CA1113695A - Apparatus for pyrolysis of hydrocarbon starting products - Google Patents
Apparatus for pyrolysis of hydrocarbon starting productsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1113695A CA1113695A CA281,975A CA281975A CA1113695A CA 1113695 A CA1113695 A CA 1113695A CA 281975 A CA281975 A CA 281975A CA 1113695 A CA1113695 A CA 1113695A
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- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- heat carrier
- casing
- heat
- products
- starting products
- Prior art date
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Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
An apparatus for pyrolysis of hydrocarbon starting pro-ducts comprising a horizontally split casing for molten heat carrier having at least one injector with a nozzle for feed-ing hydrocarbon starting products and at least one pipe for removal of pyrolysis products in the upper part thereof. The apparatus has means for supplying heat to the heat carrier.
According to the invention, the injector is mounted in the upper part of the casing in such a manner that the outlet section of its nozzle is spaced apart from the surface of the heat carrier at a distance which is sufficient for the forma-tion of a hydrodynamic crater in this surface under the action of a jet of hydrocarbon starting products flowing from the nozzle. Means for supplying heat to the heat carrier is mount-ed in the casing in such a manner that heat is supplied direct-ly within the heat carrier.
The invention may be used for processing various kinds of hydrocarbon starting products.
The invention enables the reduction of the residence time of hydrocarbon starting products in the high-temperature zone thereby improving the output of the pyrolysis process.
Thus, the invention improves the yield of valuable chemical products-lower olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, the invention may be used for both low- and high-viscosity heat carriers.
An apparatus for pyrolysis of hydrocarbon starting pro-ducts comprising a horizontally split casing for molten heat carrier having at least one injector with a nozzle for feed-ing hydrocarbon starting products and at least one pipe for removal of pyrolysis products in the upper part thereof. The apparatus has means for supplying heat to the heat carrier.
According to the invention, the injector is mounted in the upper part of the casing in such a manner that the outlet section of its nozzle is spaced apart from the surface of the heat carrier at a distance which is sufficient for the forma-tion of a hydrodynamic crater in this surface under the action of a jet of hydrocarbon starting products flowing from the nozzle. Means for supplying heat to the heat carrier is mount-ed in the casing in such a manner that heat is supplied direct-ly within the heat carrier.
The invention may be used for processing various kinds of hydrocarbon starting products.
The invention enables the reduction of the residence time of hydrocarbon starting products in the high-temperature zone thereby improving the output of the pyrolysis process.
Thus, the invention improves the yield of valuable chemical products-lower olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, the invention may be used for both low- and high-viscosity heat carriers.
Description
36 ~ ~
.PPARA'~'U~ FOR PYROLYSIS O:F HYD~OCARBON S~ARq'I~G
PROI)UCr~S
The invention relates to the equi.pment for processing h~drocar~on starting produck~, a~d more pa~rticularly ~o an apparatus for pyrolysi~ of hydrocarbon s~arting products~
~ he in~entio~ may be most advant~geous~y used in the pro-~cessing of various hydrocarbon starting product~ to obtain va-luable chemic~l products, such as ~ower ole~i~s ~nd aromatic hydrocarbons.
In addition, the i~vention may ~'i~d itB app~ication i~
the constructio~ of he~t-exchange apparatus~
Known in tho ~rt i~ an apparatus ~or p~rolysis o~ h~dro-carbon starting products c~mprising a horizontally split ca-sing for molten heat carrisr~ Ths upper p~rt o~ the casi~g is provided with at least one i~jector having a nozzle for feeding hydr~carbo~ ~ta~ting produc-ts i~to the molten heat carrier and with at least one pipo ~or remo~ing pyrolysis pro-ducts~ The apparatus also comprise~ means ~or supplying h~at to the heat carrierO
In tho prior art apparatus, hydrocarbon starti~g produots are ~ed i~to the molten heat carrier below the sur~ace lev~l of the melt. ~he starti~g products are ~ed through the nozzla into the molten heat carrier at a velccity which does not exceed O.5 m/æ. U~der the action of high temperature o~ molte~ hea~
carrier, reaction~ occur in hydrocarbo~ starti~g product~ to roæu}t in the ~orm~tion o~ molecule~ with l~wer molecular weight. Thus9 liquid hyd~o¢arbo~s are co~verted into gaseou~
~ ' ~3~
phaæe so that a large quanti ty o~ bubbleæ are formed in the space around the nozzle which ascend to the surface of th~ haa-t carrier a-t a ve~ocity o~ about 0.~-0~4 m/s ~ he above-described ~ppar~ltUS fe~tures ~ long resid~nce time o~ s-tarting products in the high-temperature zone and ~ow rate of heatlng o~ the products which is very import~n~ ~or the pyrolysi~.
Lo~g residence time and low rate o~ h2ati~g o~ startin~
products result in reduced yield o~ valuab~e chemica~ products.
q'he asce~t velocity o~` bubbles restricts the productivity o~ the apparatus. The diametar of bubb~es is also importa~t:
the smaller the bubblesl ths higher the rate of heati~g o~
star-ti~g products. ~h~ smaller the bubb~es, the slow~r their ascent, that is with smaller bubbles the admissible load on the apparatus decreases~
Generally, the residence time of starting products in the high-temperature zone during the p~rolysis varies from 0.05 to 0.5 s to e~sure su~ficien-tly high yield of valuable chemica~ products 9 such as ole~ins.
With lo~ger residsnce time o~ starting products i~
the high-temperature zone, moleculss o~ ole~ins hava the tim~
to decompose to H2 and C, whereas with æhorter residance time, there is no timo suf~icient ~or -the decomposition reactio~ to occur.
As mentiorled above, the ascen-t ve~ocity of bubbles varle~
from 0.3 to 0.4 m/æ. I:rl order to provide ~or the residerlce time o~ starti~lg products in the above-mentioIIed zo~e ~* 0.5 S5, :
the noæzle should be ~ubmer~ed at 004~0~5=0~2 m7 With such sub-~ergence o~` the nozzle~ the startlng produc-ts have no time to be heated ~o required pyxolysls tempera-tures ~rom 700 to950C, and wi-th greater submergence of the nozzlesr ~the yie~d of valuable chemical products, such as olef`ins is lowered~
~: Lo~g-t~rm residence i~ the high-temp~rature zone resu~ts in ~ greater yield o~ carbon (coke) (up -~o 30-40%) thus hamp~r-ing operation o~ the apparatus because the working 8pace th~re-0~ i8 ~illed with coko, and the deposition o~ coke o~ the heat-exchange surface~ results in lower heat removal rate and deterioration o~ the sur~aces. In ordex to e~sure su~ioiently high yield o~ ol~ins, it is necessary that the ra~e of heating o~ starting products be above 105 G/s. With large-sized bubbles~
heat trans~er to the inner space of ~he bubbles is hampered by low heat conductance o~ gas and insig~i~icant role of convec-: tive heat trans~er.
` For ensuring high heating rate, the attampts are made to have bubbles as ~mall as possible; small-diameter,however, bring about a very low ascent velocity ~hich, as mentioned, results in impaired pe~form~nce o~ ths p~rolysis.
In order to mi~imize the in~luence o~ th~ above negative t~ls aspects, pro~es~ is conducted by fe~ding starti~g products through a large ~umber of fine ~ozzles with a small thickness o~ heat carri~r layer (up to 0.5 m). ~his, however~ result~
in an increased ar~ of the heat carrier bath and comp~icated system for distribution o~ starti~g products.
.
~ ~ ~ 3~ ~ ~
The above-desc~ibsd aspects o~ the pyro~ysis in the prior art appara-tus do not enab~e the improvement of its productivity because with an increa~ad starting product ~eeding rate, the vo~ume o~ heat carrier i~ over;~illed with gaseous phase, and the resul-tant scum is eaected :Erom the apparatu~ leading to its failure ~ here viscous h~at carriers are ussd, the asce~t ve~ocity of bubb~es is much lower so that the e~ectio~ of heat carrier occurs with lower loads of the app~ ~v~
It is the main object of the invention to provide an appa-ratus for pyro~ysis of hydrocarbon starting products which en~b-les the reduction o~ reside~ce timQ of starting products in the heat carrier thereby inten~i~ying th~ p~ro~.ysi~ process.
The above and other objects are accomplished in an appa-ratus for pyrol~sis of hydrocarbon starting products comprising a horizontal~y sp~it casi~g for molten heat carrier accommodat-ing, in the upper part thereof, at least one injector havi~g a no~zle for ~eedi~g hydrocarbon starting products into mo~te~
heat carrier and at least onc pipe for rem~ving pyro~ysis pro-ducts, and means ~or supplying heat to the heat carrier,wherein, according to the inventio~, the i~jector is arranged i~ th~
upper part o~ the casing in such a manner that the outlet section of the nozzle thereo~ is spaced apart ~rom the heat carrier sur~ace at ~ dista~ce su~ficie~t fox tha ~orma~ion of a hydrodynamic crater in the heat carrier surface under the .. . . .
'~' , ., .
.
3,~
action of a jet o:~ hydrocarbon star-ting products flowing from the nozzle, ancl means for supplying heat is arranged within the casing in such a manner -that heat: is supplied directly within the heat carrier.
In accordance with a broad aspect of the invention, there is provided an apparatus fc>r pyrolysis of hydrocarbon starting products comprising: a horizontally split casing for molten heat carrier having an upper part and a lower part~ at least one injector having a nozzle for feeding hydrocarbon star-ting products to said casing mounted in the upper part of said casing in such a manner that the outlet section of the nozzle of said injector is spaced apart from the surface of the heat carrier at a distance sufficient for the formation in said surface of a hydrodynamic crater under the action of a jet of said hydrocarbon starting products flowing from the nozzle of said injector, at least one pipe for removal of pyrolysis products from said casing mounted in the upper part of said casing' means for supplying heat to the heat carrier, said means comprising the active zone of a nuclear reactor dis-posed within the heat carrier, so that heat is supplied directlywithin the heat carrier.
There is also provided a method for carrying out pyrolysis of hydrocarbon starting products utilizing a casing having a substantially cylindrical side wall and a liquid heat carrier disposed therein, said liquid heat carrier being at a predetermined level in said casing and forming a space above the surface of said liquid heat carrier, a substantially cylindrical baffle located within said casing substantially coaxially with respect to said cylindrical side wall and . ` `
;
' , and dlviding said space into a heating zone and a pyrolysis zone, said baffle extending a small distance below the surface of the heat carrier, the invention comprising the steps of:
directing a jet of gaseous heating agent onto the surface of the heat carrier in the hea-ting .zone' directing a jet of hydro-carbon starting products onto the surface of the heat carrier in the pyrolysis zone so that an intensive heat transfer occurs from the heat carrier to the hydrocarbon starting products which contact the surface of the heat carrier whereby pyrolysis pro-ducts are formed, and removing the pyrolysis products from the casing.
The above-described arrangement of the injector and nozzle enables the rate of supply of hydrocarbon starting pro-ducts which is sufficient for the formation of a hydrodynamic crater in the heat carrier with a depth ensuring sufficiently : intensive supply of heat to the products subjected to pyrolysis~
The arrangement of means for supplying heat with.in the casing provides for intensification of heat supply and elimination of overheating of the casing material.
The casing is preferably provided with a baffle having one extremity secured to the upper part of the casing~ the other extremity being in a slightly spaced relationship with the outlet section of the nozzle and in such a manner that the space over the heat carrier is divided into at least two zones, the injector with the nozzle for feeding hydrocarbon starting pro-ducts being arranged in one zone, and means of supplying heat to heat carrier, in the other zone, means for supplying heat comprising at least one injector having a nozzle secured to the .
~.
~.
.
- . ~ -, -..
upper part of the casing for feeding ga,seous heating agent; to the surface oE heat carrier.
The provision of the ba~fle which d:ivides the space over the heat carrier into two zones and the construction of means for supplying heat according to the invention ensure heat supply to the heat carrier with the intensity which is e~ual -5b-~ ' ' ' to the intensity of heat rernoval. r~e equality of these inten-sities enables an improvement of reliability of operation of the apparatus and ensures its operation over a large range of varying performances because the removal of heat does not res-trict the load of the apparatus in terms of starting products.
The centers of the outlet sections of the injectors for feeding hydrocarbon starting products and gaseous heating agent are preferably located at the surface of heat carrier.
Due to the above-mentioned arrangement of the centers, maximum intensity of heat transfer in the craters is achieved since in such case, with other conditions of feeding of start-ing products being equal, the crater depth and flow velocity therein are at the maximum compared to the feeding of starting products through a nozzle located somewhat above the heat carrier surface.
me apparatus according to the invention may have the casing of cylindrical form.
In case the casing is cylindrical, the baffle may be annular so as to ensure minimum resistance offered by the casing and baffle to the circular flow of heat carrier around the central zone of the casing.
The nozzles of the injectors for feeding hydrocarbon starting products and gaseous heating agent are preferably mounted at an acute angle to the surface of heat carrier and at an acute angle to the radius of the cylindrical casing drawn through the center of the outlet section of the injector nozzle.
... .. . . . .
' ~ ~
.
-' : : ' ' '' ~ his arrangement of the injec-torc; with the cylindrical casing and annular baffle provides for the flow of heat carrier in the zone adjacent to the surface thereof in two directions:
radial direction, from the center to the periphery, and cir-cular direction about the center of the casing under the : action of jets flowing from the injector nozzles. I'hus, the overflow of heat carrier from the heating zone to the pyroly sis zone is intensified thus intensifying the heat transfer between these zones.
In order to optimize the heat transfer between the zones, the angle of inclination of the nozzles to the surface of heat carrier is preferably from 10 to 40, and the angle of inclina-tion of the nozzles to the radius of the casing drawn through .~ the center of the outlet section of the injector nozzles is preferably from 15 to 75.
For continuous operation of the apparatus with continuous removal of coke formed during the pyrolysis, the casing may be provided with an additional annular baffle arranged between the casing and injectors in such a manner that the upper extremity of the baffle is below the heat carrier surface to enable its overflow, the baffle having perforations in the lower part the-reof.
In case the apparatus according to the invention is used for the pyrolysis in heat carriers of elevated viscosity (more than 1 P ), the casing is preferably rotatable about the ver-tical axis and is provided with a rotary drive, the upper part of the casing comprising a cover plate having a shell with the ~ ~ .
:' ' ,:
' ' ' ' , " , ~
extr~mity of the shell receivecl within -the caslng ba~ow the surface of heat carrior.
In order to provide f'or be1t-t~r trans~er o~ heat carrier from the pyro~ysis ~one to the heating zone, and vice v~rsa, radial rib~ may be provided on the casing bottom wall.
For intensification o~ the pyrolysis~ a heat source may comprise the active zone o~ a nuclear reactor arranged i~ h~at carrier.
~ he invention will now b~ described with re~erence to speci~ic embodimen~ thereof illustrated in ~he accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 diagrammatically sho~s a ge~eral ~iew in a ~on~i-tudinal section of the apparatus for pyrolysis of hydrocarbon starting products according to the i~vention having an injector ~, with a nozzle ~or feeding hyclrocarbon starti~g produ¢ts into heat carrier arranged over the sur~ace o~ heat carrier;
~ igure 2 is a longitudinal secbio~ of -the apparatus for pyro~ysis of hydrocarbo~ starting products according to the inve~tion having a casi~g provided with a baf~le;
Figure 3 is a longitudinal section of tha apparatus ~or .
pyroly~is of hydrocarbon starting products according to th~
invention haYing a cylin~rical casing and an annular ba~fle;
~ igure 4 is a sectional view take~ along the ~ine IV-IV
in ~igure 3;
~ igure 5 is a longitudinal ~ction of the apparatus for pyrolysis of hydrocarbo~ starting products accordin~ to the inve~tion having a casing rotatable about the vertical- axis;
.; - .
~ 9 _ Figure 6 i~ a vlew taken a~.ong the arrow A in Figure 5;
Figure 7 shows the apparatus for pyrolysis o* hydrocarbon s-tarting products accordi~g -to the invention i~ which a means of heat supply to heat carrier comprises the active zone of a nuclear reactor.
~ he invention co~templates an appaxatus for pyroly~i~
of hydrocarbon starting produc-ts~
The apparatus show~ in Figure 1 compxise~ a horizontall~
split ca~ing 1 for molten heat carrier 2 which in thiæ particu-lar case consists of a melt of heavy metals9 such as bismuth.
The upper part of the casing 1 which is made in the form o~ a cover plate 3 accommodates an injector 4 having a nozzle 5 for feeding hydrocarbon starting~ products into th~ mo~ten he~t carrier 2. The casing 1 ha~ a pipe 6 for removal of py.ro~ysis products, and therc is provided mean~ 7 accommodated within the casing 1, for supplying heat to the heat carrier.
Accordi~g to the invention, the injector 4 is mou~ted in the upper part 3 of the casi~g 1 i~ ~uch a manner that -the outlet section of the nozzle 5 thereof i8 disposed above the sur~ace of the heat carrier 2 at a`,dista~ce therefrom which is sufficient for the formation of a hydrodynamic crater 8 in the heat carrior surface under the action of a jet of hydrocarbon starti~g products flowing ~rom the nozzle 5 as shown by arrow ~1 a11 -In order that the inte~sit~ of heat supply to tha heatcarrier be equal to the inte~sity of haat removal for -khe pyro-lysis, 1he embodiment of the inven-tion shewn in Figure 2 is used. A ca~lng 1 filled with a liquid.heat carrier 2 is hoxi~
zontally spli-t. ~he uppar partl, that is a cover p~ate 10 of the casing 9 accommodate~ injector~3 11 having nozzles 12 for feedi~g hydrocaxbon sta~ting product~ c~ld injectors 13 havin~ nozzles 14 ~or ~eeding gaseous heating agent, such as cembus-tio~ prod-ucts at 1900-2000C into the liquid heat carri~r 2~ ~h~ injec-tors 13 constitute me~ns for supplying h0at -to the heat carrier
.PPARA'~'U~ FOR PYROLYSIS O:F HYD~OCARBON S~ARq'I~G
PROI)UCr~S
The invention relates to the equi.pment for processing h~drocar~on starting produck~, a~d more pa~rticularly ~o an apparatus for pyrolysi~ of hydrocarbon s~arting products~
~ he in~entio~ may be most advant~geous~y used in the pro-~cessing of various hydrocarbon starting product~ to obtain va-luable chemic~l products, such as ~ower ole~i~s ~nd aromatic hydrocarbons.
In addition, the i~vention may ~'i~d itB app~ication i~
the constructio~ of he~t-exchange apparatus~
Known in tho ~rt i~ an apparatus ~or p~rolysis o~ h~dro-carbon starting products c~mprising a horizontally split ca-sing for molten heat carrisr~ Ths upper p~rt o~ the casi~g is provided with at least one i~jector having a nozzle for feeding hydr~carbo~ ~ta~ting produc-ts i~to the molten heat carrier and with at least one pipo ~or remo~ing pyrolysis pro-ducts~ The apparatus also comprise~ means ~or supplying h~at to the heat carrierO
In tho prior art apparatus, hydrocarbon starti~g produots are ~ed i~to the molten heat carrier below the sur~ace lev~l of the melt. ~he starti~g products are ~ed through the nozzla into the molten heat carrier at a velccity which does not exceed O.5 m/æ. U~der the action of high temperature o~ molte~ hea~
carrier, reaction~ occur in hydrocarbo~ starti~g product~ to roæu}t in the ~orm~tion o~ molecule~ with l~wer molecular weight. Thus9 liquid hyd~o¢arbo~s are co~verted into gaseou~
~ ' ~3~
phaæe so that a large quanti ty o~ bubbleæ are formed in the space around the nozzle which ascend to the surface of th~ haa-t carrier a-t a ve~ocity o~ about 0.~-0~4 m/s ~ he above-described ~ppar~ltUS fe~tures ~ long resid~nce time o~ s-tarting products in the high-temperature zone and ~ow rate of heatlng o~ the products which is very import~n~ ~or the pyrolysi~.
Lo~g residence time and low rate o~ h2ati~g o~ startin~
products result in reduced yield o~ valuab~e chemica~ products.
q'he asce~t velocity o~` bubbles restricts the productivity o~ the apparatus. The diametar of bubb~es is also importa~t:
the smaller the bubblesl ths higher the rate of heati~g o~
star-ti~g products. ~h~ smaller the bubb~es, the slow~r their ascent, that is with smaller bubbles the admissible load on the apparatus decreases~
Generally, the residence time of starting products in the high-temperature zone during the p~rolysis varies from 0.05 to 0.5 s to e~sure su~ficien-tly high yield of valuable chemica~ products 9 such as ole~ins.
With lo~ger residsnce time o~ starting products i~
the high-temperature zone, moleculss o~ ole~ins hava the tim~
to decompose to H2 and C, whereas with æhorter residance time, there is no timo suf~icient ~or -the decomposition reactio~ to occur.
As mentiorled above, the ascen-t ve~ocity of bubbles varle~
from 0.3 to 0.4 m/æ. I:rl order to provide ~or the residerlce time o~ starti~lg products in the above-mentioIIed zo~e ~* 0.5 S5, :
the noæzle should be ~ubmer~ed at 004~0~5=0~2 m7 With such sub-~ergence o~` the nozzle~ the startlng produc-ts have no time to be heated ~o required pyxolysls tempera-tures ~rom 700 to950C, and wi-th greater submergence of the nozzlesr ~the yie~d of valuable chemical products, such as olef`ins is lowered~
~: Lo~g-t~rm residence i~ the high-temp~rature zone resu~ts in ~ greater yield o~ carbon (coke) (up -~o 30-40%) thus hamp~r-ing operation o~ the apparatus because the working 8pace th~re-0~ i8 ~illed with coko, and the deposition o~ coke o~ the heat-exchange surface~ results in lower heat removal rate and deterioration o~ the sur~aces. In ordex to e~sure su~ioiently high yield o~ ol~ins, it is necessary that the ra~e of heating o~ starting products be above 105 G/s. With large-sized bubbles~
heat trans~er to the inner space of ~he bubbles is hampered by low heat conductance o~ gas and insig~i~icant role of convec-: tive heat trans~er.
` For ensuring high heating rate, the attampts are made to have bubbles as ~mall as possible; small-diameter,however, bring about a very low ascent velocity ~hich, as mentioned, results in impaired pe~form~nce o~ ths p~rolysis.
In order to mi~imize the in~luence o~ th~ above negative t~ls aspects, pro~es~ is conducted by fe~ding starti~g products through a large ~umber of fine ~ozzles with a small thickness o~ heat carri~r layer (up to 0.5 m). ~his, however~ result~
in an increased ar~ of the heat carrier bath and comp~icated system for distribution o~ starti~g products.
.
~ ~ ~ 3~ ~ ~
The above-desc~ibsd aspects o~ the pyro~ysis in the prior art appara-tus do not enab~e the improvement of its productivity because with an increa~ad starting product ~eeding rate, the vo~ume o~ heat carrier i~ over;~illed with gaseous phase, and the resul-tant scum is eaected :Erom the apparatu~ leading to its failure ~ here viscous h~at carriers are ussd, the asce~t ve~ocity of bubb~es is much lower so that the e~ectio~ of heat carrier occurs with lower loads of the app~ ~v~
It is the main object of the invention to provide an appa-ratus for pyro~ysis of hydrocarbon starting products which en~b-les the reduction o~ reside~ce timQ of starting products in the heat carrier thereby inten~i~ying th~ p~ro~.ysi~ process.
The above and other objects are accomplished in an appa-ratus for pyrol~sis of hydrocarbon starting products comprising a horizontal~y sp~it casi~g for molten heat carrier accommodat-ing, in the upper part thereof, at least one injector havi~g a no~zle for ~eedi~g hydrocarbon starting products into mo~te~
heat carrier and at least onc pipe for rem~ving pyro~ysis pro-ducts, and means ~or supplying heat to the heat carrier,wherein, according to the inventio~, the i~jector is arranged i~ th~
upper part o~ the casing in such a manner that the outlet section of the nozzle thereo~ is spaced apart ~rom the heat carrier sur~ace at ~ dista~ce su~ficie~t fox tha ~orma~ion of a hydrodynamic crater in the heat carrier surface under the .. . . .
'~' , ., .
.
3,~
action of a jet o:~ hydrocarbon star-ting products flowing from the nozzle, ancl means for supplying heat is arranged within the casing in such a manner -that heat: is supplied directly within the heat carrier.
In accordance with a broad aspect of the invention, there is provided an apparatus fc>r pyrolysis of hydrocarbon starting products comprising: a horizontally split casing for molten heat carrier having an upper part and a lower part~ at least one injector having a nozzle for feeding hydrocarbon star-ting products to said casing mounted in the upper part of said casing in such a manner that the outlet section of the nozzle of said injector is spaced apart from the surface of the heat carrier at a distance sufficient for the formation in said surface of a hydrodynamic crater under the action of a jet of said hydrocarbon starting products flowing from the nozzle of said injector, at least one pipe for removal of pyrolysis products from said casing mounted in the upper part of said casing' means for supplying heat to the heat carrier, said means comprising the active zone of a nuclear reactor dis-posed within the heat carrier, so that heat is supplied directlywithin the heat carrier.
There is also provided a method for carrying out pyrolysis of hydrocarbon starting products utilizing a casing having a substantially cylindrical side wall and a liquid heat carrier disposed therein, said liquid heat carrier being at a predetermined level in said casing and forming a space above the surface of said liquid heat carrier, a substantially cylindrical baffle located within said casing substantially coaxially with respect to said cylindrical side wall and . ` `
;
' , and dlviding said space into a heating zone and a pyrolysis zone, said baffle extending a small distance below the surface of the heat carrier, the invention comprising the steps of:
directing a jet of gaseous heating agent onto the surface of the heat carrier in the hea-ting .zone' directing a jet of hydro-carbon starting products onto the surface of the heat carrier in the pyrolysis zone so that an intensive heat transfer occurs from the heat carrier to the hydrocarbon starting products which contact the surface of the heat carrier whereby pyrolysis pro-ducts are formed, and removing the pyrolysis products from the casing.
The above-described arrangement of the injector and nozzle enables the rate of supply of hydrocarbon starting pro-ducts which is sufficient for the formation of a hydrodynamic crater in the heat carrier with a depth ensuring sufficiently : intensive supply of heat to the products subjected to pyrolysis~
The arrangement of means for supplying heat with.in the casing provides for intensification of heat supply and elimination of overheating of the casing material.
The casing is preferably provided with a baffle having one extremity secured to the upper part of the casing~ the other extremity being in a slightly spaced relationship with the outlet section of the nozzle and in such a manner that the space over the heat carrier is divided into at least two zones, the injector with the nozzle for feeding hydrocarbon starting pro-ducts being arranged in one zone, and means of supplying heat to heat carrier, in the other zone, means for supplying heat comprising at least one injector having a nozzle secured to the .
~.
~.
.
- . ~ -, -..
upper part of the casing for feeding ga,seous heating agent; to the surface oE heat carrier.
The provision of the ba~fle which d:ivides the space over the heat carrier into two zones and the construction of means for supplying heat according to the invention ensure heat supply to the heat carrier with the intensity which is e~ual -5b-~ ' ' ' to the intensity of heat rernoval. r~e equality of these inten-sities enables an improvement of reliability of operation of the apparatus and ensures its operation over a large range of varying performances because the removal of heat does not res-trict the load of the apparatus in terms of starting products.
The centers of the outlet sections of the injectors for feeding hydrocarbon starting products and gaseous heating agent are preferably located at the surface of heat carrier.
Due to the above-mentioned arrangement of the centers, maximum intensity of heat transfer in the craters is achieved since in such case, with other conditions of feeding of start-ing products being equal, the crater depth and flow velocity therein are at the maximum compared to the feeding of starting products through a nozzle located somewhat above the heat carrier surface.
me apparatus according to the invention may have the casing of cylindrical form.
In case the casing is cylindrical, the baffle may be annular so as to ensure minimum resistance offered by the casing and baffle to the circular flow of heat carrier around the central zone of the casing.
The nozzles of the injectors for feeding hydrocarbon starting products and gaseous heating agent are preferably mounted at an acute angle to the surface of heat carrier and at an acute angle to the radius of the cylindrical casing drawn through the center of the outlet section of the injector nozzle.
... .. . . . .
' ~ ~
.
-' : : ' ' '' ~ his arrangement of the injec-torc; with the cylindrical casing and annular baffle provides for the flow of heat carrier in the zone adjacent to the surface thereof in two directions:
radial direction, from the center to the periphery, and cir-cular direction about the center of the casing under the : action of jets flowing from the injector nozzles. I'hus, the overflow of heat carrier from the heating zone to the pyroly sis zone is intensified thus intensifying the heat transfer between these zones.
In order to optimize the heat transfer between the zones, the angle of inclination of the nozzles to the surface of heat carrier is preferably from 10 to 40, and the angle of inclina-tion of the nozzles to the radius of the casing drawn through .~ the center of the outlet section of the injector nozzles is preferably from 15 to 75.
For continuous operation of the apparatus with continuous removal of coke formed during the pyrolysis, the casing may be provided with an additional annular baffle arranged between the casing and injectors in such a manner that the upper extremity of the baffle is below the heat carrier surface to enable its overflow, the baffle having perforations in the lower part the-reof.
In case the apparatus according to the invention is used for the pyrolysis in heat carriers of elevated viscosity (more than 1 P ), the casing is preferably rotatable about the ver-tical axis and is provided with a rotary drive, the upper part of the casing comprising a cover plate having a shell with the ~ ~ .
:' ' ,:
' ' ' ' , " , ~
extr~mity of the shell receivecl within -the caslng ba~ow the surface of heat carrior.
In order to provide f'or be1t-t~r trans~er o~ heat carrier from the pyro~ysis ~one to the heating zone, and vice v~rsa, radial rib~ may be provided on the casing bottom wall.
For intensification o~ the pyrolysis~ a heat source may comprise the active zone o~ a nuclear reactor arranged i~ h~at carrier.
~ he invention will now b~ described with re~erence to speci~ic embodimen~ thereof illustrated in ~he accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 diagrammatically sho~s a ge~eral ~iew in a ~on~i-tudinal section of the apparatus for pyrolysis of hydrocarbon starting products according to the i~vention having an injector ~, with a nozzle ~or feeding hyclrocarbon starti~g produ¢ts into heat carrier arranged over the sur~ace o~ heat carrier;
~ igure 2 is a longitudinal secbio~ of -the apparatus for pyro~ysis of hydrocarbo~ starting products according to the inve~tion having a casi~g provided with a baf~le;
Figure 3 is a longitudinal section of tha apparatus ~or .
pyroly~is of hydrocarbon starting products according to th~
invention haYing a cylin~rical casing and an annular ba~fle;
~ igure 4 is a sectional view take~ along the ~ine IV-IV
in ~igure 3;
~ igure 5 is a longitudinal ~ction of the apparatus for pyrolysis of hydrocarbo~ starting products accordin~ to the inve~tion having a casing rotatable about the vertical- axis;
.; - .
~ 9 _ Figure 6 i~ a vlew taken a~.ong the arrow A in Figure 5;
Figure 7 shows the apparatus for pyrolysis o* hydrocarbon s-tarting products accordi~g -to the invention i~ which a means of heat supply to heat carrier comprises the active zone of a nuclear reactor.
~ he invention co~templates an appaxatus for pyroly~i~
of hydrocarbon starting produc-ts~
The apparatus show~ in Figure 1 compxise~ a horizontall~
split ca~ing 1 for molten heat carrier 2 which in thiæ particu-lar case consists of a melt of heavy metals9 such as bismuth.
The upper part of the casing 1 which is made in the form o~ a cover plate 3 accommodates an injector 4 having a nozzle 5 for feeding hydrocarbon starting~ products into th~ mo~ten he~t carrier 2. The casing 1 ha~ a pipe 6 for removal of py.ro~ysis products, and therc is provided mean~ 7 accommodated within the casing 1, for supplying heat to the heat carrier.
Accordi~g to the invention, the injector 4 is mou~ted in the upper part 3 of the casi~g 1 i~ ~uch a manner that -the outlet section of the nozzle 5 thereof i8 disposed above the sur~ace of the heat carrier 2 at a`,dista~ce therefrom which is sufficient for the formation of a hydrodynamic crater 8 in the heat carrior surface under the action of a jet of hydrocarbon starti~g products flowing ~rom the nozzle 5 as shown by arrow ~1 a11 -In order that the inte~sit~ of heat supply to tha heatcarrier be equal to the inte~sity of haat removal for -khe pyro-lysis, 1he embodiment of the inven-tion shewn in Figure 2 is used. A ca~lng 1 filled with a liquid.heat carrier 2 is hoxi~
zontally spli-t. ~he uppar partl, that is a cover p~ate 10 of the casing 9 accommodate~ injector~3 11 having nozzles 12 for feedi~g hydrocaxbon sta~ting product~ c~ld injectors 13 havin~ nozzles 14 ~or ~eeding gaseous heating agent, such as cembus-tio~ prod-ucts at 1900-2000C into the liquid heat carri~r 2~ ~h~ injec-tors 13 constitute me~ns for supplying h0at -to the heat carrier
2. ~o divide the space over the heat carrier for the gaseous phase, there is provided a ba~fle 15 in -tho cover plate 10 of the ca~ing 9, the upper and lateral e~tremitios o~ the ba~-fl~ being sealingly secured to the cover plate 10~ and the lower extremity of the ba~f~e oxtands slightl~ below the out-let section of the nozzles 12 and 14 o~ the injector~11 a~d 1 and is submerged in the heat carrisr 2.
The baffla 15 divides the space ~vcr tha heat carrier into two zones 16 and 17 for conducting the p~ro~ysis and ~or remo;
val of gaseous heating agent, respectively. ~or removal of p~-rolysi~ products ~rom the casing 9, there is provided, in the cover plate 10, a pipe 18, and ~or removal of gaseous heating age~t there is provided a pip0 19 Under the action o~ the jet ~owing from the nozzle the :
heat carrier in tho craters moves in the direction shown b~y arrows "b", the tra~s:Eer of the heat carrier occurring mai~ly in the vertical directio:~: from down to th~ top in the zone of the craters 8 and from t~.p down in the periphera~ ~ones~
.. i , ,j.. ,~ ~ . -~: :. ' :
-, .
... - .
~ :
In addition, the transfer of heat carrier from one zone to the other, hence the heat transfer is effected due to heat con-ductance of the heat carrier, turbulent pulsations thereof and, to a small extent, due to difference in densities in both zones.
The above-mentioned heat transfer paths do not ensure required intensity of heat transfer from gaseous heating agent to hydrocarbon starting products thus limiting the output of the apparatus.
Heat transfer is intensified by using the apparatus shown in Figures 3 and 4.
In this embodiment, the apparatus comprises a casing 20 and the upper part 21 thereof which are cylindrical in form, and a baffle 22 is annular to divide the space over the heat carrier into two zones 23 and 24 for conducting the pyrolysis and for removal of gaseous heating agent, respectively. me zone 23 accommodates injectors 25 with nozzles 26 for feeding hydrocarbon starting products for conducting the pyrolysis, and the zone 24 accommodates injectors 27 having nozzles 28 for feeding gaseous heating agentO
m e nozzles 26 and 28 of the injectors 25 and 27 are arranged at an acute angle G(to the surface of the heat carrier 2, and the outlet sections thereof are located at the surface of the heat carrier 2 and arranged at an acute angle ~ to the radius of the cylindrical casing 20 drawn through the center of the outlet section of the nozzles 26 and 28 of the injectors 25 and 27. me angle ~ of inclination of the noz-:, .
, ~ '1~ -- ,.
zles 26 and 28 to the sur~ace o~ the heat carrier 2 i~ from 10 to 40, ~nd the angle ~ of' -their inc~1~a-tion to the ra-dius of the casin~ 20 drawn through -the outlet sec-tion o~ -th~
noz~les 26 and 28 is ~rom 15 to 75O
'~he upper part 21 of the ca.sing 20 i~ providsd with a pipe 29 ~or removal o:E pyxol~si~, products and a pipe 30 for removal o~ ga~eous heating agen~.
~ he casing 20 has an additional annular ba~le 3~ mou~ted betw~en th~ casing 20 and injector~ 25 in such a manner that the upper extrQmity thereo~ ~xtonds be~ow the sur~ace of ~he hea~ carrier 2~ and the low~r part of the baf~le has per~ora-tions 32. A spac~ 33 is provided between ths wall of the casing 20 ~nd the ba~e 31.
~ he provision of the baffle 31 enab~e~ the removal o~
coke formed during the pyrol~sis o~ hydrocarbon starting pro-ducts ~rom the apparatus without inter~upti~ its operatio~
Due to -the ~low o~ the heat carrier 2 i~ the direction of arrow~ "b", coke is accumulated a-t the walls of` the casing 20 and removed through a pipe 34 provided ~r that purpos0.
Figures 5 and 6 ~how the embodiment of the apparatus which e~ables the conduct of pyrolysis in heat carrier havi~g high viscosity ( ~ 1 P )~ such as s~ag me~ts (in the metal produc-tio~ and the like).
The appar~tus comprisas a cylindrical casi~g 35 (Figure 5) mounted on a movable suppoxt 36 which provides for rotatio~
o~ the casi~g ~5 ~bQU-t the verti¢al aæis.
The casing 35 is rotated by a drive 37 (Figure 6).
.
:
.: . , The upper part o~ -the casi.ng 35 is made in the form o~
a cover plate 38 (Figure 5) ha~ing a shell 39 with the extre-~ity of the shell received wit~in the casing 35 below -the sur-~ace of a heat carrier 40~
The space o~ the casing 35 over the hea-t carrier 40 is divided by baffles 1~1 (Figure 6) into zones 42 and 4~ f0r co~
ducting the pyrolysis and ~or hlaating the heat carrier 40, respectively, and for that purp~se ~he cover plate 38 of the casing 35 supports injectors 44 having nozzles (not shown) for feeding hydrocarbon starting products and i~jectors 45 having nozzles 46 for ~eeding gaseous heating agent. ~her~ are provided pipes 47 ~or removal of pyro~ysis products and a pipe 48 for remov~ of gas~ous heating agent.
The rlumber of the radial baf~les 41 which is main~y de-termined by the size o~ the apparatus a~d ~ts QUtpUt may be either even or odd. In addition, the baffl~s ma~ extend not on~y radia~y, but also at an angle to the radius o~ the appa-ratus.
Radial ribs 45 are provid~d o~ the bottom wall o~ the casing 35 (Figure 5) to intensify cirau~ation o~ the heat car-rier.
In order to improve -tho eutput o~ the apparatus in t~rms o~ starting products~ in all smbodimsnt of the apparatu~ tha upper part of the casing may be pro~ided with a plurality of injectors for feeding hydrocarbon starting products and a plu- ~ ~
ra~ity o~ injectors for feeding gaseous he~ g ag~t.
A part of pyro~ysis products obtained in the pyrolysis .... , . :
. . ~ ..
. .
~3i~
zone is gene.rally used for heating the hea-t carrier in the heating zo~e of the above described embodiments of the appa-ratus. For that reason, such apparatus have lowered yie~d of pyrolysi~ products~
For intensification oP the pyrolysis process and to im-prove the yield o~ products thereof, the active zone o~ a : nuclear reactor may be disposed within th~ heab carrier di-rectly below the nozæ~es, -the pyro~ysis process being intensi-fied due to the rar~ia-tion of the active zone.
For intensification of the pyrolysis process, the embo-diment of the apparatus shown in ~igure 7 is used, wherein a casing 5O filled w~.th a heat ~a~rier 51~ such as with lead malt, is horizontally split. '~he upper part 52 o~ the casing 5O accommodates injectors 53 having nozzles 54 Por feeding starting products subjected to the pyrolysis. '~he activ~ æone 55 of a ~uclear reactor is disposed within the heat carrier 51.
; A pipe 56 for remova~ of pyrolysis produc-ts is mou~ted in the upper part 52 of the casi~g 5O.
'~he apparatus for pyrolysis of h~r~rocarbo~ starting pro-ducts functions in the followi~g manner.
'~he embodiment illustrated in ~igure 1 is used as an example ~or exp~anation of the manner of operation of the appa-ratus according to the invention and the conduct oP -the pyro-lysis process.
H~dro¢arbon starti~g products are fed to the surf~ce of the liquid heat carrier 2 through the ~ozzle 5 o~ the i.njec-tor 7, the nozzle being located at the heat carrier surface, ~3f~
at a v~locity suf~'icient ~'or -the forma-tion of a hydrodynamic crater 8, the depth o~ the crater being selected such that thc pyrolysis process b~ conduc-ted inten~ively. ~h~ jet "a" of hydrocar~on starting products moves to the bottom of the cra~er 8; -turns and flow along the arrow "b" upward~ in the ~orm of a thin layer (Figur~ 1) over the crater su~fac~. It i~ during the flow of -this thin layer o~rer -the cra~er 3urfac~ which i~
re~erred to as ba¢kw~rd flow, that heat i~ supplied. ~he ve-locity oX the backward flow exceeds th~ a6cent ve~o¢ity of bubb~es by about two orders so -that the intensity of hea-t supply -to the starting products materially increase~ compared to the prior art. r.rhe rate o~ h~ating of starting products is as high as 106 C/s~ and the time of contact does not exceed 0.1 s.
The highest intensity of the process is achieved ~hen the rate of feeding o~ starting products i~ the largest sectio~ o~
the crater 8 is graa~er than ~ 50f. C~ ~ith the veFtical arrangement of the nozzlo5 wherein ~1 is density o~ hydrocar-bon starting products at the outlet o~ the nozzle in kg/m3, p 2 is de~sity of the heat carrier i~ kg/m3;
g is acceleration of gravity, 9,81 m/s2;
d is diameter of the nozzle in m.
Maximum int~n~ity of heating df starting products corr0s-ponds to the arrangeme~t of the ~ozz~e at the sur~ace of the heat carrier 2, and with raising thereof -the efficiency o~
tho process decreases due to tho lowering of the velocit~ of the star~ing products jet. Whon operati~g with viscous heat ~ . . . : . ~ ,.
.
carriexs, th~ e~ficiency of the process is sllght~y lower with the sam~ valocity compared to the f~Qding i~to ~ow-viscosity hea-t carrier, how~ver, this lowering may b~ compensated ~or by increasin~ the velocity o~ feeding of starting products7 henc~
by incr~asing the depth of the crater.
With an increase i~ the ~eeding rate, the veloci-ty of the backward flow increases, ~ld the crater sur~ace is en~ar ged thus e2plaining -the increase o~ intensitg of the process resul-ting from an increa~e in -the feed rate of starting pro-ducts, hence in the crater depth. When -the starting products are fed in the form of a jet, a~most no gas bubbles are ~ormed which would otherwise hamper -the pyro~s:Ls~
As mentioned ~bove~ hydrocarbon starting products which get to the heat carrier 2 are heated due to i~tensive ~rans~er~e of heat from the heat carrier to the startin~ products.
~ hus, p~rolysis products are formed which ~eave the cra-ter 8 and smerge i~to the space over the heat carrier 2 to be removed therefrom through the pipe 6~
Due to the interaction o~ the jet of hydrocarbon stal~t-ing products and the heat carrisr, circulation in the ve~tical pla~e as shown by ~rrows "a" a~d "b"g respec-tive~y7 in Figure 2 develops in -the heat carrier. Hea-t is ~upplied to the heat carrier from means 7 for supp~ing heat. I~ this apparatus, the intensity of heat supply to the heat carrier from me~ns 7 may prove insu~i¢ient due to insuf~icient heat trans~er on the surfac~ thereo~.
~ or intensification of the heat supp~y, the ~mbodiment .
: - ~
, :
.
~ 17 -shown ln Figure 2 is used, in which ~aseou~ hea-tin~ age~t is f`ed also in the .~orm of a jet to the surface of the heat car-rier 2 through -the nozzle 14 o~ the injector 13~
The intensity o~ heat transfer from ga~eous heatinK agent to the heat carrier 2 is ~qual to the intensity of heat remo-val for pyrolysis. The baff~e 15 ensures the sealing division o~ the space over -the heat carrier into two zo~e~, o~e zone 16 contalning pyrolysis products and the o-ther ~one 17 contain-ing gaseous heating ag~ent.
Pyrol~sis products are removed ~rom -the ~pparatus throu~h the pipe 29, and the gaseous heating agent is removed through the pipe 30. As a result o~ i~teractio~ of aets of h~drocarbon ~tarting products and gaseous heati~g age~-t and the heat carri-er, circula-tory motion d~elop~ in the heat carrier ~n the ver-tical p~ana as ~how~ b~ arrows "b" in ~igure 20 The f~ow of heat carrier 2 betwes~ -the parts 16 and 17 o~ the casi~g 9 deve~ops due to turbulent pulsations and ai~e-:
rence in densities of -tha heat carrier in bo-th zones 16 and 1?.
~ he trans~er o~ heat betwee~ the ~ones o~ the apparatus ~ -occurs as a result of ~ow o~ the he~t carrier between the above-mentioned zones 16 and 17, aæ well as due to heat conduc--tance.
~ l~ the above-me~tio~ed heat trans~er paths do ~ot provide ~or sufficiently intensive tra~sfer ~f heat from gaseous heat-ing agent to hydrocarbon starting products so that the output of the apparatus show~ in Figure 2 i~ llmited.
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: ~ , ~ 18 -Heat trans~er between the pyrolysis and heating zo~es is inten~i~ied to a larger e~t~nt in the embodimen-t of the apparatu~ shown in ~igures 3 ~Qd 4.
With the il~ustrated arr~gement of the nozzle~ 26 and 28 of -the i~jectors 25 and 27, the out~lowing aet~ of starti~
produc-ts and gaseous hea-ti~g a~,ent, respectivel~, result in th~
development of circular and radia~ motions ~r~m the centsr to the periphery o~ the casing in the upper lay0rs of the hsat carrier 2 and radial motio~ from the periphery to the center in the lower layers o~ the heat carrier). Due to the centri~
fugal action, as well a~ duQ to the radia~ ~low, an inten~ive over~low of the heat carrier 2 ~rom the heatin~ zone 24 ~ocated at the center to the zone 2~ o~ pyrolysis of hydrocarbon staxt-ing products is ensured.
The annular ba~fle 22 and the cylindrica~ casi~g 20 pro-vide ~or mi~imum resistance to the circul~r motion of the heat carrier 2.
During operatio~ o~ the apparatus, some ~ua~tit~ ~ coke is formed whi¢h accumulates on the surface o~ the heat carrier 2 and hampers the operation, i~ continuou~ removal thereof is not ef~ected.
The baf~e 31 is provided ~or clea~ing the apparatus ~rom coke without interrupting the operation. Coke is thrown to the periphery o~ the casi~g 20 due to ~he action o~ jets of start-ing products and motion o~ the heat ¢arrier~ and at the periphe-ry, the coke, together with a part of thc hea-t carrier 2, flows over the upper extremity o~ ~he baf~Q 31. '~he heat c~rrier 2 ~,~
~3~
sepa~-ted from coke de~ce~ds within the space 33 between -the ca~ing ~0 and the additional ba~as 31 and leaves it through -the per~`orations ~2, and the c:oke accu~ulates in ~he space 33 wherefrom it ma~ be removed through -the pipe 34 without inter-rupting the operation of the a~pparatus.
Optimum angle of inclination o~ the nozzl2s ~o the sur-face of the hea-t carrier ranges from 10 to 40~ since with grea-ter angles o~ incli~ationJ -the fraction o~ kinetic ener~y of jets flowing from -the nozzles of in~ectors trans~errod to the liquid decreases, that is circulation is impaired, and with smaller angles, the heat exchange is impaired due to a material reduction of crater depth. Optimum angle of inclina-tion of the nozzles axes to the radiu~ o~ the casing ranges ~rom 15 to 75 sinca the radial and tangential compone~t~
determining the tr~ns~er o~ the heat carrier ar~ su~icient~y high within this r~ngo. With smaller angles, the t~nge~ti~
componen-t is toG low~ a~d with greater a~gles, the radi~l com-ponent is too low.
When operating with viscous heat carriers, the above-described embodimsnt of the apparatus does ~ot provide fcr suf~icient heat tran~fer between the pyrolysis and heating zones due to the ~act th~t khe e~ergy of jets flowing from the nozzles 26 and 28 is not enough ~or ensurin~ sufficie~t-ly intensive c~rcula-tion o~ th~ heat carrier 2c ~he embodi-ment of the a~paratus shown in Figures 5 and 6 solves this problem.
~ ~ 3 In this case 9 rotation of the casing 35 provides for rotary motion of the~heat carrier 40 due to viscosity so that the heat carrier is trans~erred from the pyrolysis zone~ 42 to the heating zones ~3 and a~ai~ to -the pyro~ysis zones 42 thus effecting the heat transfer from one zone to ano-ther.
Radial rib~ 49 are provided o]~ the bottom wall o~ the casing 35 to intensify rotation o~ the hea~ carrier.
~ he embodiment shown in ~igure 7 is used for improve~
ment o~ the yield of ~ou-molecular h~drocarbons, including ole~ins, the feedin~ o~ starting products being e~fected si-milarly to the above-described embodime~-ts~
It should be ~oted that during the passage of starting products through the crater 8 and in the space over the heat carrier 51, the starting products are not only heated to the reaction temperature, but also subjected to the action o~
inte~sive radiation of a nuclear reactor.
~ he pyrolysis in the ~low of starting products ocGurs more intensivel~ under the action of radiatio~ due to the appearance o~ larger numb~r ~f radic~ I t~le CE3 or H t~pe in the reactio~ mixture.
~ hus, pyro~ysis products with lower molecular weight may be obtained with an increased yield of olefins.
Circulatio~ of ths heat carrier 51 shown by arrows '3b"
in Figure 7 co~tributes to intensification of hoat supply from the active zo~e o~ the reactor to the heat carrier a~d to the lowering of t~mperature of structura~ materials o~ which it is made.
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The invention enable~ simpli~ication of construction o~ the apparatus for pyrolysis and operation thereo~ provi-des ~or reduc.tion o~ me-tal con.sump-tion in the manufacture o~
-these apparatus and ensures reduction o~ capital investme~ts and operation expenses in -the petrochemica~ industry.
'~he procoss o~ pyrolysis according to -the invention ma~
'be readil~ automated. '.rhis provides ~o.r maintenance of opti-mum per~ormance of the pyrolysi~ to ensure maximum yield of valuable chemical products.
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The baffla 15 divides the space ~vcr tha heat carrier into two zones 16 and 17 for conducting the p~ro~ysis and ~or remo;
val of gaseous heating agent, respectively. ~or removal of p~-rolysi~ products ~rom the casing 9, there is provided, in the cover plate 10, a pipe 18, and ~or removal of gaseous heating age~t there is provided a pip0 19 Under the action o~ the jet ~owing from the nozzle the :
heat carrier in tho craters moves in the direction shown b~y arrows "b", the tra~s:Eer of the heat carrier occurring mai~ly in the vertical directio:~: from down to th~ top in the zone of the craters 8 and from t~.p down in the periphera~ ~ones~
.. i , ,j.. ,~ ~ . -~: :. ' :
-, .
... - .
~ :
In addition, the transfer of heat carrier from one zone to the other, hence the heat transfer is effected due to heat con-ductance of the heat carrier, turbulent pulsations thereof and, to a small extent, due to difference in densities in both zones.
The above-mentioned heat transfer paths do not ensure required intensity of heat transfer from gaseous heating agent to hydrocarbon starting products thus limiting the output of the apparatus.
Heat transfer is intensified by using the apparatus shown in Figures 3 and 4.
In this embodiment, the apparatus comprises a casing 20 and the upper part 21 thereof which are cylindrical in form, and a baffle 22 is annular to divide the space over the heat carrier into two zones 23 and 24 for conducting the pyrolysis and for removal of gaseous heating agent, respectively. me zone 23 accommodates injectors 25 with nozzles 26 for feeding hydrocarbon starting products for conducting the pyrolysis, and the zone 24 accommodates injectors 27 having nozzles 28 for feeding gaseous heating agentO
m e nozzles 26 and 28 of the injectors 25 and 27 are arranged at an acute angle G(to the surface of the heat carrier 2, and the outlet sections thereof are located at the surface of the heat carrier 2 and arranged at an acute angle ~ to the radius of the cylindrical casing 20 drawn through the center of the outlet section of the nozzles 26 and 28 of the injectors 25 and 27. me angle ~ of inclination of the noz-:, .
, ~ '1~ -- ,.
zles 26 and 28 to the sur~ace o~ the heat carrier 2 i~ from 10 to 40, ~nd the angle ~ of' -their inc~1~a-tion to the ra-dius of the casin~ 20 drawn through -the outlet sec-tion o~ -th~
noz~les 26 and 28 is ~rom 15 to 75O
'~he upper part 21 of the ca.sing 20 i~ providsd with a pipe 29 ~or removal o:E pyxol~si~, products and a pipe 30 for removal o~ ga~eous heating agen~.
~ he casing 20 has an additional annular ba~le 3~ mou~ted betw~en th~ casing 20 and injector~ 25 in such a manner that the upper extrQmity thereo~ ~xtonds be~ow the sur~ace of ~he hea~ carrier 2~ and the low~r part of the baf~le has per~ora-tions 32. A spac~ 33 is provided between ths wall of the casing 20 ~nd the ba~e 31.
~ he provision of the baffle 31 enab~e~ the removal o~
coke formed during the pyrol~sis o~ hydrocarbon starting pro-ducts ~rom the apparatus without inter~upti~ its operatio~
Due to -the ~low o~ the heat carrier 2 i~ the direction of arrow~ "b", coke is accumulated a-t the walls of` the casing 20 and removed through a pipe 34 provided ~r that purpos0.
Figures 5 and 6 ~how the embodiment of the apparatus which e~ables the conduct of pyrolysis in heat carrier havi~g high viscosity ( ~ 1 P )~ such as s~ag me~ts (in the metal produc-tio~ and the like).
The appar~tus comprisas a cylindrical casi~g 35 (Figure 5) mounted on a movable suppoxt 36 which provides for rotatio~
o~ the casi~g ~5 ~bQU-t the verti¢al aæis.
The casing 35 is rotated by a drive 37 (Figure 6).
.
:
.: . , The upper part o~ -the casi.ng 35 is made in the form o~
a cover plate 38 (Figure 5) ha~ing a shell 39 with the extre-~ity of the shell received wit~in the casing 35 below -the sur-~ace of a heat carrier 40~
The space o~ the casing 35 over the hea-t carrier 40 is divided by baffles 1~1 (Figure 6) into zones 42 and 4~ f0r co~
ducting the pyrolysis and ~or hlaating the heat carrier 40, respectively, and for that purp~se ~he cover plate 38 of the casing 35 supports injectors 44 having nozzles (not shown) for feeding hydrocarbon starting products and i~jectors 45 having nozzles 46 for ~eeding gaseous heating agent. ~her~ are provided pipes 47 ~or removal of pyro~ysis products and a pipe 48 for remov~ of gas~ous heating agent.
The rlumber of the radial baf~les 41 which is main~y de-termined by the size o~ the apparatus a~d ~ts QUtpUt may be either even or odd. In addition, the baffl~s ma~ extend not on~y radia~y, but also at an angle to the radius o~ the appa-ratus.
Radial ribs 45 are provid~d o~ the bottom wall o~ the casing 35 (Figure 5) to intensify cirau~ation o~ the heat car-rier.
In order to improve -tho eutput o~ the apparatus in t~rms o~ starting products~ in all smbodimsnt of the apparatu~ tha upper part of the casing may be pro~ided with a plurality of injectors for feeding hydrocarbon starting products and a plu- ~ ~
ra~ity o~ injectors for feeding gaseous he~ g ag~t.
A part of pyro~ysis products obtained in the pyrolysis .... , . :
. . ~ ..
. .
~3i~
zone is gene.rally used for heating the hea-t carrier in the heating zo~e of the above described embodiments of the appa-ratus. For that reason, such apparatus have lowered yie~d of pyrolysi~ products~
For intensification oP the pyrolysis process and to im-prove the yield o~ products thereof, the active zone o~ a : nuclear reactor may be disposed within th~ heab carrier di-rectly below the nozæ~es, -the pyro~ysis process being intensi-fied due to the rar~ia-tion of the active zone.
For intensification of the pyrolysis process, the embo-diment of the apparatus shown in ~igure 7 is used, wherein a casing 5O filled w~.th a heat ~a~rier 51~ such as with lead malt, is horizontally split. '~he upper part 52 o~ the casing 5O accommodates injectors 53 having nozzles 54 Por feeding starting products subjected to the pyrolysis. '~he activ~ æone 55 of a ~uclear reactor is disposed within the heat carrier 51.
; A pipe 56 for remova~ of pyrolysis produc-ts is mou~ted in the upper part 52 of the casi~g 5O.
'~he apparatus for pyrolysis of h~r~rocarbo~ starting pro-ducts functions in the followi~g manner.
'~he embodiment illustrated in ~igure 1 is used as an example ~or exp~anation of the manner of operation of the appa-ratus according to the invention and the conduct oP -the pyro-lysis process.
H~dro¢arbon starti~g products are fed to the surf~ce of the liquid heat carrier 2 through the ~ozzle 5 o~ the i.njec-tor 7, the nozzle being located at the heat carrier surface, ~3f~
at a v~locity suf~'icient ~'or -the forma-tion of a hydrodynamic crater 8, the depth o~ the crater being selected such that thc pyrolysis process b~ conduc-ted inten~ively. ~h~ jet "a" of hydrocar~on starting products moves to the bottom of the cra~er 8; -turns and flow along the arrow "b" upward~ in the ~orm of a thin layer (Figur~ 1) over the crater su~fac~. It i~ during the flow of -this thin layer o~rer -the cra~er 3urfac~ which i~
re~erred to as ba¢kw~rd flow, that heat i~ supplied. ~he ve-locity oX the backward flow exceeds th~ a6cent ve~o¢ity of bubb~es by about two orders so -that the intensity of hea-t supply -to the starting products materially increase~ compared to the prior art. r.rhe rate o~ h~ating of starting products is as high as 106 C/s~ and the time of contact does not exceed 0.1 s.
The highest intensity of the process is achieved ~hen the rate of feeding o~ starting products i~ the largest sectio~ o~
the crater 8 is graa~er than ~ 50f. C~ ~ith the veFtical arrangement of the nozzlo5 wherein ~1 is density o~ hydrocar-bon starting products at the outlet o~ the nozzle in kg/m3, p 2 is de~sity of the heat carrier i~ kg/m3;
g is acceleration of gravity, 9,81 m/s2;
d is diameter of the nozzle in m.
Maximum int~n~ity of heating df starting products corr0s-ponds to the arrangeme~t of the ~ozz~e at the sur~ace of the heat carrier 2, and with raising thereof -the efficiency o~
tho process decreases due to tho lowering of the velocit~ of the star~ing products jet. Whon operati~g with viscous heat ~ . . . : . ~ ,.
.
carriexs, th~ e~ficiency of the process is sllght~y lower with the sam~ valocity compared to the f~Qding i~to ~ow-viscosity hea-t carrier, how~ver, this lowering may b~ compensated ~or by increasin~ the velocity o~ feeding of starting products7 henc~
by incr~asing the depth of the crater.
With an increase i~ the ~eeding rate, the veloci-ty of the backward flow increases, ~ld the crater sur~ace is en~ar ged thus e2plaining -the increase o~ intensitg of the process resul-ting from an increa~e in -the feed rate of starting pro-ducts, hence in the crater depth. When -the starting products are fed in the form of a jet, a~most no gas bubbles are ~ormed which would otherwise hamper -the pyro~s:Ls~
As mentioned ~bove~ hydrocarbon starting products which get to the heat carrier 2 are heated due to i~tensive ~rans~er~e of heat from the heat carrier to the startin~ products.
~ hus, p~rolysis products are formed which ~eave the cra-ter 8 and smerge i~to the space over the heat carrier 2 to be removed therefrom through the pipe 6~
Due to the interaction o~ the jet of hydrocarbon stal~t-ing products and the heat carrisr, circulation in the ve~tical pla~e as shown by ~rrows "a" a~d "b"g respec-tive~y7 in Figure 2 develops in -the heat carrier. Hea-t is ~upplied to the heat carrier from means 7 for supp~ing heat. I~ this apparatus, the intensity of heat supply to the heat carrier from me~ns 7 may prove insu~i¢ient due to insuf~icient heat trans~er on the surfac~ thereo~.
~ or intensification of the heat supp~y, the ~mbodiment .
: - ~
, :
.
~ 17 -shown ln Figure 2 is used, in which ~aseou~ hea-tin~ age~t is f`ed also in the .~orm of a jet to the surface of the heat car-rier 2 through -the nozzle 14 o~ the injector 13~
The intensity o~ heat transfer from ga~eous heatinK agent to the heat carrier 2 is ~qual to the intensity of heat remo-val for pyrolysis. The baff~e 15 ensures the sealing division o~ the space over -the heat carrier into two zo~e~, o~e zone 16 contalning pyrolysis products and the o-ther ~one 17 contain-ing gaseous heating ag~ent.
Pyrol~sis products are removed ~rom -the ~pparatus throu~h the pipe 29, and the gaseous heating agent is removed through the pipe 30. As a result o~ i~teractio~ of aets of h~drocarbon ~tarting products and gaseous heati~g age~-t and the heat carri-er, circula-tory motion d~elop~ in the heat carrier ~n the ver-tical p~ana as ~how~ b~ arrows "b" in ~igure 20 The f~ow of heat carrier 2 betwes~ -the parts 16 and 17 o~ the casi~g 9 deve~ops due to turbulent pulsations and ai~e-:
rence in densities of -tha heat carrier in bo-th zones 16 and 1?.
~ he trans~er o~ heat betwee~ the ~ones o~ the apparatus ~ -occurs as a result of ~ow o~ the he~t carrier between the above-mentioned zones 16 and 17, aæ well as due to heat conduc--tance.
~ l~ the above-me~tio~ed heat trans~er paths do ~ot provide ~or sufficiently intensive tra~sfer ~f heat from gaseous heat-ing agent to hydrocarbon starting products so that the output of the apparatus show~ in Figure 2 i~ llmited.
`:
- . ~. . .
.
: ~ , ~ 18 -Heat trans~er between the pyrolysis and heating zo~es is inten~i~ied to a larger e~t~nt in the embodimen-t of the apparatu~ shown in ~igures 3 ~Qd 4.
With the il~ustrated arr~gement of the nozzle~ 26 and 28 of -the i~jectors 25 and 27, the out~lowing aet~ of starti~
produc-ts and gaseous hea-ti~g a~,ent, respectivel~, result in th~
development of circular and radia~ motions ~r~m the centsr to the periphery o~ the casing in the upper lay0rs of the hsat carrier 2 and radial motio~ from the periphery to the center in the lower layers o~ the heat carrier). Due to the centri~
fugal action, as well a~ duQ to the radia~ ~low, an inten~ive over~low of the heat carrier 2 ~rom the heatin~ zone 24 ~ocated at the center to the zone 2~ o~ pyrolysis of hydrocarbon staxt-ing products is ensured.
The annular ba~fle 22 and the cylindrica~ casi~g 20 pro-vide ~or mi~imum resistance to the circul~r motion of the heat carrier 2.
During operatio~ o~ the apparatus, some ~ua~tit~ ~ coke is formed whi¢h accumulates on the surface o~ the heat carrier 2 and hampers the operation, i~ continuou~ removal thereof is not ef~ected.
The baf~e 31 is provided ~or clea~ing the apparatus ~rom coke without interrupting the operation. Coke is thrown to the periphery o~ the casi~g 20 due to ~he action o~ jets of start-ing products and motion o~ the heat ¢arrier~ and at the periphe-ry, the coke, together with a part of thc hea-t carrier 2, flows over the upper extremity o~ ~he baf~Q 31. '~he heat c~rrier 2 ~,~
~3~
sepa~-ted from coke de~ce~ds within the space 33 between -the ca~ing ~0 and the additional ba~as 31 and leaves it through -the per~`orations ~2, and the c:oke accu~ulates in ~he space 33 wherefrom it ma~ be removed through -the pipe 34 without inter-rupting the operation of the a~pparatus.
Optimum angle of inclination o~ the nozzl2s ~o the sur-face of the hea-t carrier ranges from 10 to 40~ since with grea-ter angles o~ incli~ationJ -the fraction o~ kinetic ener~y of jets flowing from -the nozzles of in~ectors trans~errod to the liquid decreases, that is circulation is impaired, and with smaller angles, the heat exchange is impaired due to a material reduction of crater depth. Optimum angle of inclina-tion of the nozzles axes to the radiu~ o~ the casing ranges ~rom 15 to 75 sinca the radial and tangential compone~t~
determining the tr~ns~er o~ the heat carrier ar~ su~icient~y high within this r~ngo. With smaller angles, the t~nge~ti~
componen-t is toG low~ a~d with greater a~gles, the radi~l com-ponent is too low.
When operating with viscous heat carriers, the above-described embodimsnt of the apparatus does ~ot provide fcr suf~icient heat tran~fer between the pyrolysis and heating zones due to the ~act th~t khe e~ergy of jets flowing from the nozzles 26 and 28 is not enough ~or ensurin~ sufficie~t-ly intensive c~rcula-tion o~ th~ heat carrier 2c ~he embodi-ment of the a~paratus shown in Figures 5 and 6 solves this problem.
~ ~ 3 In this case 9 rotation of the casing 35 provides for rotary motion of the~heat carrier 40 due to viscosity so that the heat carrier is trans~erred from the pyrolysis zone~ 42 to the heating zones ~3 and a~ai~ to -the pyro~ysis zones 42 thus effecting the heat transfer from one zone to ano-ther.
Radial rib~ 49 are provided o]~ the bottom wall o~ the casing 35 to intensify rotation o~ the hea~ carrier.
~ he embodiment shown in ~igure 7 is used for improve~
ment o~ the yield of ~ou-molecular h~drocarbons, including ole~ins, the feedin~ o~ starting products being e~fected si-milarly to the above-described embodime~-ts~
It should be ~oted that during the passage of starting products through the crater 8 and in the space over the heat carrier 51, the starting products are not only heated to the reaction temperature, but also subjected to the action o~
inte~sive radiation of a nuclear reactor.
~ he pyrolysis in the ~low of starting products ocGurs more intensivel~ under the action of radiatio~ due to the appearance o~ larger numb~r ~f radic~ I t~le CE3 or H t~pe in the reactio~ mixture.
~ hus, pyro~ysis products with lower molecular weight may be obtained with an increased yield of olefins.
Circulatio~ of ths heat carrier 51 shown by arrows '3b"
in Figure 7 co~tributes to intensification of hoat supply from the active zo~e o~ the reactor to the heat carrier a~d to the lowering of t~mperature of structura~ materials o~ which it is made.
.~, ,~''` , , .
.
The invention enable~ simpli~ication of construction o~ the apparatus for pyrolysis and operation thereo~ provi-des ~or reduc.tion o~ me-tal con.sump-tion in the manufacture o~
-these apparatus and ensures reduction o~ capital investme~ts and operation expenses in -the petrochemica~ industry.
'~he procoss o~ pyrolysis according to -the invention ma~
'be readil~ automated. '.rhis provides ~o.r maintenance of opti-mum per~ormance of the pyrolysi~ to ensure maximum yield of valuable chemical products.
,:. ' ` : .
.
Claims (14)
1. An apparatus for pyrolysis of hydrocarbon staring products comprising: a horizontally split easing for molten heat carrier having an upper part and a lower part; at least one injector hav-ing a nozzle for feeding hydrocarbon starting products to said casing mounted in the upper part of said casing in such a manner that the outlet section of the nozzle of said injector is spaced apart from the surface of the heat carrier at a distance suffi-cient for the formation in said surface of a hydrodynamic crater under the action of a jet of said hydrocarbon starting products flowing from the nozzle of said injector; at least one pipe for removal of pyrolysis products from said casing mounted in the upper part of said casing; means for supplying heat to the heat carrier, said means comprising the active zone of a nuclear re-actor disposed within the heat carrier, so that heat is supplied directly within the heat carrier.
2. An apparatus according to Claim 1, wherein there is provided a baffle within the casing, one extremity of the baffle being secured to the upper part of the easing and the other ex-tremity of the baffle extending slightly below the outlet sec-tion of the injector nozzle in such a manner as to divide the space over the heat carrier into at least two zones, one zone accommodating at least one injector having a nozzle for feeding hydrocarbon starting products and the other zone accommodating means for supplying heat to the heat carrier which comprise at least one unjector having a nozzle mounted in the upper part of the casing for feeding gaseous heating agent to the surface of the heat carrier.
3. An apparatus according to Claim 2, wherein the casing is cylindrical.
4. An apparatus according to Claim 2, wherein the baffle is annular.
5. An apparatus according to Claim 4, wherein the injec-tor nozzles for feeding hydrocarbon starting products and gaseous heating agent are arranged at an acute angle to the surface of the heat carrier and at an acute angle to the ra-dius of the cylindrical casing drawn through the center of the outlet section of the injector nozzles.
6. An apparatus according to Claim 5, wherein the cen-ters of the outlet sections of the injector nozzles for feed-ing hydrocarbon starting products and gaseous heating agent are arranged at the surface of the heat carrier.
7. An apparatus according to Claim 6, wherein the angle of inclination of the nozzles to the surface of the heat car-rier is from 10° to 40°, and the angle of inclination of the nozzles to the radius of the casing drawn through the center of the outlet sections of the injector nozzles is from 15° to 75°.
8. An apparatus according to Claim 5, wherein the casing is additionally provided with an annular baffle mounted between that the casing and the injectors in such a manner the upper extre-mity thereof extends below the level of the heat carrier for its overflow, the lower part of the baffle being perforated.
9. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the casing is rotatable about the vertical axis and has a rotary drive, the upper part of the casing being formed as a cover plate comprising a shell having the extremity thereof received within the casing below the level of the heat carrier, and the baffle is mounted radially in the casing.
10. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the centers of the outlet sections of the injector nozzles for feeding hydro-carbon starting products and gaseous heating agent are arranged at the surface of the heat carrier.
11. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein there are provided radial ribs on the bottom wall of the casing.
12. In a method for carrying out pyrolysis of hydrocarbon starting products utilizing a casing having a substantially cylindrical side wall and a liquid heat carrier disposed therein, said liquid heat carrier being at a predetermined level in said casing and forming a space above the surface of said liquid heat carrier, a substantially cylindrical baffle located within said casing substantially coaxially with respect to said cylindrical side wall and dividing said space into a heating zone and a pyrolysis zone, said baffle extending a small distance below the surface of the heat carrier, the invention comprising the steps of:
directing a jet of gaseous heating agent onto the surface of the heat carrier in the heating zone;
directing a jet of hydrocarbon starting products onto the surface of the heat carrier in the pyrolysis zone so that an intensive heat transfer occurs from the heat carrier to the hydrocarbon starting products which contact the surface of the heat carrier whereby pyrolysis products are formed; and removing the pyrolysis products from the casing.
directing a jet of gaseous heating agent onto the surface of the heat carrier in the heating zone;
directing a jet of hydrocarbon starting products onto the surface of the heat carrier in the pyrolysis zone so that an intensive heat transfer occurs from the heat carrier to the hydrocarbon starting products which contact the surface of the heat carrier whereby pyrolysis products are formed; and removing the pyrolysis products from the casing.
13. A method as defined in claim 12 wherein said jet of gaseous heating agent and said jet of hydrocarbon starting products are directed onto the surface of the heat carrier to form an acute angle of inclination with the surface of the heat carrier and wherein the outlet sections of said jet of heating agent and said jet of hydrocarbon starting products are located at the surface of the heat carrier and arranged at acute angles with respect to the radius of said casing drawn through the center of the outlet section of said nozzles.
14. A method as defined in claim 13 further including the step of providing an additional substantially cylindrical baffle coaxial with the casing in a region adjacent to the side wall of the easing having an upper edge located below the surface of the heat carrier and a lower edge region having apertures formed therein.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA281,975A CA1113695A (en) | 1977-07-04 | 1977-07-04 | Apparatus for pyrolysis of hydrocarbon starting products |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA281,975A CA1113695A (en) | 1977-07-04 | 1977-07-04 | Apparatus for pyrolysis of hydrocarbon starting products |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1113695A true CA1113695A (en) | 1981-12-08 |
Family
ID=4109051
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA281,975A Expired CA1113695A (en) | 1977-07-04 | 1977-07-04 | Apparatus for pyrolysis of hydrocarbon starting products |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1113695A (en) |
-
1977
- 1977-07-04 CA CA281,975A patent/CA1113695A/en not_active Expired
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