CA1087913A - Chill prevention for banana underpeel - Google Patents
Chill prevention for banana underpeelInfo
- Publication number
- CA1087913A CA1087913A CA286,392A CA286392A CA1087913A CA 1087913 A CA1087913 A CA 1087913A CA 286392 A CA286392 A CA 286392A CA 1087913 A CA1087913 A CA 1087913A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- latex
- oleaginous material
- vessels
- underpeel
- cell membranes
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present invention is a method of swelling cell mem-branes of cells surrounding the latex containing vessels in the underpeel of bananas to enable these latex vessels to be more resistant to temperatures within the range of 45°F to 55°F.
An oleaginous material having a specified viscosity is applied to the exterior peel while the underpeel is maintained at a temperature above 55° during the application for a dwell period of at least 24 hours to permit substantially all of the oleaginous material to penetrate below the exterior peel and and into the sites of the latex vessel cell membranes to swell the membranes to prevent both a phase change in the cell membranes and an increase in the permeability for the liquid and solutes of the cells surrounding latex vessels into the latex contained in these vessels.
The present invention is a method of swelling cell mem-branes of cells surrounding the latex containing vessels in the underpeel of bananas to enable these latex vessels to be more resistant to temperatures within the range of 45°F to 55°F.
An oleaginous material having a specified viscosity is applied to the exterior peel while the underpeel is maintained at a temperature above 55° during the application for a dwell period of at least 24 hours to permit substantially all of the oleaginous material to penetrate below the exterior peel and and into the sites of the latex vessel cell membranes to swell the membranes to prevent both a phase change in the cell membranes and an increase in the permeability for the liquid and solutes of the cells surrounding latex vessels into the latex contained in these vessels.
Description
'7~3~3 , SUMM~RY OF 1`11E PRl!S13NT INV~NTCON
The present invention is a method of swelling cell membranes of cells surrounding the latex containing vessels in the underpeel of bananas to enable these , latex vessels to ~e more resis~ant to temperatures within the range of 45 F to 55 F. An oleaginous ~1 ~, material having a specified viscosity is applied to i, the exterior peel while the underpeel is maintained at !
a temperature above 55 during the application for a dwell period of at least 24 hours to permit substantially ,, all of the oleaginous material to penetrate below the exterior peel and into the sites of the latex vessel cell membranes to swell the membranes to prevent both a phase change in the cell membranes and an increase ~ in the permeability for the liquid and solutes o~ the :i ~1 cells surrounding latex vessels into the latex contained ,~ in these vessels.
i " ,.
The product of the present invention is the banana having an underpeel in which the cell membranes ~, lining the latex vessels are swelled by the oleaginous material that has penetrated the exterior skin. The oleaginous material may be a vegetable oil, mineral oil, or a mono-, di-, tri-glyceride, phospholipid or ;l dimethyl polysiloxane.
~1 .
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. .
... .
, .
-- - .. .. . . . . .
,: , . :, :
~i ', , : .
~ ~0~79~L3 -D13SCRIP'l'ION O~ Tll~. PR~FI~RRED l?M13ODIM33NT
The banana is known to posess an underpeel wh:ich is locat~d about 1/16 to 1/8 of an inch below the ,, surface of the ex~erior skin. This underpeel contains many of the somewhat unique latex vessels containing .~, , latex that is the cause of the darkening when the under-peel obtains a temperature between the range of 45 and 55 F. The precise structure and formation of the latex vessels are not clear but their presence has been clearly determined. ~ining these latex vessels are cell ~ membranes which are normally ~ubstantially impenetrable ,~i by the liquids and solutes normally present in the i cells formed by the cell membranes. As long as the cell .. t , .::
membranes maintain the latex in the latex vessels and ~ the liquids and solutes in the cells separate there ``, apparently is no interaction that produces the -' characateristic darkening and the totally undesirable '<~ banana incapable of commerical sale.
.~,. j , ?~' 1 It has been found that the cell membranes " .
