CA1119823A - Precast concrete threaded piling system - Google Patents
Precast concrete threaded piling systemInfo
- Publication number
- CA1119823A CA1119823A CA000290109A CA290109A CA1119823A CA 1119823 A CA1119823 A CA 1119823A CA 000290109 A CA000290109 A CA 000290109A CA 290109 A CA290109 A CA 290109A CA 1119823 A CA1119823 A CA 1119823A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- pile
- head
- core
- threads
- sections
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000011178 precast concrete Substances 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910001294 Reinforcing steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
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- WTEVQBCEXWBHNA-YFHOEESVSA-N neral Chemical compound CC(C)=CCC\C(C)=C/C=O WTEVQBCEXWBHNA-YFHOEESVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001204 A36 steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylhydroxytoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WTEVQBCEXWBHNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Citral Natural products CC(C)=CCCC(C)=CC=O WTEVQBCEXWBHNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000353097 Molva molva Species 0.000 description 1
- 108091007416 X-inactive specific transcript Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- WTEVQBCEXWBHNA-JXMROGBWSA-N citral A Natural products CC(C)=CCC\C(C)=C\C=O WTEVQBCEXWBHNA-JXMROGBWSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D7/00—Methods or apparatus for placing sheet pile bulkheads, piles, mouldpipes, or other moulds
- E02D7/22—Placing by screwing down
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/22—Piles
- E02D5/52—Piles composed of separable parts, e.g. telescopic tubes ; Piles composed of segments
- E02D5/523—Piles composed of separable parts, e.g. telescopic tubes ; Piles composed of segments composed of segments
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/22—Piles
- E02D5/56—Screw piles
Abstract
S P E C I F I C A T I O N
Inventor: William F. Gillen, Jr.
Title: "Precast Concrete Threaded Pilings"
Abstract of the Disclosure A reinforced concrete threaded pile provides a generally conically shaped tapered concrete pile member which is provided with a metallic reinforcement core for carrying the torsional and tensile forces created in the pile during its insertion. A metallic head is provided at, for example, the upper portion of the pile,which provides a point for the connection of a sufficient torsional driving force thereto for insertion of the pile. The head member can be metallic, and is substantially integrally connected to the reinforcement core, so that the torsional forces can be developed through the head and the reinforcement core such that torsional and tensile forces are not carried by the concrete to a degree which would cause a failure of the concrete by cracking. The concrete body is provided with an outer surface of spiral threads which has a relatively minor thread pitch that provides for relatively easy insertion of the pile into the desired soil medium and is mechanically compatible therewith. If desired, reinforcement can be provided in the threads. The threads are equally spaced, and a female "soil socket"
is formed upon insertion of the pile into the earth, the spiral tapered pile gradually expanding and compacting the surrounding soil as the equally spaced threads push the pile downward.
Inventor: William F. Gillen, Jr.
Title: "Precast Concrete Threaded Pilings"
Abstract of the Disclosure A reinforced concrete threaded pile provides a generally conically shaped tapered concrete pile member which is provided with a metallic reinforcement core for carrying the torsional and tensile forces created in the pile during its insertion. A metallic head is provided at, for example, the upper portion of the pile,which provides a point for the connection of a sufficient torsional driving force thereto for insertion of the pile. The head member can be metallic, and is substantially integrally connected to the reinforcement core, so that the torsional forces can be developed through the head and the reinforcement core such that torsional and tensile forces are not carried by the concrete to a degree which would cause a failure of the concrete by cracking. The concrete body is provided with an outer surface of spiral threads which has a relatively minor thread pitch that provides for relatively easy insertion of the pile into the desired soil medium and is mechanically compatible therewith. If desired, reinforcement can be provided in the threads. The threads are equally spaced, and a female "soil socket"
is formed upon insertion of the pile into the earth, the spiral tapered pile gradually expanding and compacting the surrounding soil as the equally spaced threads push the pile downward.
Description
1119~23 Background of the Invention 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to piles, and particularly to precast reinforced concrete screw-threaded piles.
This invention further relates to concrete piling constructed in sections to permit variations in the length of the piles.
This invention further relates to concrete piling constructed in sections to permit variations in the length of the piles.
2. Description of the Prior ~rt In areas such as New Orleans, Louisiana and adjacent parishes, or in-~oft and marshy lands which ~xist in places other than Louisiana, it is necessary to employ piles to provide a proper foundation for buildings and similar structures. Most commonly employed for residential and light commercial con-struction are friction piles usually constructed of wood. These piles may run 20 to 25 feet in length and must be driven into the ground by special machinery of large size. Accordingly, where such machinery is inaccessible, proper-ty owners have been unable to undertake desired construction.
A problem encountered with the use of precast con-crete screw-threaded piling is encountered during handling of the piling between the manufacturing facility and site where the piling is to be used. Further, the length requirements for the piling varies as a function of the depth required at a particular site. Thus, it has generally been necessary in the past to con-stru~t such pre~cast pili~g in a great variety of leng*hs in order to provide piling only of the length necessary for a particular application.
~ Another~problem encountered with precast concrete screw-threaded piling is attainment of adequate strength at the threaded peripheral portions of the piles. This problem becomes more acute the deeper and closer together are the threads o-f the piles.
f~3 It is particularly desirable in order to construct a precast concrete screw-threaded piling which can be efficiently threaded into the earth, and the like, even by the use of an instal]er's hands, to have the screw-threads of the piles as deep and as close together as possible. The problem arises, how-ever, of providing suitable reinforcement for such deep and close-ly spaced screw-threading.
A further problem experienced in prior art devices, is that the tensile and torsional stresses developed during the insertion of a concrete pile into the earth cannot be carried by concrete. It is known in the art, that concrete has great compressive stren`gth, but has little or no tensile strength and little or no torsional strength. Thus, it has been a problem with prior art devices that the piling were not properly reinforced from the point of attachment of a suitable torsional driving force throughout the pile. Thus, the piling of the prior art would not be suitable for driving, because torsional stress would cause the concrete portion of the pile to fail.
A problem encountered with the use of precast con-crete screw-threaded piling is encountered during handling of the piling between the manufacturing facility and site where the piling is to be used. Further, the length requirements for the piling varies as a function of the depth required at a particular site. Thus, it has generally been necessary in the past to con-stru~t such pre~cast pili~g in a great variety of leng*hs in order to provide piling only of the length necessary for a particular application.
~ Another~problem encountered with precast concrete screw-threaded piling is attainment of adequate strength at the threaded peripheral portions of the piles. This problem becomes more acute the deeper and closer together are the threads o-f the piles.
f~3 It is particularly desirable in order to construct a precast concrete screw-threaded piling which can be efficiently threaded into the earth, and the like, even by the use of an instal]er's hands, to have the screw-threads of the piles as deep and as close together as possible. The problem arises, how-ever, of providing suitable reinforcement for such deep and close-ly spaced screw-threading.
A further problem experienced in prior art devices, is that the tensile and torsional stresses developed during the insertion of a concrete pile into the earth cannot be carried by concrete. It is known in the art, that concrete has great compressive stren`gth, but has little or no tensile strength and little or no torsional strength. Thus, it has been a problem with prior art devices that the piling were not properly reinforced from the point of attachment of a suitable torsional driving force throughout the pile. Thus, the piling of the prior art would not be suitable for driving, because torsional stress would cause the concrete portion of the pile to fail.
-3 'w v G~NERAL DISCUSSION OF THE PREC,ENT INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a screw-threaded pile which is easier to insert and affords more effective frictional gripping surface than prior screw-threaded pile.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a pile which can be installed by hand where suitable machinery is unavailable or inaccessible.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a pile which avoids problems of erosion of the pile by electrolysis and similar electrochemical and chemical reactions.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an extendible pile system which permits piling to be constructed in sections for transport to a field site and for assembly in a length appropriate to the geophysical conditions encountered at the site.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an efficient and simple, yet rugged and reliable, connecting arrangement for attaching together sections of a precast concrete screw-threaded pile.
These and other objects are achieved according to the present invention by providing a pile having: a preferably metallic head arranged for being rotated by suitable machine-powered or manual driving tools; a metallic reinforcement core - connected to the head for rotation by the head, and having a longitudinal axis extending from the head to a tip, about which axis the core is rotated by the head; and a body in the form of a solid mass of concrete disposed embedding the core and rotating therewith, the body tapering from the head to the tip of the core and having an outer surface providing equally spaced threads along the entire length between the head and the tip with the screw threads facilitating insertion of the pile in earth by rotation of the head. Torsional and tensilestresses are transmitted from the metallic head to the integrally connected reinforcement core, with the tensile and torsional stresses developed throughout the pile, thereby 2~eventing failure of the concrete.
