CA1091423A - Lining slabs for molten metal containers - Google Patents
Lining slabs for molten metal containersInfo
- Publication number
- CA1091423A CA1091423A CA340,317A CA340317A CA1091423A CA 1091423 A CA1091423 A CA 1091423A CA 340317 A CA340317 A CA 340317A CA 1091423 A CA1091423 A CA 1091423A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- slabs
- castellations
- molten metal
- lining
- slab
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A substantially planar slab has two opposite edges castellated in such fashion that two such slabs may be inter-engaged with the slabs in the same plane with the castella-tions of one edge of one slab interfitting the castellations on the other edge of the other slab. The sides of the castel-lations are inclined in a direction not normal to the plane of a major face of the slab. Such slabs are useful for lining containers for molten metal, and when forming such a lining all joint faces of the interengaging castellations not lying in vertical planes can be arranged to slope down-wardly away from the interior of the molten metal container.
The thickness of the slabs, the angle of the castellations, the period of the castellations and the inclination of the slabs can be so chosen relative to the angle of repose of a loose fill of refractory material under the slabs that the loose fill particulate refractory material does not penetrate the joints between adjacent slabs.
A substantially planar slab has two opposite edges castellated in such fashion that two such slabs may be inter-engaged with the slabs in the same plane with the castella-tions of one edge of one slab interfitting the castellations on the other edge of the other slab. The sides of the castel-lations are inclined in a direction not normal to the plane of a major face of the slab. Such slabs are useful for lining containers for molten metal, and when forming such a lining all joint faces of the interengaging castellations not lying in vertical planes can be arranged to slope down-wardly away from the interior of the molten metal container.
The thickness of the slabs, the angle of the castellations, the period of the castellations and the inclination of the slabs can be so chosen relative to the angle of repose of a loose fill of refractory material under the slabs that the loose fill particulate refractory material does not penetrate the joints between adjacent slabs.
Description
l~9~
This invention relates to slabs for use in lining containers, particularly to lining slabs formed of refractory heat insulating material used to line molten metal containers ; in the metallurgical industry.
One particular area of application of the present invention of considerable value is in the lining of tundishes.
Tundishes are vessels used in c~nt~ casting to provide a constant head of molten metal to feed into a continuous casting mould. During the process of continuous casting, metal is fed to a tundish e.g. from one or more ladles ahd is allowed to flow from the base of the tundish via one or more nozzles into one or more casting moulds. Tundishes are usually constructed of an outer metal casing lined with a relatively permanent refractory lining, which may either be made up of bricks or may be a ~0nithi~ lining of refractory concrete cast in situ.
In recent years, a practice has grown up of protecting that relatively permanent refract~y lining with an inner lining of an expendable nature, i.e., after each casting cycle, the inner lining is removed and discarded, a fresh inner lining being installed prior to the commencement of the next casting cycle. Such inner linings which are described ~n British Patent Specification 1364665 are generally made up of a set of slabs of refractory heat insulating materials-German Offenlegungsschrift 2435895 describes a tundish having ; a relatively permanent lining and an expendable lining made up of a set of slabs of refractory heat insulating material and having a layer of loose particulate material such as silica ~and between the expendable and permanent linings.
This invention relates to slabs for use in lining containers, particularly to lining slabs formed of refractory heat insulating material used to line molten metal containers ; in the metallurgical industry.
One particular area of application of the present invention of considerable value is in the lining of tundishes.
Tundishes are vessels used in c~nt~ casting to provide a constant head of molten metal to feed into a continuous casting mould. During the process of continuous casting, metal is fed to a tundish e.g. from one or more ladles ahd is allowed to flow from the base of the tundish via one or more nozzles into one or more casting moulds. Tundishes are usually constructed of an outer metal casing lined with a relatively permanent refractory lining, which may either be made up of bricks or may be a ~0nithi~ lining of refractory concrete cast in situ.
In recent years, a practice has grown up of protecting that relatively permanent refract~y lining with an inner lining of an expendable nature, i.e., after each casting cycle, the inner lining is removed and discarded, a fresh inner lining being installed prior to the commencement of the next casting cycle. Such inner linings which are described ~n British Patent Specification 1364665 are generally made up of a set of slabs of refractory heat insulating materials-German Offenlegungsschrift 2435895 describes a tundish having ; a relatively permanent lining and an expendable lining made up of a set of slabs of refractory heat insulating material and having a layer of loose particulate material such as silica ~and between the expendable and permanent linings.
