CA1105083A - Stepless control of a.c. power - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

A power controller for substantially stepless manual control of electrical AC power to a load. The controller comprises power switch means and a bimetal member for intermittently operating the switch means.
Means is provided for heating the bimetal member in dependence upon power supplied to the load via the power switch means. Manually operable control means conti-nuously acts on the bimetal member. A diode and auxiliary switch means is actuable by the control means for connect-ing the diode in circuit with the heating means only in an upper power range. The heating means receives only half wave power in the upper range but receives full wave power in a Lower power range. The heating means and the diode are operated with the full voltage of the AC power, whereby substantially stepless control is achieved despite the intermittent switching of the power.

Description

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Th~ is a division of Canadian patent application Serial No. 280,071 filed June 8, 1977.
~ he invention relates to a power controller for the controllable supply of electrical power in power pulses to a load, having a working bimetallic member, which is heated in dependence upon the connected power and which acts upon a snap switch.
A power controller is described in the publication "Conti-Elektro-Berichte (Conti-Electro-Reports), October/December 1959, Pages 285 to 290 (periodical of Continental Elektroindustrie AG. voigt + Hae~fner, Frankfurt/
Main, West-Germany)O The power controller illustrated in Fig. 3 on page 285 of this publication has a working bimetal strip to which a compensating bimetal strip is connecte~ at , .
right angles. In the region of the internal corner between `
these two bimetal strips is pivotably mounted on a pin dis-posed in the switch socket. The compensating bimetal strip acts upon an encapsulated switch. Adjustment is effected by means of a control cam which acts upon the free end of ~ the working bimetal strip by way o~ a roller, a separately mounted~lever~and~an adjusting screw. A mechanlcal switch wlth two contact spxings is aisposed opposite the bimetal stripO
For structural reasons the bimetal strip of such a controller can only have a length which is not much lonyer than half the switch dimensions. Consequently its thickness dimension and its working travel are then also ~ smallér.
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In addition, the heat of the bimetal strip is transferred ~o the directly attached compensating bimetal strip so that this compensating bimetal strip operates constantly in a range of relatively high temperature and its actual object, the taking into account ~he influence of ambient temperature, can only be partially achieved. Adjusting the working region by pivoting the working bimetal strip with thé aid of a lever - mechanism is a complicated task and leads to the reproduci-bility of the individual part loads being inaccurate~ In partic~lar, this reproducibility is poor in the critical upper and lower power ranges. A part load of, for example, 5%, which is necessary to be able to heat up an electric hotplate, cannot be positiveLy controlled with such a con-troller.
Power contro~lers with a pivotable snap switch have been described, for example, in German Patent Specification No. L,640,084 granted on February 13, 1973 to Karl Fischer.
The bimetal strip therein is directly connected to the snap spring and the control i5 effected by way of a cam disc and a lever having a stop whose distance relative to the working bimetal strip is adjusted during the adjusting process. This system permits the use of only relatively thin and labile bimetal strips and presents problems with the addition of a compensation device, not envisaged in this publication.

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An object of the invention is to provide a power controller which is easy to manufacture on a small scale and enables the power settings to be reproduced very well despite relatively low requirements being set on the precision of the construction. In particular, the compensation for the ambient temperature is to be reliably achieved.
A compensating bimetal/snap switch unit is therefore ;
~ormed which is jointly pivotable. The compensating bimetal strip is only influenced to a very small extent by the tempe-rature of the wor~ing bimetal m~mber and can therefore achieve its task of compensation. Moreover, it is also heat-shielded by the snap switch lying parallel thereto. It may be short and relativeIy strong. ~owever, the working bimetal member always remains in its position and only one of its ends pivots towards the snap switch in accordance with the extent of its ; heating.
For this purpose, the bimetal member is preferably Tl-shaped, the longer bimetal limb being provided with a heat-ing device and being possibly supported on the housing by way ~: ~ 20 of an adjusting screw under spring force.
According to a broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided a power controller for the substantially step1ess manual control of electrical AC power to a load. The controller comprises a power switch means and a bimetal member for intermittently operating the switch means. Means iY
provided for heating the bimetal member in dependence upon power eupplied to the load via the power switch means. Manual- ; ;
ly operable control means continuously acts on the bimetal ; member~. A diode and auxiliary switch means is actuable by the control means for connec~ing the diode in circuit wi~h the ::
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heatin~ means only in an upper power range. The heating means receives only half wave power in the upper range but receives full wave power in a lower power range. The heating means and the diode are operated with the full voltage of the AC power, whereby substantially stepless control is achieved despite the intermittent switching o-f the power.
A relatively large-dimensioned bimetal heating device, which is consequently less in1uenced by the wire gauge, may therefore be provided. In the lower power range this heating device is fully effective so that the bimetal member quickly heats up, resulting in the overall power being quickly disconnected. The resultant short relative connec-tion period also keeps the heating of the switch within limits since the bimetal control heating device is only switched on during the connection of a load.