`! 20 undergo a phase change at temperatures of 55 and below.
~, The lower the temperature the more rapid and complete the ,' phase change. During the phase change within the cell membranes, it is believed that the liquid-crystalline structure undergoes a transition to a solid-gel phase which has greater permeability for the liquids and solutes in the cell surrounded by the cell membrane.
.. ~ - . .
" 1 .
dC/ - 2-.. ,., ,, . : . ...
.; ,:
:;
.
: ~ . . . . .
:~L0~7~:~L3 '~`~ rrhis grea~er perllleabili~y r~ermits th~ in~erm:ixin~ P~ ~he cell content~ into the latex vessel~ resulting in the - darkening of the lat:ex, It has now been discovered in accordance with the i'! present invention that an oleaginous material when applied at temperatures above 55~F followed by a proper dwell time will upon application to the exterior skin of the banana penetrate substantially completely do~m to the sites of ' the latex vessels and cause a swelling of the cell membranes lining these latex vessels. The swelling of the cell ~ membranes has been found to change the electron-spln ,~ resonance in the cell membranes and decreases the cell mem-brane permeability to contained phosphate ions.
'' The change in the electron-spin resonance and the ,', decreased cell membrance permeability to contained phosphate ions by reason of the presence of the oleaginous material are detectable and measurable characteristics of the cell membrane. These are achieved solely due to the presence of the oleaginous material. The cell membrane so changed in its characteristics is now found to be capable of with-.~
! standing temperatures that would otherwise be considered '~; to be in the chill damaglng range.
1 The oleaginous material that are useful to .. I .
.,. 1 .
''I
.`:~ .
,, ~ ,, . .
b/ - 3 -. . .
~ , ., " .
!~...~, ,."` ' , . ' ` ' ` '' ` ~ . . ~ ' , :
' ' . ' ' .
'' ' ~ :
, ~OiB7gl3 achieve. the purposcs o the present invention include the satura-ted and unsaturat.ed oils that may be broadly classed as mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides. Typical of -~
; the type o~ oils found useful are oils derived ~rom the soybean, cotton seed, olive, corn, peanut, safflower, linseed, tung and coconut. These and other oils may also be referred to as vegetable oils.
, Other oleaginous materials include all types .
and grades o~. mineral oil, and dimethyl polysiloxane.
The molecular size or chain length of the dimethyl . .
polysiloxane oil is neither critical nor important.
The viscosity of the dimethyl polysiloxane should be in a range from 10.centistokes to 10,000 centistokes with a preferred range of 200 to 500 centistokes.
Phospholipids may also be used in the practice of the invention. The term phospholipid includes a number of materials within the broader class of complex li.pids.
,', useful phospholipids are lecithin, cephanlin and sphingomyelin. Also phosphatidyl, phasmalogen and their derivatives with choline, ethanolamine serine j and inositol may be usedO
.j .
These phospholipids are generally similar to an oily wax and may have to be mixed with one of the :
; other oleaginous materials if not sufficiently liquid.
., ! . -4-~ dc/
, . .
., j . .
, . .
! .`:' ~ , , .
., ~, . ' , ... . .. .
., , . . , , ' , .
~Lo~r~g ~3 A 10% ko 50~ mixture b~ weight with mineral oil for example is acceptable. The ~otal ~mount of the olea~
ginous material is the combination of both these inyre-, dients.
,~
'~
The oleaginous material maybe applied in any ' manner such as spraying, brushing, dippiny, or the like ,', to the exterior skin of each banana finger. The ~,l oleaginous material may be in aqueous emulsion or with a suitable aromatic solvent. The oil and water 0 emulsion may be achieved in any manner well known in I the art and may include surfactants and emulsifying agents to effect a homogeneous aqueous emulsion. Suitable surfactants may include, sodium lauryl sulfonate for ~l example or any one of a number of other esters of higher ~ fatty acids.