-2-lOgl~Z3 The layer o~ loose particulate material has a number o~
advantages: in particular, if molten metal penetrates the joints between the slabs forming the expendable lining, the particulate material prevents damage to the relatively permanent lining. In addition, the layer of particulate material, usually sand, provides a bedding layer for the slabs of the expendable lining so that they are evenly supported and the incidence of cracking under the effect of the metallostatic presqure when the tundish is filled is sub-stantially reduced or eliminated entirely. The intermediateloose particulate layer also improves the thermal insulation around the molten metal.~
In both these cases, i.e. with or without the layer of loose particulate material, it is customary to seal the joints between adjacent slabs of the expendable lining using a refractory mortar or cement. This sealing assists in preventing molten metal penetrating the joints and coming into contact with the relatively permanent lining and, where a loose fill of particulate refractory material is used, prevents that material entering the cavity of the tundish which in use is to be filled with molten metal~
The application of refractory mortar or cement to joints is time-consuming and requires skill on the part of the persons lining the tundish. In addition to the actual operating time required to set the slabs, many refractory mortars or cements require to be dried before the tundish can be put to use. Tundishes are expensive and constraints of this nature are accordingly very uneconomic.
Within the metallurgical industry and in other industries such as the construction and packaging industries analogous situations arise in which linings are backed by loose fill material. Analogous difficulties arise from 1051~23 penetration of the loose ~ill through the joints necessitating the adoption of measureS such as sealing compounds, cements or gaskets, all of which are complex, expensive and time-consuming to apply.
According to a first feature o~ the present invention there is provided a slab having two substantially planar substantially parallel major faces, and two opposite regu~larly castellated edges, the edges having a length that is large relative to the thickness o~ the slab, said castellated edges including a plurality of teeth with slots defined between the teeth, said slots extending from one major face to the other, each said tooth having a base and a top, and having a pair of opposite sides that are not disposed in the plane of said major faces, the top of each tooth being substantially of the same dimension as the spacing provided by each slot between the teeth, said teeth sides being inclined in a direction skew to the plane of a majorfao~h~,~l~b, ~he inclination, dimensions, and spacing of each of the castellation teeth being such that any line normal to the plane of a major face of the slab at any caste~ated edge portion thereof passes through the material of the slab, and said castellated edges being so arranged that two identical slabs may be interengaged side by side with their respective major faces disposed in the same planes, with their castellations interengaged and with the respective edges extending between the castellated edges in alignment, by moving one slab relative to the other in a plane parallel to the plane of one of said major faces.
~ Preferably the position of the castellations on the - castellated edges is such that two identical slabs may be interengaged side by side with their non-castellated edges aligned with one another. Preferably the inclination and l~g~423 dimensions of the castellations are such that when two slabs are ln~r~n~ side by side, any line normal to the plane of a major face of the slab passes through the material of at least one of the slabs.
The castellations may vary widely in their configuEati~on, and may have generally flat, curved or faceted faces. Simple geometry is preferred for the castellations, however, to facilitate manufacture of the slabs. Thus, preferably the base and top of each castellation is a 10 parallelogram lying in a plane normal to the plane of a maior face of the slab. The sides of s~ d~eb~ti~ .w~h are preferably in par~llel planes, will generally in such a case be rectangular.
According to a particularly preferred feature of the present invention there is provided a container for molten metal having a floor and sidewalls and having an inner wall lining made up of a plurality of slabs of refractory heat insulating material, at least some of the slabs having the structure previously de~$ined herein, with interengaging 20 castellations farming the joints between the slabs, wherein all joint faces of the castellations not lying in vertical planes slope downwardly away from the interior of the molten metal container.
In a ~ar~i~u;l~ yy preferred form, the slabs are used to constitute an inner lining for a tundish and are I superimposed on a layer of loose fill refractory material.
p In such circumstances, the wall lining slabs are generally arranged incllned outwardly upwardly. The arrangement should be one in which the thickness of the slabs, the angle 30 of the castellations, the period of the castellations and the inclination of the slabs are so chosen relative to the angle of repose of the loose fill refractory material, usually sand, between the slabs and the relatively permanent lining that the loose fill particulate refractory material does not penetrate the joints.
In order to ensure that no leakage of particulate material through the joint can occur, it is preferable that a line drawn from the lower edge of one castellation adjacent the loose fill to the upper edge of the next castellation of the same slab adjacent the interior of the tundish rises at an angle of about 15 to the horizontal.
Slabs of the present invention may be made of any convenient material. When used for lining tundishes and other metallurgical vessels they are conveniently and preferably made of materials of the type disclosed in the British Patent Specification and German Offenlegungsschrift ~eferred to above.
It is found that slabs according to the present ~ invention can be assembled easily and quickly to line areas ; and that great care does not have to be exercised when assembling the joints. An exact and tight fit is not necessary in order to give a joint resistant to penetration by loose particulate material.
It will be appreciated that in lining any particular container or cavity, only some of the lining slabs need be as defined above and indeed it will often be advantageous for specific purposes to provide lining slabs for use in conjunction with slabs according to the present invention which are not so castellated, though those additional lining slabs may have one or more edges bearing some form of castellation for interengagement with slabs according to the present invention.
105~Z3 The invention is illustrated by way of Example with reference to the specific case of the lining o~ a tundish for use in continuous casting, and with reference to the accompany-ing drawings.
In the drawings, Figure 1 is a perspective view of a slab according to the present invention, Figure 2 is a perspective view on an enlarged scale of one corner of the slab of Figure 1, Figure 3 is a perspective view of one end of a lined tundish, and Figure 4 is a perspective view, part broken away, of a joint between two ining slabs.
Referring first to Figures 1 and 2, a lining slab according to the present invention as illustrated is a substan-tially rectangular slab having two opposite edges E castellated and two plane edges F. The sides of the castellations S do not run normal to the major plane of the slab but run at an angle thereto, preferably at an angle of about 45. It will be seen that the base B of each castellation on one side of the slab corresponds to the protruding part of the castellation on the other side of the slab. Thus a plurality of slabs as shown in Figure 1 may be fitted together side by side with their uncastel-lated edges F in line.
Referring now to Figures 3 and 4, these show part of a tundish used in the continuous casting of molten metal.
The tundish consists of an outer metal casing 1 which is provided with a relatively permanent refractory lining 2 either made of refractory brick or of refractory concrete cast in situ to define an inner cavity having flat walls and base.
In order to protect this relatively permanent lining in use, the interior of the tundish is lined with ~0~ Z3 expendable lining slabs. First a plurality of lining slabs 3 is set on the floor of the tundish. These slabs are generally rectangular and some of them hav2 apertures which correspond to nozzle outlets 4 in the base of the tundish. These slabs may be abutted together or interengaged by means of castellations.
After the floor has been lined with slabs 3, the walls are lined using slabs 5 according to the present invention.
Slabs 5 are assembled together with interengagement of the castellations at their edges to form joints 6. Conveniently, the tundish is lined with slabs 5 starting from the middle and working outwards along each wall towards the ends of the tundish.
Slabs 5 are inclined outwardly and upwardly. At the ends, gener-ally trapezoidal lining slabs 7 are inserted into position. ~he edges of slabs 7 bear indentations corresponding to the castel-lations on the edge o a slab 5. Slabs 5 and slabs 7 are held in position and spaced from the relatively permanent lining 2 by means of pieces of scrap refractory lining slab or refractory brick. In addition, slabs 5 are restrained from moving too far away from the relatively permanent lining 2 by means of a number of metal clips 8 which simply clip over the top edge of the tundish as shown. After the slabs 5 and 7 and the clips 8 have all been put into position, the gap between the relatively permanent lining 2 and the slabs 5 and 7 is filled with a loose fill 9 of sand, usually with the aid of an appropriate sand filling apparatus such as one in which a fluidised stream of sand may be released from a hand held nozzle on the end of a flexible pipe. Because of the construction of joints 6 given by the castellated edges of slabs 5, most clearly visible in Figure 4, the loose fill of sand 9 does not pass through joints 6 and into the interior of the tundish. Even if slabs 5 are not particu-larly tightly butted together, the slope of the castellations, their inclination, their relative spacing and the thickness of ~ 1051 ~ Z3 the slab ensure that the sand 9 does not penetrate to the interior of the tundish.
The lower end face of each slab 5 may be flat as the faces F in Figure 1 but it is preferably shaped e.g. rounded so as to engage a correspondingly shaped groove or depression running along the side of floor lining slab 3.
advantages: in particular, if molten metal penetrates the joints between the slabs forming the expendable lining, the particulate material prevents damage to the relatively permanent lining. In addition, the layer of particulate material, usually sand, provides a bedding layer for the slabs of the expendable lining so that they are evenly supported and the incidence of cracking under the effect of the metallostatic presqure when the tundish is filled is sub-stantially reduced or eliminated entirely. The intermediateloose particulate layer also improves the thermal insulation around the molten metal.~
In both these cases, i.e. with or without the layer of loose particulate material, it is customary to seal the joints between adjacent slabs of the expendable lining using a refractory mortar or cement. This sealing assists in preventing molten metal penetrating the joints and coming into contact with the relatively permanent lining and, where a loose fill of particulate refractory material is used, prevents that material entering the cavity of the tundish which in use is to be filled with molten metal~
The application of refractory mortar or cement to joints is time-consuming and requires skill on the part of the persons lining the tundish. In addition to the actual operating time required to set the slabs, many refractory mortars or cements require to be dried before the tundish can be put to use. Tundishes are expensive and constraints of this nature are accordingly very uneconomic.
Within the metallurgical industry and in other industries such as the construction and packaging industries analogous situations arise in which linings are backed by loose fill material. Analogous difficulties arise from 1051~23 penetration of the loose ~ill through the joints necessitating the adoption of measureS such as sealing compounds, cements or gaskets, all of which are complex, expensive and time-consuming to apply.
According to a first feature o~ the present invention there is provided a slab having two substantially planar substantially parallel major faces, and two opposite regu~larly castellated edges, the edges having a length that is large relative to the thickness o~ the slab, said castellated edges including a plurality of teeth with slots defined between the teeth, said slots extending from one major face to the other, each said tooth having a base and a top, and having a pair of opposite sides that are not disposed in the plane of said major faces, the top of each tooth being substantially of the same dimension as the spacing provided by each slot between the teeth, said teeth sides being inclined in a direction skew to the plane of a majorfao~h~,~l~b, ~he inclination, dimensions, and spacing of each of the castellation teeth being such that any line normal to the plane of a major face of the slab at any caste~ated edge portion thereof passes through the material of the slab, and said castellated edges being so arranged that two identical slabs may be interengaged side by side with their respective major faces disposed in the same planes, with their castellations interengaged and with the respective edges extending between the castellated edges in alignment, by moving one slab relative to the other in a plane parallel to the plane of one of said major faces.
~ Preferably the position of the castellations on the - castellated edges is such that two identical slabs may be interengaged side by side with their non-castellated edges aligned with one another. Preferably the inclination and l~g~423 dimensions of the castellations are such that when two slabs are ln~r~n~ side by side, any line normal to the plane of a major face of the slab passes through the material of at least one of the slabs.
The castellations may vary widely in their configuEati~on, and may have generally flat, curved or faceted faces. Simple geometry is preferred for the castellations, however, to facilitate manufacture of the slabs. Thus, preferably the base and top of each castellation is a 10 parallelogram lying in a plane normal to the plane of a maior face of the slab. The sides of s~ d~eb~ti~ .w~h are preferably in par~llel planes, will generally in such a case be rectangular.
According to a particularly preferred feature of the present invention there is provided a container for molten metal having a floor and sidewalls and having an inner wall lining made up of a plurality of slabs of refractory heat insulating material, at least some of the slabs having the structure previously de~$ined herein, with interengaging 20 castellations farming the joints between the slabs, wherein all joint faces of the castellations not lying in vertical planes slope downwardly away from the interior of the molten metal container.
In a ~ar~i~u;l~ yy preferred form, the slabs are used to constitute an inner lining for a tundish and are I superimposed on a layer of loose fill refractory material.
p In such circumstances, the wall lining slabs are generally arranged incllned outwardly upwardly. The arrangement should be one in which the thickness of the slabs, the angle 30 of the castellations, the period of the castellations and the inclination of the slabs are so chosen relative to the angle of repose of the loose fill refractory material, usually sand, between the slabs and the relatively permanent lining that the loose fill particulate refractory material does not penetrate the joints.
In order to ensure that no leakage of particulate material through the joint can occur, it is preferable that a line drawn from the lower edge of one castellation adjacent the loose fill to the upper edge of the next castellation of the same slab adjacent the interior of the tundish rises at an angle of about 15 to the horizontal.
Slabs of the present invention may be made of any convenient material. When used for lining tundishes and other metallurgical vessels they are conveniently and preferably made of materials of the type disclosed in the British Patent Specification and German Offenlegungsschrift ~eferred to above.
It is found that slabs according to the present ~ invention can be assembled easily and quickly to line areas ; and that great care does not have to be exercised when assembling the joints. An exact and tight fit is not necessary in order to give a joint resistant to penetration by loose particulate material.
It will be appreciated that in lining any particular container or cavity, only some of the lining slabs need be as defined above and indeed it will often be advantageous for specific purposes to provide lining slabs for use in conjunction with slabs according to the present invention which are not so castellated, though those additional lining slabs may have one or more edges bearing some form of castellation for interengagement with slabs according to the present invention.
105~Z3 The invention is illustrated by way of Example with reference to the specific case of the lining o~ a tundish for use in continuous casting, and with reference to the accompany-ing drawings.
In the drawings, Figure 1 is a perspective view of a slab according to the present invention, Figure 2 is a perspective view on an enlarged scale of one corner of the slab of Figure 1, Figure 3 is a perspective view of one end of a lined tundish, and Figure 4 is a perspective view, part broken away, of a joint between two ining slabs.
Referring first to Figures 1 and 2, a lining slab according to the present invention as illustrated is a substan-tially rectangular slab having two opposite edges E castellated and two plane edges F. The sides of the castellations S do not run normal to the major plane of the slab but run at an angle thereto, preferably at an angle of about 45. It will be seen that the base B of each castellation on one side of the slab corresponds to the protruding part of the castellation on the other side of the slab. Thus a plurality of slabs as shown in Figure 1 may be fitted together side by side with their uncastel-lated edges F in line.
Referring now to Figures 3 and 4, these show part of a tundish used in the continuous casting of molten metal.
The tundish consists of an outer metal casing 1 which is provided with a relatively permanent refractory lining 2 either made of refractory brick or of refractory concrete cast in situ to define an inner cavity having flat walls and base.
In order to protect this relatively permanent lining in use, the interior of the tundish is lined with ~0~ Z3 expendable lining slabs. First a plurality of lining slabs 3 is set on the floor of the tundish. These slabs are generally rectangular and some of them hav2 apertures which correspond to nozzle outlets 4 in the base of the tundish. These slabs may be abutted together or interengaged by means of castellations.
After the floor has been lined with slabs 3, the walls are lined using slabs 5 according to the present invention.
Slabs 5 are assembled together with interengagement of the castellations at their edges to form joints 6. Conveniently, the tundish is lined with slabs 5 starting from the middle and working outwards along each wall towards the ends of the tundish.
Slabs 5 are inclined outwardly and upwardly. At the ends, gener-ally trapezoidal lining slabs 7 are inserted into position. ~he edges of slabs 7 bear indentations corresponding to the castel-lations on the edge o a slab 5. Slabs 5 and slabs 7 are held in position and spaced from the relatively permanent lining 2 by means of pieces of scrap refractory lining slab or refractory brick. In addition, slabs 5 are restrained from moving too far away from the relatively permanent lining 2 by means of a number of metal clips 8 which simply clip over the top edge of the tundish as shown. After the slabs 5 and 7 and the clips 8 have all been put into position, the gap between the relatively permanent lining 2 and the slabs 5 and 7 is filled with a loose fill 9 of sand, usually with the aid of an appropriate sand filling apparatus such as one in which a fluidised stream of sand may be released from a hand held nozzle on the end of a flexible pipe. Because of the construction of joints 6 given by the castellated edges of slabs 5, most clearly visible in Figure 4, the loose fill of sand 9 does not pass through joints 6 and into the interior of the tundish. Even if slabs 5 are not particu-larly tightly butted together, the slope of the castellations, their inclination, their relative spacing and the thickness of ~ 1051 ~ Z3 the slab ensure that the sand 9 does not penetrate to the interior of the tundish.
The lower end face of each slab 5 may be flat as the faces F in Figure 1 but it is preferably shaped e.g. rounded so as to engage a correspondingly shaped groove or depression running along the side of floor lining slab 3.
Claims (5)
1. A container for molten metal having a floor and sidewalls and having an inner wall lining made up of a plurality of slabs of refractory heat insulating material, at least some of the slabs having two opposite edges castellated with interengaging castellations forming the joints between the slabs, wherein all joint faces of the castellations not lying in vertical planes slope downwardly away from the interior of the molten metal container.
2. A molten metal container according to claim 1 wherein the container is a tundish and the slabs form part of an inner lining superimposed on a layer of loose fill refractory material.
3. A molten metal container according to claim 2 wherein the wall lining slabs are inclined outwardly upwardly.
4. A container for molten metal having a floor and sidewalls and having an inner wall lining made up of a plurality of slabs of refractory heat insulating material, at least some of the slabs having two opposite edges castellated with interengaging castellations forming the joints between the slabs, wherein the thickness of the slabs, the angle of the castellations, the period of the castellations and the inclination of the slabs are so chosen relative to the angle of repose of a loose fill refractory material behind them that the loose fill particulate refractory material does not penetrate the joints.
5. A molten metal container according to claim 4 wherein a line drawn from the lower edge of one castellation adjacent the loose fill to the upper edge of the next castellation of the same slab adjacent the interior of the container rises at an angle of about 15° to the horizontal.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA340,317A CA1091423A (en) | 1975-11-10 | 1979-11-21 | Lining slabs for molten metal containers |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB46434/75A GB1544637A (en) | 1975-11-10 | 1975-11-10 | Lining of molten metal containers |
| GB46434/75 | 1975-11-10 | ||
| CA265,282A CA1089178A (en) | 1975-11-10 | 1976-11-09 | Lining slabs |
| CA340,317A CA1091423A (en) | 1975-11-10 | 1979-11-21 | Lining slabs for molten metal containers |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1091423A true CA1091423A (en) | 1980-12-16 |
Family
ID=27164761
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA340,317A Expired CA1091423A (en) | 1975-11-10 | 1979-11-21 | Lining slabs for molten metal containers |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1091423A (en) |
-
1979
- 1979-11-21 CA CA340,317A patent/CA1091423A/en not_active Expired
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US4055336A (en) | Lining slabs | |
| US4012029A (en) | Tundishes | |
| US4194730A (en) | Molten metal handling vessels | |
| CA2636783C (en) | Tundish dry vibratable form | |
| US4155703A (en) | Lining truncated cone walls by means of refractory bricks | |
| US4158939A (en) | Lining slabs | |
| US4076224A (en) | Tundishes | |
| CA1091423A (en) | Lining slabs for molten metal containers | |
| US4526351A (en) | Slag and hot metal runner system | |
| US5054749A (en) | Tundish for continuous casting of steel | |
| US5110096A (en) | One-piece tundish lining | |
| KR800000991B1 (en) | Lining of molten metal containers | |
| CA1075898A (en) | Vessels for containing molten metals | |
| HU210999B (en) | Method for the shaping of the wearing surface of a refractory lining and refractory turning brick for a wearing surface | |
| GB1565911A (en) | Refractory structures | |
| CA1077673A (en) | Containers for molten metal | |
| US5118085A (en) | Steel ladle lip closure apparatus | |
| GB2104633A (en) | Tundish | |
| CA1075428A (en) | Tundishes | |
| US4328957A (en) | Prefabricated multiple density blast furnace runner | |
| US4573668A (en) | Slag and hot metal runner systems | |
| US3467173A (en) | Hot top liner | |
| CA2001383A1 (en) | Ceramic brick retainer band for steel ladle | |
| US4077600A (en) | Ingot mold base member | |
| US4210086A (en) | Cover for soaking pits and the like |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |