CA1115972A - Method and device for building in the ground vertical walled structures starting from a subterranean conduit - Google Patents
Method and device for building in the ground vertical walled structures starting from a subterranean conduitInfo
- Publication number
- CA1115972A CA1115972A CA321,917A CA321917A CA1115972A CA 1115972 A CA1115972 A CA 1115972A CA 321917 A CA321917 A CA 321917A CA 1115972 A CA1115972 A CA 1115972A
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- tubes
- concrete
- tube
- plates
- filling
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
- E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/18—Bulkheads or similar walls made solely of concrete in situ
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
- E21D9/005—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries by forcing prefabricated elements through the ground, e.g. by pushing lining from an access pit
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Underground Structures, Protecting, Testing And Restoring Foundations (AREA)
- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
- Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)
- Bulkheads Adapted To Foundation Construction (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present invention provides a method of building in the ground vertical-walled structures starting from subterranean conduits, consisting, starting from the said conduits, in excavating and lining with sheet-metal vertical trenches located beneath the said conduits, in placing reinforcement elements in the said -trenches and in filling the same with concrete or masonry, characterized in that it consists in forming the said conduits by means of tubes driven horizontally into the ground at the desired level, and then in excavating the said trenches starting from openings provided in the underside of the tubes.
The present invention provides a method of building in the ground vertical-walled structures starting from subterranean conduits, consisting, starting from the said conduits, in excavating and lining with sheet-metal vertical trenches located beneath the said conduits, in placing reinforcement elements in the said -trenches and in filling the same with concrete or masonry, characterized in that it consists in forming the said conduits by means of tubes driven horizontally into the ground at the desired level, and then in excavating the said trenches starting from openings provided in the underside of the tubes.
Description
The present invention relates generally to a method and a device for building in the ground ver-tical-walled tunnels or the like star-ting from a subterranean conduit, and also to the underground structures, such as tunnels or the like, obtained by the said method.~
Already known in the art is the making of underground vertical walls by first providing -trenches lined with sheet metal and then fil]ing the same with concrete or with s-tone-work or brickwork. Such trenches are usually excavated by the open-cut method, starting from ~he surface of -the ground or from an open excavation.
Where such walls must be cons-tructed on a surface-built urban site or at a location where communication facilities such as streets, roads 9 railway tracks, airpor-t runways, etc, are established and the activities taking place at the surface must not be interfered with, the trenches may be started from underground horizon-tal propped galleries made by known conven-tional means.
The horizontal galleries, the excavation of which is started from an access shaf-t, serve as a s-tar-ting poin-t for making -the trenches in-tended to ~orm the vertical walls. The galleries also serve as condui.ts for ventilating, carrying away the excavated materials, conveying props, rein~orcements and concrete.
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This known methQd is usually ernployed for making -tunnels for -the passage of sub-terranean -transpor-ta-tion means such as underground railways in large urban centres. With such a me-thod, the inconveniences caused to surface activi-ties are minimlzed.
On the other hand, a major drawback to this method is that it is extremely expensive owing to the considerable and highly skilled labour required for making -the propped galleries.
The purpose of the present invention is precisely to obviate this drawback o~ -the known method.
To this end, the inven-tion is direc-ted to a method and a device for constructing structures with underground walls, the excavation of which is s-tarted from subterranean horizontal conduits ob-tained simply, reliably and rapidly and requiring very lit-tle labour.
The invention -therefore provides a method of construc-ting in the ground vertical-walled s-truc-tures starting :~rom sub-ter-ranean conduits, consisting in excavating vertical trenches underneath the said conduits, lining -the said -trenches with sheet metal, placing reinforcing elements in the said -trenches and then filling -them wi-th concre-te or wi-th masonry, charac-te-rized in that it consists in forming the said conduits of -tubes driven horizontaLly in-to the ground at the desired level and thereaf-ter excavating -the said trenches starting from openings provided in the underside of the tubes.
Thus, the labour which formel~ly was necessary to excava-te and fit up the propped galleries is dispensed wi-th.
According to ano-ther characterizing fea-ture of the invention, the said me-thod consists in opening an access shaft from the surface down to the desired level, and then, s-tarting from the said access shaft, in driving the said conduits hori-zontally into -the ground by pushing them behind one another by means of hydrau:Lic ac-tuators bearing agains-t a wall of the sald access sha~-t, in wi-thdrawing -the ear-th en-terin~ the said con~
duits as they are driven in-to the ground and in removing i-t through the access shal-t.
The inven-tion also provides a device for carrying ou-t -the above method, characterized in -tha-t it comprises tube sec-t;ions of a mechanic~lly resistant material and me~ns for horizon-tally z driving into -the ground the said -tube sections behind one ano-ther, such as for example hydraulic ac-tua^tors placed at the bottom of an access shaft and bearing against a wall of -the said shaft.
The invention also relates to a comple-te vaul-t or arched roof structure for a sub-terranean tunnel oE the aforesaid -type, and also to a me-thod of constructing the same.
The said vault or arched roof is use:Eul for building subterranean structures such as highway -tunnels, tunnel sec-tions, underground railway sta-tions or the like, and can be used be-neath carriageways, down to at leas-t about 1.20 m below their level without damaging them.
The said vault is preferably of the type resting on substantially vertical side-walls of masonry~ particularly of concrete masonry, extending along the two side edges of the said vault, the said side walls bein~ advantageously obtained by filling trenches from horizontal tubes placed along the said side edges, the said tubes being provided to -this end wi-th openings in their underside, as mentioned above.
The vault of masonry according -to the inven-tion is charac-terized in tha-t it is formed of an upper bed cons-tituted by a series of horizontal half-tubes arranged parallel to and apart from one ano-ther, with their convexi-ty direc-ted upward and their opening directed downward, and by connec-ting elements between the said tubes, the said half-tubes being filled wi-th concrete or some other masonry material, and of a self-suppor-~` ting lower bed, preferably of reinforced or prestressed concrete, in contact, on the one hand, with the said upper bed, and on -the other hand, wi-th the upper ends of -the said side walls.
According to a preferred form of embodiment of the inven-tion, the said connec-ting elements be-tween the half--tubes con-sist of plates forming fluid--tight connectionStherebe-tween.
; ~lthough the said half-tubes and connecting plates may be of any sui-table ma-terial1 such as for example me-tal, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete~ asbes-tos cement, plastics, etc, they preferably are of metal, thus permit-ting in particular -the fas-tening of the said plates to -the said -tubes by welding.
ï1~L59~2 '~he inven-tion also provides a method of cons-tructing a masonry vaul-t or arched roo~ for a sub-terranean tunnel, of the type comprising -the construction of subs-tantially ver.tical side-walls laterally delimiting -the said tunnel, -the said side-walls being preferably ob-tained by filling -two trenches from two horizontal end-tubes provided -to this end wi-th openings in their undersid.e, the said method being charac-terized in -tha-t it consists in setting a system of hori.zontal tubes parallel to and spaced from one another, the said tubes being dis-tributed in accordance wi-th the desired profile of the vault between the said -two horizon-tal end-tubes, -the said setting being prefera-bly performed by exerting successive horizontal pushes on the individual sections consti-tuting the said tubes, in placing connecting elements between the said -tubes, preferably at substantially -the middle of their height, in filling the upper half of -the said tubes with concrete by means of a concrete pump, in cutting off and removing the lower half o~ the tubes after performing -the earthwork and staying works necessary the~
for , in pro~iding a formwork under the level of the upper half~
tubes remaining in placej and in depositing on -the said form-work, in contact, on the one hand~ with the upper bed formed of the said filled upper half-tubes and the said connecting ele-ments, and on the other hand, with the upper portions o~ the said side walls, a self-supporting lower bed of masonry, preferably of reinforced or prestressed concrete.