The body advantageously is constructred from a cementitious material such as concrete cast about the core, while the core itself is preferably constructed from ferrous reinforcing bar, as commonly known and conventionally used, for reinforcing the cementitious material.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, the core is a framework of longitudinally extending reinforcing bars and longitudinally spaced collars, with the bars tied to the collars and the diameter of the collars decreasing from the head of the pile to the tip of the core so that the core tapers from the portion thereof either adjacent to or forming a portion of the head down to the tip of the core.
An alternative embodiment of a core according to the invention provides a single longitudinally extending reinforcing bar having tied thereto at least one, and preferably several, cross-bars extending transversely of the longitudinal extent of the single bar.
The upper head portion may be constructed in any one of several preferred ways, among which are the use of a solid, I~re-ferably metallic cast head, the use of a metal sleeve affixed directl to the reinforcing bars of the core, and the extension of the reinforcing bars to form a framework about which a metallic or cementitious head may be formed. Advantageously, but not necessarily, the head is in the form of a hexagon, similar to a conventional nut, in order to facilitate engagement of the head by a conventional driving tool. Alternatively, or in addition, one or more bores or holes may be provided in the head transversely of the longitudinal extent of the core for receiving a driving rod which can be used to facilitate rotation of the head of the pile.
It is desireable that the upper portion of the pile provide a point of attachment for a suitable torsional driving force capable of threadably driving the pile into the desired soil. A metallic upper portion having integral attachment with the reinforcing core is preferred, however, a metallic head can be achieved by providing greater surface area to the point of application of the torsional force and ~ heavily reinforcing this area adjacent the application of the torsional driving force.
. .
These and other objects accor~ing to tne present invention are achieved by providing additionally an extendible pile system havin(~: a pair of pile sections;and a connector arrange-ment associated with the pile sections for releasably attaching the pile sections together for rotation with one another. The connector arrangement preferably includes opposed sockets provided in adjacent ones of the sections to be connected together, and a key removably arranged in the sockets for locking the sections against relative rotational movement about their longitudinal axes.
The connector arrang~ment can also include a plurality of opposed sockets provided in the sections to be connected together, with these sockets having associated therewith a like number of keys. By this arrangement, the amount of torque which can be exerted on the pile is greatly increased.
-6 ~
111~8~3 Accoraing to oné preferred embodinent of an extendible pile system according to tne present invention, one of the sections of the pile is provided with a projection and the other of the sections with a recess having a bottom and arranged for receiving the projection. The socket of one of the sections is disposed in the projection, while the socket of the other of the sections is disposed in the bottom of the recess which receives the projection~ Steel plates, and the like, line the bottom of the recess and cover the top surface of the projection of the other of the sections, which surface abuts the bottom of the recess when the two sections are placed together, so as to permit the pile to be driven into the earth as well as to be screwed thereinto by rotation.
The core of each section of a pile, according to the invention, advantageously includes a central frame extending along the longitudinal axis of the core, and has a spiral rein---forcing element pitched to the pitch of the screw-threads of the section and disposed winding around the frame in spaced relation thereto. This reinforcing element permits deeper and more closely spaced threads to be used so as to increase the efficiency of the resulting pile to that where the pile can be screwed into the earth even by manual rotation where desired.
These together with other objects and advantages which will become subsequently apparent reside in the details of . . --construction and operation as more fully hereinafter described and claimed, reference being had to the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof, wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout.
^7 1119?S123 Brief Description of the Drawings For a further understanding of the nature and objects of the present invention, reference should be had to the follow- -ing detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accom-panying drawings, in which like parts are given like reference numerals and wherein:
Figure 1 is an exploded, perspecti~e view showing a first embodiment of a pile formed by add-on sections according to the present invention.
Figure 2 is an enlarged, fragmentary, sectional view taken generally along the line 2-2 of Figure 1, with the connecting key displaced from the position shown in Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a sectional view taken generally along the line 3-3 of Figure 2.
Figure 4 is a topplan view showing the bottom section of a pile constructed according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 5 is an enlarged, fragmentary, sectional view - taken generally along the line 5-5 of Figure 4.
Figure 6 is a top plan view showing a bottom section of a third embodiment of a pile according to the present invention.
Figure 7 is a perspective VieW showing a modified connector key for use with any of the embodiment of add-on pile section, according to the invention.
~; Figure 8 is a perspective view showing the general ; configuration of a pile according to the present invention, with one preferred embodiment of a head for the pile.
Figure 9 is a fragmentary, enlarged, sectional view taken generally along the line 9-9 of Figure 8.
Figure 10 i9 a fragmentary, sectional view, similar to Figure 9, hut showing a modified embodiment of a head for a pile according to the invention.
Figure 11 is a perspective view showing one embodiment of a core for a pile accordlng to the present invention.
Figure 12 is a perspective view, partly cut away and in section, showing yet another embodiment of a pile according to the present invention.
Figure 13 is a partial schematic view of the lowermost tip portionof the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention illustrating the force experienced by the tip during insertion of the pile.
Figure 14 i9 a partial schematic view of a thread portion of the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention illustrating the compressi~e lateral movement of a single thread against the "soil-socket" during insertion of the pile.
Figure 15 ls a partial schematic view of a plurality of threads on a portion of the preferred embodiment of the apparatuq of the present invention.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments Figures 1-7 show various exemplary embodiments of a multi-section pile system including an initial pile with one or more "add-on" section; while Flgures 8~12 show various exemplary embodiments of a single pile which is similar in structure to the initial or lowermost ~ection of the pile systems of Figures 1-7. Accordingly, for a beginning under-standing of the subject matt~r of the present invention, the embodiments of Figure~ 8-12 will be described first.
Referring now to Figures 8 and 9 o~ the drawings, a screw-threaded pile 110 includes a head 112 constructed from a piece of solid material, such as a suitable steel, and having a substantially hexagonal shape for receiving a conven-tional driving socket tool (not shown), or the like, in order _ g _ ~i9823 to rotate the head 112 when pile 110 is being installed. The lower portion of head 112 terminates in a flared skirt 114 whlich comes down over the main portion of the pile 110 so as to form a transition. A core 116 i~ connected to head 112 in a suitable manner for rotation by head 112, and has longitudinal axis extending from the head 112 to a tip 118 of pile 110, about which axis core 116 is rotated by the head 112.
A body 120 in the form of a solid mass constructed from a cementitious material cast about the core 116 is dis-posed embedding the core 116 and rotates with the core 116 during installation of pile 110. ~n other words, head 112, core 116, and body 120 form an integral unit. Body 120 has an outer surface 122 which tapers continuously along the entire length of core 116 from head 112 to tip 118, and is provided with spiral screw threads 124 along the entire length of body 120 for facilitating insertion of pile 110 in earth (not shown) by rotation of head 112.
Threads 124 will preferably be supplied at a minimumthread pitch, or a minimum number of threads per foot which would be sufficient to give mechanical advantage that would allow piling 110 to be inserted easily into any desired soil medium. The insertion of the pile into the soil should be achieved with minimal torsional stresses generated, so as not to cause the pile or adjacent soil to fail. (The mechanics of insertion of the pile into the soil will be discussed more fully hereinafter, and particularly with reference to Figure 13, 14 and lS). This in combination with the appropriate reinforcing cage 136 and the appropriate attachment of the reinforcing cage 136 to the head which is provided for applica-tion of a torsional force will achieve the desired result.
Head 112 is provided with a transverse through bore126 arranged for receiving a driving, or leverage, bar (not :lliS~8~3 shown) to impart rotational torque to head 112 in order to cause rotation of pile 110 as it is being installed.
Referring now to Figure 10 of the drawing, a head is shown similar in configuration to head 112, but constructed as a, for example, steel sleeve 128 ending in a dependin~
flared skirt 130 and provided with a transverse bore 132 similar to bore 126 for receiving a leverage rod. Sleeve 123, possibly at the skirt 130 thereof, is fastened to the reinforc-ing bars of a core 134 in a conventional manner, such as by welding, prior to the casting of a body about the core 134.
It will be appreciated that core 116 of pile 110 will also be appropriately attached to head 112, such as by welding, prior to the casting of body 120 about the core 116. Since such attaching and casting techniques are well known in the particu-lar arts, ~hese techniques will not be described in detail herein. The connection between core 116 and head 112 will be an integral connection so that the torsional stresses generated in head 112 when a suitable driving force is attached thereto will be developed through core 116 into the entire pile 110.
It should be understood, that it is desirable to develope the tensile and torsional forces generated during insertion through the reinforcement members of core 136. Thus, head 130 is preferably metal and integrally connected to core 136 by weld-ing or the like. However, a substantially similar effect could be achieved by providing a heavily reinforced socket or head having a large concrete area..to which a suitable torsional force is attached. In the latter structure, although the surface would be in fact concrete, the head, if heavily rein-forced (the reinforcement attached to core 136), would perform as satisfactorily as metallic head 112 and the term "metallic head" or upper portion is intended to include such equivalent structures.
~9823 Figure 11 of the drawings shows one preferred construc-tion of a core ~or a pile according to the invention, wherein the core is a framework 136 of longltudinaily extending rein-forcing barR 138 and longitudinally spaced collars 140, 142, 14~, 146, and 148. The bars are tied to the aforementioned collars in the conventional manner, with the diameter of the collars beginning with collar 142 decreasing from the head area 150 toward the tip 152 of the core so as to create a continuous-ly tapering, or linear slopel to the core. While collar 140 is illustrated as being of substantially the same diameter as collar 142, it is possible to construct collar 140 of slightly smaller diameter than collar 142 so as to use the portion of framework 136 between collars 140 and 142 as a cage for being a head associated with the core. For example, the portion of framework 136 whlch extends between collars 140 and 142 may be inserted into the sleeve 128 (Figure 10) in a manner not shown, or the portion of framework 136 between the collars 140 and 142 may be surrounded by a straight steel sleeve welded to the reinforcing bars and cast into an outer head portion as in the embodiment shown in Figure 12 of the drawing.
Referring now more particularly to Figure 12 of the drawing, a core 154 is shown which includes a single longitud-inally extending reinforcing bar 156 havinq tied thereto at least one, and preferably the illustrated plurality of cross-bars 158, 160, 162, 164 and 166 such that the aforementioned cross-bars extend transversely of the longitudinal extent of bar 156.
Core 154 is illustrated in Figure 12 as being affixed to a head 168 constructed as a framework forming a generally cylindrical open cage 170 embedded in a mass 172 of a cementi-tious or other suitable casting material. Provided within thismass 172, and disposed extending transversely to the longitud-inal extent of bar 156, is at least one hole disposed for receiving a leverage bar (not shown). In Figure 5 a pair ofsuch cross-holes or bores are illustrated as formed by a pair of intersecting tubes 174 and 176 extending completely through the mass 172 which embeds cage 170. These tubes 174 and 176 may be attached to the reinforcing bars forming cage 170 in a suitable manner, such aq by welding or by the use of tie-wire, with the use of the pair of intersecting holes as formed by tubes 174 and 176 permitting an installer to make quarter turns, as for an installation of a pile next to a building or other object where a 360 turn is impossible.
Referring now more particularly to Figures 1 through 3 of the drawings, a first embodiment of an extendible pile according to the present invention is shown as including a head section 10 and a tip section 12 attached together for rotation with one another by a connector arrangement 14. While only a palr of sections 10 and 12 have been ~hown, it will be appre-ciated that middle sections (not shown), in any number desired, similar to section 10, but without the head 16, can be inserted between sections 10 and 12 to make the length of the resulting pile that desired for a particular application. In addition, the bottom or tip section 12 can be employed itself as a pile, if desired, by attaching a suitable turning handle or device, neither of which is shown, to the key receiving socket in the uppermost portion of section 12 as is to be described below.
In addition to head 16, the pile formed by sections 10 and 12 also includes a tip 18 disposed at the lower portion of the tapered tip section 12. Note Figure 13, where an enlarged partial view of a preferred tip 18 is provided. This tip 18 may take the form of the illustrated cutter 20, if desired, although a conventional point (Figure 13) may also be used.
Each of the sections 10 and 12 also includes a frame 22, 24, respectively, formed of longitudinally extending ill98~3 re:inforcing bars 26, 28,and longitudinally spaced collars 30, 32, and 34, 36. It will be appreciated that other collars similar to those shown will be spaced out along the longitud-inal extent of the sections 10 and 12. The bars 26 and 28 are tied to the aforementioned collars 30, 32, and 34, 36, as well as the other collars not shown, in the conventional manner of attaching such reinforcing elements, with the diameter of the collars in the tapered section 12 decreasing from the portion of section 12 adjacent section 10 toward the tip 18 of section 12 so as to create a continuous tapering or linear slope, to the core formed by frame 24. Each of the sections 10 and 12 also includes a respective body 38, 40 in the form of a solid mass constructed from a cementitlous material cast about the associated frame 22, 24. Each respective body 38, 40 embeds the core formed by the assoclated frame 22, 24 and rotates with the core during installation of the pile. In other words, the frame 22, 24 and body 38, 40 of the sections 10, 12, co-operate to form an integral unit. Each body 38, 40 also has an outer surface provided with screw-threads 42, 44 along the entire length of each sectlon 10, 12. ~hese threads 42, 44 facilitate insertion of the pile in earth (not shown) by rotation of head 16.
Head 16 may be connected to the frame 12 of section 10 in a manner as shown in Figures 9 and 10, the connection being sufficient to develop torsional stresses from head 116 to frame 22.
In additio~ to the cen~ral frame 22 extending along the longitudinal axis of the core of the associated sections 10, 12, each of the sections 10, ~2 further includes a spiral reinforcing element 46, 48 having a pitch similar to the pitch of the associated screw-threads 42, 44 and disposed winding around the respective frames 22, 24 ln spaced relationship ~119823 therewith. Tie bars 50, 52 connect the elements 46, 48 to the frame 22, 24 such that the entire set of reinforcing elements are connected together, but the spacing of the element 46, 48 from the associated frame 22, 24 permits the element 46, 48 to be dlsposed at the base of, or even within, the associated thread 42, 46 for reinforcing the thread 42, 44 even when the same is very deep in configuration.
While the number of threads 42, 44 per foot of axial length of sections 10, 12 can vary in accordance with particu-lar conditions expected to be encountered, in general thenumber of threads for a class 9 residential piling with an 8"
butt and a 5" tip should be at least 6 to the foot, with 1-3/4"
depth per thread, along the longitudinal extent of the cores of the sections 10, 12 in order to achieve the desired effi-ciency of insertion of the resulting plle into the ground which is to anchor the pile.
Section 12 is provided with a projection 54, while section 10 is provided with a recess 56 having a bottom surface and arranged for receiving the projection 54. As can be readily seen from Figure 2, projection 54 is capped with a steel : plate 58, and the like, whlle the recess 56, including the bottom surface thereof, is entirely defined by cooperating steel plates such that the bottom surface of the recess 56 and the top of projection 54 will be steel plated in order to permit the pile to be driven into the ground as opposed to being screw-ed therein. A socket 60, which may also be formed from a steel casing, and the like, is provided extendlng inwardly of section 10 along the axial extent thereof from the bottom surface of recess 56, while a mating socket 62 is provided in projection 56, so as to communicate with an openlng suitably provided in the plate 58. In the sockets 60 and 62 is inserted a connecting key 64 which cooperates with the projection 54 in mating 111~8~23 recess 56 to cause the sections 10 and 12 to resist torque and rotate to one another even when the sect~ons are being rotated into the ground. It will be appreciated that suitable rein-forcing members connect the recess 56, and its associated socket 60, as well as the socket 62 to the remainder of the integral reinforcing elemen~ network of the respective sections 10 and 12.
It should be appreciated that the welding or like attachment of reinforcement members 30, 32 to recess 56 and the simllar connection of reinforcement members 34, 36, to socket 62 provides integral connections which will develop the torsional stresses created at the ~oint into the reinforcing steel and throughout the pile. Thus, no failure of the con-crete will result at the connection because of the application of torsional or tensile stresses applied directly to the con-crete.
Note in Figure 2 that threads 42, 44 "feather" at the end portions of sections 38, 40 near the joint. ~ith such a "feathering" structure, a continuous, even pitch thread 42, 44 will be maintained.
` Referring now more particularly to Figures 4 and 5 of the drawings, sections 66 and 68 are illustrated which are similar to sections 10 and 12, except that the projection 54 and recess 56 are omitted. Rather, these sections 66 and 68 are provided with respective socket 70 and 72 fashioned and arranged in a manner similar to the sockets 60 and 62 and having associated therewith plates 74 and 76 across the abut-ting surfaces of the sections 56 and 68. These plates 74 and 76 serve a similar purpose as the bottom surface of recess 56 and the plate 58 of the sections 10 and 12. Otherwise, sec-tions 16 and 68 are constructed in essentially the same manner as sections 10 and 12.
. ~
It should be understood that the reinforcement shown in Figure 5 is integrally connected to the socket 70 by welding or the like so that torsional stress is applied to socket 70 through the connection will be transmitted to the reinforcing ~rame provided in the pile. In each of the embodiments of the connections shown, the corresponding recesses and projections are provided with steel plates which transmit torsional stresses directly to reinforcement which is in each case integrally welded to or a similar connection formed with the reinforcing steel. Thus, a development o~ torsional stresses is seen through the steel, that is the steel in the connection and the reinforcing steel in the concrete. No torsional or tensile stresses needs be carried by the concrete.