,;~
The amount of the oleaginous material that is ,. ..
` to be applied to the exterlor skin of the banana should ~ e in a range of 0,01 to 1 ml per banana finger. Prefer-~;:.
;~ ably, the amount may be in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 ml ~.
~, 20 per banana finger. It has been found that the amount that is applied is not critical provided that sufficient ?i~ amouItof the oleaginous material is present to penetrate below the exterior peel and into the sites of the latex ~ vessels cell memb~anes to achieve the swelling of the ." membranes.
dc/
. :!., . , -',,'`~`: , , ' ' 79~L3 In orcler to achieve khe proper pene~ration o ~he oleaginous material throuyh ~he ext~rior skin and down into the underpeel at the sites of the latex vessel cell membranes, it has been found that the underpeel must be maintain~d at a temperature above about 55F during the application and thereafter there must be a holdiny or dwell period of at least 24 hours with a preferable time of at least 3 days with 4 to 7 days the most preferable dwell period. After the proper dwel] period the exterior skin is found to be substantially free of any applied oleaginous material and does not constitute a coating on top of the exterior skin but rather an impregnation deep into the underpeel of the banana skin~ -In a specific example of the present invention Valery , .
, variety bananas were treated at 60F with a safflower seed ;~ oil by spraying the safflower seed oil onto the exterior skin of the bananas in an amount calculated to be approxi-, mately 0.3 ml ber banana finger. The bananas were held for `, ~ 4 days after which the banana was subjected to temperatures i; 20 as low as 50 for 6 hours. Untreated bananas were also ` subjected to the same temperature for the same length of -time and the control bananas were found to have darkened ''1 while the treated bananas were free of darkening. The same ,.. ~ .
~ test was conducted with bananas of differing maturity with ~ .
I' similar results. Similar tests were conducted wi-th , . ' .
immature bananas on the tree in tropical countries and , protection was obtained.
`.? I
. ~ .
``jb/ - 6 -., .
. .. .
.. . . : . : . . : . .. . ~ -~ ~fY3~3 : `
The und~rpeel o~ the treated bananas was examilled and the cell m~ranL~ of the l~tex vessels were found to have swelled clue to the presence of the ~! safflower seed oil. Little or no indication on the exterior skin of the pre~ence of safflower seed oil was found indicating that substantially all of the oil had found the sites of the latex vessels cell membranes.
The electron-spin resonance of the cell , ~ .
~, membranes was found to have changed at chill temperature due to the presence of the oleayinous material and . ' .
r~'! lo differed from the electron-spin resonance of the ,1 untreated bananas at the same chill temperature.
~ Further tests indicated that the permeability of the i~ membranes was lessened with respect to phosphate ions ,.,j contained in the cells. The treated bananas in contrast to the,control bananas were found to have no phase change occurring in the cell membrane. It was determined that this was a reason for preventing the liquids and , .
solutes in the cells from intermixiny with the latex in the latex vessels and prevented the darkening from :' 20 occurring in the control bananas.
.~'.'1 ~
.;"~
~`
... .
~1 ~,1 ~, .
",1 `ii `'i' dc/ _ 7 _ ~,',, .
.."~
; , , , .: . -. - . . . . . ....
.: . - . :
"
.: .
. , ,
The present invention is a method of swelling cell membranes of cells surrounding the latex containing vessels in the underpeel of bananas to enable these , latex vessels to ~e more resis~ant to temperatures within the range of 45 F to 55 F. An oleaginous ~1 ~, material having a specified viscosity is applied to i, the exterior peel while the underpeel is maintained at !
a temperature above 55 during the application for a dwell period of at least 24 hours to permit substantially ,, all of the oleaginous material to penetrate below the exterior peel and into the sites of the latex vessel cell membranes to swell the membranes to prevent both a phase change in the cell membranes and an increase ~ in the permeability for the liquid and solutes o~ the :i ~1 cells surrounding latex vessels into the latex contained ,~ in these vessels.
i " ,.