According to a charac-terizing feature of the invention, the said connecting elemen-ts are connecting plates which are brought within the said tubes and pushed through their wall, between -two successive tubes, after providing longitudinal r slo-ts in each of -the tubes or in some of them, until they abut against the respective adjacent tubes.
According to another characterizing fea-ture of the inven-tion, a formwork i.s provided subs-tan-tially a-t the level of the diame-tral plane separa-ting the upper portion from the lower portion of each tube, before filling the said upper portion with concrete, and rein~orcing elements such as reinforcing bars are placed before the said filling of the upper portion.
The said formwork may be cons-titu-ted in par-ticular by a plan-king or by prefa'bricated reinforced-concre-te slabs preferably provided with reinforcing metal elements projecting from the surface of the said slabs and capable o.~ being connec,ted -to the aforesaid reinforcing elemen-ts.
The aforesaid filling may be advan-tageously performed, ~or each tube, by means of a rigid pipe inserted in-to the upper portion of the tube or tube section -to be filled, the said pipe being connected through a hose, preferably of the same diametre as the pipe, -to -the aforesaid concrete pump9 which discharges high-~luidity concrete, while the tube to be filled is closed at both ends, the said pipe remaining in place after the filling.
The inven-tion will be better understood and other purposes, characterizing fea-tures, details and advantages thereof will appear more clearly as the following explana-tory description proceeds with re~erence to the appended diagrammatic drawings given solely by way of example illustrating several forms of embodiment of the invention and wherein :
- Figure 1 is a diagrammatic ver-tical cross-sec-tional view of a buttressed gallery and a sheet-metal lined trench, according to the prior art ;
- Figure 2 is a longi-tudinal vertical sectional view o~
one stage of the method according to the invention, illus-trating the driv,ing of the tu~e sec-tions into the ground from an access shaft ;
- Figure 3 is a ver-tical cross-sectional view of a tube section and a trench according to the inven-tion ;
- Figure 4 is a longitudinal vertica]. sectional view corresponding to Figure 3 ;
- Figure 5 is a vertical cross-sectional view correspon~
ding to Figure 3, after -the concre-te r,einforcing means are placed in the -trench ;
- Figure 6 is a view corresponding to Figure 5, showing ~he trench after -the concreting ;
- Figure 7 is a diagrarnmatic vertical cross-sectional view of a structure provided with a roof according to -the invention ;
- Figure ~ is a cross-sec-tional view o~ a subterranean tunnel provided~ av~lltor arched roof according -to one form of embodimen-t of the inven-tion ;
Figures 9a -to 9c are de-tailed par-tial cross-sectional views of -the vaul-t of ~igure 8, illus-trating various stages of the me-thod of construction of the ~aul-t ;
- Figure 10 is an axial longitudinal sec-tional view of the whole subterranean tunnel of Figure 8 toge-ther wi-th its vault, showing the various s-tages of vaul-t cons-truc-tion ;
~ Figure 11 is a cross-sectional view of the said sub terranean tunnel, upon the line XI-XI of Figure 10 ;
- Figure 12 is a cross-sectional view, upon the line XII-XII of Figure13, of a lateral end sec-tion of the upper bed of a vault according to ano-ther form of embodimen-t of the invention ; and - Figure 13 is an axial horizontal longitudinal sectional view of the same bed upon -the line XIII XIII of Figure 12.
Referring -to the drawings, the prior art will first be described for a better unders-tanding of the inven-tion and i-ts advantages over the prior art.
In Figure 1, reference 1 deno-tes -the surface of the ground, e.g.~ a surface~built urban area, -the figure represented on the right side as a guide being drawn to scale.
According -to the prior-art, a horizontal gallery 2 is excavated starting from an access shaft (not shown), and -then propped or bu-ttressed at 3, L~ and 5 in a conventional manner.
From the horizontal bottom of this gallery, a trench 6 is excavated and lined, as the excavation progresses, by means of sheet-metal elements 7, 8 of a known -type. The elements 7 con-sist of rigid plates placed against the ver-tical walls of -the trench and in-terconnec-ted from one wall -to the o-ther by the elements 8. The gallery 2 is of course large enough to provide room for the passage of -the workers and the carrying out of all -the necessary works : e~cava-tion of the -trench 6, removal of the earth, supply and placing of reinforcement elemen-ts in the trench, concre-ting of -the trench, e-tc.
This ls~own me-thod is reliable, but as already pointed out, its cost is e~tremely high due to -the highly slcilled work -tha-t is necessary for propping, buttressing or o-therwise supporting -the walls of gallery Z.
There will now be described, wi-th reference to the following ~igures, a me-thod and a device according to -the in-vention allowing the above drawback of the prior ar-t to be obviated.
According -to the invention, the propped or bu-ttressed gallery 2 is replaced by a tubular condui-t 10 generally cylin-drical in shape and formed of prefabrica-ted elements 11 of appropria-te length which are dri~en horizon-tally in-to the ground. To this end, and as in -the case of -the bu-ttressed gallery, an access shaft 12 is sun~ from the surface of the ground down to -the desired level. Means such as for example high-power hydraulic actua-tors 13 are arranged at the bo-ttom of the access shaft so as to bear at one end against a wall 1L~ of the access shaft. The other end of the hydraulic actuators, cons-titu-ted by the end of their piston rods, s provided with a vertical pla-te 15 adapted to bear against the end of a pipe section 11 so as to push and drive it horizontally .into the ground. When a p.ipe section 11 is thus comple-tely or almos-t completely driven horizontally into the ground, the following section 11 is moved down into the access shaf-t and aligned with the section 11 already driven in the ground, and is thereafter pushed against and together with the preceding pipe sec-tion by means of the actuators 13. The underground tubular conduit 10 represented in Figure 2 is thus obtained.
The sections 11 pushed horizon-tally into the ground are open and therefore filled with earth while being driven. The sec-tions 11 are large in diameter, e.g. on the order of 2 m, and the earth within the tubular conduit 10 can -thus be removed therefrom and finally carried to the surface through -the shaft 12.
The tube sections 11 are of a sui-table strong material capable of withstanding without damage the stresses resulting from the pressure of the earth and the driving force exerted by the hydraulic actuators 13. The tube sec-tions are prefabrica-ted elemen-ts made for example of steel, reinforced concre-te~
pre~essed concrete, asbes-tos cemen-t, plastics, e-tc.
They are nnoreover provided, in their underside, with openings 16 which will permi-t -the excava-tion of a shee~netal lined -trench 6' for making -the desired ver-tical wall. At the loca-tions weakened by the said openings~ the -tube sec-tions 11 are s-trengthened by arches 17 of an appropria-te ma-terial, arranged for exarnple on either side of the openings 16. As already pointed ou-t, the inner dimension of the -tube sections 11 is enough to provide room for the passage of -the workers and the carrying ou-t of the necessary works through -the openings 16 : excava-tion of trenches 6', placing of sheet-metal lining elements 71 and 8', supply and placing of reinforcing means 18 in the -trenches 6', filling of the -trenches 6' wi-th concre-te or masonry.
In Figure 5 is shown by way of example the trench 6' with the reinforcing means 18 placed -therein, and in Figvre 6 is shown the vertical wall 19 obtained after concreting -the trench 6'.