Figure 6 shows another embodiment of the present invention wherein the connector arrangement includes a plurality of sets of sockets and keys. More specifically, a section 78 is illustrated which is provided with three sockets 80 equally spaced on a substantially planar end face 82 of the section.
This face 82 may constitute a plate similar to plates 74 and 76, while it will be understood that a key, such as key 64, may be inserted in each of the sockets 80 and into some cooperating sockets which will be opposed to the sockets 80 in a section (not illustrated) having an end surface essentially the same as face 82 of section 78.
The cross-sectional shape of the key employed with a connector arrangement according to the invention can assume different shapes from the square section of key 64, such as the round section of key 84 which may be formed from a rod 86 provided with a plurality of longitudinally, or axially extend-ing splines 88. It will be appreciated that the sockets asso-ciated with key 84 must be suitably configured in order to receive the splines 88.
lil98~3 PILE OPERATION - SOIL MECHANICS
Figures 13-15 illustrates schematically the operation of the pile 10 of the present invention.
In Figure 13, there is a schematic illustration of the tip portion 18 of pile 10 showing forces acting upon the tip 18 and the proximatel threads 24 while the pile is being driven into the earth. Note force arrows 18a, which indicate upward pressure bearing on the tip 18 as lt is descending into the soil. During this lnsertion, the upper surface of each thread 24 will be pushing upwardly on the soil which contacts it on the upper surface. Note force arrows 13 which schematically illustrate this downwardly directed force of soil against thread 24. Thus, when the pile 10 is going down into the soil, there is an upward and generally outward force on the soil by the upper edge of the nearly flat projecting thread face 24b.
Figure 15 further illustrates this force which is downwardly bearing on the upper face 24b of thread 24. Note in Figure 15, a plurality of force arrows 15. These force arrows 15 are generally inward and upwardly bearing against the bottom face 24a of each thread 24. These force arrows ill-ustrate the bearing of proximately located soil against the lowermost face 24a of each thread when the pile is taking the required dead and live loads of the building or like structure which may be erected at the surface of the soil which structure is being supported by pile 10, at least in part. When the pile 10 is taking this required dead and live load, the load on the soil is downward and thrusting out, with the load being trans-mitted through the lower face 24a of thread 24. Force arrow 15 indicate the force which opposes and supports pile 10 by the soil which bears against the face 24a thus supporting the pile.
As can be seen and as has been more fully discussed above, the thread vertical spacing is constant. This vertical spacing is illustrated by the arrow indicated by P in Figure 15.Th]ead spacing P is constant, so that there will be no distur-bance of the female thread socket which is created by the threads 24 as the pile is inserted into the soil by rotational force. Thus, each point on the outer periphery of the thread will pass through the same path and contact substantially the same soil as the thread before it. This mechanical action is highly desirable, and compacts the soil adjacent the pile as it is threaded into the soil. It should be appreciated, that the pile has a taper, and each successive thread pushes the soil further from the pile, as the pile is driven down, since the "thickening" pile as a whole occupies more and more space at any given depth as the pile is driven further down. This thickening of the pile is seen in Figure 14, where a single thread 24 is seen moving from a first position 25 to a second position 27. In Figure 14, the distance of lateral movement outwardly of the thread and thus the lateral pushing of the soil is indicated by the letter L. The substantially vertical lines 25, 27 are adjacent the base of thread 24 when it moves from a first position 25 to a second position 27. The force arrows 24c illustrate the bearing force of the thread 24 against the soil, which force gradually outwardly compacts the soil adjacent the thread.
This overall operation of outward movement of the thread can be, for example, on the order of about one and one half inches. This outward movement would be of course the difference in diameter of the pile measured from the center of the~pile to the tip of the thread at any given point as con-trasted with the diameter of the plle measured from the center to the tip of the thread member 24 adjacent tip 18. In a ten foot pile, it will be appreciated that the outward movement of the thread of one and one half inches takes place in the ten feet of pile penetration, or in about eighty feet of overall thread passage. Thus, a gradual thickening and compacting of the adjacent soil is seen by the tapered pile of the present invention a~ it is gradually inserted into the soil. An im-proved soil condition is seen adjacent the pile once it is in place. The screw-threaded pile 10 has gradually compacted the soil adjacent the pile as it is being threadably driven into the soil. The volume of soil compacted and displaced will be equal to that of the pile itself. An increased effective pile diameter is seen as a result of this mechanical action. In Figure 15, arrow D illustrates the increased effective diameter of pile 10. The radius of the piling lO shaft 23 is indicated by arrow S. The thread projection is indicated by arrow T in Figure 15.
Pile 10 can be constructed of any suitable structural concrete, such as four thousand pound per square inch reinforced concrete. Preferably, pea gravel would be used as a suitable aggregate, because of the smallness of threads 24 in some residential class piling. The reinforcing steel could be any suitable structural reinforcing bar such as A36 steel.
As can be readily understood from the above description and from the drawings, a pile according to the invention pro-vides a simple and efficient, yet rugged and reliable, manner of providing a suitable anchor or piling where needed remote from a manufacturing facility, and even in crowded conditions where heavy machinery cannot be taken.
In the method of driving pile of the present invention, it is important to utilize a plle of constant thread pitch.
This will prevent cross-threading which destroys the desirable interface created between the pile and the surrounding soil.
Preliminary tests have indicated that an area spread of at least one and one half times the original area of the threaded pile diameter is achieved ~hen the pile structure 10 of thepresent invention i5 properly installed. It is desirable to provide a pile having a pltch of about six or more threads per foot. Thi~ desirable pitch of threads per foot is necessary in order that compatibility with differing soils be achieved.
It is desirable that the piling be threadably inserted into the soll so that the soil is merely displaced and compacted forming a "soil-soc~et" which forms a female thread in fact for the pile itself as it is inserted. The tip of the pile can be provided with driving and cutting force if necessary.
In fact, a jetting type arrangement can be provided at the tip in order to facilitate driving. Further, there can be provided the addition of water or other suitable lubricant to the pile's surface as it is inserted into the ground. Such a lubricant can be added to the soil socket into which the pile is thread-ably rotated, which socket iR in fact created as the pile is driven. By pouring water on the threads of the pile as it enters the ground, a lubrication of the pile will be seen which will lessen the friction of the thread surfaces 24a, 24b with the surrounding soil.
When using a ~ointed pile, only the first section need be tapered, since the thread socket will have been properly formed once the largest thread diameter of the uppermost end of pile section 12 (see ~igure 1) passes into the soil. There-after, as many sectional constant diameter piles 10 as is desirable can be added to the original pile or piles as is desired. Each additional pile section 10 would of course be provided with feathering at the junction which will connect with the previous installed pil~. Thus, once the pile connec-tion is perfected as is illustrated by Figures 2 and 5 forexample, a constant pitch smooth thread will be seen.
The means for applyln~ torsion to the pile at its l~l9~Z3 uppermost point can be any suitable tor~ional force. Thus, for example, a leverage bar can be inserted into opening 12~ and the lever pushed on by a suitable force. In such a case, the pile could be hand-installed by manual labour. A low horsepower motor supplied with proper gearing could be utilized to provide such a torsional force. Additionally, a rope could be wrapped around the upper surface of the pile and pulled on to apply the necessary force in instances where a great deal of force was not required.
A pile according to the invention can be manufactured in any size or length, although ~iling in a length of 10 feet to 12 feet has been found suitable. The use of the tapered body of the pile and the provision of screw-threads along the entire length of the body provides a pile which has a fri~tion capability of a conventional wood pile twice the length of the pile according to the present invention. Further, a pile according to the invention can be screwed into earth without a pilot hole under aertain soil conditions, with only a steel leverage bar and capable personnel.
The foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modi-fications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, - falling within the scope of the invention.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a screw-threaded pile which is easier to insert and affords more effective frictional gripping surface than prior screw-threaded pile.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a pile which can be installed by hand where suitable machinery is unavailable or inaccessible.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a pile which avoids problems of erosion of the pile by electrolysis and similar electrochemical and chemical reactions.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an extendible pile system which permits piling to be constructed in sections for transport to a field site and for assembly in a length appropriate to the geophysical conditions encountered at the site.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an efficient and simple, yet rugged and reliable, connecting arrangement for attaching together sections of a precast concrete screw-threaded pile.
These and other objects are achieved according to the present invention by providing a pile having: a preferably metallic head arranged for being rotated by suitable machine-powered or manual driving tools; a metallic reinforcement core - connected to the head for rotation by the head, and having a longitudinal axis extending from the head to a tip, about which axis the core is rotated by the head; and a body in the form of a solid mass of concrete disposed embedding the core and rotating therewith, the body tapering from the head to the tip of the core and having an outer surface providing equally spaced threads along the entire length between the head and the tip with the screw threads facilitating insertion of the pile in earth by rotation of the head. Torsional and tensilestresses are transmitted from the metallic head to the integrally connected reinforcement core, with the tensile and torsional stresses developed throughout the pile, thereby 2~eventing failure of the concrete.
The body advantageously is constructred from a cementitious material such as concrete cast about the core, while the core itself is preferably constructed from ferrous reinforcing bar, as commonly known and conventionally used, for reinforcing the cementitious material.
According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, the core is a framework of longitudinally extending reinforcing bars and longitudinally spaced collars, with the bars tied to the collars and the diameter of the collars decreasing from the head of the pile to the tip of the core so that the core tapers from the portion thereof either adjacent to or forming a portion of the head down to the tip of the core.
An alternative embodiment of a core according to the invention provides a single longitudinally extending reinforcing bar having tied thereto at least one, and preferably several, cross-bars extending transversely of the longitudinal extent of the single bar.
The upper head portion may be constructed in any one of several preferred ways, among which are the use of a solid, I~re-ferably metallic cast head, the use of a metal sleeve affixed directl to the reinforcing bars of the core, and the extension of the reinforcing bars to form a framework about which a metallic or cementitious head may be formed. Advantageously, but not necessarily, the head is in the form of a hexagon, similar to a conventional nut, in order to facilitate engagement of the head by a conventional driving tool. Alternatively, or in addition, one or more bores or holes may be provided in the head transversely of the longitudinal extent of the core for receiving a driving rod which can be used to facilitate rotation of the head of the pile.
It is desireable that the upper portion of the pile provide a point of attachment for a suitable torsional driving force capable of threadably driving the pile into the desired soil. A metallic upper portion having integral attachment with the reinforcing core is preferred, however, a metallic head can be achieved by providing greater surface area to the point of application of the torsional force and ~ heavily reinforcing this area adjacent the application of the torsional driving force.
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These and other objects accor~ing to tne present invention are achieved by providing additionally an extendible pile system havin(~: a pair of pile sections;and a connector arrange-ment associated with the pile sections for releasably attaching the pile sections together for rotation with one another. The connector arrangement preferably includes opposed sockets provided in adjacent ones of the sections to be connected together, and a key removably arranged in the sockets for locking the sections against relative rotational movement about their longitudinal axes.
The connector arrang~ment can also include a plurality of opposed sockets provided in the sections to be connected together, with these sockets having associated therewith a like number of keys. By this arrangement, the amount of torque which can be exerted on the pile is greatly increased.
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111~8~3 Accoraing to oné preferred embodinent of an extendible pile system according to tne present invention, one of the sections of the pile is provided with a projection and the other of the sections with a recess having a bottom and arranged for receiving the projection. The socket of one of the sections is disposed in the projection, while the socket of the other of the sections is disposed in the bottom of the recess which receives the projection~ Steel plates, and the like, line the bottom of the recess and cover the top surface of the projection of the other of the sections, which surface abuts the bottom of the recess when the two sections are placed together, so as to permit the pile to be driven into the earth as well as to be screwed thereinto by rotation.
The core of each section of a pile, according to the invention, advantageously includes a central frame extending along the longitudinal axis of the core, and has a spiral rein---forcing element pitched to the pitch of the screw-threads of the section and disposed winding around the frame in spaced relation thereto. This reinforcing element permits deeper and more closely spaced threads to be used so as to increase the efficiency of the resulting pile to that where the pile can be screwed into the earth even by manual rotation where desired.
These together with other objects and advantages which will become subsequently apparent reside in the details of . . --construction and operation as more fully hereinafter described and claimed, reference being had to the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof, wherein like numerals refer to like parts throughout.
^7 1119?S123 Brief Description of the Drawings For a further understanding of the nature and objects of the present invention, reference should be had to the follow- -ing detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accom-panying drawings, in which like parts are given like reference numerals and wherein:
Figure 1 is an exploded, perspecti~e view showing a first embodiment of a pile formed by add-on sections according to the present invention.
Figure 2 is an enlarged, fragmentary, sectional view taken generally along the line 2-2 of Figure 1, with the connecting key displaced from the position shown in Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a sectional view taken generally along the line 3-3 of Figure 2.
Figure 4 is a topplan view showing the bottom section of a pile constructed according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 5 is an enlarged, fragmentary, sectional view - taken generally along the line 5-5 of Figure 4.
Figure 6 is a top plan view showing a bottom section of a third embodiment of a pile according to the present invention.
Figure 7 is a perspective VieW showing a modified connector key for use with any of the embodiment of add-on pile section, according to the invention.
~; Figure 8 is a perspective view showing the general ; configuration of a pile according to the present invention, with one preferred embodiment of a head for the pile.
Figure 9 is a fragmentary, enlarged, sectional view taken generally along the line 9-9 of Figure 8.
Figure 10 i9 a fragmentary, sectional view, similar to Figure 9, hut showing a modified embodiment of a head for a pile according to the invention.
Figure 11 is a perspective view showing one embodiment of a core for a pile accordlng to the present invention.
Figure 12 is a perspective view, partly cut away and in section, showing yet another embodiment of a pile according to the present invention.
Figure 13 is a partial schematic view of the lowermost tip portionof the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention illustrating the force experienced by the tip during insertion of the pile.
Figure 14 i9 a partial schematic view of a thread portion of the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention illustrating the compressi~e lateral movement of a single thread against the "soil-socket" during insertion of the pile.
Figure 15 ls a partial schematic view of a plurality of threads on a portion of the preferred embodiment of the apparatuq of the present invention.
Description of the Preferred Embodiments Figures 1-7 show various exemplary embodiments of a multi-section pile system including an initial pile with one or more "add-on" section; while Flgures 8~12 show various exemplary embodiments of a single pile which is similar in structure to the initial or lowermost ~ection of the pile systems of Figures 1-7. Accordingly, for a beginning under-standing of the subject matt~r of the present invention, the embodiments of Figure~ 8-12 will be described first.
Referring now to Figures 8 and 9 o~ the drawings, a screw-threaded pile 110 includes a head 112 constructed from a piece of solid material, such as a suitable steel, and having a substantially hexagonal shape for receiving a conven-tional driving socket tool (not shown), or the like, in order _ g _ ~i9823 to rotate the head 112 when pile 110 is being installed. The lower portion of head 112 terminates in a flared skirt 114 whlich comes down over the main portion of the pile 110 so as to form a transition. A core 116 i~ connected to head 112 in a suitable manner for rotation by head 112, and has longitudinal axis extending from the head 112 to a tip 118 of pile 110, about which axis core 116 is rotated by the head 112.
A body 120 in the form of a solid mass constructed from a cementitious material cast about the core 116 is dis-posed embedding the core 116 and rotates with the core 116 during installation of pile 110. ~n other words, head 112, core 116, and body 120 form an integral unit. Body 120 has an outer surface 122 which tapers continuously along the entire length of core 116 from head 112 to tip 118, and is provided with spiral screw threads 124 along the entire length of body 120 for facilitating insertion of pile 110 in earth (not shown) by rotation of head 112.
Threads 124 will preferably be supplied at a minimumthread pitch, or a minimum number of threads per foot which would be sufficient to give mechanical advantage that would allow piling 110 to be inserted easily into any desired soil medium. The insertion of the pile into the soil should be achieved with minimal torsional stresses generated, so as not to cause the pile or adjacent soil to fail. (The mechanics of insertion of the pile into the soil will be discussed more fully hereinafter, and particularly with reference to Figure 13, 14 and lS). This in combination with the appropriate reinforcing cage 136 and the appropriate attachment of the reinforcing cage 136 to the head which is provided for applica-tion of a torsional force will achieve the desired result.
Head 112 is provided with a transverse through bore126 arranged for receiving a driving, or leverage, bar (not :lliS~8~3 shown) to impart rotational torque to head 112 in order to cause rotation of pile 110 as it is being installed.
Referring now to Figure 10 of the drawing, a head is shown similar in configuration to head 112, but constructed as a, for example, steel sleeve 128 ending in a dependin~
flared skirt 130 and provided with a transverse bore 132 similar to bore 126 for receiving a leverage rod. Sleeve 123, possibly at the skirt 130 thereof, is fastened to the reinforc-ing bars of a core 134 in a conventional manner, such as by welding, prior to the casting of a body about the core 134.
It will be appreciated that core 116 of pile 110 will also be appropriately attached to head 112, such as by welding, prior to the casting of body 120 about the core 116. Since such attaching and casting techniques are well known in the particu-lar arts, ~hese techniques will not be described in detail herein. The connection between core 116 and head 112 will be an integral connection so that the torsional stresses generated in head 112 when a suitable driving force is attached thereto will be developed through core 116 into the entire pile 110.
It should be understood, that it is desirable to develope the tensile and torsional forces generated during insertion through the reinforcement members of core 136. Thus, head 130 is preferably metal and integrally connected to core 136 by weld-ing or the like. However, a substantially similar effect could be achieved by providing a heavily reinforced socket or head having a large concrete area..to which a suitable torsional force is attached. In the latter structure, although the surface would be in fact concrete, the head, if heavily rein-forced (the reinforcement attached to core 136), would perform as satisfactorily as metallic head 112 and the term "metallic head" or upper portion is intended to include such equivalent structures.
~9823 Figure 11 of the drawings shows one preferred construc-tion of a core ~or a pile according to the invention, wherein the core is a framework 136 of longltudinaily extending rein-forcing barR 138 and longitudinally spaced collars 140, 142, 14~, 146, and 148. The bars are tied to the aforementioned collars in the conventional manner, with the diameter of the collars beginning with collar 142 decreasing from the head area 150 toward the tip 152 of the core so as to create a continuous-ly tapering, or linear slopel to the core. While collar 140 is illustrated as being of substantially the same diameter as collar 142, it is possible to construct collar 140 of slightly smaller diameter than collar 142 so as to use the portion of framework 136 between collars 140 and 142 as a cage for being a head associated with the core. For example, the portion of framework 136 whlch extends between collars 140 and 142 may be inserted into the sleeve 128 (Figure 10) in a manner not shown, or the portion of framework 136 between the collars 140 and 142 may be surrounded by a straight steel sleeve welded to the reinforcing bars and cast into an outer head portion as in the embodiment shown in Figure 12 of the drawing.
Referring now more particularly to Figure 12 of the drawing, a core 154 is shown which includes a single longitud-inally extending reinforcing bar 156 havinq tied thereto at least one, and preferably the illustrated plurality of cross-bars 158, 160, 162, 164 and 166 such that the aforementioned cross-bars extend transversely of the longitudinal extent of bar 156.
Core 154 is illustrated in Figure 12 as being affixed to a head 168 constructed as a framework forming a generally cylindrical open cage 170 embedded in a mass 172 of a cementi-tious or other suitable casting material. Provided within thismass 172, and disposed extending transversely to the longitud-inal extent of bar 156, is at least one hole disposed for receiving a leverage bar (not shown). In Figure 5 a pair ofsuch cross-holes or bores are illustrated as formed by a pair of intersecting tubes 174 and 176 extending completely through the mass 172 which embeds cage 170. These tubes 174 and 176 may be attached to the reinforcing bars forming cage 170 in a suitable manner, such aq by welding or by the use of tie-wire, with the use of the pair of intersecting holes as formed by tubes 174 and 176 permitting an installer to make quarter turns, as for an installation of a pile next to a building or other object where a 360 turn is impossible.
Referring now more particularly to Figures 1 through 3 of the drawings, a first embodiment of an extendible pile according to the present invention is shown as including a head section 10 and a tip section 12 attached together for rotation with one another by a connector arrangement 14. While only a palr of sections 10 and 12 have been ~hown, it will be appre-ciated that middle sections (not shown), in any number desired, similar to section 10, but without the head 16, can be inserted between sections 10 and 12 to make the length of the resulting pile that desired for a particular application. In addition, the bottom or tip section 12 can be employed itself as a pile, if desired, by attaching a suitable turning handle or device, neither of which is shown, to the key receiving socket in the uppermost portion of section 12 as is to be described below.
In addition to head 16, the pile formed by sections 10 and 12 also includes a tip 18 disposed at the lower portion of the tapered tip section 12. Note Figure 13, where an enlarged partial view of a preferred tip 18 is provided. This tip 18 may take the form of the illustrated cutter 20, if desired, although a conventional point (Figure 13) may also be used.
Each of the sections 10 and 12 also includes a frame 22, 24, respectively, formed of longitudinally extending ill98~3 re:inforcing bars 26, 28,and longitudinally spaced collars 30, 32, and 34, 36. It will be appreciated that other collars similar to those shown will be spaced out along the longitud-inal extent of the sections 10 and 12. The bars 26 and 28 are tied to the aforementioned collars 30, 32, and 34, 36, as well as the other collars not shown, in the conventional manner of attaching such reinforcing elements, with the diameter of the collars in the tapered section 12 decreasing from the portion of section 12 adjacent section 10 toward the tip 18 of section 12 so as to create a continuous tapering or linear slope, to the core formed by frame 24. Each of the sections 10 and 12 also includes a respective body 38, 40 in the form of a solid mass constructed from a cementitlous material cast about the associated frame 22, 24. Each respective body 38, 40 embeds the core formed by the assoclated frame 22, 24 and rotates with the core during installation of the pile. In other words, the frame 22, 24 and body 38, 40 of the sections 10, 12, co-operate to form an integral unit. Each body 38, 40 also has an outer surface provided with screw-threads 42, 44 along the entire length of each sectlon 10, 12. ~hese threads 42, 44 facilitate insertion of the pile in earth (not shown) by rotation of head 16.
Head 16 may be connected to the frame 12 of section 10 in a manner as shown in Figures 9 and 10, the connection being sufficient to develop torsional stresses from head 116 to frame 22.
In additio~ to the cen~ral frame 22 extending along the longitudinal axis of the core of the associated sections 10, 12, each of the sections 10, ~2 further includes a spiral reinforcing element 46, 48 having a pitch similar to the pitch of the associated screw-threads 42, 44 and disposed winding around the respective frames 22, 24 ln spaced relationship ~119823 therewith. Tie bars 50, 52 connect the elements 46, 48 to the frame 22, 24 such that the entire set of reinforcing elements are connected together, but the spacing of the element 46, 48 from the associated frame 22, 24 permits the element 46, 48 to be dlsposed at the base of, or even within, the associated thread 42, 46 for reinforcing the thread 42, 44 even when the same is very deep in configuration.
While the number of threads 42, 44 per foot of axial length of sections 10, 12 can vary in accordance with particu-lar conditions expected to be encountered, in general thenumber of threads for a class 9 residential piling with an 8"
butt and a 5" tip should be at least 6 to the foot, with 1-3/4"
depth per thread, along the longitudinal extent of the cores of the sections 10, 12 in order to achieve the desired effi-ciency of insertion of the resulting plle into the ground which is to anchor the pile.
Section 12 is provided with a projection 54, while section 10 is provided with a recess 56 having a bottom surface and arranged for receiving the projection 54. As can be readily seen from Figure 2, projection 54 is capped with a steel : plate 58, and the like, whlle the recess 56, including the bottom surface thereof, is entirely defined by cooperating steel plates such that the bottom surface of the recess 56 and the top of projection 54 will be steel plated in order to permit the pile to be driven into the ground as opposed to being screw-ed therein. A socket 60, which may also be formed from a steel casing, and the like, is provided extendlng inwardly of section 10 along the axial extent thereof from the bottom surface of recess 56, while a mating socket 62 is provided in projection 56, so as to communicate with an openlng suitably provided in the plate 58. In the sockets 60 and 62 is inserted a connecting key 64 which cooperates with the projection 54 in mating 111~8~23 recess 56 to cause the sections 10 and 12 to resist torque and rotate to one another even when the sect~ons are being rotated into the ground. It will be appreciated that suitable rein-forcing members connect the recess 56, and its associated socket 60, as well as the socket 62 to the remainder of the integral reinforcing elemen~ network of the respective sections 10 and 12.
It should be appreciated that the welding or like attachment of reinforcement members 30, 32 to recess 56 and the simllar connection of reinforcement members 34, 36, to socket 62 provides integral connections which will develop the torsional stresses created at the ~oint into the reinforcing steel and throughout the pile. Thus, no failure of the con-crete will result at the connection because of the application of torsional or tensile stresses applied directly to the con-crete.
Note in Figure 2 that threads 42, 44 "feather" at the end portions of sections 38, 40 near the joint. ~ith such a "feathering" structure, a continuous, even pitch thread 42, 44 will be maintained.
` Referring now more particularly to Figures 4 and 5 of the drawings, sections 66 and 68 are illustrated which are similar to sections 10 and 12, except that the projection 54 and recess 56 are omitted. Rather, these sections 66 and 68 are provided with respective socket 70 and 72 fashioned and arranged in a manner similar to the sockets 60 and 62 and having associated therewith plates 74 and 76 across the abut-ting surfaces of the sections 56 and 68. These plates 74 and 76 serve a similar purpose as the bottom surface of recess 56 and the plate 58 of the sections 10 and 12. Otherwise, sec-tions 16 and 68 are constructed in essentially the same manner as sections 10 and 12.
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It should be understood that the reinforcement shown in Figure 5 is integrally connected to the socket 70 by welding or the like so that torsional stress is applied to socket 70 through the connection will be transmitted to the reinforcing ~rame provided in the pile. In each of the embodiments of the connections shown, the corresponding recesses and projections are provided with steel plates which transmit torsional stresses directly to reinforcement which is in each case integrally welded to or a similar connection formed with the reinforcing steel. Thus, a development o~ torsional stresses is seen through the steel, that is the steel in the connection and the reinforcing steel in the concrete. No torsional or tensile stresses needs be carried by the concrete.
Figure 6 shows another embodiment of the present invention wherein the connector arrangement includes a plurality of sets of sockets and keys. More specifically, a section 78 is illustrated which is provided with three sockets 80 equally spaced on a substantially planar end face 82 of the section.
This face 82 may constitute a plate similar to plates 74 and 76, while it will be understood that a key, such as key 64, may be inserted in each of the sockets 80 and into some cooperating sockets which will be opposed to the sockets 80 in a section (not illustrated) having an end surface essentially the same as face 82 of section 78.
The cross-sectional shape of the key employed with a connector arrangement according to the invention can assume different shapes from the square section of key 64, such as the round section of key 84 which may be formed from a rod 86 provided with a plurality of longitudinally, or axially extend-ing splines 88. It will be appreciated that the sockets asso-ciated with key 84 must be suitably configured in order to receive the splines 88.
lil98~3 PILE OPERATION - SOIL MECHANICS
Figures 13-15 illustrates schematically the operation of the pile 10 of the present invention.
In Figure 13, there is a schematic illustration of the tip portion 18 of pile 10 showing forces acting upon the tip 18 and the proximatel threads 24 while the pile is being driven into the earth. Note force arrows 18a, which indicate upward pressure bearing on the tip 18 as lt is descending into the soil. During this lnsertion, the upper surface of each thread 24 will be pushing upwardly on the soil which contacts it on the upper surface. Note force arrows 13 which schematically illustrate this downwardly directed force of soil against thread 24. Thus, when the pile 10 is going down into the soil, there is an upward and generally outward force on the soil by the upper edge of the nearly flat projecting thread face 24b.
Figure 15 further illustrates this force which is downwardly bearing on the upper face 24b of thread 24. Note in Figure 15, a plurality of force arrows 15. These force arrows 15 are generally inward and upwardly bearing against the bottom face 24a of each thread 24. These force arrows ill-ustrate the bearing of proximately located soil against the lowermost face 24a of each thread when the pile is taking the required dead and live loads of the building or like structure which may be erected at the surface of the soil which structure is being supported by pile 10, at least in part. When the pile 10 is taking this required dead and live load, the load on the soil is downward and thrusting out, with the load being trans-mitted through the lower face 24a of thread 24. Force arrow 15 indicate the force which opposes and supports pile 10 by the soil which bears against the face 24a thus supporting the pile.
As can be seen and as has been more fully discussed above, the thread vertical spacing is constant. This vertical spacing is illustrated by the arrow indicated by P in Figure 15.Th]ead spacing P is constant, so that there will be no distur-bance of the female thread socket which is created by the threads 24 as the pile is inserted into the soil by rotational force. Thus, each point on the outer periphery of the thread will pass through the same path and contact substantially the same soil as the thread before it. This mechanical action is highly desirable, and compacts the soil adjacent the pile as it is threaded into the soil. It should be appreciated, that the pile has a taper, and each successive thread pushes the soil further from the pile, as the pile is driven down, since the "thickening" pile as a whole occupies more and more space at any given depth as the pile is driven further down. This thickening of the pile is seen in Figure 14, where a single thread 24 is seen moving from a first position 25 to a second position 27. In Figure 14, the distance of lateral movement outwardly of the thread and thus the lateral pushing of the soil is indicated by the letter L. The substantially vertical lines 25, 27 are adjacent the base of thread 24 when it moves from a first position 25 to a second position 27. The force arrows 24c illustrate the bearing force of the thread 24 against the soil, which force gradually outwardly compacts the soil adjacent the thread.
This overall operation of outward movement of the thread can be, for example, on the order of about one and one half inches. This outward movement would be of course the difference in diameter of the pile measured from the center of the~pile to the tip of the thread at any given point as con-trasted with the diameter of the plle measured from the center to the tip of the thread member 24 adjacent tip 18. In a ten foot pile, it will be appreciated that the outward movement of the thread of one and one half inches takes place in the ten feet of pile penetration, or in about eighty feet of overall thread passage. Thus, a gradual thickening and compacting of the adjacent soil is seen by the tapered pile of the present invention a~ it is gradually inserted into the soil. An im-proved soil condition is seen adjacent the pile once it is in place. The screw-threaded pile 10 has gradually compacted the soil adjacent the pile as it is being threadably driven into the soil. The volume of soil compacted and displaced will be equal to that of the pile itself. An increased effective pile diameter is seen as a result of this mechanical action. In Figure 15, arrow D illustrates the increased effective diameter of pile 10. The radius of the piling lO shaft 23 is indicated by arrow S. The thread projection is indicated by arrow T in Figure 15.
Pile 10 can be constructed of any suitable structural concrete, such as four thousand pound per square inch reinforced concrete. Preferably, pea gravel would be used as a suitable aggregate, because of the smallness of threads 24 in some residential class piling. The reinforcing steel could be any suitable structural reinforcing bar such as A36 steel.
As can be readily understood from the above description and from the drawings, a pile according to the invention pro-vides a simple and efficient, yet rugged and reliable, manner of providing a suitable anchor or piling where needed remote from a manufacturing facility, and even in crowded conditions where heavy machinery cannot be taken.
In the method of driving pile of the present invention, it is important to utilize a plle of constant thread pitch.
This will prevent cross-threading which destroys the desirable interface created between the pile and the surrounding soil.
Preliminary tests have indicated that an area spread of at least one and one half times the original area of the threaded pile diameter is achieved ~hen the pile structure 10 of thepresent invention i5 properly installed. It is desirable to provide a pile having a pltch of about six or more threads per foot. Thi~ desirable pitch of threads per foot is necessary in order that compatibility with differing soils be achieved.
It is desirable that the piling be threadably inserted into the soll so that the soil is merely displaced and compacted forming a "soil-soc~et" which forms a female thread in fact for the pile itself as it is inserted. The tip of the pile can be provided with driving and cutting force if necessary.
In fact, a jetting type arrangement can be provided at the tip in order to facilitate driving. Further, there can be provided the addition of water or other suitable lubricant to the pile's surface as it is inserted into the ground. Such a lubricant can be added to the soil socket into which the pile is thread-ably rotated, which socket iR in fact created as the pile is driven. By pouring water on the threads of the pile as it enters the ground, a lubrication of the pile will be seen which will lessen the friction of the thread surfaces 24a, 24b with the surrounding soil.
When using a ~ointed pile, only the first section need be tapered, since the thread socket will have been properly formed once the largest thread diameter of the uppermost end of pile section 12 (see ~igure 1) passes into the soil. There-after, as many sectional constant diameter piles 10 as is desirable can be added to the original pile or piles as is desired. Each additional pile section 10 would of course be provided with feathering at the junction which will connect with the previous installed pil~. Thus, once the pile connec-tion is perfected as is illustrated by Figures 2 and 5 forexample, a constant pitch smooth thread will be seen.
The means for applyln~ torsion to the pile at its l~l9~Z3 uppermost point can be any suitable tor~ional force. Thus, for example, a leverage bar can be inserted into opening 12~ and the lever pushed on by a suitable force. In such a case, the pile could be hand-installed by manual labour. A low horsepower motor supplied with proper gearing could be utilized to provide such a torsional force. Additionally, a rope could be wrapped around the upper surface of the pile and pulled on to apply the necessary force in instances where a great deal of force was not required.
A pile according to the invention can be manufactured in any size or length, although ~iling in a length of 10 feet to 12 feet has been found suitable. The use of the tapered body of the pile and the provision of screw-threads along the entire length of the body provides a pile which has a fri~tion capability of a conventional wood pile twice the length of the pile according to the present invention. Further, a pile according to the invention can be screwed into earth without a pilot hole under aertain soil conditions, with only a steel leverage bar and capable personnel.
The foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modi-fications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, - falling within the scope of the invention.
Claims (18)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS::
1. A precast, threaded, concrete pile, comprising;
(a) a metallic upper portion providing connection means for the appli-cation of rotational driving force thereto for driving the pile down into the ground by rotating it;
(b) a metallic reinforcement core integrally connected to said upper portion extending at least substantially down the full length of the pile; and (c) a generally circularly shaped longitudinally extended, cementitious body precast about and embedding said core, said body having an outer surface provided with a single, continuous set of substantially equally spaced spiral screw threads along at least substantially the entire length thereof;
(d) the core being comprised of:
(i) a plurality of longitudinally extending, high strength reinforcing bars, each integrally connected to said upper portion and extending down substantially the full length of said body;
(ii) a plurality of longitudinally spaced reinforcing collars, each of said collars being integrally connected to said longitudinally extending reinforcing bars; and (iii) at least one spiral reinforcing element, said spiral reinforcing element having a pitch at least generally similar to the pitch of said screw threads.
(a) a metallic upper portion providing connection means for the appli-cation of rotational driving force thereto for driving the pile down into the ground by rotating it;
(b) a metallic reinforcement core integrally connected to said upper portion extending at least substantially down the full length of the pile; and (c) a generally circularly shaped longitudinally extended, cementitious body precast about and embedding said core, said body having an outer surface provided with a single, continuous set of substantially equally spaced spiral screw threads along at least substantially the entire length thereof;
(d) the core being comprised of:
(i) a plurality of longitudinally extending, high strength reinforcing bars, each integrally connected to said upper portion and extending down substantially the full length of said body;
(ii) a plurality of longitudinally spaced reinforcing collars, each of said collars being integrally connected to said longitudinally extending reinforcing bars; and (iii) at least one spiral reinforcing element, said spiral reinforcing element having a pitch at least generally similar to the pitch of said screw threads.
2. The concrete pile of Claim 1, wherein said threads have a relatively minor thread pitch providing a projecting surface of a relatively slight angle with the vertical for engaging and bearing against the soil into which said pile is inserted, the relatively minor thread pitch being mechanically compatible with the soil into which the pile is inserted, a reduced torsional stress being experienced by the pile.
3. The concrete pile of Claim 2, wherein there is provided about six (6) or more of said threads per foot of pile length.
4. The concrete pile of Claim 1, wherein said collars decrease in diameter from the top to the tip of said pile.
5. The concrete pile of Claim 1, wherein said upper portion forms a head having a substantially hexagonal shape for receiving conventional driving socket tools to impart a torque to the head.
6. The concrete pile of Claim 5, wherein the head is constructed as a piece of solid material.
7. The concrete pile of Claim 5, wherein the head is constructed as a metal sleeve connected to the core.
8. The concrete pile of Claim 5, wherein the head is constructed as a framework connected to the core and embedded in a solid mass.
9. The concrete pile of Claim 1, wherein said upper portion is provided with a transverse through-hole arranged for receiving a leverage bar to impart rotational torque to the head.
10. A structure comprising at least two, spiral threaded, precast pile sections as recited in Claim 1, placeable and connectable in line together, each of said pile sections being threaded along at least substantially its entire length with a single, continuous set of threads of at least substantially the same pitch as that of the adjacent section;
(b) a reinforcement core provided in each pile section, each of said cores comprising at least one longitudinally extending reinforcement bar and at least one laterally extending member, each of said members being integrally connected to said longitudinal bar; and (c) connector means associated with said pair of pile sections for attaching said pile sections together for concurrent rotation with one another.
(b) a reinforcement core provided in each pile section, each of said cores comprising at least one longitudinally extending reinforcement bar and at least one laterally extending member, each of said members being integrally connected to said longitudinal bar; and (c) connector means associated with said pair of pile sections for attaching said pile sections together for concurrent rotation with one another.
11. The structure of Claim 10, wherein said threads have a relatively minor thread pitch providing a protecting surface of a relatively slight angle with the vertical for engaging and bearing against the soil into which said pile is inserted, the relatively minor thread pitch being mechanically compatible with the soil into which the pile is inserted.
12. The structure of Claim 11, wherein there is provided about six (6) or more of said threads per foot of pile length.
13. The structure of Claim 10, wherein said connector means are metallic, and said bar and said connector means are integrally attached together within each of the pile sections.
14. The structure of Claim 10, wherein said connector means comprises a socket on one of said pile sections and a corresponding interlocking projection on the other of said pile section, said socket and said projection each being provided with a proximate metallic reinforcing member, said reinforcing member being connected to said core.
15. The apparatus of Claim 14, wherein said connector means is comprised of a socket on each of said pile sections and an interlocking structural key, said key having projections for attaching said key to each of said sockets to form a connection, and each of said sockets is provided with a proximate metallic reinforcing member, said reinforcing member being connected to said core.
16. The structure of Claim 14, wherein the end portion of each section adjacent said connection means being provided with feathered threads, with the connection of said sections providing a uniform, equally spaced continuous thread pitch throughout the area adjacent said connection means.
17. The structure as defined in Claim 15, wherein the key is a length of rod provided with a plurality of splines.
18. The structure as defined in Claim 10, wherein said connector means includes a plurality of opposed sockets provided in each of the sections and arranged for receiving a like number of keys associated with the sockets.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US73812476A | 1976-11-02 | 1976-11-02 | |
| US738,124 | 1976-11-02 | ||
| US05/844,962 US4239419A (en) | 1977-10-27 | 1977-10-27 | Precast concrete threaded pilings |
| US844,962 | 1977-10-27 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1119823A true CA1119823A (en) | 1982-03-16 |
Family
ID=27113318
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000290109A Expired CA1119823A (en) | 1976-11-02 | 1977-11-02 | Precast concrete threaded piling system |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU511414B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1119823A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2749039A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES464036A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1595432A (en) |
| MX (1) | MX146733A (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7712013A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113585300A (en) * | 2021-08-30 | 2021-11-02 | 上海益埃毕建筑科技有限公司 | Slope reinforcing apparatus for building municipal works |
Families Citing this family (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL8301556A (en) * | 1983-05-03 | 1984-12-03 | Pieter Faber | CONCRETE FOUNDATION POLE, APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING AND APPARATUS FOR GROUNDING THEREOF. |
| DE3416679A1 (en) * | 1984-05-05 | 1985-11-14 | Gkn Keller Gmbh, 6050 Offenbach | Method and apparatus for producing foundations by embedding precast members, in particular pillars, in the end base |
| GB2171741B (en) * | 1985-02-26 | 1989-10-11 | Peter Anderson Kennedy | Pile system |
| GB2172038B (en) * | 1985-03-06 | 1989-01-18 | Roxbury Ltd | Improvements in pile sections |
| DE3617025A1 (en) * | 1986-05-21 | 1987-11-26 | Delmag Maschinenfabrik | PRE-PREPARED CONCRETE PILE AND METHOD AND DEVICE FOR ITS PLACING INTO THE GROUND |
| DE3624943A1 (en) * | 1986-07-23 | 1988-01-28 | Delmag Maschinenfabrik | PRE-PREPARED CONCRETE PART AND METHOD FOR PUTTING IT INTO THE GROUND |
| DE69510916D1 (en) * | 1994-01-06 | 1999-08-26 | Roxbury Ltd | IMPROVEMENTS REGARDING A PILE MAKING DEVICE |
| GB2362672A (en) * | 2000-05-22 | 2001-11-28 | Laing Rail Ltd | Conical foundation pile having a screw thread for urging the pile into the ground |
| DE102013104184A1 (en) | 2013-04-25 | 2014-10-30 | GEPRO Ingenieurgesellschaft für Geotechnik, Verkehrs- und Tiefbau und Umweltschutz mbH | Support support for receiving a support means for a noise barrier |
| DE102013104179A1 (en) | 2013-04-25 | 2014-10-30 | GEPRO Ingenieurgesellschaft für Geotechnik, Verkehrs- und Tiefbau und Umweltschutz mbH | Device for absorbing horizontal forces on a pole support and the use of the device when mounting a pole support |
| NL2017517B1 (en) * | 2016-09-22 | 2018-07-23 | Oskar Peter Henriette Pudelko | Foundation method, foundation column part and vibration absorber |
| EP4223936A1 (en) * | 2022-02-03 | 2023-08-09 | Centrum Pæle A/S | Foundation pile, pile foundation, coupling element and a method for installing a foundation pile into the ground |
| WO2023180293A1 (en) * | 2022-03-21 | 2023-09-28 | Aalborg Universitet | Concrete screw pile |
-
1977
- 1977-11-01 NL NL7712013A patent/NL7712013A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1977-11-01 AU AU30238/77A patent/AU511414B2/en not_active Expired
- 1977-11-02 CA CA000290109A patent/CA1119823A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-11-02 ES ES464036A patent/ES464036A1/en not_active Expired
- 1977-11-02 GB GB45629/77A patent/GB1595432A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-11-02 DE DE19772749039 patent/DE2749039A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1977-11-03 MX MX171183A patent/MX146733A/en unknown
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113585300A (en) * | 2021-08-30 | 2021-11-02 | 上海益埃毕建筑科技有限公司 | Slope reinforcing apparatus for building municipal works |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU3023877A (en) | 1979-05-10 |
| AU511414B2 (en) | 1980-08-21 |
| MX146733A (en) | 1982-08-04 |
| NL7712013A (en) | 1978-05-05 |
| DE2749039A1 (en) | 1978-05-11 |
| ES464036A1 (en) | 1978-12-16 |
| GB1595432A (en) | 1981-08-12 |
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| MKEX | Expiry |