CA1089684A - Priming composition and techniques - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A method of producing explosive for priming manufactured explosive devices wherein said explosive is produced in a succession of small quantities.

Description

The present invention relates to the priming of explosive devices, that is to say the incorporation of a priming explosive with elements of priming-explosive utilizing devices.
In current practice, primary explosive for use in priming of explosive devices (e.g. ammunition cartridges and detonators) is manufactured away from the priming zone in a large batch or at the maximum possible continuous rate and is then storedO In the case of ammunition, at the priming stage, primary explosive is drawn from store and is mixed with one or more other ingredients of the priming explosive in a substantial batch which is then dis-tributed between elements of the devices ~e.gO cap shells, cart-ridge cases or detonator cases). ~his sequence involves bulk storage, transport to a mixing station, the mixing operation it-self, transport of the mixture to the priming zone, and distrib-ution between said elements. Since primary explosives are in-herently dangerous to manufacture and handle, each stage of the sequence is hazardous and needs special precautions, particularly where explosive is present in bulk. However, in the case of det-onators, certain primary explosives may be used alone as the prim-ing explosive, in which case mixing of the primary explosive withone or more other ingredients is unnecessary. Nevertheless, the bulk storage and distribution aspects alone are very hazardous.
According to the presen~ invention there is provided a method of priming a plurality of explosive devices by incorporat-ing a discrete body of priming explosive with an element of each device wherein the priming explosive is produced as hereinafter defined, at a rate that is, as hereinafter defined, continuous ~`'' ~ :

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with incorporation thereof with the elements of said devices.
By the term "continuous", there is meant that the priming explosive is produced at such a rate that there is substantially no oEf-line storage of bulk priming explosive.
The priming explosive may be produced in a batch suf-ficient for a plurality of individual utilisation demands, but small relative to conventional batches. In order to satisfy total output demand over a period, a series of such batches may be pro-duced in the period and these batches can be separated by a dis-tance and/or in a manner facilitating isolation of an explosionin any one batch. The batches can be produced in regular succes-sion, for example at predetermined time intervals, thereby facil-itating adequate spacing and subsequent handling.
The maximum permissible size of each batch will depend upon the type of priming explosive and the conditions under which it has to be produced. The sensitivity, explosive energy, re- ~-quired production conditions and divisibility for use of the ex-plosive will all affect the batch size. The total output demand per unit time will also influence the batch size, as will the precautions taken to isolate individual batches. Conventional priming explosive for rimfire cartridges includes lead styphnate as primary explosive: a batch of styphnate sufficient for, say, 20 priming charges for rimfire cartridges could be made and divided between the rimfire cases in a continuous operation:
corresponding arrangements could be made for priming shotgun cap shells and detonator cases. Larger batches will obviously in-volve extra precautions~ but batches as large as several ounces -r~
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could be produced at intervals of about one minute.
Batches may also be combined for an individual utilisation demand. ~lowever, neither combination nor division of batches is preferred, since both incur additional hazards. The preferred ar-rangement is one in which a batch is matched to an individual uti]isation demand, for example each batch in a series is just sufficient for a priming charge for one rimfire cartridge, shot-gun cap or detonator and in this arrangement the priming explos-ive is preferably produced in situ, for example in an element of a utilising device.
For the avoidance of doubt, the following explanation is given for the terms "utilising device" and "production in situ":-Utilising device - refers to a combination of at least two ele-ments of an explosive device~ at least one of which element is a discrete body of said priming explosive. The other element may be a mere container or carrier for the explosive, such as a rim-fire cartridge case, a detonator case or a cap shell. The util-ising device may be a finished explosive device, but it is more likely to be only partly finished; for example (a) further elements may have to be added to it to make up the explosive de-vice, such as propellant and a bullet for a rimfire cartridgeJ or an electric match or a fuse for a detonator; (b) the elements may have to be reshaped, or relocated relative to each other as when priming explosive in a rimfire cartridge case is forced into the rim of the case by a conventional spinning punch.
Production in situ - means that the priming explosive is produced in relation to at least one other element so as to provide said . . . , ~ ,.
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combinationO Where the other element is a container, the priming explosive will normally be produced within it. If the other ele-ment were a carrier, the priming explosive could be produced as a body around a portion of the carrier. As indicated above, pro-ducing in situ does not necessarily imply that the combination is immediately ready for final use.
The explosive may be produced in a stream and the stream may be separated into successive "lengths" by explosion barriers.
The term "continuous" as defined above does not necessar-ily imply immediate utilisation of the priming explosive in prim-ing; in practice, there will inevitably be a degree of "live storage" in cases where production is not effected in situ and this live storage can be adjusted as required to fit production circumstances. However, there will be a continuous flow path be-tween the production and utilisation stages, so that off-line storage of dangerous substances is substantially eliminated. To this end, the production rate and the utilisation rate are matched or substantially matched, at least on average over a period.
A production process in accordance with the invention is preferably automated. The materials required for production of the priming explosive may be automatically metered into a stream or into batches under controlled thermal conditions, even where small quantities are required. Preferably, too~ an automated production process is integrated with an automated utilisation stage producing at least a partially finished explosive device;
for example, in the case of rimfire cartridge priming, priming explosive production can be continuous with an automatic line for .,~ "' .
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receiving primed cases, loading propellant, and inserting the bullet.
The priming explosive should be sensitive to each or any of heat, friction, flame, electric spark, percussion or other predetermined initiating event. The explosive may be designed to produce heat or flash, rather than substantial quantities of gas, or a detonating shock. Heat and flash producing explosives may be required for initiation of propellants, while shock pro-ducing explosives will generally be required for initiation of secondary high explosives such as base charges of detonators.
The following explanation is given of terminology used in this specification hereinafter;-(a) the word "material" is used in a general sense, ~b) the word "ingredient" is used to indicate a part of a composition in which the ingredient remains individually identifiable, ~c) the word "component" is used to indicate a material which reacts with another component or other components to pro-duce a further material.
~0 The priming explosive may be in any required physical form. It may consist of a primary explosive compound, for ex-ample a salt, or of a priming composition containing a primary explosive compound which may be produced in a mixture of some or all of the other ingredients of the composition: for example, an explosive compound may be produced in a mixture which comprises a fuel and/or an oxidiser and/or a frictionator: such a compo-sition is disclosed in United States Patent Specification No.

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2,239,547 to Brun.
In any process according to the invention, the materials which are brought together to produce the priming explosive are preferably comparatively insensitive, thereby mitigating storage, mixing and charging problems. However, it may be necessary to use some sensitive starting materials: for example, a priming composition may comprise a plurality of sensitive ingredients, and it may be difficult or impossible to produce all of the sensitive ingredients simultaneously in the composition: for example it would be difficult to produce lead styphnate and tetrazene simul-taneously in a rimfire ammunition priming composition, although both these ingredients may be required. Accordingly the inven- ;
tion includes within its scope the use of sensitive starting mat-erials, but where these are used they preferably constitute a minor proportion, preferably a small proportion, of the starting materials.
It is within the broad scope of the invention to form a sensitive explosive, say from relatively insensitive starting materials, and then to combine it with additional ingredients of a composition: this may be necessary if the additional ingredi-ents would interfere with the formation of the sensitive explos-ive. However, it is preferred to avoid such addition, where pos-sibleJ as it clearly introduces additional hazards.
Production of the priming explosive may be effected in a liquid medium, preferably water. The liquid medium may be driven off or otherwise removed after formation of the explosive. The liquid medium may perform either or both of the following .

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functions:-1. it may act as a desensitiser for solid sensitive in-gredients, which should be damp until the composition has formed;
2~ it may act as a reaction medium enabling components to Eorm a new material.
A component which is soluble in a reaction medium may be taken into solution by the medium and thereaf-~er brought together with another component. Alternatively, the components and medium may be independent of each other before being brought together.
Further, where components will not react dangerously in the ab-sence of a medium, they may be brought together before being brought together with the medium.
Production of priming explosive in accordance with the method of the invention involves a chemical reaction forming a primary explosive. The desirable characteristics of such a re-action for the purposes of the present invention are set out below:-~ a) Simplicity: The reaction should preferably involveonly a single stage, without prolonged stirring (preferably re-quiring none at all) and without requiring closely defined crit-ical conditions such as temperature or pH.
~ b) Speed: The reaction should preferably be completed in a short period. However, this will not be essential if an incomplete reaction does not prevent further processing, for ex-ample spinning, drying, addition of propellant and bullet in pro-duction of ammunition, and provided the reaction has been com-pleted by the time the product is required for final use.

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~ c) Compatibility with containers: The solutions or other materials involved in the reaction should clearly be com-patible with the material of the container in which the reaction takes place. Some acids will be excluded from reactions which occur in metal containers such as brass rimfire cartridge cases.
~ d) By-products: There should be no unduly deleterious by-products. In some cases it may be possible to use by-products of a reaction, for example as oxidisers in a priming composition.
Where this is not possible, the by-products may be inert, gaseous, volatile or vapourisable, or at least not seriously deleterious.
(e) Starting materials: These should be easily and safe-ly handlable in bulk form. Small proportions of sensitive mat-erials, for example tetrazene, may be included in the starting materials, preferably in a desensitized form.
A metathetic reaction will normally best satisfy require-ments ~a) and ~b) above. The formation of covalent bonds is us-ually a relatively slow process. Suitable metathetic reactions will be double decomposition reactions and acid base reactions.
In addition to metathetic reactions, however, the formation of mixed crystals has also been found to be a suitable reaction under criteria ~a) and ~b) above. Priming explosives comprlsing mixed crystals are already well known in the exploslves art~
The required characteristics of the priming explosive are in particular, the following:-~ a) it must be effective for its required application -for example ignition of propellant or initiation of a secondary explosive, . . : ,, '. ,, , :

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(b) it must satisfy special requirements dependent upon its specific use, for example ballistics tests in production of ammunition;
(c) it must provide the required sensitivity, which will clearly have both upper and lower required values (in ammunition production these are represented by "all fire" and "no fire"
heights for sensitivity drop tests of primed cases);
~ d) it must be compatible with its surroundings - the container and any adjacent explosive such as propellant or second-ary explosive; and (e) it must be reasonably stable in storage in the ex-pected conditions of use which may involve high or low tempera-tures and/or humid conditions.
Where an explosive compound is produced in situ in a method of the invention it is not necessary to produce a so called "free flowing" crystal form. The provision of such a crystal form is a long standing problem in the explosive art and can be avoided by the in situ technique. Further, by using that tech-nique, the nature and sensitivity of the priming explosive may be chosen solely in dependence upon its final use rather than, as hitherto, upon the technique used to load the explosive into de-vices. In the past, many suitable initiating compounds had to be rejected because they proved ~oo dangerously sensitive for use in conventional priming techniques involving distribution of priming explosive from a batch between explosive devices. Examples of ~ -suitable materials are cited below.
According to the preferred method in accordance with the 1 0 - :
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present invention, predominantly relatively insensitive materials are brought together to produce a priming explosive in a quantity suitable for priming an individual explosive device. Preferably the quantity is one of a series of such quantities. Production of the explosive is preferably effected wholly in situ in a de-vice. Ilowever, it is within the broad scope of the invention to complete production of the explosive away from the device, the product thereafter being supplied to the device, or to bring the materials together away from the device and to complete produc-tion of the explosive in situ.
Apparatus for use in the method of the invention may com-prise means for bringing together materials, which together will form said explosive, at a low rate and/or in a succession of small quantities preferably appropriate to individual utilisation de-mands, and/or on a flow path continuous with means for supplying partially or completely formed explosive to a succession of other elements of utilising devices.
Where it is desired to produce explosive in a plurality of small quantities, the apparatus may comprise a plurality of ~0 dispensing means, each adapted to dispense predetermined doses of material to respective receivers therefor so that each receiver will receive a dose from each dispensing means of said plurality.
The materials dispensed may comprise components of an ex-plosive and a medium in which said components can interact.
Where production is not effected wholly in situ, starting materials may be fed continuously to a mixing zone. The starting materials may comprise some ingredients of an explosive compo-~- lOa -~1~

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sition and components which will react forming an explosive com-pound. In the mixing zone, they may be brought together in small quantities or at a low rate. The mixture may leave - lOb -` .~.'~; .

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,' ' , ~ , . " ' , . , . ' the zone as a series of small discrete quantities, or as a stream of small dimensions. Such a stream may be interrup-ted at intervals to reduce explo-sion hazards; for example, there may be explosion barriers so that an explo-sion a-t a particular location in the s-tream will be limited to the region be-tween successive barriers.
The mix-ture may be transferred continuously from the mixing zone to a utilisation zone. Where the mixture leaves the mixing zone as a series of small quantities, each quantity may be of a size appropriate to an indi--vidual utilisation demand, for example shotgun cap, rim-fire cartridge or det-onator. The series of quantities may therefore be dispensed direc-tly into a -corresponding series of containers for the explosive devices. It would be possible to produce a series of small quantities each of which represents a plurality of utilisation demands, with a subsequent division of each quantity between those demands. However, this is not preferred as it involves an ex-tra processing stage. Where the mixture leaves the zone as a stream of small dimensions, those dimensions may be selected to facilitate division of the stream into quantities appropriate -to individual utilisation demands. For example, the cross-section of the stream might be appropriate to an individual rimfire cartridge, cap shell or detonator.
Preferably the materials are mixed in substan-tially predetermined proportions in said mixing zone.
The mixing zone may be such that it is freely accessible to flow paths by which the materials are supplied to it. Alternatively, there may be means for controlling access to the mixing zone from such flow paths. For ex-ample, the materials may be circulated through closed flow paths normally sep-arated from the mixing zone, there being tapping means to tap off quantities of materials to the mixing zone.
Mixing in the zone may be effected by any convenient means for -- 11 -- ~

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example by turbulence, by mechanical intervention, or by passing gas bubbles through the mixing ~one.
The following are examples of explosives which can be made by methods in accordance with the invention as applied to priming rimfire cartridge cases.
In these examples, which refer to production of rimfire ammunition, reference is made to sensitivity tests. These involve dropping a 2 o~ ball onto a bar striker which then indents the rim of a cartridge case. The re-sults are quoted in terms of the "mean fire height" - that is, the release height of a ball above the striker required to give a 50% chance of firing a cartridge in a given sample, usually of 50 cartridges: this is obtained by a statistical calculation, and the associated standard deviation is also quoted.
Occasionally the "all fire height" is quoted - this is the release height of the ball at which all cartridges in the sample fired.
EXAMPLE l STYPHNATES

-~a) by double decomposition:

The following materials were used in the indicated proportions by weight:-Sodium styphnate27 parts ;~

Lead hypophosphite 7 parts DRY

Grit 25 parts , . . , Lead nitrate 31 parts Tetrazene 3 parts Gum Arabic - WET

Lissapol The first three materials are relatively insoluble in water when compared with lead nitrate, and they were provided in powder form in a rimfire - 12 _ .. . ~ . , ., . , , . . :

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cartridge case, in a predetermined dose. The dose required depends upon the quantity of initiating composition required to ensure ignition of the propel-lant. In a cartridge designed to contain about 80 mg of nitrocellulose base powder as propellant, the quantities of the reacting components were such as to produce about 20 mg of initiating composition. This can be adjusted as re-quired to give designed ballistic characteristics for the combination.
Lead nitrate is soluble in water, and was added in the form of a solution thereof to the dry materials. The tetrazene was dispersed in the lead nitrate solution, this being a dangerous material to handle dry. The gum arabic and Lissapol were present in small proportions for reasons well known in the art.
The reaction between the lead nitrate and the sodium styphnate then occurred in the cartridge case, giving lead styphnate and sodium nitrate in the resultant mixture. The product was dried out after the reaction, and then approximately 10% by volume of water was added to the dried mixture to render it mouldable. The rimfire case containing the mouldable composition was then passed to a conventional spinning punch to force the composition into the rim of the case in the conventional manner. The moulded composition was then passed through a conventional drying arrangement and the primed case was sub-sequently handled in the conventional fashion.
In order to prime cap shells, antimony sulphide, in dry powder formmay be substituted for the grit at least partially.
The double decomposition reaction described above was carried out at room temperature. Increased temperature may lead to larger crystal sizes for the lead styphnate and this may affect sensitivity of the composition. In-crease of temperature runs the risk of decomposition of the tetrazene, this being a particular problem above about 70C. However, the highest possible temperature, subject to other restraints, - :

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~'31~ 4 is advantageous in facilitating crystallisation of the lead styphnate from the gel which forms in the early stages of the double decomposi-tion reaction.
No steps were taken to control the pH of the mixture in the car-tridge case. This would be slightly acid because of the presence of the lead nitra-te solution, and slight acidity is necessary for crys-tallisation of the lead styphna-te. A pX in the range 3 to 6 is suitable.
The quan-ti-ty of water used was ~ust sufficient to take the lead nitrate into solution. This gives a paste consistency to the mixture af-ter addition of the solution. It is desirable to minimise the quantity of water used since it has to be driven off after -the lead styphnate has formed.
The bulk of the star-ting materials referred to above are insensi tive when compared with the lead styphnate. However, tetrazene is a primary explosive and dry sodium styphnate can be caused to explode if ignited by a black powder fuse.
It may therefore be necessary to keep these materials wet in store ;
and in feeding them to the cartridge case. It will be noted however that the proportion of preformed primary explosive in the starting materials is very small - well under 10% even if the indicated propor-tion is increased slightly.
Further, only small quantities of materials are involved in each individual reaction, so that it is possible to use a starting material having quite sub-stantial sensitivi-ty, although preferably less than the eventual primary ex-plosive. For example~ in United States Patent Specifica-tion No. 2,239,547 to Brun, there is described a method of making normal lead styphnate by admix-ture of reacting quantities of basic lead styphante, styphnic acid and other priming composition ingredients, the normal lead styphnate being formed in the mixture. The process described in that specification therefore involves the conversion of one explosive, basic lead styphnate, into a more sensitive explosive, normal lead styphna-te, in a mixture of o-ther ingredients. Such a ' .:: . .: : :: . , ' , :. .......... .. . . ' ,.:
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process could be adapted to the presen-t invention.
Where the heavy metal is lead, the process conditions are prefer-ably controlled so as to result in forma-tion of normal lead styphnate, but a proportion of basic lead styphnate may be found acceptable depending upon the required circumstances of use. The yield of lead styphnate can be improved by thorough mixing of the components, so as to minimise the proportion of tm-reacted feedstock remaining in the composition. Where the process is carried out on a small scale, as in the example cited above of priming of rimfire cases by reacting components in situ, mixing can be effected by vibration of the reacting components. The yield of normal lead styphnate can be improved by control of the pH, and it may be necessary to add free acid to ensure the required acidity in -the reacting mixture.
The first stage of the double decomposition reaction is the forma-tion of a gel from which the heavy metal styphnate crystallises. The time required for crystallisation ~rom the gel stage depends upon the temperature and the concentration of the mixture, the time being longer for lower -temper-a-tures and higher concentrations. Where the composition is being produced in situ, maximum concentration is desirable to avoid having to drive off the solvent, usually water. Thus maximum permissible temperature is also desir-able, but this will be limited by the tendency towards thermal decompositionof reacting components and resulting products, and possibly also by the ef~
fects of increasing temperature upon crystal size of the styphna-te.
b) by reaction with styphnic acid:
A mixture was produced of the following materials in the s-tated proportions by weight:-:: . - , . , . . :............................ . : : :. ~ , , :

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a) styphnic acid 100 parts b) white lead 100 parts c) ground glass 50 parts d) barium nitrate 50 parts All of the ma-terials were in dry powder form, and all powder par-ticles passed through a 100 mesh sieve. When distributed between rimfire cartridge cases, the mixture was moistened with water and permitted to react in situ in the cases. It was found that the resulting primed case could be made to explode satisfactorily with a substantial flame. The quantity of 0 priming composition in each case was of the order of 14 to 15 mg.
The styphnic acid was of a type obtainable from the Royal Ordnance Factory at Bridgwater. White lead is basic lead carbonate of a type commonly used in paint pigmeNts and of the chemical formula 2 PbC03.Pb(OH)2.
The styphnate route is not limited to the production of lead com-pounds. Other heavy metal styphnates might be produced in a similar manner, and have previously been suggested for use in initiating compositions. Fur-ther, the acid reaction is not limited to the use of white lead (lead car-bonate) or lead oxide (PbO). An alternative possibility is lead hydroxide.
The use of lead oxide is particularly desirable, however, in tha-t there are no resulting by-products, the lead oxide and styphnic acid combining exactly to produce lead styphnate. The use of lead hydroxide is also acceptable on this ground, however, since bheonly resulting by-product is water, which is in any event present as an ionising medium. A further possibility would be a reaction between lead acetate and styphnic acid. In this case, the ex-pected by-product would be acetic acid, which would be volatile and could be driven off during the reaction. The by-product of white lead is C02 which is driven off. Further information on production of styphnates is contained in United States Patent 2,295,104 and German Patent Specification 2,531,997.

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~L~8~ 4 EXAMPLE 2 MULTIPLE SALTS ESPEC_ALLY NITRATO-HYPOPHOSPHITES
The double salt lead nitrato-hypophosphite is described in German Patent Specification Mo. 289,016, and the use of it in a priming composition is discussed in United States Patent Specifications Nos. 2,160,469 and 2,116,878.
In one test, the following materials were used in the indicated percentages by weight:-Lead nitrate 40%) Gum Arabic - ) WET
Lissapol - ) . . _ . . _. . _ Lead hypophosphite 40%) DRY
Grit 20%) The last two materials are relatively insoluble in water, and are proviaed in the rimfire case in the form of mixed powder. A concentrated aqueous solution of lead nitrate, incorporating small proportions of gum and Lissapol is then added to the powder in a predetermined dosage. The double salt lead nitra-to-hypophosphite will separate from the solution at ambient temperature. The product can then be dried until it is in a mouldable form, whereupon the case can be passed -to a conventional spinning punch -to compact the composition into the rim. The Lissapol functions as a surfactant in this example, but may be found unnecessary.
Drying may be effected at tempera-tures up to a-t least 100C., to produce a product containing approximately 10 to 12% water, which will be suitable for compaction. The produc-t may then be dried completely.
If preferred, the initial product can be dried completely, and a - . : - - -: . . , . : . , ,, . , :, .... ~ , .. .,: , , . , , ~ :
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predetermined dosage of water added to produce the mouldable composition.
A further drying step is needed after compaction as in the alternative process.
In an alternative method of forming a priming cornposition, the lead ni-trate, lead hypophosphite and grit are mixed as dry powder, and a pre-determined quan-tity of dry powder is inserted in -the rimfire case. About 10 to 12% by weight of water, -together with the Gum Arabic and Lissapol, is then added to the mixed powders, and the mixture forms the double salt generally as described above. Since the mixture now includes the required percentage of water to render it mouldable, there is no need for a drying operation before the case is passed to the spinning punch, or other device, for compacting the mixture into the rim of the case. In this method, the powders may be pre-mixed before they are inserted into the case, or they may be inserted independently and the case may then be vibrated to mix the powders therein. The mixing step has been omitted from some tests and a satisfactory product was nevertheless obtained.
It will be noted that ina method as described above, whether or not powders are premixed or the slurry is agi-tated during reaction, the double salt is permitted to crystallise substantially freely, that is without precautions to control crystal size as described in United S-tates Specifica-tion 2,160,~69. The formation of "extended crystals" referred to in that patent can be permitted in situ in an explosive device.
It is most convenient to form the composition at ambient temper-ature, and this has been found satisfactory~ Xowever, the method is not to be limited to such temperatures; it may be desired to control the temperature at which the product forms, and possibly to supply heat to raise the tem-perature above ambient. Temperatures up to ~5 C. have already proved satisfactory; higher temperatures may be used~ sub~ect to decomposition '' . '.' '." ' . , , ~
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of the compounds.
It has also been found possible to form the double salt with a pHvalue in the region 1-3, although -this is believed more acid than is nec-essary. Undue acidity is undesirable because of the possibility of an attack upon the material of the case by the solutions therein. On the o-ther hand, undue alkalinity of the solutions may cause stress corrosion of the case. A
pH of 3 to 5 is believed suitable. The pH will usually be determined by the pH of the lead nitrate component.
The molecular weights of lead nitrate and lead hypophosphite are approximately the same; the powders are therefore preferably used in approx-ima-tely equal weight proportions. However, a slight excess of either powder may be found desirable in practice depending upon the circumstances. The in-vention is not to be limited to substantially equal weight proportions, how-ever, since an excess of up to 100% of either component has been found to produce a product having satisfactory sensitivity and initiating powder. As the excess of either product increases, however, adequate mixing of the com-ponents may become a problem, and "patches" of ~mreacted component may be found in the case rim.
Where a solution of lead nitrate is to be added to lead hypophos-phite powder, it is desirable to make the solution as concentrated as pos-sible, to minimise the amount of water to be driven off before compaction.
A series of rimfire cartridges primed with lead nitrato-hypophos-phite produced by the first method outlined above has been subjected to a series of tests, the results of which are summarised in the following para-graphs:
Sensitivity Mean fire height - ~.71 - 1.18 inches All fire height - 9 inches - 19 - ,`

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,, This indicates a sensitivity greater than that of conventional priming compositions comprising lead styphnate and tetrazene.
The sensitivi-ty was found to depend on the proportion of the fric-tionator, i.e. grit in the example quoted above. If the frictionator was no-t provided, it was found -that the product would not fire even in a gun breech. Alternative frictionators comprise powdered glass and carbon par-ticles (coke). The sensitivity was also found to be dependent to a certain extent upon the proportions of the lead nitrate and lead hypophosphite, slightly lower sensitivity being found with an excess of hypophosphite.
Barrel time This is the time between the fall of the striker of the gun and the emergence of the bullet from the barrel. The time was measured at 2.59 -0.13 milliseconds. The rangeOf measurements was 0.58 millisecond. This is satisfactory in comparison with the conventional priming composi-tions men-tioned above.
The barr 1 time will be dependent -to some extent upon the relative proportions of the priming composition and the propellant. In the -tests mentioned above, the propellant was the disc-type single base propellant sold by ICI Limited under the name "Acurex". In the tests the cartridges contained about 80 mg of propellant, and the quantity of priming composi-tion was about 20 mg in each case. This is within the range of quantities of conventional priming composition.
Pressure and Velocity The driving pressureProduced by the tested cartridges averaged 5.78 tons/sq. in., giving a velocity of approximately 1,056 feet/second. This is slightly lower than the pressure and velocity found with conventional prim-ing compositions, but is satisfactory. After storage in humid conditions, the cartridges were found to give a pressure of about 5.68 tons/sq. in. and ,, : '~ ''' ,, . , : : , :

a velocity of 1,038 feet/second.
Mass explosibility This is the percentage of cases ini-tiated by an explosion of one case in a group. I-t was found that 90+% of the group could be initiated in this manner, possibly because of the very high sensitivity of the priming composition. Thismay be dealt with to some extent by using additives, such as glass "flour" and other inert subs-tances (see United States Patent Spec-ification 2,356,210) or polyvinyl alcohol (see United States Patent Specif-ication 2,341,262), or by adding a layer of varnish over -the priming composi-tion in the primed cases. An alternative method of dealing with the problemwould be to produce cartridges in a continuous line, avoiding groups of primed cases at any point along the line.
The priming composition may include further additives to give ad-ditional properties or modify the properties of the composition. For ex-ample, additives may be included to reduce mass explosibility as referred to above, or to improve workability as described in United States Patent Spec-ifications 2,327,867, 2,377,670 and 2,662,818. Other additives may providefuel: for example, antimony sulphide may be included for this purpose and results in a bigger n ame. Silicon and calcium silicide bo-th give sparks.
20 Fuels may be particularly important in priming of caps. The double sal-t lead nitrato hypophosphite can be formed in the presence of each of the fuels referred to, and it has been found that each of these fuels tends to increase sensitivity of the composition, reducing the proportion of frictionator re-quired. The composition may also include small proportions of other primary explosives, if required.
In themethod of producing the multiple salt, it is not necessary to perform the operation wholly within the container of the device, that is the rimfire case, cap or the detonator case. The components may be brought to-. ~
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gether outside the device, formation being completed in situ. Alternatively, the formation may also be completed ou-tside thedevice, and the formed product may be charged into the device. It is preferred to produce the multiple salt in small quantities, preferably appropriate -to individual explosive devices, because of its high sensitivity and the explosion risk associated with a large batch.
The use of multiple salts in a method according -to the invention is no-t limi-ted to the double salt lead nitrato hypophosphite. Similar mul-tiple salts are referred to in Uni-ted States Patent Specifications 2,175,826, 2,292,956 and 2,352~,96L~ and others may also prove suitable.

All solutions referred to in this example are in water. Unless otherwise indicated, all tests involved formation of composition in a car-tridge case, complete drying of the composition, re-wetting to mouldability, compaction into the case rim and re-drying. Unless otherwise indicated, re-acting components react in stoichiometric proportions and mixing of materials was effected in the case, usually by vibration thereof.
Test 1: 5.4 mg of sodium azide, of particle size lower than 100 mesh, weEe mixed in powder form wi-th 5.LI mg of powdered glass, and this dose was in-serted into a .22 rimfire cartridge case. 10.8 ~1. of lead nitrate were added to the case in a 50% solution. The sodium azide and lead nitrate reacted in the case to produce lead azide and sodium nitrate. The resulting composition was dried but was not spun into the rim of the case. ~`
This mixture involved a subs-tantial excess of sodium azide over lead nitrate relative to stoichiometric proportions. Nevertheless, in sen-sitivity tests~ the mean fire height for primed cases was 6.2" 0.7".
Test 2: 3.5 mg of sodium azide mixed with 3.5 mg of powdered glass were provided in a rimfire cartridge case and dosed with 17.8 ~1. of a 50% solu-~`v~

tion of lead nitrate. The mean fire height was 4.63" - 0.7".
Test 3: 7.7 mg of a powder having the following proportions by weight were located in a rimfire cartridge case:-sodium azide 50%
powdered glass 25%
antimony sulphide 25%
20 ~1 of 50% lcad nitrate solution were dosed into the case. The resulting mean fire height was 6.4" - 1.78", and it was noted -that the composition pro-duced more flame than that given in Tes-t 2. This latter result is to be ex-pected because of the addition of the antimony sulphide. This type of com-position would be suitable for use in a shotgun cap shell.
Test 4 4 . 5 mg of powdered glass were fed into a rimfire cartridge case.
12. 5 ~1 of a 28% solution of sodium azide were then dosed into the case, and were followed by 18 ~1 of a 50% solution of lead nitrate. The case was vi-brated during addition of the solutions, but the resulting composition was not spun into the rim. The composition was -thoroughly dried.
The resulting mean fire height was 7.1" - 2.3". However, after addition of 4 ~1 of water, the resulting mouldable composition was spun into the rim of the case head, and the mean fire height, after drying, was mea-sured at 5.1" - 0.89". Cases treated in this way gave an "all fire" height of 9" for a batch of 50 cases.
Test 5: 16 mg of a dry powder of the following weight proportions were in-serted into a rimfire cartridge case after thorough mixing:-lead nitrate 53%
sodium azide 20%
powdered glass 27%
This powder was wetted with 2.4 mg (15 weight %), of water and the resul-ting composition was spun into the rim of the head, and then dried. The composi-. .
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tion was observed to be somewhat powdery, and it is believed that insuffi-cient water had been added to ensure complete reaction. Nevertheless, cases primed by this method could be fired and the mean fire height was measured at 10. 2" - 1.28" .
Test 6: 4 mg of powdered glass were metered into a rimfire cartridge case, and the~ollowing solutions were added in the order indicated:-a) 12 ~l lead nitrate solu-tion containing 6 mg of solid, and b) 24 ~1 barium azide solution containing 4 mg of solid.
The mean fire height was calculated at 6.45" - 1.08".
Test 7: 9.3 mg of powder, comprising 6.7 mg of lead hypophosphite and the remainder powdered glass, were metered into a rimfire case. 9. 5 ~1 of a 28 solution of sodium azide were added to the powder, giving a total priming weight of 12 mg.
The mean fire height was calculated as 9.35" - 3.34". It was ob-served -that -this composition gave a large flame, indicating that it may be suitable for use in priming of cap shells for shotgun cartridges.
Test 8: As Test 7, but with 26.5 ~1 of barium azide solution (concentra-tion 166 grammes per litre) substituted for the sodium azide, giving a total prim-ing weight of 14 mg.
The mean fire height was calculated at 6.95" - 1.26". Again, a large flame was observed on ini-tiation of this composition.
Test 9: 13 mg of a powder, comprising a 50:50 mixture of lead nitrate and powdered glass, were dosed into a rimfire case, and 9 ~1 of a 28~ solution of sodium azide were added. The total priming weight was 15 1/2 mg.
The mean fire height was calculated at 5.2" - 0.99".
Teæt 10: As Test 9, but with 4.4 mg of barium azide, in the lowest quantity of water capable of taking the azide into solution, substituted for the so-dium azide.

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The mean ~lre height was calcula-ted at 4.5" - 1.59".
In Test 6 above, barium azide and lead nitrate will react to pro-duce lead azide and barium nitrate. The latter is the oxidiser used in con-ventional priming compositions, but lead azide does not require an oxidiser.
A diluent may be required to reduce the explosive violence o~ the azide, and barium nitra-te can function in -this fashion. Sodium nitrate produced in the reaction o~ lead nitrate with sodium azide can ~unction similarly to barium nitrate. The oxidiser can also supply oxygen to subsidiary fuels such as antimony sulphide.
Use~ul azides are not limited to these cited above. Theoretically, alternative heavy metals may be used, although lead is virtually universal in practice. Alternative lead salts may be used as a reaction componen-t, and soluble lead salts are pre~erred. In particular, lead acetate is a possible alternative to lead nitrate, since it is conventionally used in production o~
lead azide. The resulting sodium acetate would not function as an oxidiser, but it would ~unction as a moderator in the manner discussed above. Other soluble lead sal-ts are:- chlorates, citrates, isobutyra-tes, lactates, ni-t-rites, peroxydisulphates and dithionates. However, lead chlora-te should not be used in production of priming composition ~or ammunition, since combus-tion o~ a chlorate would produce chloride ions which would cause rusting o~ a gun barrel.
It is most convenient to form the priming explosive in an aqueous medium, but-this is not essential. In the Tests given above, the reac-tions occurred at room temperature, but this is also not essential. However, it is pre~erred no-t to reduce reaction tempera-tures since this lowers solubility o~ the components in water and necessitates extra water in the case. In the above Tests, no particular steps were taken to control -the pH o~ the reacting mixture and a suitable pH value can be established empirically~

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In Tests 7 and 8, it is believed that the sodium and barium azidesundergo double decomposition with the lead hypophosphi-te -to produce lead _ 25a -.: " . ' ~ , ..
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- ' ' ~ ' . . ': ': ' :~, azide and sodium or barium hypophosphite. However, it is possible that a sodium or barium a~ide: lead hypophosphite double salt is formed and provides the or an explosive ingredient in the compo-sition. The Eormation of such a double salt alls within the scope of the present invention as exemplified by Example 2 above.
By way of example, embodiments of apparatus in accordance with the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a plan view of an ammunition priming apparatus in accordance with the invention; and Figures 2 to 4 are diagrams of different feed systems for use in continuous production techniques according to the invention Figure 1 illustrates a series of rotatableJ pocketed modules, three of which are shown at 10, 12 and 14 respectively.
The use of such modules enables different process times to be accommodated on different modules while permitting uniform motion of transported articles through the transport system as a whole, i.e. without acceleration and deceleration.
Module 10 accepts rimfire cartridge cases from a suitable feed indicated by arrow 16 and passes them at a predetermined rate to module 12. Here, each case receives a predetermined dose of a first component required for a chemical reaction to produce a primary explosive, as indicated by arrow 18. The cases are then passed in succession to module 14, where they receive a predeter-mined dose of a second component required to produce the explos-ive, as indicated by arrow 20. At least one of these modules will dispense a liquid, preferably comprising water. One or both _ 26 -::: . .
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of the modules may dispense ingredients of a priming composition in addition to components which are to react in the case to form a primary explosive.
Further processing depends on the chemistry of the re-action involved. If required, mixing means may be used to mix the materials in the case. There may be means for removing ex-cess liquid in the case when it is no longer required for the re-action. In any even~, the cases are finally passed to an oven9 diagrammatically indicated at 22, where the composition in the cases is dried out. The dried primed cases may then be passed to a line, preferably automated, for propellant charging and inser-tion of the bullet, if the cartridge is not a blank.
Figures 2 to 4 show diagrammatically possible general ~ -layouts of feed systems for use in continuous production tech-niques according to the invention.
In the first embodiment shown in Figure 2 ingredients that are to form part of a priming composition are fed along paths 110 and 112 to a mixing ~one 114. Each ingredient is rel-atively insensitive. Relatively insensitive components that will react to produce a primary explosive are included respectively in path 110 and path 112. It will be understood that two paths are shown only as an example: there may be any number of incom-ing flow paths, for example, one for each ingredient of the mix-ture other than the sensitive explosive3 and one each for the components required to produce the explosive. Preferably, how-ever, the ingredients and components on the flow paths have been premixed where that is possible. The ingredients and components ~ 27 -.~ ,, .. :
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are mixed in small quantities in the zone 114, and in the illus-trated example they are immediately dispensed from that zone in predetermined small quantities into a series of containers such as the rimfire cartridge case indicated at 116.
There may be a suitable dispenser diagrammatically indi-cated at 118 for controlling the quantity of mixture passed from the zone 11~ to each case 116. Alternatively or in addition there may be control gates 120, 122 in the flow lines 110, 112 for controlling feed of materials to the mixing zone.

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': : . : ' . :' In an alternative arrangement shown in Figure 3, the materials are circulated continuously on closed flow paths 124, 126. The mixing zone is indicated at 128 and there are controllable tapping devices 130, 132 for tap-ping controlled quan-tities of ingredien-ts from the closed paths 124, 126 into the zone 128. Zone 128 has a dispensing outlet 13ll for supplying mix-utre to a cartridge case, cap shell or detonator case. There must be suit-able means for feeding material into each closed path to make up that tapped off.
This aspect of the invention is not limited to immedia-te dispens-ing of the formed mixture, nor to a "localised" mixing zone such as thatshown in Figures 2 and 3. Instead, ingredients may be fed on flow paths 136, 138 shown in Figure 4, to one end of a tubular mixing zone 140. Tube 140 may be formed as a "Static Mixer" as supplied by Kenics Corporation of Danvers, Massachusetts, United States of America. Such a mixer is described in the June 1970 issue of Chemical and Process Engineering in an article entitled "Static Mixer".
In any process in which the mixture is not to be supplied immediate-ly to containers such as cases or cap shells, it may be pumped along a duct-ing system. Such a system may have barriers at intervals along its length dividing it into predetermined regions so that an explosion in the sys-tem will be localised between explosion barriers. The cross-section of -the stream may be such that it can be divided transversely for dispensing into containers. However, division of the stream into predetermined quantities may be effected by any suitable dispensing device a-t the output end.
In Figure 2, relatively insensitive materials may be gated into the mixing zone in predetermined porportions appropriate to an individual utilisation demand. The mixture may be immediately dispensed : : :

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and further similar quantities gated into the mixing ~one. The embodiment of Figure 3 may be operated in a similar mannerO Al-ternatively, the dispenser at the outlet from the mixing zone in either embodiment may be arranged to divide the mixture between a series of devices. In any of the embodiments illustrated in Figures 2 to 4, the output rate is substantially matched to the demand rate on a production line for explosive devices continu-ous with the illustrated apparatus.
The invention is not limited to details of the illustrated methods and the explosiv0s referred to in the EXAMPLES.
In some instances, it may be found that deliberate mixing of materials is unnecessary. For example, if at least one mat-erial goes into solution which will penetrate a body of another material without mixing, then a deliberate mixing step can be omitted. In general, however, it will be preferable to include deliberate mixing to ensure complete reaction.
Regarding the selection of a primary explosive, this must depend upon the required conditions of production and use, bear-ing in mind the criteria already set out above. The double salt lead nitrate hypophosphite is a particularly desirable ammunition priming explosive from the point of view of most of the criteria for both reaction and productO It can be produced by a simple, speedy reaction between lead nitrate and lead hypophosphite, both of which are compatible with a brass rimfire cartridge case.
There are no by-products, and the starting materials are both non-explosive. The product is sensitive, and compatible with the container and propellant. It is capable of initiating propellant . . :

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powders. It has been found ~o give some difficulties in connec-tion with humid storage conditions. However, these can be dealt with by application of a sealing material, e.g. a bituminous material, to the join between the bullet and a cartridge case.
A suitable material has been found to be "Ritolastic" produced by Lancashire Tar Distillers Building Products of Church Road, Litherland, Liverpool.
The acid-base reaction for production of lead styphnate also satisfied the above requirements, and has the advantage that it produces a product in close accordance with conventional prim-ing compositions and which is known to be relatively insensitive to humid s~orage conditions. This route is therefore preferable to the lead nitrate/sodium styphnate route since the sodium nit-rate produced by the latter route is hygroscopic. There is one difficulty in the production of styphnates by either of the chem-ical routes referred to, namely the necessity to incorporate tetrazene to obtain required sensitivity in the product. Tetra-zene is itself a sensitive primary explosive, and must therefore be used in very low quantities in the feed stocks. Where one of these feed stocks is in the form of a liquid, the tetrazene may be included in that liquid as a dispersion and suitable dispersing agents may be included in the solution to aid this. It would however be desirable to substitute an alternative sensitiser for the tetrazene if possible. Lead nitrate hypophosphite could be produced simultaneously with lead styphnate, particularly where a double decomposition reaction involving lead nitrate is used.
Lead azide satisfies most requirements, but is known to ~, ~

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give corrosion difficulties when used in copper alloy containers such as brass cartridge cases. It then produces a copper azide through reaction with the copper in the alloy case, and this is itself a sensitive initiating material.
It should be mentioned however that a reaction in accord-ance with this invention does not have to take place in the final container. It could occur in another type of receiver which may be designed to apply _ 30a -~-................................................................... ' ' .

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less stringent requirements on the reaction conditions. ~he formation of explosive could even be completed in such a receiver and -the resultant "pel-let" passed on for charging to the final container. Where explosive is pro duced Oll or around a carrier, for example the bridgewire of a detonator matchhead, the carrier could project into a receiver of this type. In some instances, i-t may be possible to remove by-products which would o-therwise be deleterious, for example if they were soluble in the reaction liquid which could be decanted, drained away or sucked out of the receiver.
~here are further aspects of certain embodiments described above which distinguish -them from the prior art referred to throughout the spec-ifica-tion.
In a first aspect, an explosive is permitted to form freely, par-ticularly, but not essentially, without interference with its crystal form.
We have already referred above to the free formation of lead nitrate hypo-phosphite crystals, and compared this with the stirring suggested in United States Specifica-tion 2,160,469. We have also referred to the avoidance of the necessity to form "free flowing" and "reduced sensitivity" crystal forms of azides and styphnates - for example as described in ~ritish Patent Spec-ifications 1,336,561 and 519,340. Such crystal modification techniques are not excluded from the present invention, but they may prove unnecessary if the present proposals are adopted.

~ 31 _ .

' The priming of explosive devices according to the method of the invention may, therefore) involve producing a priming ex-plosive comprising a "multiple" salt of a hypophosphite, partic-ularly where the multiple salt has been permitted to crystallise freely during its formation. In the present specification the term "multiple" salt is used to indicate a salt produced by co-crystallisation of two or more component salts. Such a multiple salt may be used with another explosive, for example a styphnate which may be formed simultaneously, for example in situ~ with the multiple salt.
We have established that it is not essential to mix the components of lead nitrate-hypophosphite to obtain a satisfactory product, although mixing will give added assurance of a uniform product in large scale production of explosive devices. It ap-pears that a solution containing at least one component can dif-fuse through a body of undissolved material to produce the double salt. Since only small quantities of material are involved in the preferred embodiment the degree of diffusion is usually suf-ficient to give the required resultO
The priming explosive may be a composition including other, preferably non-explosive, materials, for example a fric--tionator and/or a fuel. The multiple salt preferably comprises a nitrate component and a hypophosphite component. Preferably both components are lead salts~
Such a priming explosive may advantageously be used with a nitrocellulose-based propellant. The propellant may be in the form of discs, for example as supplied by Imperial Chemical f !

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Industries Limited under the name "Acurex". The propellant may, however, alternatively be in the form of ball, flake or military powders. Alternatively, such a priming explosive may be used in priming detonators and may then be used with a secondary charge of a detonator. This may be a base charge, for example tetryl or PLTN.
In a second aspect, at least some by-products of an inter-action which produces an explosive are retained in an explosive composition. We have referred above to the ability to retain by-products in some circumstances, particularly where they can actas an oxidiser or at least as a desired diluent.
The by-product preferably forms a substantially anhydrous crystal, and preferably has a low degree of hygroscopicity. It is preferably a nitrate where it is required to act as an oxidis-er. However, there are other requirements which may have to be met. For example, in the double decomposition reaction for pro-duction of styphnates the styphnate feedstock should be as sol-uble as possible. Sodium styphnate has an acceptable solubility, and sodium nitrate performs satisfactorily as an oxidiser in a mixture containing lead sytphnate, replacing the conventioanl barium nitrate, Potassium and ammonium styphnate are also satis-factory on the basis of solubility, but potassium and ammonium nitrate have not performed satisfactorily as oxidisers. Magnes-ium styphnate is the most soluble, but magnesium nitra~e includes a substantial quantity of water of crystallisation, which is dif-ficu]t to remove.
It is not necessary for the double decomposition reaction ~ 1 .

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to provide all of the oxidiser required in a composition. For example, a conventional oxidiser such as barium nitrate could be added to a composition after formation of a heavy metal styphnate therein. Addition of barium nitrate at an early stage in such a reaction may result in the formation of barium styphnate which is an insensitive explosive relative to lead styphnate.
An explosive and by-product may be produced in a mixture of other ingredients, which may include each or either of a fric-tionator and a fuel. Alternatively, other ingredients may be added to the composition after the explosive and by-product have been produced.
The nature of the explosive will depend to some extent upon the intended use. For example, where it is required to initiate a low explosive, including propellants such as ball, flake, disc and military powders which usually include nitro-cellulose and may be of single, double or triple base type, the priming explosive is required to ignite the low explosive and not to cause it to detonate. The priming explosive is therefore required to produce flame, and/or heat and/or sparks, and may not be itself a detonating explosive. Where the priming explosive is intended to initiate a high explosive, for example the base charge of a detonator, it will usually be required to produce a shock, and a detonating initiator will then be required. An actual detonator may have two or more primary charges, for ex-ample a matchhead sensitive to heat produced by electric currents and a priming charge sensitive to a spit from the match head.
Both of these primary charges may be produced by techniques in

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accordance with the invention.
In any event~ priming explosive produced in a method of the inventioll should be capable of initiating finished explosive devices. Such devices will usually be arranged to produce sub-stantial quantities of energy, for example in the form of heat and/or gas and/or shock. All reasonable precautions must be taken to ensure that such devices are not initiated except in response to a predetermined event or events, and this can be done by suitable choice of priming explosive and/or suitable choice of container therefor.
The invention is intended for use in manufacture of finished explosive devices and partly finished devices, for example initiating devices such as caps. Manufacturing processes will usually involve continuous or semi-continuous repetitive operation over a substantial period, with a substantial total output demand over that period. The invention enables production of priming explosive to be spread over the relevant period in-stead of concentrating it, thus avoiding production and storage hazards. Thus, the rate of production of priming explosive in a method in accordance with the invention is substantially matched with the demand, although it may be acceptable if there is a small deficit or a small surplus which could be handled by a relatively simple explosive magazine. For manufacturing pur-poses, it is desirable that chemical reactions involved should be easily reproduceable with consistently reliable results.

Claims (25)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A method of priming a plurality of explosive devices by incorporating a discrete body of priming explosive with an element of each device wherein the priming explosive is produced at a rate which substantially corresponds to the rate of incor-poration thereof with the elements of the devices so that there is substantially no off-line storage of priming explosive and wherein production of the priming explosive involves a chemical reaction forming a primary explosive.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said explosive is produced in a plurality of small quantities.

3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein each quantity corresponds to the quantity required for each body of explosive.

4. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein each quantity is a batch sufficient for a plurality of such bodies of explosive.

5. A method as claimed in claim 3 wherein said explosive is produced in situ.

6. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein production of the priming explosive comprises production of a styphnate primary explosive.

7. A method as claimed in claim 6 wherein the styphnate is produced by double decomposition.

8. A method as claimed in claim 6 wherein said styphnate is produced by reaction between styphnic acid and a compound including a heavy metal.

9. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein production of the priming explosive comprises production of an azide primary explosive.

10. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein production of the priming explosive comprises production of a multiple salt.

11. A method as claimed in claim 10 wherein said multiple salt is lead nitrato-hypophosphite.

12. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein production of the priming explosive comprises reacting components to produce a primary explosive and a by-product which remains in the primary explosive.

13. A method as claimed in claim 12 wherein said by-product will function as an oxidiser.

14. A method as claimed in claim 12 or 13 wherein said by-product is a nitrate.

15. A method as claimed in claim 12 or 13 wherein said primary explosive is a heavy metal styphnate.

16. A method as claimed in claim 12 or 13 wherein said by-product forms a substantially anhydrous crystal.

17. A method as claimed in claim 12 wherein said primary ex-plosive is lead styphnate and said by-product is sodium nitrate.

18. A method as claimed in claim l wherein production of the priming explosive is effected by taking a substantially dry pre-mix comprising components that will react together in the presence of a liquid medium to form a primary explosive compound and combining said liquid medium therewith.

19. A method as claimed in claim 18 for forming said priming explosive in situ wherein an appropriate amount of said premix is dosed into an element of each device and the liquid medium is combined, in the element, with said premix.

20. A method as claimed in claim 19 wherein said premix is dosed into said element and the liquid medium is then added thereto.

21. A method as claimed in any one of claims 18 to 20 wherein the premix additionally comprises one or more ingredients of a priming composition.

22. A modification of a method as claimed in any one of claims 18 to 20 wherein at least one of said components and/or ingredients is initially contained in the liquid medium.

23. A method of incorporating a body of priming explosive with each of a plurality of containers therefor, each container forming, or intended to form, part of a unit of ammunition, the method comprising the steps of dosing an amount of a substan-tially dry premix into each container, said premix comprising components that will react together in the presence of a liquid medium forming a primary explosive compound, and combining, in each container, an amount of said liquid medium with the premix.

24. A method as claimed in claim 23 wherein said amount of liquid medium is dosed into each container after the premix has been dosed thereinto.

25. A method as claimed in claim 23 or 24 wherein said premix additionally contains one or more ingredients of a priming composition.