The method according to the inven-tion may also be used in constructing the roo~ of a sub-terranean structure e.g. an underground railway tunnel, as shown in Figure 7.
In -this Figure, the -two tubular conduits 10, each asso-ciated wi-th a ver-tical wall 19, form part of a set 20 of -tube sec-tions 21 driven horizontally in-to the ground in parallel relationship to one another and -to -the -tubular conduits 10 and intended -to form the temporary or -the permanent roof of~ for example, a tunnel. The -tube sections 21 are connected wi-th one another and with the tubular conduits 10 by systems of metal plates 22 or injections, so as to impart an integral structure to the whole assembly. It is unders-tood -tha-t the tubes 21 are driven horizon-tally into -the ground in -the same manner as -the tubular condui-ts 10,being connected to the adjacent -tubes 21 by the systems of metal plates 22 or lnjections, and tha-t the O
tubes 21 are thereaf-ter filled wi-th concre-te or masonry to form -the roo:f o:f -the subterranean s-truc-ture.
I-t is unders-tood that -the -tubular condui-ts 10 associa-ted with -the ver-tica:L walls 19 form two parallel lines of tube sec-tions and -that -the -tube sectlons 21 form n1utually parallel intermediate lines connected to thc~ lateral llnes formed by -the g -tubular condui-~s 10.
~ The tube sections 11 or 21 may be circular, polygonal, or ; par-tly circular and partly polygonal in cross-section.
The method and dev.ice according to the invention offer over -the prior art the following additlonal advan-tages :
- there is no need to effect previous injections of con-crete in-to the ground, for -the combination of the tubes 10 and 21 wi-th the vertical walls results in a perfectl~ fluid--tight assembly ;
the method according to the inven-tion reduces surface subsidence or se-ttling and the damages caused by -the construc-~; tion of such subterranean structures ;
- the method according to the invention is ~uch safer ~or the workers, who can work sheltered by a continuous tube of steel, concrete, plastics, etc;
-by reason of the reduction in surface subsi~ence, it is ~ possible to work nearer to the surface of the ground.
s In Figure 8 is shown a subterranean tunnel 111 excavated in -the ground 102 above the ground surface 103, which~ for example, is the surface of a carriage-way or road pavemen-t. The tunnel struc-ture comprises side walls 10~a and 10~b, a floor 105 and a vault or arched roof 106 9 these various elemen-ts of the structure being preferably of reinforced or prestressed concrete. The reference numerals 107a and 107b denote the two horizontal end conduits which have been used for excavating and filling -the trenches occupied by the side walls 104a and 104b, respectively.
The vault 106 .is formed of an upper bed 106a and a self-supporting lower bed 106b, the lat-ter being in contact, on the one hand, with the upper bed 106a and, on the other hand, the upper endsof the side walls 104a and 10L~b. The upper bed 106a is cons-tituted by a seri.es of horizon-tal half-tubes 108 to 115 arranged parallel to and apart from one ano-ther, with their convexity directed up~ard and -their opening direc-ted downward, and by connec-ting elements 116 -to 124 be-tween the said half-tubes 108 to 115, the la-t-ter being ~illed with concrete or ano-ther appropr.iate masonry ma-terial 125~
Reference is llOW made to Figures 9a to 9c, which illustra-te the essential stages of the method ~f construc-tin~ the vaul-t 106. Each o~ the half-tubes ~08 to 113 of Figure 8 re-sults from the elimination of -the lower half of a series o~
horizontal tubes 111A and 112A shown in Figure 9a. These tubes have been placed by any appropriate means, preferably as described in reference to Figure 7.
In Figure 9a are seen the two tubes 111A and 112A which, at this stage of the construction method, are embedded in the surrounding ground 102, the transverse dimension of these tubes being such as to provide enough room for the passage of the workers. In the example illustrated, all these tubes are of metal, and so are the connecting elements such as 119, 120 and 121 constituted by metal plates. T~e plates form a fluid-tight connection between the successive tubes, as seen in Figures 1 and 2a to 2c. The placing of the connecting plates such as 120 and 121 is performed by first providing a longitudinal slot 126 and 127~ respectively, substantially at the middle of the height of one of the sides of tubes 111A and 1~2A and then inserting the metal plates 120 and 121, respectively, into the slots 126 and127, by pushing the same, by any suitable means, from the interior of tubes 111A and 112A until the said me-tal plates abut agains-t the outer surface of the adjacent tubes, i.e. the outer surface o~ tube 112A in the case of the metal plate 120 brought within the tube 110A and pushed from the in-terior of this -tube through the slot 126. The plates such as 126 and 127 are welded to the metal tubes from the interior of which they have been put in place 5 along an internal longitudi-nal welding line 128 and 129, respectively, in the case of tubes 111A and 112A.
If desired, water tightness between the successive tubes o~ the vault can be ensured by inserting plastics sections, e.g.
o~ polyvinylchloride, between the connecting plates extending consecutively lengthwise of the tubes be-tween two adjacent tubes.
Figure 9b shows the considered vault portion after the filling of the upper half of the tubes with concrete. This stage is obtained in the following manner starting from the stage illustrated in Figure 9a. A ~ormwork illustra-ted diagramma-tical-ly at 130 is provided to delimit the upper portion of each æ
of -the tubes such as 111~ and 112A, and reinforcing elements such as reinforcemen-t bars 131 are placed, and -then the upper halves of the said tubes are filled with concre-~.e. Use is made, to this end, of a concrete pu~p supplying high-fluidity con-crete so that a single concre-te pump located ou-tside the structure can ensure the filling of a sufficient tube length in a single operation. To -this end, the tube section whose upper portion is to be filled with concrete is obturated at both ends and supplied with concrete through a pipe extending throughout substantially the length of the said sec-tion, the said pipe being rigid in order to supply the said tube section with concrete throughout its length. The pipe is connec-ted to the concrete pump through, preferably, the medium of a flexible conduit or hose of the same diametre as that of the pipe.
If the filling of the upper portion of -the tubes by the means thus used is no-t considered to be sufficiently complete, a make-up mortar injection or grout.ing is performed, preferably by means of small pipes placed vertically, into the portion to be concreted, the said small pipes being supplied through their lower portion opening into the lower half of the horizontal tubes. It is also seen in Figure 9b that -the earth below the medial level of t~e tubes has been removed and tha-t -temporary support ~rames, designated generally. by the reference numeral 132, have been provided to transmit the load to the floor (see also ~igure 10), the said support frames comprising in particu-lar upper horizontal beams 132a and vertical beams 132b. It is precisely at this stage that the connection between the hori-zontal tubes and the connecting plates such as 119 and 120 can be strengthened, if appropriate, by welding to the outside of the said tubes, the plates abutting thereagainst, along external longitudinal welding lines, such as 133 and 134 in the case o~ the connecting pla-tes l19 and 120, respectively, abutting agains-t -the tubes 111A and 1l2A~
Figure 9c i~lustra-tes a later stage of the vault construc-ting method, during which the lower halves of the -tubes, such as 111A and 112A, have been cut off and extracted, so that only the upper hal~tubes such as 111 and 112 interconnected by the connec-ting plates such as 120 and filled with concrete 125 ~s~ ~
have remained in placeO At this stage, suppor-t frames 135 comprising in particular upper horizontal beams 135a and ver-tical beams 135b transmi-t to -the -tunnel floor the load exerted by the temporary roof thus cons-ti-tuted.
According -to a modified form of embodiment of the inven-tion, the earthwork and the s-taying works can be per~ormed by using, according to another method called -the "Berlin method"~
sheet metal linings instead of the aforesaid frames (which permit excavation in s-topes by means of earthworking appliances).
In Figure 10 and/or Figure 11 are again seen -the vertical side-walls 104a and 104b 3 the horizon-tal end-tubes 107a and 107b and the intermediate half-tubes which here are denoted by the common reference numeral 136, the -tunnel floor being desi-gnated by the numeral 137. In the right hand portion of E`igure 10 i-t is seen that -the support frames 132 constituted by beams such as 132a, 132b and 132c have been placed under the intact tubes denoted by the common reference numeral 136A, the said portion of Figure 10 corresponding to the stage illustrated in Figure 9b. In the following tunnel section, located in -the middle of Figure 10, the lower halves of tubes 136~ have been cut off (the said lower halves being shown in phan-tom lines) and eliminated, so that now the load of the s-tructure is trans-mitted to the tunnel floor 137 by the support frame 135 compri-sing the beams 135a, 135b and 135c, this portion of the -tunnel corresponding to the stage illustra-ted in Figure 9c. In the left-hand portion of Figure 10, the tunnel section that is re-presented illustrates the stage of constructing the self-suppor-ting lower bed 106 of -the vault, a formwork cons-tituted by a planking 138 supported by horizontal beams 139a and vertical beams 139b, having been previously placed -to this end. Moreover, suppor-t frames 150 cons-titu-ted by beams 150a, 150b and 150c help in supporting the concrete bed 106b.
In the form of embodiment illustra-ted in Figures 12 and 13, the general s-tructure of the tunnel vault and the me-thod of cons-tructing the same are similar to those of the form of embocliment illustrated in Figures 8 to 14, but the form of embodiment of the formworks within the tubes is di~ferent.
Fur-thermore, it is clearly seen that the connecting plates, g3~7~
such as 1~0, 141 and 1~2, put in place frorn within a tube such as 146 and welded thereto along internal welding lines such as 140a and 141a al-terna-te with connecting plates such as 143, 144 and 145 put in place from within -the adjacent -tube 1L~7 and welded to this tube along in-ternal welding lines such as 143a.
In Figure 12 are seen the horizontal pipes 160 serving to supply concrete in-to the upper portions of the tubes, such as 146, 147 and 148, from -the concrete pump, and also the small ver-tical pipes 161 for injecting ~ake-up Mor-tar -to com plete the filling of the said upper portions. The formwork here is constituted by a planking 162, as shown for -the vault end-tube 146, or by small prefabricated slabs of reinforced concrete, such as 163a and 163b for the tube 147. These slabs are suppor-ted by appropriate support means such as longitudinal wood beams 16L~ supported by pillars 165, and -those portions of the cormecting plates that protrude wi-thin -the ~bes, in association with wood beam lengths, such as 166, alterna-ting wi-th the said portions lengthwise of the tubes and secured by means of studs such as 167, welded to -the wall of the said tubes. The planking 162, on the contrary, is supported at its centre only by the beam 16L~, at its right-hand edge by the protruding portions of the connecting plates, and at i-ts left-hand edge b~ a longitu-dinal wood beam 166a secured to -the -tube 146 by studs 167a.
The reference numeral 16~ denotes the reinforcement of the concrete mass (not shown) to be introduced in-to the upper portion of the tubes, such as 146, 147 and 148 .
It would be noted that each prefabricated reinforced-concrete slab, such as 163a, may be provided with metal reinfor-cement elemen-ts protruding at 169, on the upper surface of the said slabs,and therefore capable of being assembled to the reinforcemen-t 168.
Of course, the constitution and construc-tion of -the sel.f-supporting lower bed depend upon the par-ticular characteristics of the whole struc-ture to be obtained and the descrip-tion just given is only an example thereo~.
Of course, the inven-tion is by no means limited to the forms of embodiment described and .illus-trated which have been ~59~7Z
given by way of example only. In particular, it comprises all means constituting technical equivalents to the means described as well as their combinations, should the latter.be carried out according to its gist and used within the scope of the following claims.
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Already known in the art is the making of underground vertical walls by first providing -trenches lined with sheet metal and then fil]ing the same with concrete or with s-tone-work or brickwork. Such trenches are usually excavated by the open-cut method, starting from ~he surface of -the ground or from an open excavation.
Where such walls must be cons-tructed on a surface-built urban site or at a location where communication facilities such as streets, roads 9 railway tracks, airpor-t runways, etc, are established and the activities taking place at the surface must not be interfered with, the trenches may be started from underground horizon-tal propped galleries made by known conven-tional means.
The horizontal galleries, the excavation of which is started from an access shaf-t, serve as a s-tar-ting poin-t for making -the trenches in-tended to ~orm the vertical walls. The galleries also serve as condui.ts for ventilating, carrying away the excavated materials, conveying props, rein~orcements and concrete.
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This known methQd is usually ernployed for making -tunnels for -the passage of sub-terranean -transpor-ta-tion means such as underground railways in large urban centres. With such a me-thod, the inconveniences caused to surface activi-ties are minimlzed.
On the other hand, a major drawback to this method is that it is extremely expensive owing to the considerable and highly skilled labour required for making -the propped galleries.
The purpose of the present invention is precisely to obviate this drawback o~ -the known method.
To this end, the inven-tion is direc-ted to a method and a device for constructing structures with underground walls, the excavation of which is s-tarted from subterranean horizontal conduits ob-tained simply, reliably and rapidly and requiring very lit-tle labour.
The invention -therefore provides a method of construc-ting in the ground vertical-walled s-truc-tures starting :~rom sub-ter-ranean conduits, consisting in excavating vertical trenches underneath the said conduits, lining -the said -trenches with sheet metal, placing reinforcing elements in the said -trenches and then filling -them wi-th concre-te or wi-th masonry, charac-te-rized in that it consists in forming the said conduits of -tubes driven horizontaLly in-to the ground at the desired level and thereaf-ter excavating -the said trenches starting from openings provided in the underside of the tubes.
Thus, the labour which formel~ly was necessary to excava-te and fit up the propped galleries is dispensed wi-th.
According to ano-ther characterizing fea-ture of the invention, the said me-thod consists in opening an access shaft from the surface down to the desired level, and then, s-tarting from the said access shaft, in driving the said conduits hori-zontally into -the ground by pushing them behind one another by means of hydrau:Lic ac-tuators bearing agains-t a wall of the sald access sha~-t, in wi-thdrawing -the ear-th en-terin~ the said con~
duits as they are driven in-to the ground and in removing i-t through the access shal-t.
The inven-tion also provides a device for carrying ou-t -the above method, characterized in -tha-t it comprises tube sec-t;ions of a mechanic~lly resistant material and me~ns for horizon-tally z driving into -the ground the said -tube sections behind one ano-ther, such as for example hydraulic ac-tua^tors placed at the bottom of an access shaft and bearing against a wall of -the said shaft.
The invention also relates to a comple-te vaul-t or arched roof structure for a sub-terranean tunnel oE the aforesaid -type, and also to a me-thod of constructing the same.
The said vault or arched roof is use:Eul for building subterranean structures such as highway -tunnels, tunnel sec-tions, underground railway sta-tions or the like, and can be used be-neath carriageways, down to at leas-t about 1.20 m below their level without damaging them.
The said vault is preferably of the type resting on substantially vertical side-walls of masonry~ particularly of concrete masonry, extending along the two side edges of the said vault, the said side walls bein~ advantageously obtained by filling trenches from horizontal tubes placed along the said side edges, the said tubes being provided to -this end wi-th openings in their underside, as mentioned above.
The vault of masonry according -to the inven-tion is charac-terized in tha-t it is formed of an upper bed cons-tituted by a series of horizontal half-tubes arranged parallel to and apart from one ano-ther, with their convexi-ty direc-ted upward and their opening directed downward, and by connec-ting elements between the said tubes, the said half-tubes being filled wi-th concrete or some other masonry material, and of a self-suppor-~` ting lower bed, preferably of reinforced or prestressed concrete, in contact, on the one hand, with the said upper bed, and on -the other hand, wi-th the upper ends of -the said side walls.
According to a preferred form of embodiment of the inven-tion, the said connec-ting elements be-tween the half--tubes con-sist of plates forming fluid--tight connectionStherebe-tween.
; ~lthough the said half-tubes and connecting plates may be of any sui-table ma-terial1 such as for example me-tal, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete~ asbes-tos cement, plastics, etc, they preferably are of metal, thus permit-ting in particular -the fas-tening of the said plates to -the said -tubes by welding.
ï1~L59~2 '~he inven-tion also provides a method of cons-tructing a masonry vaul-t or arched roo~ for a sub-terranean tunnel, of the type comprising -the construction of subs-tantially ver.tical side-walls laterally delimiting -the said tunnel, -the said side-walls being preferably ob-tained by filling -two trenches from two horizontal end-tubes provided -to this end wi-th openings in their undersid.e, the said method being charac-terized in -tha-t it consists in setting a system of hori.zontal tubes parallel to and spaced from one another, the said tubes being dis-tributed in accordance wi-th the desired profile of the vault between the said -two horizon-tal end-tubes, -the said setting being prefera-bly performed by exerting successive horizontal pushes on the individual sections consti-tuting the said tubes, in placing connecting elements between the said -tubes, preferably at substantially -the middle of their height, in filling the upper half of -the said tubes with concrete by means of a concrete pump, in cutting off and removing the lower half o~ the tubes after performing -the earthwork and staying works necessary the~
for , in pro~iding a formwork under the level of the upper half~
tubes remaining in placej and in depositing on -the said form-work, in contact, on the one hand~ with the upper bed formed of the said filled upper half-tubes and the said connecting ele-ments, and on the other hand, with the upper portions o~ the said side walls, a self-supporting lower bed of masonry, preferably of reinforced or prestressed concrete.
According to a charac-terizing feature of the invention, the said connecting elemen-ts are connecting plates which are brought within the said tubes and pushed through their wall, between -two successive tubes, after providing longitudinal r slo-ts in each of -the tubes or in some of them, until they abut against the respective adjacent tubes.
According to another characterizing fea-ture of the inven-tion, a formwork i.s provided subs-tan-tially a-t the level of the diame-tral plane separa-ting the upper portion from the lower portion of each tube, before filling the said upper portion with concrete, and rein~orcing elements such as reinforcing bars are placed before the said filling of the upper portion.
The said formwork may be cons-titu-ted in par-ticular by a plan-king or by prefa'bricated reinforced-concre-te slabs preferably provided with reinforcing metal elements projecting from the surface of the said slabs and capable o.~ being connec,ted -to the aforesaid reinforcing elemen-ts.
The aforesaid filling may be advan-tageously performed, ~or each tube, by means of a rigid pipe inserted in-to the upper portion of the tube or tube section -to be filled, the said pipe being connected through a hose, preferably of the same diametre as the pipe, -to -the aforesaid concrete pump9 which discharges high-~luidity concrete, while the tube to be filled is closed at both ends, the said pipe remaining in place after the filling.
The inven-tion will be better understood and other purposes, characterizing fea-tures, details and advantages thereof will appear more clearly as the following explana-tory description proceeds with re~erence to the appended diagrammatic drawings given solely by way of example illustrating several forms of embodiment of the invention and wherein :
- Figure 1 is a diagrammatic ver-tical cross-sec-tional view of a buttressed gallery and a sheet-metal lined trench, according to the prior art ;
- Figure 2 is a longi-tudinal vertical sectional view o~
one stage of the method according to the invention, illus-trating the driv,ing of the tu~e sec-tions into the ground from an access shaft ;
- Figure 3 is a ver-tical cross-sectional view of a tube section and a trench according to the inven-tion ;
- Figure 4 is a longitudinal vertica]. sectional view corresponding to Figure 3 ;
- Figure 5 is a vertical cross-sectional view correspon~
ding to Figure 3, after -the concre-te r,einforcing means are placed in the -trench ;
- Figure 6 is a view corresponding to Figure 5, showing ~he trench after -the concreting ;
- Figure 7 is a diagrarnmatic vertical cross-sectional view of a structure provided with a roof according to -the invention ;
- Figure ~ is a cross-sec-tional view o~ a subterranean tunnel provided~ av~lltor arched roof according -to one form of embodimen-t of the inven-tion ;
Figures 9a -to 9c are de-tailed par-tial cross-sectional views of -the vaul-t of ~igure 8, illus-trating various stages of the me-thod of construction of the ~aul-t ;
- Figure 10 is an axial longitudinal sec-tional view of the whole subterranean tunnel of Figure 8 toge-ther wi-th its vault, showing the various s-tages of vaul-t cons-truc-tion ;
~ Figure 11 is a cross-sectional view of the said sub terranean tunnel, upon the line XI-XI of Figure 10 ;
- Figure 12 is a cross-sectional view, upon the line XII-XII of Figure13, of a lateral end sec-tion of the upper bed of a vault according to ano-ther form of embodimen-t of the invention ; and - Figure 13 is an axial horizontal longitudinal sectional view of the same bed upon -the line XIII XIII of Figure 12.
Referring -to the drawings, the prior art will first be described for a better unders-tanding of the inven-tion and i-ts advantages over the prior art.
In Figure 1, reference 1 deno-tes -the surface of the ground, e.g.~ a surface~built urban area, -the figure represented on the right side as a guide being drawn to scale.
According -to the prior-art, a horizontal gallery 2 is excavated starting from an access shaft (not shown), and -then propped or bu-ttressed at 3, L~ and 5 in a conventional manner.
From the horizontal bottom of this gallery, a trench 6 is excavated and lined, as the excavation progresses, by means of sheet-metal elements 7, 8 of a known -type. The elements 7 con-sist of rigid plates placed against the ver-tical walls of -the trench and in-terconnec-ted from one wall -to the o-ther by the elements 8. The gallery 2 is of course large enough to provide room for the passage of -the workers and the carrying out of all -the necessary works : e~cava-tion of the -trench 6, removal of the earth, supply and placing of reinforcement elemen-ts in the trench, concre-ting of -the trench, e-tc.
This ls~own me-thod is reliable, but as already pointed out, its cost is e~tremely high due to -the highly slcilled work -tha-t is necessary for propping, buttressing or o-therwise supporting -the walls of gallery Z.
There will now be described, wi-th reference to the following ~igures, a me-thod and a device according to -the in-vention allowing the above drawback of the prior ar-t to be obviated.
According -to the invention, the propped or bu-ttressed gallery 2 is replaced by a tubular condui-t 10 generally cylin-drical in shape and formed of prefabrica-ted elements 11 of appropria-te length which are dri~en horizon-tally in-to the ground. To this end, and as in -the case of -the bu-ttressed gallery, an access shaft 12 is sun~ from the surface of the ground down to -the desired level. Means such as for example high-power hydraulic actua-tors 13 are arranged at the bo-ttom of the access shaft so as to bear at one end against a wall 1L~ of the access shaft. The other end of the hydraulic actuators, cons-titu-ted by the end of their piston rods, s provided with a vertical pla-te 15 adapted to bear against the end of a pipe section 11 so as to push and drive it horizontally .into the ground. When a p.ipe section 11 is thus comple-tely or almos-t completely driven horizontally into the ground, the following section 11 is moved down into the access shaf-t and aligned with the section 11 already driven in the ground, and is thereafter pushed against and together with the preceding pipe sec-tion by means of the actuators 13. The underground tubular conduit 10 represented in Figure 2 is thus obtained.
The sections 11 pushed horizon-tally into the ground are open and therefore filled with earth while being driven. The sec-tions 11 are large in diameter, e.g. on the order of 2 m, and the earth within the tubular conduit 10 can -thus be removed therefrom and finally carried to the surface through -the shaft 12.
The tube sections 11 are of a sui-table strong material capable of withstanding without damage the stresses resulting from the pressure of the earth and the driving force exerted by the hydraulic actuators 13. The tube sec-tions are prefabrica-ted elemen-ts made for example of steel, reinforced concre-te~
pre~essed concrete, asbes-tos cemen-t, plastics, e-tc.
They are nnoreover provided, in their underside, with openings 16 which will permi-t -the excava-tion of a shee~netal lined -trench 6' for making -the desired ver-tical wall. At the loca-tions weakened by the said openings~ the -tube sec-tions 11 are s-trengthened by arches 17 of an appropria-te ma-terial, arranged for exarnple on either side of the openings 16. As already pointed ou-t, the inner dimension of the -tube sections 11 is enough to provide room for the passage of -the workers and the carrying ou-t of the necessary works through -the openings 16 : excava-tion of trenches 6', placing of sheet-metal lining elements 71 and 8', supply and placing of reinforcing means 18 in the -trenches 6', filling of the -trenches 6' wi-th concre-te or masonry.
In Figure 5 is shown by way of example the trench 6' with the reinforcing means 18 placed -therein, and in Figvre 6 is shown the vertical wall 19 obtained after concreting -the trench 6'.
The method according to the inven-tion may also be used in constructing the roo~ of a sub-terranean structure e.g. an underground railway tunnel, as shown in Figure 7.
In -this Figure, the -two tubular conduits 10, each asso-ciated wi-th a ver-tical wall 19, form part of a set 20 of -tube sec-tions 21 driven horizontally in-to the ground in parallel relationship to one another and -to -the -tubular conduits 10 and intended -to form the temporary or -the permanent roof of~ for example, a tunnel. The -tube sections 21 are connected wi-th one another and with the tubular conduits 10 by systems of metal plates 22 or injections, so as to impart an integral structure to the whole assembly. It is unders-tood -tha-t the tubes 21 are driven horizon-tally into -the ground in -the same manner as -the tubular condui-ts 10,being connected to the adjacent -tubes 21 by the systems of metal plates 22 or lnjections, and tha-t the O
tubes 21 are thereaf-ter filled wi-th concre-te or masonry to form -the roo:f o:f -the subterranean s-truc-ture.
I-t is unders-tood that -the -tubular condui-ts 10 associa-ted with -the ver-tica:L walls 19 form two parallel lines of tube sec-tions and -that -the -tube sectlons 21 form n1utually parallel intermediate lines connected to thc~ lateral llnes formed by -the g -tubular condui-~s 10.
~ The tube sections 11 or 21 may be circular, polygonal, or ; par-tly circular and partly polygonal in cross-section.
The method and dev.ice according to the invention offer over -the prior art the following additlonal advan-tages :
- there is no need to effect previous injections of con-crete in-to the ground, for -the combination of the tubes 10 and 21 wi-th the vertical walls results in a perfectl~ fluid--tight assembly ;
the method according to the inven-tion reduces surface subsidence or se-ttling and the damages caused by -the construc-~; tion of such subterranean structures ;
- the method according to the invention is ~uch safer ~or the workers, who can work sheltered by a continuous tube of steel, concrete, plastics, etc;
-by reason of the reduction in surface subsi~ence, it is ~ possible to work nearer to the surface of the ground.
s In Figure 8 is shown a subterranean tunnel 111 excavated in -the ground 102 above the ground surface 103, which~ for example, is the surface of a carriage-way or road pavemen-t. The tunnel struc-ture comprises side walls 10~a and 10~b, a floor 105 and a vault or arched roof 106 9 these various elemen-ts of the structure being preferably of reinforced or prestressed concrete. The reference numerals 107a and 107b denote the two horizontal end conduits which have been used for excavating and filling -the trenches occupied by the side walls 104a and 104b, respectively.
The vault 106 .is formed of an upper bed 106a and a self-supporting lower bed 106b, the lat-ter being in contact, on the one hand, with the upper bed 106a and, on the other hand, the upper endsof the side walls 104a and 10L~b. The upper bed 106a is cons-tituted by a seri.es of horizon-tal half-tubes 108 to 115 arranged parallel to and apart from one ano-ther, with their convexity directed up~ard and -their opening direc-ted downward, and by connec-ting elements 116 -to 124 be-tween the said half-tubes 108 to 115, the la-t-ter being ~illed with concrete or ano-ther appropr.iate masonry ma-terial 125~
Reference is llOW made to Figures 9a to 9c, which illustra-te the essential stages of the method ~f construc-tin~ the vaul-t 106. Each o~ the half-tubes ~08 to 113 of Figure 8 re-sults from the elimination of -the lower half of a series o~
horizontal tubes 111A and 112A shown in Figure 9a. These tubes have been placed by any appropriate means, preferably as described in reference to Figure 7.
In Figure 9a are seen the two tubes 111A and 112A which, at this stage of the construction method, are embedded in the surrounding ground 102, the transverse dimension of these tubes being such as to provide enough room for the passage of the workers. In the example illustrated, all these tubes are of metal, and so are the connecting elements such as 119, 120 and 121 constituted by metal plates. T~e plates form a fluid-tight connection between the successive tubes, as seen in Figures 1 and 2a to 2c. The placing of the connecting plates such as 120 and 121 is performed by first providing a longitudinal slot 126 and 127~ respectively, substantially at the middle of the height of one of the sides of tubes 111A and 1~2A and then inserting the metal plates 120 and 121, respectively, into the slots 126 and127, by pushing the same, by any suitable means, from the interior of tubes 111A and 112A until the said me-tal plates abut agains-t the outer surface of the adjacent tubes, i.e. the outer surface o~ tube 112A in the case of the metal plate 120 brought within the tube 110A and pushed from the in-terior of this -tube through the slot 126. The plates such as 126 and 127 are welded to the metal tubes from the interior of which they have been put in place 5 along an internal longitudi-nal welding line 128 and 129, respectively, in the case of tubes 111A and 112A.
If desired, water tightness between the successive tubes o~ the vault can be ensured by inserting plastics sections, e.g.
o~ polyvinylchloride, between the connecting plates extending consecutively lengthwise of the tubes be-tween two adjacent tubes.
Figure 9b shows the considered vault portion after the filling of the upper half of the tubes with concrete. This stage is obtained in the following manner starting from the stage illustrated in Figure 9a. A ~ormwork illustra-ted diagramma-tical-ly at 130 is provided to delimit the upper portion of each æ
of -the tubes such as 111~ and 112A, and reinforcing elements such as reinforcemen-t bars 131 are placed, and -then the upper halves of the said tubes are filled with concre-~.e. Use is made, to this end, of a concrete pu~p supplying high-fluidity con-crete so that a single concre-te pump located ou-tside the structure can ensure the filling of a sufficient tube length in a single operation. To -this end, the tube section whose upper portion is to be filled with concrete is obturated at both ends and supplied with concrete through a pipe extending throughout substantially the length of the said sec-tion, the said pipe being rigid in order to supply the said tube section with concrete throughout its length. The pipe is connec-ted to the concrete pump through, preferably, the medium of a flexible conduit or hose of the same diametre as that of the pipe.
If the filling of the upper portion of -the tubes by the means thus used is no-t considered to be sufficiently complete, a make-up mortar injection or grout.ing is performed, preferably by means of small pipes placed vertically, into the portion to be concreted, the said small pipes being supplied through their lower portion opening into the lower half of the horizontal tubes. It is also seen in Figure 9b that -the earth below the medial level of t~e tubes has been removed and tha-t -temporary support ~rames, designated generally. by the reference numeral 132, have been provided to transmit the load to the floor (see also ~igure 10), the said support frames comprising in particu-lar upper horizontal beams 132a and vertical beams 132b. It is precisely at this stage that the connection between the hori-zontal tubes and the connecting plates such as 119 and 120 can be strengthened, if appropriate, by welding to the outside of the said tubes, the plates abutting thereagainst, along external longitudinal welding lines, such as 133 and 134 in the case o~ the connecting pla-tes l19 and 120, respectively, abutting agains-t -the tubes 111A and 1l2A~
Figure 9c i~lustra-tes a later stage of the vault construc-ting method, during which the lower halves of the -tubes, such as 111A and 112A, have been cut off and extracted, so that only the upper hal~tubes such as 111 and 112 interconnected by the connec-ting plates such as 120 and filled with concrete 125 ~s~ ~
have remained in placeO At this stage, suppor-t frames 135 comprising in particular upper horizontal beams 135a and ver-tical beams 135b transmi-t to -the -tunnel floor the load exerted by the temporary roof thus cons-ti-tuted.
According -to a modified form of embodiment of the inven-tion, the earthwork and the s-taying works can be per~ormed by using, according to another method called -the "Berlin method"~
sheet metal linings instead of the aforesaid frames (which permit excavation in s-topes by means of earthworking appliances).
In Figure 10 and/or Figure 11 are again seen -the vertical side-walls 104a and 104b 3 the horizon-tal end-tubes 107a and 107b and the intermediate half-tubes which here are denoted by the common reference numeral 136, the -tunnel floor being desi-gnated by the numeral 137. In the right hand portion of E`igure 10 i-t is seen that -the support frames 132 constituted by beams such as 132a, 132b and 132c have been placed under the intact tubes denoted by the common reference numeral 136A, the said portion of Figure 10 corresponding to the stage illustrated in Figure 9b. In the following tunnel section, located in -the middle of Figure 10, the lower halves of tubes 136~ have been cut off (the said lower halves being shown in phan-tom lines) and eliminated, so that now the load of the s-tructure is trans-mitted to the tunnel floor 137 by the support frame 135 compri-sing the beams 135a, 135b and 135c, this portion of the -tunnel corresponding to the stage illustra-ted in Figure 9c. In the left-hand portion of Figure 10, the tunnel section that is re-presented illustrates the stage of constructing the self-suppor-ting lower bed 106 of -the vault, a formwork cons-tituted by a planking 138 supported by horizontal beams 139a and vertical beams 139b, having been previously placed -to this end. Moreover, suppor-t frames 150 cons-titu-ted by beams 150a, 150b and 150c help in supporting the concrete bed 106b.
In the form of embodiment illustra-ted in Figures 12 and 13, the general s-tructure of the tunnel vault and the me-thod of cons-tructing the same are similar to those of the form of embocliment illustrated in Figures 8 to 14, but the form of embodiment of the formworks within the tubes is di~ferent.
Fur-thermore, it is clearly seen that the connecting plates, g3~7~
such as 1~0, 141 and 1~2, put in place frorn within a tube such as 146 and welded thereto along internal welding lines such as 140a and 141a al-terna-te with connecting plates such as 143, 144 and 145 put in place from within -the adjacent -tube 1L~7 and welded to this tube along in-ternal welding lines such as 143a.
In Figure 12 are seen the horizontal pipes 160 serving to supply concrete in-to the upper portions of the tubes, such as 146, 147 and 148, from -the concrete pump, and also the small ver-tical pipes 161 for injecting ~ake-up Mor-tar -to com plete the filling of the said upper portions. The formwork here is constituted by a planking 162, as shown for -the vault end-tube 146, or by small prefabricated slabs of reinforced concrete, such as 163a and 163b for the tube 147. These slabs are suppor-ted by appropriate support means such as longitudinal wood beams 16L~ supported by pillars 165, and -those portions of the cormecting plates that protrude wi-thin -the ~bes, in association with wood beam lengths, such as 166, alterna-ting wi-th the said portions lengthwise of the tubes and secured by means of studs such as 167, welded to -the wall of the said tubes. The planking 162, on the contrary, is supported at its centre only by the beam 16L~, at its right-hand edge by the protruding portions of the connecting plates, and at i-ts left-hand edge b~ a longitu-dinal wood beam 166a secured to -the -tube 146 by studs 167a.
The reference numeral 16~ denotes the reinforcement of the concrete mass (not shown) to be introduced in-to the upper portion of the tubes, such as 146, 147 and 148 .
It would be noted that each prefabricated reinforced-concrete slab, such as 163a, may be provided with metal reinfor-cement elemen-ts protruding at 169, on the upper surface of the said slabs,and therefore capable of being assembled to the reinforcemen-t 168.
Of course, the constitution and construc-tion of -the sel.f-supporting lower bed depend upon the par-ticular characteristics of the whole struc-ture to be obtained and the descrip-tion just given is only an example thereo~.
Of course, the inven-tion is by no means limited to the forms of embodiment described and .illus-trated which have been ~59~7Z
given by way of example only. In particular, it comprises all means constituting technical equivalents to the means described as well as their combinations, should the latter.be carried out according to its gist and used within the scope of the following claims.
, ~.
Claims (24)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method of building in the ground vertical-walled structure which comprises from a vertical access shaft starting from the surface, driving, horizontally into the ground two parallel lines of tubes, spaced a predetermined distance from one another; constructing beneath each line of tubes corresponding vertical walls; and interconnecting the two lines of tubes through a selected number of intermediate parallel lines of tubes driven horizontally in the ground, in which the tubes are tightly connected to the parallel adjacent tubes such that the two parallel lines and the intermediate lines of tubes form the roof of a tunnel, to be formed between said vertical walls.
2. A method according to claim 1, in which said vertical walls are built by steps comprising placing reinforcement in trenches excavated from openings provided in the underside of the tubes forming said two parallel lines of tubes and filling with concrete or masonry.
3. A method according to claim 1,in which the vertical walled structure is a subterranean tunnel.
4. A method according to claim 2, for building a masonry vault arched roof for a subterranean tunnel, which com-prises placing a system of parallel and mutually spaced horizontal tubes distributed in accordance with the desired profile of the vault between the said two parallel horizontal end-tubes, arranging connecting elements between the said tubes filling with concrete, by means of a concrete pump, the upper half of the said tubes, cutting off and removing the lower half of the said tubes, after carrying out earthwork and staying works necessary therefor, providing formwork under the level of the upper half-tubes which remain in place, and placing on the said formwork, in contact with an upper bed formed by the said filled upper half-tubes and the said connecting elements and with the upper portions of the said side walls, a self-supporting lower bed of masonry.
5. A method according to claim 4, in which the connecting elements extend between the tubes half way up the height of the tube.
6. A method according to claim 4, in which the self supporting lower bed is of reinforced or pre-stressed concrete.
7. A method according to claim 4, in which the said connecting elements consist of connecting plates which are introduced into the said tubes and pushed out through their walls, between two consecutive tubes, after providing longitudinal slots in each or only one of the said tubes, until the said plates abut against the adjacent tube.
8. A method according to claim 7, in which the said tubes and the said connecting plates are of metal, each of the said plates being welded to the tube from which it is put in place, from the interior of this tube, along an internal longi-tudinal welding line, before filling the upper half of the tubes.
9. A method according to claim 7, in which plastic sections are inserted between the plates arranged consecutively, lengthwise of the said tubes, between two adjacent tubes, so as to obtain water-tightness.
10. A method according to claim 4, in which the said tubes and the said connecting plates are of metal and each of the said plates is welded to the tube against which it abuts from the ex-terior of the said tube, along half of the tubes.
11. A method according to claim 10, in which welding is effected before cutting off and removing the lower half of the tubes.
12. A method according to claim 4, in which formwork is provided substantially at the level of the diametral plane separating the upper portion from the lower portion of each tube, before filling the said upper portion with concrete, and rein-forcement elements are placed in this upper portion before the said filling.
13. A method according to claim 12, in which said formwork comprises supported planking.
14. A method according to claim 12, in which the said formwork comprises prefabricated reinforced-concrete slabs provided with metal reinforcement elements protruding on the sur-face of the said slabs and capable of being connected to the re-inforcement elements placed in the upper portion of the tubes.
15. A method according to claim 4, in which the said filling is performed, for each tube, by means of a rigid pipe inserted in the upper portion of the tube section to be filled, the said pipe being connected to said concrete pump, which delivers high-fluidity concrete, the tube section to be filled with con-crete being closed at both ends, said pipe remaining in place after the filling.
16. A method according to claim 15, in which the pipe is connected to the concrete pump by a flexible conduit of the same diameter as said pipe.
17. A method according to claim 15, in which the said filling is completed, by an injection of make-up mortar by means of small pipes.
18. A method according to claim 17, in which the make-up mortar is injected by means of small pipes.
19. A method according to claim 4, in which the earthwork and staying works are performed using sheet-metal linings, according to the method called the "Berlin method" or using support frames allowing the load to be transmitted to the tunnel floor and the excavation to be performed in stopes by means earth working appliances.
20. A subterranean structure comprising vertical walls and a roof, said roof being formed by a series of mutually parallel and spaced horizontal tubes and by connecting elements between the said parallel tubes tightly connecting said parallel tubes.
21. A subterranean structure comprising a vault or arched roof of masonry of the type resting upon side walls of masonry, said vault being formed of an upper bed constituted by a series of mutually parallel and spaced horizontal half-tubes, the convexity of which is directed upward and the opening of which is directed downward, and by connecting elements between the said half-tubes, the said half-tubes being filled with masonry material, and of a self-supporting lower bed in contact with the said upper bed, and with the upper ends of the said side walls.
22. A structure according to claim 21, in which the masonry material is concrete and said lower bed is formed of reinforced or prestressed concrete.
23. A structure according to claim 21, in which the connecting elements between the said half-tubes consist of plates providing a fluid-tight connection between the said half-tubes.
24. A structure according to claim 21, 22 or 23, in which the said half-tubes and plates are of metal, the said plates being secured to the said tubes by welding.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| BE864136 | 1978-02-21 | ||
| BE864,136 | 1978-02-21 | ||
| BE867,816 | 1978-06-05 | ||
| BE867816 | 1978-06-05 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1115972A true CA1115972A (en) | 1982-01-12 |
Family
ID=25658489
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA321,917A Expired CA1115972A (en) | 1978-02-21 | 1979-02-20 | Method and device for building in the ground vertical walled structures starting from a subterranean conduit |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS54121526A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU531220B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR7901069A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1115972A (en) |
| DK (1) | DK75179A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES478369A1 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI790485A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2417633A1 (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1166645B (en) |
| MX (1) | MX149106A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO790527L (en) |
| PT (1) | PT69241A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE446472B (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FI811389L (en) * | 1980-05-08 | 1981-11-09 | Frankignoul Pieux Armes | FOERFARANDE FOER AOSTADKOMMANDE AV EN UNDERJORDISK KONSTRUKTION OCH DEN SAO ERHAOLLNA KONSTRUKTIONEN |
| CH642141A5 (en) * | 1981-05-12 | 1984-03-30 | Berset Jean Marie | UNDERGROUND PASSAGE AND METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING THE PASSAGE. |
| FI881964A (en) * | 1988-04-27 | 1989-10-28 | Tampereen Alituspalvelu Oy | FOERFARANDE OCH ANORDNING FOER ATT BYGGA UNDERJORDISKA ROERLINJER. |
| CA2070417A1 (en) * | 1989-10-25 | 1991-04-26 | Valto Ilomaki | Method for the mounting of underground pipelines |
| JP5584646B2 (en) * | 2011-04-01 | 2014-09-03 | 鹿島建設株式会社 | Pipe roof construction method |
-
1979
- 1979-02-14 FI FI790485A patent/FI790485A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-02-16 AU AU44340/79A patent/AU531220B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1979-02-16 NO NO790527A patent/NO790527L/en unknown
- 1979-02-16 PT PT69241A patent/PT69241A/en unknown
- 1979-02-19 SE SE7901451A patent/SE446472B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-02-20 BR BR7901069A patent/BR7901069A/en unknown
- 1979-02-20 CA CA321,917A patent/CA1115972A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-02-20 FR FR7904250A patent/FR2417633A1/en active Granted
- 1979-02-20 ES ES478369A patent/ES478369A1/en not_active Expired
- 1979-02-21 JP JP1962779A patent/JPS54121526A/en active Granted
- 1979-02-21 IT IT20393/79A patent/IT1166645B/en active
- 1979-02-21 MX MX176686A patent/MX149106A/en unknown
- 1979-02-21 DK DK75179A patent/DK75179A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES478369A1 (en) | 1979-11-16 |
| IT7920393A0 (en) | 1979-02-21 |
| AU531220B2 (en) | 1983-08-18 |
| JPS6317999B2 (en) | 1988-04-15 |
| FR2417633B1 (en) | 1983-05-20 |
| FR2417633A1 (en) | 1979-09-14 |
| MX149106A (en) | 1983-08-25 |
| FI790485A (en) | 1979-08-22 |
| SE446472B (en) | 1986-09-15 |
| NO790527L (en) | 1979-08-22 |
| BR7901069A (en) | 1979-10-02 |
| IT1166645B (en) | 1987-05-05 |
| JPS54121526A (en) | 1979-09-20 |
| SE7901451L (en) | 1979-08-22 |
| AU4434079A (en) | 1979-08-30 |
| PT69241A (en) | 1979-03-01 |
| DK75179A (en) | 1979-08-22 |
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