The product of the present invention is the banana having an underpeel in which the cell membranes ~, lining the latex vessels are swelled by the oleaginous material that has penetrated the exterior skin. The oleaginous material may be a vegetable oil, mineral oil, or a mono-, di-, tri-glyceride, phospholipid or ;l dimethyl polysiloxane.
~1 .
~ dc/ -1-.,.,~
. .
... .
, .
-- - .. .. . . . . .
,: , . :, :
~i ', , : .
~ ~0~79~L3 -D13SCRIP'l'ION O~ Tll~. PR~FI~RRED l?M13ODIM33NT
The banana is known to posess an underpeel wh:ich is locat~d about 1/16 to 1/8 of an inch below the ,, surface of the ex~erior skin. This underpeel contains many of the somewhat unique latex vessels containing .~, , latex that is the cause of the darkening when the under-peel obtains a temperature between the range of 45 and 55 F. The precise structure and formation of the latex vessels are not clear but their presence has been clearly determined. ~ining these latex vessels are cell ~ membranes which are normally ~ubstantially impenetrable ,~i by the liquids and solutes normally present in the i cells formed by the cell membranes. As long as the cell .. t , .::
membranes maintain the latex in the latex vessels and ~ the liquids and solutes in the cells separate there ``, apparently is no interaction that produces the -' characateristic darkening and the totally undesirable '<~ banana incapable of commerical sale.
.~,. j , ?~' 1 It has been found that the cell membranes " .
`! 20 undergo a phase change at temperatures of 55 and below.
~, The lower the temperature the more rapid and complete the ,' phase change. During the phase change within the cell membranes, it is believed that the liquid-crystalline structure undergoes a transition to a solid-gel phase which has greater permeability for the liquids and solutes in the cell surrounded by the cell membrane.
.. ~ - . .
" 1 .
dC/ - 2-.. ,., ,, . : . ...
.; ,:
:;
.
: ~ . . . . .
:~L0~7~:~L3 '~`~ rrhis grea~er perllleabili~y r~ermits th~ in~erm:ixin~ P~ ~he cell content~ into the latex vessel~ resulting in the - darkening of the lat:ex, It has now been discovered in accordance with the i'! present invention that an oleaginous material when applied at temperatures above 55~F followed by a proper dwell time will upon application to the exterior skin of the banana penetrate substantially completely do~m to the sites of ' the latex vessels and cause a swelling of the cell membranes lining these latex vessels. The swelling of the cell ~ membranes has been found to change the electron-spln ,~ resonance in the cell membranes and decreases the cell mem-brane permeability to contained phosphate ions.
'' The change in the electron-spin resonance and the ,', decreased cell membrance permeability to contained phosphate ions by reason of the presence of the oleaginous material are detectable and measurable characteristics of the cell membrane. These are achieved solely due to the presence of the oleaginous material. The cell membrane so changed in its characteristics is now found to be capable of with-.~
! standing temperatures that would otherwise be considered '~; to be in the chill damaglng range.
1 The oleaginous material that are useful to .. I .
.,. 1 .
''I
.`:~ .
,, ~ ,, . .
b/ - 3 -. . .
~ , ., " .
!~...~, ,."` ' , . ' ` ' ` '' ` ~ . . ~ ' , :
' ' . ' ' .
'' ' ~ :
, ~OiB7gl3 achieve. the purposcs o the present invention include the satura-ted and unsaturat.ed oils that may be broadly classed as mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides. Typical of -~
; the type o~ oils found useful are oils derived ~rom the soybean, cotton seed, olive, corn, peanut, safflower, linseed, tung and coconut. These and other oils may also be referred to as vegetable oils.
, Other oleaginous materials include all types .
and grades o~. mineral oil, and dimethyl polysiloxane.
The molecular size or chain length of the dimethyl . .
polysiloxane oil is neither critical nor important.
The viscosity of the dimethyl polysiloxane should be in a range from 10.centistokes to 10,000 centistokes with a preferred range of 200 to 500 centistokes.
Phospholipids may also be used in the practice of the invention. The term phospholipid includes a number of materials within the broader class of complex li.pids.
,', useful phospholipids are lecithin, cephanlin and sphingomyelin. Also phosphatidyl, phasmalogen and their derivatives with choline, ethanolamine serine j and inositol may be usedO
.j .
These phospholipids are generally similar to an oily wax and may have to be mixed with one of the :
; other oleaginous materials if not sufficiently liquid.
., ! . -4-~ dc/
, . .
., j . .
, . .
! .`:' ~ , , .
., ~, . ' , ... . .. .
., , . . , , ' , .
~Lo~r~g ~3 A 10% ko 50~ mixture b~ weight with mineral oil for example is acceptable. The ~otal ~mount of the olea~
ginous material is the combination of both these inyre-, dients.
,~
'~
The oleaginous material maybe applied in any ' manner such as spraying, brushing, dippiny, or the like ,', to the exterior skin of each banana finger. The ~,l oleaginous material may be in aqueous emulsion or with a suitable aromatic solvent. The oil and water 0 emulsion may be achieved in any manner well known in I the art and may include surfactants and emulsifying agents to effect a homogeneous aqueous emulsion. Suitable surfactants may include, sodium lauryl sulfonate for ~l example or any one of a number of other esters of higher ~ fatty acids.
,;~
The amount of the oleaginous material that is ,. ..
` to be applied to the exterlor skin of the banana should ~ e in a range of 0,01 to 1 ml per banana finger. Prefer-~;:.
;~ ably, the amount may be in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 ml ~.
~, 20 per banana finger. It has been found that the amount that is applied is not critical provided that sufficient ?i~ amouItof the oleaginous material is present to penetrate below the exterior peel and into the sites of the latex ~ vessels cell memb~anes to achieve the swelling of the ." membranes.
dc/
. :!., . , -',,'`~`: , , ' ' 79~L3 In orcler to achieve khe proper pene~ration o ~he oleaginous material throuyh ~he ext~rior skin and down into the underpeel at the sites of the latex vessel cell membranes, it has been found that the underpeel must be maintain~d at a temperature above about 55F during the application and thereafter there must be a holdiny or dwell period of at least 24 hours with a preferable time of at least 3 days with 4 to 7 days the most preferable dwell period. After the proper dwel] period the exterior skin is found to be substantially free of any applied oleaginous material and does not constitute a coating on top of the exterior skin but rather an impregnation deep into the underpeel of the banana skin~ -In a specific example of the present invention Valery , .
, variety bananas were treated at 60F with a safflower seed ;~ oil by spraying the safflower seed oil onto the exterior skin of the bananas in an amount calculated to be approxi-, mately 0.3 ml ber banana finger. The bananas were held for `, ~ 4 days after which the banana was subjected to temperatures i; 20 as low as 50 for 6 hours. Untreated bananas were also ` subjected to the same temperature for the same length of -time and the control bananas were found to have darkened ''1 while the treated bananas were free of darkening. The same ,.. ~ .
~ test was conducted with bananas of differing maturity with ~ .
I' similar results. Similar tests were conducted wi-th , . ' .
immature bananas on the tree in tropical countries and , protection was obtained.
`.? I
. ~ .
``jb/ - 6 -., .
. .. .
.. . . : . : . . : . .. . ~ -~ ~fY3~3 : `
The und~rpeel o~ the treated bananas was examilled and the cell m~ranL~ of the l~tex vessels were found to have swelled clue to the presence of the ~! safflower seed oil. Little or no indication on the exterior skin of the pre~ence of safflower seed oil was found indicating that substantially all of the oil had found the sites of the latex vessels cell membranes.
The electron-spin resonance of the cell , ~ .
~, membranes was found to have changed at chill temperature due to the presence of the oleayinous material and . ' .
r~'! lo differed from the electron-spin resonance of the ,1 untreated bananas at the same chill temperature.
~ Further tests indicated that the permeability of the i~ membranes was lessened with respect to phosphate ions ,.,j contained in the cells. The treated bananas in contrast to the,control bananas were found to have no phase change occurring in the cell membrane. It was determined that this was a reason for preventing the liquids and , .
solutes in the cells from intermixiny with the latex in the latex vessels and prevented the darkening from :' 20 occurring in the control bananas.
.~'.'1 ~
.;"~
~`
... .
~1 ~,1 ~, .
",1 `ii `'i' dc/ _ 7 _ ~,',, .
.."~
; , , , .: . -. - . . . . . ....
.: . - . :
"
.: .
. , ,
Claims (10)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method of swelling the cell membranes of the cells surrounding the latex controlling vessels in the underpeel of bananas to enable these latex vessels to be more resistant to temperatures within the range of 45°F to 55°F, the method comprising, treating the exterior peel of a banana finger with an application of an oleaginous material having a viscosity of 10 to 10,000 centistokes, maintaining the temperature of the underpeel above 55°F during said application and holding the under-peel for a dwell period of at least 24 hours, applying a sufficient amount of said oleaginous material to permit said oleaginous material to penetrate below the exterior peel and into the sites of the latex vessel cell membranes to thereby swell said membranes in order to prevent both a phase change in the cell mem-branes and an increase in the permeability for the liquid and solutes of the cells surrounding the latex vessels into the latex contained in these vessels.
2. The process of Claim 1 including the amount of said oleaginous material being in the range of 0.01 to 1 ml per banana finger.
3. The process of Claims 1 and 2, including the amount of said oleaginous material being in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 ml per banana finger.
4. The process of Claims 1 through 3 including said dwell time being at least three days.
5. The process of Claims l through 4 including changing the electron-spin resonance in the cell membranes and decreasing the cell membrane permeability to phosphate ions.
6. The process of Claims 1 through 5 wherein said oleaginous material is a vegetable oil, dimethyl polysiloxane, mineral oil, a mono-, di- and tri-glyceride or a phospholipid.
7. A banana having an underpeel having latex vessels, the improvement for enabling the underpeel to withstand temperatures within the temperature range of 45°F to 55°F without darkening, said improvement comprising, said cell membranes being swelled and containing an oleaginous material, said oleaginous material being present in said cell membranes in an amount sufficient to produce swelling, change the electron-spin resonance of said cell membranes and lessen the permeability of said cell membranes to ions within the cells, whereby to prevent a phase change in said cell membranes when at a cell membrane temperature in said temperature range.
8. The product of Claim 7 including the amount of said oleaginous material being in the range of 0.1 to 0.5 ml per banana finger.
9. The product of claims 7 or 8 including said oleaginous material being substantially completely in the underpeel of the banana and at least about 1/16 inch below the exterior peel skin.
10. The product of Claims 7 through 9 wherein said oleaginous material is a vegetable oil, dimethyl polysiloxane, mineral oil, a mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride or a phospholipid.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA286,392A CA1087913A (en) | 1977-09-09 | 1977-09-09 | Chill prevention for banana underpeel |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA286,392A CA1087913A (en) | 1977-09-09 | 1977-09-09 | Chill prevention for banana underpeel |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1087913A true CA1087913A (en) | 1980-10-21 |
Family
ID=4109492
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA286,392A Expired CA1087913A (en) | 1977-09-09 | 1977-09-09 | Chill prevention for banana underpeel |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1087913A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108244228A (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2018-07-06 | 华南农业大学 | A kind of method for extending banana shelf life |
-
1977
- 1977-09-09 CA CA286,392A patent/CA1087913A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108244228A (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2018-07-06 | 华南农业大学 | A kind of method for extending banana shelf life |
| CN108244228B (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2021-07-30 | 华南农业大学 | Method for prolonging shelf life of bananas |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |