flameproof composi-tion is that obtained due to the reaction of phosphoric acid and a re-ducing sugar, with the possible addition of a-t least one additional foam producing additive. Compositions of this -type can provide intumescence at significantly lower temperatures, such as, below 100C., and thus provide earlier and longer lasting protection.
Fire and flameproof compositions for use in the present invention have been derived from the teachings of the patents of Dr. Ralph Matalon in U.S. patents 3,551,365, 3,808,159, and 3,82~,200. Also of interest are the compositions taught in the Matalon U.S. patent No. 4,265,963.
For illustration of the present invention a particularly pre-ferred fire and flameproof composition has been selected. Such a com-position is that obtained from the reaction of a phosphoric acid and a reducing sugar, such as, dextrose or commercial glucose, with the possible addition of at least one supplemental foam producing agent.
m is type of composition can provide intumescence at significantly lower temperatures such as below 100C. and thus provide earlier and longer lasting protection.
In one specific embodiment, this composition comprises a mix-ture of a resin forming substance (designated as RF71) and a hardener substance (desic~nated as 175F).
The resin forming substance comprises the followiny approxi-nk~te weights oE inyredients: 3% water, ~1% phosphoric acid ~85~
strength, it beiny understood that the strength of -the acid used is dependent upon the water that r~y exist elsewhere in the formulation and the s-trength of -the acid may thus be adiusted for compensation), and dextrose 56%.
~ - 6 -~2Z4~3 It is desirab:Le to increase the intumescent properties. of the resin former for its intended fire resistant use by the addition of at least one substance having the property of evolving gas, especially under the influence of heat. Examples of such substances are monoammonium phosphate, oxalic acid, urea, monoethanolamine, and the li~e. Illustrative of a resi.n former substance having such additives is that identi.fied as RF77, compri.sing the following proportions by weight: about 3~0 water, about 31.~ phosphoric acid (850~
strength), about L~3~o dextrose, about 8~o monoammonium phos-phate, about 4~ oxalic acid, about lO~ urea, and about l~o monoethanolamine.
The resin former substances may be prepared by charging the water and phosphoric acid to a kettle and heating the same to about 70 to 90C. The reducing sugar is added and the mixture agitated for about lO to 15 minutes. Any additional desired additives to provide increased intumescence in the final product are added and also thoroughly agitated.
The ke-ttle i.s closed, heated to about 120C for about lO
minutes, allowed to cool, and the contents discharged.
A suitable hardener or curing agent may comprise the following ingredients by weight: water about L~, dex~
t:rose about 35/, urea abou.t 28/~ sodil1m hydrox1.de ( 3/o st:ren~;th) about 3(~ :E'u.:r:f''ury:l. a.lcoho:L r~bol;Lt 5%~ and para~
:f;lo:rma:Ldehyde a'bout 25%. The :f'o:L:Low:ing procedure is~
L:l.lust:ra-tl.ve of' the method of' maki.rlg the harderl:ing agent.
The socLium hydroxide~ wate:r, :E'ur:f'ury:l. a:l.coho]., and para-~o:rmal.dehyde are cha:rged to a reactor and rnlxed until disso:l.ved at a ternperature of' approximate:Ly 90C. The 3 dextrose i.s acLded and mixed until a homogenous solution is formed. The mixture is cooled or allowed to cool to about L~oC, followed by addition of the urea and monoethanolamine.
This resu]ts in an exotherrnic reaction and it is desired that the mixture be allowed to heat, 'but not to rise above the temperature of 110C, with the reactor closed. The mixture is held for about 25 minutes, allowed to react and then discharged. Alternatively, water and dextrose may be charged to the kettle, heated and mixed until they are dis-solved at about 90~. The urea is charged and stirred until dissolved. The kettle is allowed to cool or is cooled by heat trans~er to about 600C, at which time the sodium hydroxide, furfuryl alcohol, and the paraformaldehyde are added. The kettle is closed, heated to about 110C and stirred while maintaining the temperature for about 25 minutes. As the temperature cools, the monoethanolamine may be added and stirred. When the mixture is cooled, it is then ready for use.
The fire and flame retardant composition is then prepared by mixing the resin former and the hardener. They may be mixed in a preferred ratio of about 1 to 1; however, this ratio may be varied with the approximate range of resin former to hardener being about 3 to 1 to about 1 to ~, depending upon the physical properties or'function desired in the resultant composition. The end product is a thick, v:Lscous :Llqu~ having~ a density oE' about 1-2 grams per cublc cent:Lmeter. The composition has goocl adhes:ive properties when used as a coat:l.ng or will securely adhere together strata oL' E'ire unstabLe material Th:Ls cornpos:ition may 'be used as a coat;:ing for a fire unstable material. For example, it may 'be used to coat the ma~or surf'aces of a foam polystyrene board made from expanda'ble polystyrene~ comrnercially available as DYLITE
M57. The resin cornposition may be applied in any of several well known ways, such as by spraying, painting, 8.
24~3 applying by a doctor roll or the like. The coating may be appliecl at any desired level or thlckness, but the amount of 25 grams per square f'oot was selected as being adequate for normal protection and within a range that would be economical for commercial production.
In accordance with the present invention the foam polystyrene board is provided with hollows or grooves in one or more of its surfaces arranged to hold additional resin composition. These hollows or grooves may be of any desired con-figuration suitable for the purpose of interlocking or securely adhering the composition, which does have good adhesive qualities, to the board, and providing reservoirs of the composition to assist in increasing the fire and heat retardant characteristics of the coated board. The board may have parallel rows of rectangular of u shaped slots, or the cross section of the slots may be triangular, trapezoidal, or the like. Random spaced hollowed out portions may also be useful.
Samples of various structures made in accordance ~I
with the present invention were prepared for testing and com-parison~ purposes.
One of the tests adopted to illustrate the fire reslstance provided by the present invention is entitled a Modif:l.ed Bureau oE' MLnes Burn Through Test. In thls test, sa~p.Les one f'oot square and of a thlc~ness as clescribed are supported :ln a horizontal posit:ion on a tripod. The sample is su~ported ~ above the top oE' a ~isher bu:rner. The horiYontal placement o:E' the sample and -the sub~,titution o:E' a ~lsher burner for a propane torch are the modifications adopted for this test that dif'E'er from the Bureau of Mines Burn Through Test. The flame of the ~isher burner is adjusted to a 42" height and a 12" inner cone. ~ tissue is ~ ZZ~83 placed on top of the samp]e and the sample supported horizon-tally on the tripod above the flame. Burn through time is indicated by ignition of the tissue.
EX~MPLE I
A number of samples of f'oam polystyrene board were prepared and subjected to -the Burn Through Test to illustrate points of comparison and the efficac~ of the present invention~
as follows Sample l, a control sample, comprised a piece of polystyrene board 12~' x 12" x 2~ thick with no fire retardant treating or and with no facing. It was made by wire cutting from a molded billet of expandable polystyrene, sold under the -trademark DYLITE ~57, and had a density of about 1.0 pounds per square -foot. The burn through time for this sample was 8 seconds.
Sample 2 was a similar piece of foam polystyrene boari 2~ thic~, untreated, but had a facing of aluminum foil .3 mils thickness on the f'lame side only. This sample had a burn through time of l5 seconds.
Sample 3 was a similar piece of foam polystyrene board, except that it was coated with a fire retardant composition compr:ising resin :~ormer and hardener i.n a ratio of':l. to 2. The resin coating was appl:Led w:Lth a thlckness of' 25 grarns per s~uare f'oot and the exposed f'ace ~bottom) of' the~ samp:le was covered with an aluminum ~oil of .3 mils th:Lckness. On exposure I;his ~larnp:Le had a burn through ti.me of' 2 minutes and 1.3 seconcls. Th:Ls sample was heavil~ damaged and a sizable hole was burned through the sample.
Sample 4 was a similar piece of' foam polystyrene 3 boarrl 2~ thick but provided with a series of rectangular slots in parallel rows. The rows were l" on centers and the slots were 21' deep and l/L~" wide. The slots were provided 10 .
~ 12~4~33 on both major surf'aces o:f' the sample and were coated with the fire retardan-t composi-tion descr~ibed in connection with Sample 3, the coating being app~Lied at a thickness of 25 grams per square :f'oot. The surfaces of the slots were coated but the s:Lots were not full of fire retardant composi-tion. An aluminum :f'oil facing of .3 mils thick was applied to bokh faces of the sample. Upon test there was no burn through during the test time o:E` 5 minutes. Only rnoderate damage with shrinkage or melting occurred. In additionaL samples no burn through cccurred with 60 minutes exposure.
Sample 5 was a sample similar to Sample ~ except that in addition to the surface coating the slots -were filled with the fire retardant resinous composition. There was no burn through after testing for 30 minutes. Only limited damage had occurred to the sarnple.
Sample 6 was similar to Sample 5 except that the slots were filled with the same fire retardant composition which had been made into a powdered form. The powdered forrn was made by drying the liquid resinous composition at elevated temperatures (approximately 800~) for an extended time period such as 72 to 90 hours and the resultant cake was puLverized and used to E'i.l.L the s:l.otf a:f'ter the s~r~ace coatlng O:r the :L:i.qu:Ld f'ire retardant composltlon hacl been ~pp:Liecl. ~t the end of 30 minutes exposure to the :E'lame there ha(l been no burn throug~h in th:is sarrlp:Le.
To f'urther illustrate the present invention a more severe test oE` EIoam polystyrene board coated with the same fire ancl flame :retardant composition wa,s conducted.
~12Z~33 m is test is described as the Tunnel Test and is performed by the Underwri-ters I.aboratories, Inc. It is entitled ~Test Method ~or Fire Hazard Classi~ication of Building ~aterials UL73." The test was approved as ANSl A2.5-1970, April 1~, 1970. In this test a sample is supported and enclosed within a horizontally extending duct or tunnel which is equipped with gas burners at one end and provided w-L-th controlled dra~t conditions all along the length o~
the tunnel. The test sample is 20" wide and 25 ~eet long.
As an o~ersimplified summary, the test compares the ~ire hazard classi~ication of a gi~en sample to asbestos cement board (non-combustible) and having a rating o~ 0 and with select grade red oak flooring (combustible) having a rating of 100. Ratings are obtained ~or ~lame spread, fuel contributed, ana smoke density de~eloped. me sample is installed in the closed duct and ~orms the roof of the duct. The duct itsel~ is 17z'' x 12" x 25'. The test is begun by lighting the gas burners and allowing -the sample to be exposed to the gas ~lame under the speci~ied test conditions ~or a period of 10 minutes. Data is recorded at constant intervals throughout the test procedure.
~ead:Lngs are obtained ~or the ~lame spread and the smoke denslty. In the case o~ polymeric materials as well as some other materials, the ~uel contributed data is considered not meanlng~ul, and although recorded by Underwriters Laboratorles in the tests, is omitted ~rom the data results presented in -this description EXAMP~3 II
~ series o~ 5 Samples were prepared and exposed to the Tur~el Test, with the results shown in the following Table 1. The per~ormance o~ Sample 5 is illustrative Z~3 s'~- ~1~ ~ ~D
O 1~ ~d o 5~ rd . ~ c~
O d ~ ~3 ~, ~> ', ~ ~o ~d ~, ~ O,Q ~ ~,,Q ~ ~ ~1 ~3 5 1 ~ rd5~ 5 ~ ~ 1::~1 ~ ~ O
~Q O O ~, O O ~ ~.~ ~
I~ C) ~13 c ) 113 ~ ~ ~ ~H
S ~ ~ rd I--I ~1 ~ ~1 1) C~ ~1 (1~ ~ I ~1 a) rC~I ~rl ~5 rC~I
O ~ ~ O ;> .~' O ~ 'd ~1 0 -~ ~1 0t~ O ,C_~
o o a) ~ o a~ ~1 ~ O
c~E~ ~ ~t~ ~ H ~ ~i ~1 ~ C~i a) -1~ - -- _,,. rd C'' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O
~0 $ $ C~ ~ ~ O ~
~ t--1 r~ r I _ :: -1~ ~
~3 ~d rd rl rl tD ~, g F 1 ~H
~0 rl L~ ~ O r O r~ ~O ~ t!) n O r~ ~ ~ Lr~ c ;~:
r~ r' tQ
FLI I _ _ _ _ _ C r tl3 O LO I-- tr3 td tD r-l CU O O 1~
F~ tQ, r O , . rl (U
tQ h \ (U rd l)ra rd CU rd ~ ~, o ~~1 ~ s~ ~ rd r-l rl~ID rd rn rd td O
V~ (U ~ ~ O rH tU
.t) S~ Ll~ ~, O t~ Q r ) O (\.1 0 rl ~ td . ,~, ,_ ~, rn s: ~ rl ~H
~d rd rd rd rl ~d rl O rn h ~1 c I e I . ~1 ~U ~ r~ ~ rn -~ Q) (d ~ td ~ td u td ~ra rl Pl (U -1~ C~l rn O tL) O tD O raO O td tU O ~U h O
FCI 1~ F4 -~ FLI \ ~L) t ~t lt) ,0 ~H ~.¦
td rd rard c) rd ~, rd s lt~d ,rr'td ~r i td ~b ~ H rl tL) (U rd! ~d Fr-l ~1-'~ dl F'l O FO \ ~rl ~ ! C) '\ (U t~ ~, tt3 ~, (U (U ~U tU ~ tU O O ~ O
r-l~ ¦ r~ o C¦ '~ r~ O rl ~11 -l~ rl C) ~1(U ~zi ~U ~-i ~U rt~ tl) ~r-l ~ rd ~1 F:l C~~1 ~1 $-1 tU ~1,. t~ 1 ~¦ ,C~ c~ r~
~a h ~, ~,~fll~ ~n t~ ~d -1~ 0 ~a rl O
~U1~ ~1~ 1~ tt3 1~ (U rd O ta rl td ta (Uta rd~a rd r~l tn rd t~) rl ,o ~ rl ~ tV ',~
rlO ~3O ~ O Ar~ O O ~d ~t-l O (U ~t-l ta C' ta ta F~F4 0P-l O p~ rlP-l t~ Cl ,4 -~ tD r-l tU r-l td 0 ~1 ~ ta -~ 3 ~ ~ ~I ri r I C) -1~ ;~
V~ _ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ -- Cj O O ~ O tr3 rl ~ ~d O L~
tU
r~ r~ r~
_ ., __ _ _ ,..... __ _ ra ~ ~a tl) tr3 tD
* F~; ~n . * * *
O r~ C~J t.~) ~ 1~ * *
~i I . .. _~ _ . , ..... .. _~_ that the present invention provides a structure that has excellent fire res;stance.
EXAMPLE III
~Cn this case, samples o~ wood 12 inches~square and 3/8 inches thick were su'bjected to the Burn Through Test.
Sample 1 was an untreated control samp]e. While there was no burn through, the complete sample was enveloped by flame with lateral ~lame propagation.
Sample 2 was painted with a commercially available intumescent paint, sold as Ball Chemical G-3232. The coating was applied at a rate o~ 25 grams per square ~oot coverage.
After 34.5 minute,s, the sample was enveloped with :~lame, with lateral ~lame propagations.
Sample 3 was slotted with slots 1/16 inch wide, spaced on 1 inch centers, and 1/8 inch deep on both of its major sur~aces. The sample was then coated with the same intumescent paint as Sample 2. The coating was applied at the rate o~ 25 grams per square foot to the slot sur~aces as well as the board sur~ace, so that due -to the increased sur~ace area created by the slots the overall coating was thinner. After 90 minutes exposure, there was no burn through, no lateral ~lame propagation ~nd no ~nvelopment by the ~]ame.
FXAMPI,I~ :C'V
Samples oi' po:Lyuretharle i''oam board 12 inches ~square ancl 1 inch th:ic'k were subjectecL to the'Burn Through Test.
TLle po:l.yurethane ~oam is commerc:la:l:l.y avaiLa'ble i~rom Dacar Chemica:L ProcLucts Co. under the grade name o~` 22G.
Sample 1 was an untreated control sampLe and burn throllgh occurred in about 6 minutes.
Sample 2 had 'both major sur~aces painted with a commercially available intumescent pain~ (Ball Chemical 1~.
~L3L2Z~33 Cornpany, G3232) at a level of 25 grarns per square foot.
Burn through was experienced after 19 minutes.
Sample 3 was slotted on both its major surfaces with slots :L/8 inch wide, 1~4 inch deep, with the slots spaced on 1 inch centers The sample was coated with the same intumescent paint as Sample 2 at a level of 25 grams per square foot with the slot surfaces coated as well as the board surfaces. Burn through did not occur until exposure fox 4r7 minutes.
3o
Fire unstable structures that are covered or coated with fire-retardant and/or flameproof' coa-tings are subject to deterioration due to ablation, disi.ntegration of the fire un-stahle structure, and the like under continued and extreme exposure to flame and heat. This detracts from the efflciency and utility of the coating compositions and the final product obtained. In order to achieve the desired ability to with-stand exposure to heat and flame it is usually necessary to provide a coating of the fire-retardant and/or flameproof composition that has more than adequate or desired thickness over the fire unstable structure. Obviously, this results in increased cost of materials, which may render the use of such structures uneconomical, and therefor not commercially competitive or feasible.
When laminates of fire unstable materials have their abutting faces coated with a fire-retardant or flameproof coating, the prolonged exposure of heat and flame can, especially if localized, create damage to portions of the total structure, such as, warping or separation of the lami-nates, and destroy or greatly reduce the e:Efectiveness of the coat:l.ng. To solve this, lar~er amounts of the f':Lre-retardant o:r :~'lamep:rooI' coatlng may be used. However, i..ncreasing the amount of the coatin~ compos.ition will not always provide an acleyuate so:Lut:l.orl. :c:r the f:ire unstab:Le ~structure or por-tions of it are exposed to the direct action of the heat and f:Lame, this may cause a separation of the coating composition from the fire unstable structure and prevent it from providing l.ts norma:L protective action. The exposure of the structure to direct flame, as occurs in a fi.re~ may cause ablation of the coating so that the fire unstable structure is directly exposed to the destructive action of the heat and flame.
For these reasons, it is common practice in the case of fire unstable structures which have been treated to render them fire retardant or flameproof to provide additional reinforcement for supplemental protection such as fireproof layers of` glass fibers, metal, plaster, gypsum board, cement, or other protec-tive materials so that the structure as a whole can withstand the prolonged effects of exposure to heat and/or open flame. r~his defeats the purpose of using fire-retardant compositions as the major protection for fire unstable structures.
It is an object of the present invention to eliminate or at least reduce the amount of such supplemental protection, depending on the structure to be protected and the intensity of the exposure that it must withstand.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
-To improve the adequacy of resistance of a struc-ture to prolonged exposure to fire and open flame, it has been found that the best results may be obtained by the provision of quantities of fire and flameproof composition in interior portions of the fire unstable structure, in addition to coating the surface of the fire unstable s-tructure. The flre-retarclant or flameproo~ co~lposition may be cl:L~posed :Ln hol]ows, cavitl.es or grooves in the f'lre unsta'ble structu:re. This is in contrast to merely coating the suYf'a(e of the fire unsta'ble structure. The resu:Lts obtained are 'beneficially disp:roportionate to the increase in the amount of f'iYe or flameproof composition employed.
Thls may be due to the f'act that the composition in the cavities or grooves acts as a reservoir of material. In addition, it provides increased adherence or interloc~ing of the composition to the fire unsta'ble structure and produces the desired end object. Thus the location and 3.
disposition of the fire-retardant or ~lameproof compositions will produce comrnercially acceptable flameproo~ structures whether the fire unstable structure is in the form of a coated single strata or is in a laminated form in association with fire-retardant or flameproof compositions.
In-tumescent coating compositions are pre~erable, particu-larly when the protected structure is a synthetic plastic having a relati.vely high degree of flammability D~TAILED DES~RIPTION 0~1 ~IE I~rVENTION
For the purposes of the present invention, the fire-retardant or flameproof structures which are produced comprise fire unstable material in a variety o~ forms and arrangements and composed of a wide variety of materials having associated therewith or coated thereon suitable fire-retardant or flameproof compositions.
Fire unstable structures are materials unsuitable for use where resistance and ability to withstand e~posure to heat and flame are required. ~lassic types of fire unstable materials are paper, wood, or other cellulosic materials. Synthet-lc plastic materials, generally of polymeric type, such as polyethylene, polyst-yrene, poly-vinylchloride, pol~urethane, and the like, ~ther in solid form OI' in the foYm o~ a ~oamed cellular product are a form of fire unstable materlals that present problems in the productiorl o~ ~lamepYoof structures since most of these materials are of a materially greater degree o~ flammability than the previously mentioned cellulosic fire unstable materials. Glass or metal ~lbers comprising a large number of filaments are also considered as fire unstable materials since they are subject to severe deterioration in the presence of prolonged heat and flame. Often the fibers ~L~Z29L~33 are coated with fire unstable substances to cause them to be flufE'y and to inhibit compacting of the fibers when they are used for insulation purposes. In this coated form such materials are c~uite flammable and require treatment to pro-vide a fire and flame-retardant structure.
Fire unstable structures~ as used herein3 include structures in almost any physical arrangement in which they may be disposed. They rnay be individual layers or may be in the form of laminated stratas o~ fire unstable materials, or may have the form of honeycomb structures produced from fire unstable structures, as a strata, or in laminated form.
According to the invention, fire or flame-retardant compositions may encompass a wide variety of chemical composi-tions having the characteristics of imparting to a fire unstable material the desired characteristics of resistance to heat and flame. ~ large number of such compositions are known. For example, fire-retardant compositions are available which when applied to a synthetic polymeric material may ~Lave the effect of rendering the material incapable of supporting combustion in the absence of a flame being applied to the material. Many such materials depend on a halogen content to provide these E':I.re and flarne-retardant character:l.stics. Meta:Llic oxides are arLother wel:L known f:lYe-retaYclant ingred:Lent. ~arious combLna-tlons ol su.ch materlals are oE'ten conLblned E'or use.
.IE':Lt :Ls clesLYed to produce structures which woulcd rnore neaYly clua:LiE'y as f':LameprooE' or E':lreproor, :it appears highly desirable that the composition be an lntumescent cornposltion. Such compositions under exposure to heat and/
or flame appea:r E'irst to soften and then to yield a volume of' foarn which serves as an insulating barrier to protect the fire unstable material. Upon prolonged exposure to flame and heat, the foam carbonizes arld forms a stable insulating char which continues to pro-tec-t the fire unstable ~aterials with remar]~-able efficiency. A particularly preferred fire and flameproof composi-tion is that obtained due to the reaction of phosphoric acid and a re-ducing sugar, with the possible addition of a-t least one additional foam producing additive. Compositions of this -type can provide intumescence at significantly lower temperatures, such as, below 100C., and thus provide earlier and longer lasting protection.
Fire and flameproof compositions for use in the present invention have been derived from the teachings of the patents of Dr. Ralph Matalon in U.S. patents 3,551,365, 3,808,159, and 3,82~,200. Also of interest are the compositions taught in the Matalon U.S. patent No. 4,265,963.
For illustration of the present invention a particularly pre-ferred fire and flameproof composition has been selected. Such a com-position is that obtained from the reaction of a phosphoric acid and a reducing sugar, such as, dextrose or commercial glucose, with the possible addition of at least one supplemental foam producing agent.
m is type of composition can provide intumescence at significantly lower temperatures such as below 100C. and thus provide earlier and longer lasting protection.
In one specific embodiment, this composition comprises a mix-ture of a resin forming substance (designated as RF71) and a hardener substance (desic~nated as 175F).
The resin forming substance comprises the followiny approxi-nk~te weights oE inyredients: 3% water, ~1% phosphoric acid ~85~
strength, it beiny understood that the strength of -the acid used is dependent upon the water that r~y exist elsewhere in the formulation and the s-trength of -the acid may thus be adiusted for compensation), and dextrose 56%.
~ - 6 -~2Z4~3 It is desirab:Le to increase the intumescent properties. of the resin former for its intended fire resistant use by the addition of at least one substance having the property of evolving gas, especially under the influence of heat. Examples of such substances are monoammonium phosphate, oxalic acid, urea, monoethanolamine, and the li~e. Illustrative of a resi.n former substance having such additives is that identi.fied as RF77, compri.sing the following proportions by weight: about 3~0 water, about 31.~ phosphoric acid (850~
strength), about L~3~o dextrose, about 8~o monoammonium phos-phate, about 4~ oxalic acid, about lO~ urea, and about l~o monoethanolamine.
The resin former substances may be prepared by charging the water and phosphoric acid to a kettle and heating the same to about 70 to 90C. The reducing sugar is added and the mixture agitated for about lO to 15 minutes. Any additional desired additives to provide increased intumescence in the final product are added and also thoroughly agitated.
The ke-ttle i.s closed, heated to about 120C for about lO
minutes, allowed to cool, and the contents discharged.
A suitable hardener or curing agent may comprise the following ingredients by weight: water about L~, dex~
t:rose about 35/, urea abou.t 28/~ sodil1m hydrox1.de ( 3/o st:ren~;th) about 3(~ :E'u.:r:f''ury:l. a.lcoho:L r~bol;Lt 5%~ and para~
:f;lo:rma:Ldehyde a'bout 25%. The :f'o:L:Low:ing procedure is~
L:l.lust:ra-tl.ve of' the method of' maki.rlg the harderl:ing agent.
The socLium hydroxide~ wate:r, :E'ur:f'ury:l. a:l.coho]., and para-~o:rmal.dehyde are cha:rged to a reactor and rnlxed until disso:l.ved at a ternperature of' approximate:Ly 90C. The 3 dextrose i.s acLded and mixed until a homogenous solution is formed. The mixture is cooled or allowed to cool to about L~oC, followed by addition of the urea and monoethanolamine.
This resu]ts in an exotherrnic reaction and it is desired that the mixture be allowed to heat, 'but not to rise above the temperature of 110C, with the reactor closed. The mixture is held for about 25 minutes, allowed to react and then discharged. Alternatively, water and dextrose may be charged to the kettle, heated and mixed until they are dis-solved at about 90~. The urea is charged and stirred until dissolved. The kettle is allowed to cool or is cooled by heat trans~er to about 600C, at which time the sodium hydroxide, furfuryl alcohol, and the paraformaldehyde are added. The kettle is closed, heated to about 110C and stirred while maintaining the temperature for about 25 minutes. As the temperature cools, the monoethanolamine may be added and stirred. When the mixture is cooled, it is then ready for use.
The fire and flame retardant composition is then prepared by mixing the resin former and the hardener. They may be mixed in a preferred ratio of about 1 to 1; however, this ratio may be varied with the approximate range of resin former to hardener being about 3 to 1 to about 1 to ~, depending upon the physical properties or'function desired in the resultant composition. The end product is a thick, v:Lscous :Llqu~ having~ a density oE' about 1-2 grams per cublc cent:Lmeter. The composition has goocl adhes:ive properties when used as a coat:l.ng or will securely adhere together strata oL' E'ire unstabLe material Th:Ls cornpos:ition may 'be used as a coat;:ing for a fire unstable material. For example, it may 'be used to coat the ma~or surf'aces of a foam polystyrene board made from expanda'ble polystyrene~ comrnercially available as DYLITE
M57. The resin cornposition may be applied in any of several well known ways, such as by spraying, painting, 8.
24~3 applying by a doctor roll or the like. The coating may be appliecl at any desired level or thlckness, but the amount of 25 grams per square f'oot was selected as being adequate for normal protection and within a range that would be economical for commercial production.
In accordance with the present invention the foam polystyrene board is provided with hollows or grooves in one or more of its surfaces arranged to hold additional resin composition. These hollows or grooves may be of any desired con-figuration suitable for the purpose of interlocking or securely adhering the composition, which does have good adhesive qualities, to the board, and providing reservoirs of the composition to assist in increasing the fire and heat retardant characteristics of the coated board. The board may have parallel rows of rectangular of u shaped slots, or the cross section of the slots may be triangular, trapezoidal, or the like. Random spaced hollowed out portions may also be useful.
Samples of various structures made in accordance ~I
with the present invention were prepared for testing and com-parison~ purposes.
One of the tests adopted to illustrate the fire reslstance provided by the present invention is entitled a Modif:l.ed Bureau oE' MLnes Burn Through Test. In thls test, sa~p.Les one f'oot square and of a thlc~ness as clescribed are supported :ln a horizontal posit:ion on a tripod. The sample is su~ported ~ above the top oE' a ~isher bu:rner. The horiYontal placement o:E' the sample and -the sub~,titution o:E' a ~lsher burner for a propane torch are the modifications adopted for this test that dif'E'er from the Bureau of Mines Burn Through Test. The flame of the ~isher burner is adjusted to a 42" height and a 12" inner cone. ~ tissue is ~ ZZ~83 placed on top of the samp]e and the sample supported horizon-tally on the tripod above the flame. Burn through time is indicated by ignition of the tissue.
EX~MPLE I
A number of samples of f'oam polystyrene board were prepared and subjected to -the Burn Through Test to illustrate points of comparison and the efficac~ of the present invention~
as follows Sample l, a control sample, comprised a piece of polystyrene board 12~' x 12" x 2~ thick with no fire retardant treating or and with no facing. It was made by wire cutting from a molded billet of expandable polystyrene, sold under the -trademark DYLITE ~57, and had a density of about 1.0 pounds per square -foot. The burn through time for this sample was 8 seconds.
Sample 2 was a similar piece of foam polystyrene boari 2~ thic~, untreated, but had a facing of aluminum foil .3 mils thickness on the f'lame side only. This sample had a burn through time of l5 seconds.
Sample 3 was a similar piece of foam polystyrene board, except that it was coated with a fire retardant composition compr:ising resin :~ormer and hardener i.n a ratio of':l. to 2. The resin coating was appl:Led w:Lth a thlckness of' 25 grarns per s~uare f'oot and the exposed f'ace ~bottom) of' the~ samp:le was covered with an aluminum ~oil of .3 mils th:Lckness. On exposure I;his ~larnp:Le had a burn through ti.me of' 2 minutes and 1.3 seconcls. Th:Ls sample was heavil~ damaged and a sizable hole was burned through the sample.
Sample 4 was a similar piece of' foam polystyrene 3 boarrl 2~ thick but provided with a series of rectangular slots in parallel rows. The rows were l" on centers and the slots were 21' deep and l/L~" wide. The slots were provided 10 .
~ 12~4~33 on both major surf'aces o:f' the sample and were coated with the fire retardan-t composi-tion descr~ibed in connection with Sample 3, the coating being app~Lied at a thickness of 25 grams per square :f'oot. The surfaces of the slots were coated but the s:Lots were not full of fire retardant composi-tion. An aluminum :f'oil facing of .3 mils thick was applied to bokh faces of the sample. Upon test there was no burn through during the test time o:E` 5 minutes. Only rnoderate damage with shrinkage or melting occurred. In additionaL samples no burn through cccurred with 60 minutes exposure.
Sample 5 was a sample similar to Sample ~ except that in addition to the surface coating the slots -were filled with the fire retardant resinous composition. There was no burn through after testing for 30 minutes. Only limited damage had occurred to the sarnple.
Sample 6 was similar to Sample 5 except that the slots were filled with the same fire retardant composition which had been made into a powdered form. The powdered forrn was made by drying the liquid resinous composition at elevated temperatures (approximately 800~) for an extended time period such as 72 to 90 hours and the resultant cake was puLverized and used to E'i.l.L the s:l.otf a:f'ter the s~r~ace coatlng O:r the :L:i.qu:Ld f'ire retardant composltlon hacl been ~pp:Liecl. ~t the end of 30 minutes exposure to the :E'lame there ha(l been no burn throug~h in th:is sarrlp:Le.
To f'urther illustrate the present invention a more severe test oE` EIoam polystyrene board coated with the same fire ancl flame :retardant composition wa,s conducted.
~12Z~33 m is test is described as the Tunnel Test and is performed by the Underwri-ters I.aboratories, Inc. It is entitled ~Test Method ~or Fire Hazard Classi~ication of Building ~aterials UL73." The test was approved as ANSl A2.5-1970, April 1~, 1970. In this test a sample is supported and enclosed within a horizontally extending duct or tunnel which is equipped with gas burners at one end and provided w-L-th controlled dra~t conditions all along the length o~
the tunnel. The test sample is 20" wide and 25 ~eet long.
As an o~ersimplified summary, the test compares the ~ire hazard classi~ication of a gi~en sample to asbestos cement board (non-combustible) and having a rating o~ 0 and with select grade red oak flooring (combustible) having a rating of 100. Ratings are obtained ~or ~lame spread, fuel contributed, ana smoke density de~eloped. me sample is installed in the closed duct and ~orms the roof of the duct. The duct itsel~ is 17z'' x 12" x 25'. The test is begun by lighting the gas burners and allowing -the sample to be exposed to the gas ~lame under the speci~ied test conditions ~or a period of 10 minutes. Data is recorded at constant intervals throughout the test procedure.
~ead:Lngs are obtained ~or the ~lame spread and the smoke denslty. In the case o~ polymeric materials as well as some other materials, the ~uel contributed data is considered not meanlng~ul, and although recorded by Underwriters Laboratorles in the tests, is omitted ~rom the data results presented in -this description EXAMP~3 II
~ series o~ 5 Samples were prepared and exposed to the Tur~el Test, with the results shown in the following Table 1. The per~ormance o~ Sample 5 is illustrative Z~3 s'~- ~1~ ~ ~D
O 1~ ~d o 5~ rd . ~ c~
O d ~ ~3 ~, ~> ', ~ ~o ~d ~, ~ O,Q ~ ~,,Q ~ ~ ~1 ~3 5 1 ~ rd5~ 5 ~ ~ 1::~1 ~ ~ O
~Q O O ~, O O ~ ~.~ ~
I~ C) ~13 c ) 113 ~ ~ ~ ~H
S ~ ~ rd I--I ~1 ~ ~1 1) C~ ~1 (1~ ~ I ~1 a) rC~I ~rl ~5 rC~I
O ~ ~ O ;> .~' O ~ 'd ~1 0 -~ ~1 0t~ O ,C_~
o o a) ~ o a~ ~1 ~ O
c~E~ ~ ~t~ ~ H ~ ~i ~1 ~ C~i a) -1~ - -- _,,. rd C'' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O
~0 $ $ C~ ~ ~ O ~
~ t--1 r~ r I _ :: -1~ ~
~3 ~d rd rl rl tD ~, g F 1 ~H
~0 rl L~ ~ O r O r~ ~O ~ t!) n O r~ ~ ~ Lr~ c ;~:
r~ r' tQ
FLI I _ _ _ _ _ C r tl3 O LO I-- tr3 td tD r-l CU O O 1~
F~ tQ, r O , . rl (U
tQ h \ (U rd l)ra rd CU rd ~ ~, o ~~1 ~ s~ ~ rd r-l rl~ID rd rn rd td O
V~ (U ~ ~ O rH tU
.t) S~ Ll~ ~, O t~ Q r ) O (\.1 0 rl ~ td . ,~, ,_ ~, rn s: ~ rl ~H
~d rd rd rd rl ~d rl O rn h ~1 c I e I . ~1 ~U ~ r~ ~ rn -~ Q) (d ~ td ~ td u td ~ra rl Pl (U -1~ C~l rn O tL) O tD O raO O td tU O ~U h O
FCI 1~ F4 -~ FLI \ ~L) t ~t lt) ,0 ~H ~.¦
td rd rard c) rd ~, rd s lt~d ,rr'td ~r i td ~b ~ H rl tL) (U rd! ~d Fr-l ~1-'~ dl F'l O FO \ ~rl ~ ! C) '\ (U t~ ~, tt3 ~, (U (U ~U tU ~ tU O O ~ O
r-l~ ¦ r~ o C¦ '~ r~ O rl ~11 -l~ rl C) ~1(U ~zi ~U ~-i ~U rt~ tl) ~r-l ~ rd ~1 F:l C~~1 ~1 $-1 tU ~1,. t~ 1 ~¦ ,C~ c~ r~
~a h ~, ~,~fll~ ~n t~ ~d -1~ 0 ~a rl O
~U1~ ~1~ 1~ tt3 1~ (U rd O ta rl td ta (Uta rd~a rd r~l tn rd t~) rl ,o ~ rl ~ tV ',~
rlO ~3O ~ O Ar~ O O ~d ~t-l O (U ~t-l ta C' ta ta F~F4 0P-l O p~ rlP-l t~ Cl ,4 -~ tD r-l tU r-l td 0 ~1 ~ ta -~ 3 ~ ~ ~I ri r I C) -1~ ;~
V~ _ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ -- Cj O O ~ O tr3 rl ~ ~d O L~
tU
r~ r~ r~
_ ., __ _ _ ,..... __ _ ra ~ ~a tl) tr3 tD
* F~; ~n . * * *
O r~ C~J t.~) ~ 1~ * *
~i I . .. _~ _ . , ..... .. _~_ that the present invention provides a structure that has excellent fire res;stance.
EXAMPLE III
~Cn this case, samples o~ wood 12 inches~square and 3/8 inches thick were su'bjected to the Burn Through Test.
Sample 1 was an untreated control samp]e. While there was no burn through, the complete sample was enveloped by flame with lateral ~lame propagation.
Sample 2 was painted with a commercially available intumescent paint, sold as Ball Chemical G-3232. The coating was applied at a rate o~ 25 grams per square ~oot coverage.
After 34.5 minute,s, the sample was enveloped with :~lame, with lateral ~lame propagations.
Sample 3 was slotted with slots 1/16 inch wide, spaced on 1 inch centers, and 1/8 inch deep on both of its major sur~aces. The sample was then coated with the same intumescent paint as Sample 2. The coating was applied at the rate o~ 25 grams per square foot to the slot sur~aces as well as the board sur~ace, so that due -to the increased sur~ace area created by the slots the overall coating was thinner. After 90 minutes exposure, there was no burn through, no lateral ~lame propagation ~nd no ~nvelopment by the ~]ame.
FXAMPI,I~ :C'V
Samples oi' po:Lyuretharle i''oam board 12 inches ~square ancl 1 inch th:ic'k were subjectecL to the'Burn Through Test.
TLle po:l.yurethane ~oam is commerc:la:l:l.y avaiLa'ble i~rom Dacar Chemica:L ProcLucts Co. under the grade name o~` 22G.
Sample 1 was an untreated control sampLe and burn throllgh occurred in about 6 minutes.
Sample 2 had 'both major sur~aces painted with a commercially available intumescent pain~ (Ball Chemical 1~.
~L3L2Z~33 Cornpany, G3232) at a level of 25 grarns per square foot.
Burn through was experienced after 19 minutes.
Sample 3 was slotted on both its major surfaces with slots :L/8 inch wide, 1~4 inch deep, with the slots spaced on 1 inch centers The sample was coated with the same intumescent paint as Sample 2 at a level of 25 grams per square foot with the slot surfaces coated as well as the board surfaces. Burn through did not occur until exposure fox 4r7 minutes.
3o
Claims (12)
1. A fire retardant structure which comprises:
(a) a board of a fire unstable material to be protec-ted from flame and heat, said board having two major sur-faces and hollow portions disposed at spaced intervals in at least one of said board surfaces, and (b) an intumescent fire retardant composition coated onto at least one of said board surfaces and disposed in said hollow portions, whereby the resistance to prolonged exposure of said struc-ture to flame and heat are significantly improved.
(a) a board of a fire unstable material to be protec-ted from flame and heat, said board having two major sur-faces and hollow portions disposed at spaced intervals in at least one of said board surfaces, and (b) an intumescent fire retardant composition coated onto at least one of said board surfaces and disposed in said hollow portions, whereby the resistance to prolonged exposure of said struc-ture to flame and heat are significantly improved.
2. A structure as claimed in claim 1 in which said hollow portions comprise grooves extending in spaced re-lationship throughout said surface.
3. A structure capable of high resistance to flame and heat which comprises a fire unstable substrate, a plurality of hollow portions opening to at least one of the two major surfaces of said substrate, and an intumes-cent fire retardant composition disposed on and adhered to the surface of said substrate including the hollow por-tions thereof.
4. A structure as claimed in claim 3 in which said substrate is a synthetic plastic material.
5. A structure capable of high resistance to flame and heat which comprises at least two superposed layers of fire unstable material, at least one of said layers having a plurality of openings in the surface thereof that adjoins the other layer, and an intumescent fire retardant composition disposed between the surfaces of said superposed layers and extending into said opening, said layers being adhered together.
6. A structure as claimed in claim 5 in which said fire retardant composition has adhesive properties to se-cure it to said layer and the openings therein and to se-cure said layers together.
7. A fire resistant structure which comprises at least two superposed laminae, at least one of said laminae having a plurality of openings in its surface at the in-terface of the superposed laminae, and an intumescent ad-hesive fire retardant composition disposed in said inter-face and in said openings, whereby said laminae are ad-hered together.
8. A structure as claimed in claim 7 in which said laminae are synthetic plastic materials.
9. The method of making a fire resistant structure which comprises forming openings in at least one surface of a fire unstable material, and disposing an intumescent fire retardant composition in said openings and onto said surface, whereby said openings provide reservoirs of said composition and interlock said composition to said fire unstable material, whereby fire resistance of said struc-ture is significantly increased.
10. The method of making a fire resistant structure of at least two superposed layers of fire unstable ma-terials which comprises forming a plurality of openings in the interfacing surface of at least one of said layers, applying an intumescent fire retardant composition in said openings and to said interfacing surface, applying an in-tumescent fire retardant composition to at least one exte-rior surface of said superposed layers, and adhering said layers together.
11. The method claimed in claim 10 in which said fire unstable material is a synthetic plastic.
12. The method claimed in claim 11 in which said fire retardant composition is intumescent starting at a temperature below about 100°C.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US86674078A | 1978-01-03 | 1978-01-03 | |
| US866,740 | 1978-01-03 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1122483A true CA1122483A (en) | 1982-04-27 |
Family
ID=25348302
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA317,654A Expired CA1122483A (en) | 1978-01-03 | 1978-12-08 | Fire and flame retardant structures |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS54122384A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1122483A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2900157A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2413214A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2011280B (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2052306B (en) * | 1979-06-05 | 1983-06-02 | Dunlop Ltd | Cellular intumescent materials |
| CA1227311A (en) * | 1982-10-04 | 1987-09-29 | Tessa Malcolm-Brown | Protection of expanded material and other flammable materials of low compression strength from fire, especially in structural bearings |
| AT500861B1 (en) * | 1998-07-10 | 2007-06-15 | Dana Tuerenindustrie | Multi-layer fireproof material has an integrated inner fireproof layer with a fireproof material which foams in the heat of a fire situation with stability and low thermal conductivity |
| WO2000003100A1 (en) * | 1998-07-10 | 2000-01-20 | 'dana' Türenindustrie Gesellschaft Mbh | Multi-layer fire-protection component |
| DE102008011562A1 (en) | 2008-02-28 | 2009-09-03 | Lanxess Deutschland Gmbh | Sound absorbing insulation materials with high fire resistance duration |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1653343C3 (en) * | 1965-12-10 | 1974-01-03 | Charles Noisy-Le-Sec Seine Zwickert (Frankreich) | Component with at least one filled cavity and method for manufacturing the component |
| US3934066A (en) * | 1973-07-18 | 1976-01-20 | W. R. Grace & Co. | Fire-resistant intumescent laminates |
| GB1519626A (en) * | 1975-07-16 | 1978-08-02 | Giesemann H | Shaped articles of foam plastics and a process for their production |
-
1978
- 1978-12-08 CA CA317,654A patent/CA1122483A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-12-27 JP JP16465778A patent/JPS54122384A/en active Pending
- 1978-12-28 FR FR7836688A patent/FR2413214A1/en active Pending
-
1979
- 1979-01-03 GB GB7900097A patent/GB2011280B/en not_active Expired
- 1979-01-03 DE DE19792900157 patent/DE2900157A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2011280B (en) | 1982-06-23 |
| FR2413214A1 (en) | 1979-07-27 |
| GB2011280A (en) | 1979-07-11 |
| JPS54122384A (en) | 1979-09-21 |
| DE2900157A1 (en) | 1979-07-12 |
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