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~ 5~93 However, in the upper power range which may begin, for ex-ample, at 20% relative connection period, the diode is connected in series wlth the bimetal heating device. The heating device of the bimetal thereby only ever receives a half-wave of the alternating current and thus only half the power. Consequently the development of heat is less and the higher outputs are easier to control. In this region, the development of heat would be particularly unwelcome because there is a long connection period here also for the bimetal heating device. In addition, the temperatures at the bimetal are kept low and the entire switch heating remains I low so that the ambient temperature can also be compensated for advantageously.
It is particularly preferable for the diode at the rear side of the housing of the power control apparatus remote from the operated side to be disposed directly on the switch which bridges it. Such an embodiment keeps the ex-penee for the arrangement and switching in circuit of the diode very low and the diode is disposed in the cool external 20~ region of the switch.~ ~The switch connecting the diode may be ~a ~simple~creeping swltch which does not need any snap mechanism in the adjusting shaft.
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The invention will be further described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:-:. ~;

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Fig. 1 is a plan view of one embodiment of a power controller according to the invention, seen from the operated side, with a closure cover removed;
Fig. 2 is a section along the line II~II in Fig. l;
Fig- 3 is a rear view of the power controller of Fig. 2, seen from the left; and Fig 4 is a schematic circuit diagram of the power controller shown in Figs~ 1 to 3.
` One embodiment of power controller 11 is shown in Figs. 1 to 3. It has a rear housing part 12 (or housing part remote from the operated side) made of plastics material and in the form of a rectangular or preferably square block : with an internal cavity 25. This cavity is sealed by a plate-shaped cover 13 which faces towards the operated side and has centering dowels 17 which engage in centering recesses 16 on the housing part 12. A screw-threaded bush 14 is secured to the cover 13 and an adjusting sha~t 15, which ~:~
carries an adjusting knob 60 indicated in Fig. 4, protrudes , : through the threaded bush. The adjusting shaft 15 protrudes ~:
: :into;a central hole 23 in a control body 18 which is made af insulating material and carries on its outer periphery a control cam 19 and a switching cam ~0~ At its end remote ;
from the operated side! the control body 18 has a bearing .~

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~: ~ . : , `' -1L~ 5~133 pin 21 which protrudes through an aperture 24 in the rear housing part 12 and comprises a ~urther switching cam 22 on the rear side of the housing part 12.
A compensating bimetal strip 26 co-operates with the control cam 19, this compensating bimetal strip being in the form of a transmission lever which has a front curved end by which the bimetal strip 26 is pressed against the control cam 19 under force o~ a spring 34. The compensating bimetal strip 26 is relatively thick and rigid and is pivotably mounted by its end opposite the front curved end by which it abuts the control cam 19 by means of a pivot 28. At this end, the compensating bimetal strip is attached to a switch carrier 29 of a snap switch 27, so that the compensating bimetal strip is parallel to the switch .:~
carrier 29 and is slightly spaced therefrom. The snap switch/
compensating bimetal unit is therefore pivotable as a whole about the pivot 28.
Disposed on the switch carrier 29 is a snap spring which is supported in the conventional manner on a : 20 support~bearing and which has a bowed resilient tongue under : ~ buckling stress. The:snap spring carries at its free end its contact 31, which co-operates with a fixed counter- :
contact 32, and i.s ~ixed at its opposite end by an adjusting screw 33, ' .
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~ 8-,~'; ~'''` ' : : -S~3 which has an annular groove into which a fork-like end of the snap spring is inserted. A terminal end of an electrical supply line 35 is welded to one fork end whereby the snap spring is electrically connected to a terminal 68 for a load 70, such as a cooker hotplate element.
The snap switch 27 is actuated by a bimetallic member 36 which is L-shaped. This 1 is completely made of l ~ -bimetal strip and a pivot 37 is mounted in the internal angle o~ the L, this pivot, like the pivot 28, being ad- -vantageously journalled in recesses which are located respectively in the housing part 12 and the cover 13 and in - which the pivot ends are received when these two ~ousing parts are assembled together.
The long, heated limb 38 of the bimetallic member 36 carries a heating windiny or coil 39 which is supplied with current by way of two supply leads. An adjusting screw : .
40 which is pres~sed by a spring 41 against an inner inter- ~ -mediate wall 42 of the housing part 12 is screwed into the free end of the heated limb 38.
~ At the end of the short limb 43 of the bimetallic ~member~36 there is a cranked portion 44 which presses against the actuating point of the snap spring 30.
rrhe heated limb 38 of the bimetallic member 36 is ; located in a chamber 71 which i9 partially sealed o~ by the intermediate wall 42 and is ventilated by ventilation ;slots 45~ ~ ;
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: : ~ , , ` . - - . -0~3 It can be seen that the snap switch/compensation bimetal unit, on the one hand, and the bimetallic member 36, on the other hand, are disposed at an angle to one another and enclose the control body 18 therebetween. In the corner of the housing cavity Z5 opposite this angle, a mechanical switch is disposed which has a switch slide 50 actuated by the switching cam 20. This switch slide 50 is made of plastics material and has the orm of a rectangular rod, one of whose ends is rounded off to co-operate with the switching cam 20 and a compression spring 54 acts upon its other end. The switch slide 50 extends substantially dia gonally so that it can have the greatest possible length with the smallest space required.
On its upper and lower face, the switch slide has projections 51 which form abutments for contact arms 52, 53 - which are pushed onto the switch slide and protrude beyond it on both sides. The switch slide 50 preferably comprises an insulating member so as to be able to push up the contact arms and secure them by snapping open. Each contact arm carries a contact on each of its two ends.
The switch slide 50 is guided by guides 5S which have the form of metal plates which protrude from the base of the housing part 12 and are directed at right angles to the switch slide. Four guides 55 are provided, .~ .

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each two of which lie opposite one another. They guide the switch slide and partially overlap it~ Some of these guides 55 carry fixed contacts 56 and the guides 55 protruae through the base of the housing part 12 to form connection -~
lugs of the AMP plug-in lug type on the rear side~
The rear .side of the power controller 11 can be seen in Fig. 3. This shows that the switching cam 22 co-operates with a switch 61, which is of very small and easy con-struction, in the form of a contact spring which is designed to short-circuit a diode 62. In this case, the diode is soldered by its connections 63, 64 directly onto the assoc-;iated connecting plug or the contact spring, and the contact spring is embraced by the connection 63 and can short-circuit the diode 62 by touching its connection 64.
; rrhe power controller operates as follows:
In Fig. 1, the disconnected state is shown wherein the switching cam 20 has pressed the switch slide 50 back against the force of the compression spring 54 and has thus ;removed the contact arm 52 for the signal pilot light contact and the contact arm 53 for the disconnection of the second ., . :
~ `pole~from the appropriate fixed contacts. When the control , : .
body~18 or the adjusting shaft is in this position, the com-- pensating bimetal strip 26 is located in recess in the control cam 19 so that the control body i9 positively held ~, in this "of~" position~

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When the energy regulator is connected (by turning the control body 18 in a clockwise direction), the control cam 20 first of all releases the contr~l slide 50 which, ;~
under force of the spring 54, applies its contact arms 52, -53 which are at least partially resilient against the guides 55 such that they are bridged. On the one hand, therefore, the signal contact line 66, 67 is closed and, on the other hand, one pole of the load 70, for example the heating element :
of an electric hotplate, is closed.
Because of the action of the spring 34, the com--pensating bimetal/snap switch unit pivots into its position : which coxresponds to the respective position of the control .
cam 19. The contacts 31 and 32 are closed, so that the bimetallic memher 36 is heated by its heating winding 39.
The switch 61 is closed in the lower power range, for example when the adjusting shaft is in a position corresponding to power values between 5 and 20% of the total power. With a low set power, therefore, the diode 62 is bridged so that :, .
; the fu11 heating power of the heating winding 39 is effective.
: Consequently, the limb 38 of the bimetallic member ~.
::~: 36 dè~lects relatively quickly and presses upon the snap ~ switch:in the disconnecting direction by way of the short i limb 43 and the cranked portion 44, so that this snap switch is opened again after a relatively short time.
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After the bimetallic member has cooled down, the snap switch 27 re-closes and the working process starts again. In the upper operating range, on the one hand, the ' compensating bimetal/snap switch unit is swivelled further in an anti-cloc~kwise directlon and, on the other hand, the diode is effective because of the opening of the switch 6l. The heating winding 39 is therefore only operated with a respective half-wave of the alternating current, i.e. with half the ~ heating power. The bimetal member,there~ore needs substantially lO longer to be deflected to such an extent that it can open the snap switch and thus disconnect the power supply to the load 70. At the very high temperatures of the bimetal memher, the cooling down process is also effected more quickly so that a longer relative connection period is ensured.
The power controller as described and illustrated ~`
has numerous advantages: Despite its clear and reliable con- ~
struction, it can be produced at relatively low building cost 1, and operates with relativeLy large paths and forces for the sw1tching process. Xn particular, the high forces are ' '''' ~essential. They are obtained because of the rather large dimensions of the blmetal~member. Because of the favourable ~, structure, the working bi.metal member may be ~ ` ' ' ~ S~3~33 rather long and the compensation bimetal strip may be rather short and strong. The entire system is positively moved by the springs 34, 4l into a specific position so that there is only one point at which play may occur, namely the point of contact between the snap spring 30 and the bowed portion ~4 of the working bimetal member 36.
There is a further advantage in constructing the bimetal member 36 as an L-shaped member made from bimetal strip. ~ormally it is very difficult to compensate such a controller by a compensating bimetal strip because the two bimetal strips operate within di~ferent temperature ranges.
The deflection path of a bimetal strip per unit of temperature does, however, decrease with rising temperatrue so that the :~ :
~ compensation can only ever be accurate for one working range.
; The bimetal member described here, however, has, so to speak, a double heating device. The short limb 43 runs parallel to the snap spring 30 at a relatively small distance therefrom.
This spring is supplied with current by way of the supply line 35 and is relatively thin. It is therefore heated when :
current flows through~ it, even though to a certain extent.
This~heat additionally heats the short limb 43, but notice-~, ably only at higher power stages because, otherwise, thesnap spring would hardly rise above ambient temperature~
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the negative effect of the deflection path, which is regres-sive with the temperature, is thereby compensated for or counteracts this negative phenomenon.
Accordingly, substantialLy stepless manual control is provided over all control ranges. Although a small "step"
occurs when the dlode is switchcd on or off, the ef~ect is diminished by a corresponding slope in the cam, as shown in ;
FigO 1. :' "
The compensating bimetal strip is, however, shielded from the temperature as much as possible. It is perpendicular to the work1ng bimetal member 36 and has no heat conductive connection therewith. It is also largely shielded relative to the hot chamber by the intermediate wall 42. It is protected -from the temperature produced by the snap spring by the switch carrier 29. This arrangement therefore ensures that the com-pensating bimetal strlp can actually fulfillthe purpose for which it is intended, namely to effect a compensation for the variable ambient temperature, and must not operate in a tem-perature which is substantially high relative to the surround-~ ings. ~ ~
The~worklng blmetal member and the compensating ~ bimetal/snap spring unit take up two sides of the switch housing ; ~ so that one corner remains entirely free for the switch 50 to 56. The arrangement o~ this very small-built switch in the same radial plane as the other parts of the power controller enahles this controller to ~e produced with a very small structural :~;: ~ : . .
~ dimension. ~ The depth in the direction of the adjusting shaft .
may, for example, be less than 25 mm so that it is also possible to install it with~a vertical sha~t in very flat cooking troughs.

-~5~33 The behaviour of the power controller is very positively influenced by the diode 62. The middle power range is rarely a problem for such controller. I'he real problem lies in the upper power range and in particular, however, in the lower power range. In the case of today's hotplates with relatively high power, however, the lower power range is in fact critical when it is also desirable to heat up the hotplate. Outputs of up to 5% of the total power and below (100 W with a 2Q00 W hotplate) must be positively controlled. Mowever, this requires very high outputs on the bimetal member because this has to react very quickly~ These high outputs would, however, not only heat the controller very intensely in the higher power range and use energy, but also raise the temperatures at the bimetal member inadmissibly. This problem can be easily solved by the advantageous no-loss regulating down of the bimetal heating power, consequently without any lost heat, hy means of the diode. The high power, for which the bimetaL heating winding is designed, is no disadvantage because this is only ever used in the lower power range and the relative connection periods there are of course only very short. The heating of the~contxoller by the heating windin~ 39 is therefore very low. Conversely, the power in the ~ ." , ,' .

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high power range is limited by the diode so that the heating of the switch also remains within limits during the relatively long connection periods there. Another advantage is that the heating winding 39 may be simply constructed. If it was desirable to make the power less, then problems would arise because the resistance wires for the low outputs would become very thin with mains voltage and especially in the case of higher mains voltages, thereby also causing the operational rellabi ity to suffer.

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Claims (3)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclu-sive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:-

1. A power controller for the substantially stepless manual control of electrical a.c. power to a load, comprising:
power switch means, a bimetal member for intermittently opera-ting said switch means, means for heating said bimetal member in dependence upon power supplied to said load via said power switch means, manually operable control means continuously acting on said bimetal member, a diode and auxiliary switch means actuable by said control means for connecting said diode in circuit with said heating means only in an upper power range, said heating means receiving only half wave power in said upper range but receiving full wave power in a lower power range, and said heating means and said diode being operated with the full voltage of said a.c. power, whereby substantially stepless control is achieved despite the inter-mittent switching of the power.

2. A controller according to claim 1, in which said diode is in series with said heating means and said auxiliary switch means is in parallel with said diode for shunting the latter in said lower power range.

3. A controller according to claim 1, in which said diode is located on a rear side of a housing remote from an operating side thereof and is disposed directly on said aux-iliary switch means.