CA1080139A - Composite tubing product - Google Patents
Composite tubing productInfo
- Publication number
- CA1080139A CA1080139A CA291,964A CA291964A CA1080139A CA 1080139 A CA1080139 A CA 1080139A CA 291964 A CA291964 A CA 291964A CA 1080139 A CA1080139 A CA 1080139A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- composite tubing
- line means
- layers
- tubing
- fluid conveyance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
- F16L59/14—Arrangements for the insulation of pipes or pipe systems
- F16L59/153—Arrangements for the insulation of pipes or pipe systems for flexible pipes
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
- F16L59/12—Arrangements for supporting insulation from the wall or body insulated, e.g. by means of spacers between pipe and heat-insulating material; Arrangements specially adapted for supporting insulated bodies
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
- F16L59/14—Arrangements for the insulation of pipes or pipe systems
- F16L59/145—Arrangements for the insulation of pipes or pipe systems providing fire-resistance
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/54—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes flexible
- H05B3/58—Heating hoses; Heating collars
Abstract
COMPOSITE TUBING PRODUCT
Abstract of the Disclosure Elongate, deformable, composite tubing for use in maintaining or controlling the temperature of a fluid conveyed therethrough comprising one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines or one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines disposed in heat transfer re-lationship with one or more heating lines and having disposed in encompassing relationship thereabout an improved flexible thermal barrier. The improved thermal barrier comprises one or more flexible, flame resistant, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers of low bulk fibrous glass elements having a density of less than about 20 lb./cu. ft. providing improved thermal insulation characteristics in combi-nation with improved flexibility and reduced outer diameter.
Abstract of the Disclosure Elongate, deformable, composite tubing for use in maintaining or controlling the temperature of a fluid conveyed therethrough comprising one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines or one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines disposed in heat transfer re-lationship with one or more heating lines and having disposed in encompassing relationship thereabout an improved flexible thermal barrier. The improved thermal barrier comprises one or more flexible, flame resistant, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers of low bulk fibrous glass elements having a density of less than about 20 lb./cu. ft. providing improved thermal insulation characteristics in combi-nation with improved flexibility and reduced outer diameter.
Description
` ~080139 This invention relates in general to elon-gate, deformable composite tubing and more particu-larly to elongate, deformable composite tubing adapted for use in conveyance of a fluid from one point to another while maintaining or controlling the temperature of the conveyed fluid.
Deformable composite tubing comprising one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines or one or more . tubular fluid conveyance lines disposed in heat trans-fer relationship to one or more heating lines having a thermal barrier disposed in encompassing relation-ship thereabout for maintenance or control of the conveyed fluid temperature is well known in the prior art. Such composite tubing may be used, for example, by the Chemical Processing Industry for maintaining or controlling the temperature of a fluid conveyed from a process line to a sampling or control instru-ment for the monitoring of ~elected properties such as viscosity or molecular weight. In many cases, accuracy of the measurements being taken may be ad-versely influenced when the temperature of the con-veyed fluid is permitted to change during its course of travel from the process line to the sampling or control instrument. Other uses for such composite tubing may be, for example, the prevention of freezing or the heating of the conveyed fluid during its course of travel through the tubular fluid conveyance line of the composite tubing. Thermal barriers disposed about such deformable composite tubing provides a means of reducing costly energy loss which has lately ~3,'ii~
become of increased importance in view of recent national and international energy conservation pro-; grams. Composite tubing of the nature described has been disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,269,422 in which the thermal barrier is described as a Dacron-asbestos -;
laminate or a pre-formed or cast expanded foam ma-terial. U.S. Patent No. 3,315,703 also teaches that the insulating barrier or thermo barrier layer may be a laminated Dacron-asbestos and U.S. Patent No.
3,355,572 describes the flexible thermo barrier layer of insulating material as a flexible cellular plastic or insulating tape. U.S. Patent Nos. 3,522,413 and 3,727,029 teach other embodiments of composite tubing products without further defining thermal barriers over the prior art heretofore described. U.S. Patent No. 3,853,1~9 teaches the use of rope-like organic and inorganic fibrous elements of high bulk and low density for use as thermal insulation and U.S. Patent No. 2,578,280 merely describes a flexible insulation covering as being used as a binding mechanism.
Products made in accordance with the afore-said patent references, however, provide certain undesirable characteristics such as low tear strength, increased stiffness, low moisture resistance, high chlorine content and low thermal efficiency associated with Dacron-asbestos laminates or high bulk, high -compressibility, high deformation, enlargened diameter, lower melt or softening (with sub~sequent deformation) and poor flame resistance normally associated with foamed plastic insulations or high bulk and enlarged 1080139~
diameters associated with rope-like organic and in-organic insulations.
It is an object of this invention to provide improved elongate, deformable composite tubing adapted for the conveyance of fluids therethrough. It is a further object to provide improved elongate, deform-able composite tubing for the conveyance of fluid that is thermally insulated from the surrounding environ-ment. It is still a further object to provide im-proved elongate deformable composite tubing that is adapted to influence, maintain or control the temper- `
ature of a fluid conveyed therethrough. It is a fur-ther object to provide elongate, deformable composite tubing comprising one or more tubular fluid conveyance line means encompassed by an improved thermal barrier.
It is yet another object to provide elongate, deform-able composite tubing comprising one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines disposed in heat transfer re-lationship with one or more heating lines encompassed by a thermal barrier that provides improved heat in-sulating characteristics in combination with improved flexibility and reduced outer diameter. It is still a further object to provide elongate, deformable com-posite tubing having one or more tubular fluid con-veyance lines or one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines disposed in heat transfer relationship with one or more heating lines wherein said line means are en-compassed by a flame resistant thermal barrier com-prising one or more flexible, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers of low bulk, low density fibrous 1080139' glass elements providing improved heat insulating char-acteristics in combination with improved flexibility and reduced outer diameter. It is yet a further object to provide elongate, deformable composite tubing comprising one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines or one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines dis~posed in heat transfer relationship with one or more heating line means wherein said line means are encompassed by a thermal barrier comprising one or more flexible, flame resistant, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers of low bulk, low density fibrous glass elements providing substantial retention of thermal insulation quality under radially compressed conditions in combination with improved flexibility and reduced outer diameter.
Figure 1 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing one embodi-ment of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 2 is a side elevation, fragmentary view, partially cut-away, showing the deformable com-posite tubing of Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing another em-bodiment of deformable composite tubing made in accor-dance with the invention.
Figure 4 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing still another embodiment of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
~ 10801~9 Figure 5 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing another embodiment of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 6 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing still another embodiment of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 7 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing yet another form of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view showing another form of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 9 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away showing yet another form of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 10 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, of still another form of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 11 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing a modified form of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 12 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing yet another modified form of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 13 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing still another embodiment of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 14 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary schematic view showing geometrical aspects of a thermal barrier layer used in deformable com- -posite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 15 is a schematic cross~sectional view showing another form of a thermal barrier used in deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention. ~ -Figure 16 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing yet another form of a thermal barrier layer used in deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Referring now again to the drawings, and in particular to Figures 1 and 2 thereof, there is shown a tubular fluid conveyance line 1 having tubular heat-ing line 2 disposed thereabout in contiguous spiralheat transfer relationship. In the example shown, heating line 2 may be used, for example, for the conveyance of steam, warm or cold water, or other fluids that may be used to provide a source of heat-ing or cooling depending upon the effect desired on a fluid conveyed through fluid conveyance line 1.
Tubular fluid conveyance line 1 and heating line 2 may be made from either metallic or polymeric materials such as, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene or fluorinated ethylene propylene. Preferably, tubular - iO80i39 fluid conveyance line 1 is made from a suitable stain-less steel and heating line 2 is made from a suitable copper alloy. Tubular fluid conveyance line 1 may be used as a heating line and line 2 may be used, if desired, for tubular fluid conveyance ]ine 1. It is also to be understood that the line means shown may be in parallel heat transfer relationship and is not limited to the contiguous spiral heat transfer re-lationship shown. Disposed in encompassing relation-ship about tubular fluid conveyance line 1 and heatingline 2 is thermal barrier 3 comprising one or more flexible, flame resistant, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers 4 of low bulk, low density fibrous glass elements encompassed by outer protective cover-ing 5. Although the embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2 depicts layers 4 as being spirally wound and having adjacent parallel edges in abutting relation-ship, they may be wound wherein adjacent edges of layer 4 provide a spaced apart or an overlapping relationship. Although not shown in the figures, it is preferred that successive radially adjacent layers 4 of the invention be helically wound in opposite di-rections with respect to the central longitudinal axis of composite tubing of the invention. It is also pre-ferred to provide oppositely wound successive radially adjacent layers for other spirally wound barrier mem-bers where used for composite tubing of the invention.
Layers 4 may also be, in part or whole, applied in a longitudinal overlapping manner such as shown, for example, in Figure 12. Layers 4 may also be applied in a longitudinal manner having adjacent edges in a spaced apart or abutting relationship or in combina-tion of spirally wound and longitudinal applica-tions having adjacent edges in overlapping, spaced ;
apart and/or abutting relationship.
Figure 3 shows electrical heating line 7disposed in heat transfer relationship with tubular fluid conveyance line 1 and held in contact relation-ship therewith by means of binder member 8 disposed about lines 1 and 7. Disposed about line 1, line 7 and binder member 8 is improved thermal barrier 3 of ~ -the invention encompassed by protective covering 5.
Electrical heating line 7 may be, for example, a semi conductive heating ~ember such as disclosed in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,861,029 or a constant wattage heating mem-ber comprising a pair of elongate, substantially par-allel spaced-apart electrical conductor members having high resistance heating elements, such as nichrome wire, electrically connecting the conductor pair in spaced arrangement along the longitudinal length thereof. Although heating line 7 is shown as parallel to tubular fluid conveyance line 1, the heating member may instead be spirally wound about tubular fluid con-veyance line 1, where it is suitable to do so.
Figure 4 shows another embodiment of electri-cal heating means wherein heating line 9 is comprised of a pair of insulated high resistance electrical conductors 9 disposed in spiral heat transfer relation-ship with tubular fluid conveyance line 1. Disposed about conductors 9 and line 1 is binder member 8 which .
~U8013~
is preferably used to hold conductors 9 and line 1 in contiguous contact relationship. Disposed about con-ductors 9, line ~ and binder member 8 is improved thermal barrier 3 of the invention encompassed by outer protective covering 5. Member 8 as shown, for example, in Figures 3, 4 and 7 may also be used to bind electrical heating lines such as line 7 of -- Figures 3 and 4 to tubular fluid conveyance line 1.
Member 8 may be a fibrous material such as a fibrous reinforcement strand made from an aromatic polyamide or it may be a polymeric material such as poly(ethy-lene)terephthalate fiber such as Mylar film sold by E. I. Du Pont de Nemours. Member 8 may also be a metallic material-such as metallic film, or a metal-polymeric laminate such as member 12 comprised of layers 10 and 11 as shown in Figure 6. In the latter ; case it is preferred to have the metallic portion of such laminates in contact relationship with both the heating line and fluid conveyance line such that mem-ber 12 provides a means of more uniformly distribut-ing heat derived from the heating line as well as pro-viding a binding function.
Figure 5 illustrates an embodiment of the invention wherein heating line 2 is spaced apart from tubular fluid conveyance line 1 by means of separation member 6 disposed in encompassing relationship about tubular fluid conveyance line 1 and having improved thermal barrier 3 of the invention encompassed by pro-tective covering 5 disposed thereabout. Such separa-tion means can be employed as a means of further ~08013~ -controlling the temperature gradient between fluid con-veyance line 1 and heating line 2. Such separation may be accomp~lished, for example, by wrapping or coating line 2 with a suitable barrier material such ~:
as, for example, the fibrous glass elements of the invention, or providing spaced separation members along the axial length thereof, and the like. It is to be understood that such separation means may also : be employed in relation to tubular fluid conveyance - 10 line 1 or, depending upon requirements, for both tubular fluid conveyance linesl and heating line 2.
It is to be further understood that separation bar-riers such as shown and described in Figure 5 may also be employed in relation to electrical heating line means and is not limited to tubular heating line
Deformable composite tubing comprising one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines or one or more . tubular fluid conveyance lines disposed in heat trans-fer relationship to one or more heating lines having a thermal barrier disposed in encompassing relation-ship thereabout for maintenance or control of the conveyed fluid temperature is well known in the prior art. Such composite tubing may be used, for example, by the Chemical Processing Industry for maintaining or controlling the temperature of a fluid conveyed from a process line to a sampling or control instru-ment for the monitoring of ~elected properties such as viscosity or molecular weight. In many cases, accuracy of the measurements being taken may be ad-versely influenced when the temperature of the con-veyed fluid is permitted to change during its course of travel from the process line to the sampling or control instrument. Other uses for such composite tubing may be, for example, the prevention of freezing or the heating of the conveyed fluid during its course of travel through the tubular fluid conveyance line of the composite tubing. Thermal barriers disposed about such deformable composite tubing provides a means of reducing costly energy loss which has lately ~3,'ii~
become of increased importance in view of recent national and international energy conservation pro-; grams. Composite tubing of the nature described has been disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,269,422 in which the thermal barrier is described as a Dacron-asbestos -;
laminate or a pre-formed or cast expanded foam ma-terial. U.S. Patent No. 3,315,703 also teaches that the insulating barrier or thermo barrier layer may be a laminated Dacron-asbestos and U.S. Patent No.
3,355,572 describes the flexible thermo barrier layer of insulating material as a flexible cellular plastic or insulating tape. U.S. Patent Nos. 3,522,413 and 3,727,029 teach other embodiments of composite tubing products without further defining thermal barriers over the prior art heretofore described. U.S. Patent No. 3,853,1~9 teaches the use of rope-like organic and inorganic fibrous elements of high bulk and low density for use as thermal insulation and U.S. Patent No. 2,578,280 merely describes a flexible insulation covering as being used as a binding mechanism.
Products made in accordance with the afore-said patent references, however, provide certain undesirable characteristics such as low tear strength, increased stiffness, low moisture resistance, high chlorine content and low thermal efficiency associated with Dacron-asbestos laminates or high bulk, high -compressibility, high deformation, enlargened diameter, lower melt or softening (with sub~sequent deformation) and poor flame resistance normally associated with foamed plastic insulations or high bulk and enlarged 1080139~
diameters associated with rope-like organic and in-organic insulations.
It is an object of this invention to provide improved elongate, deformable composite tubing adapted for the conveyance of fluids therethrough. It is a further object to provide improved elongate, deform-able composite tubing for the conveyance of fluid that is thermally insulated from the surrounding environ-ment. It is still a further object to provide im-proved elongate deformable composite tubing that is adapted to influence, maintain or control the temper- `
ature of a fluid conveyed therethrough. It is a fur-ther object to provide elongate, deformable composite tubing comprising one or more tubular fluid conveyance line means encompassed by an improved thermal barrier.
It is yet another object to provide elongate, deform-able composite tubing comprising one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines disposed in heat transfer re-lationship with one or more heating lines encompassed by a thermal barrier that provides improved heat in-sulating characteristics in combination with improved flexibility and reduced outer diameter. It is still a further object to provide elongate, deformable com-posite tubing having one or more tubular fluid con-veyance lines or one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines disposed in heat transfer relationship with one or more heating lines wherein said line means are en-compassed by a flame resistant thermal barrier com-prising one or more flexible, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers of low bulk, low density fibrous 1080139' glass elements providing improved heat insulating char-acteristics in combination with improved flexibility and reduced outer diameter. It is yet a further object to provide elongate, deformable composite tubing comprising one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines or one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines dis~posed in heat transfer relationship with one or more heating line means wherein said line means are encompassed by a thermal barrier comprising one or more flexible, flame resistant, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers of low bulk, low density fibrous glass elements providing substantial retention of thermal insulation quality under radially compressed conditions in combination with improved flexibility and reduced outer diameter.
Figure 1 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing one embodi-ment of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 2 is a side elevation, fragmentary view, partially cut-away, showing the deformable com-posite tubing of Figure 1.
Figure 3 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing another em-bodiment of deformable composite tubing made in accor-dance with the invention.
Figure 4 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing still another embodiment of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
~ 10801~9 Figure 5 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing another embodiment of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 6 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing still another embodiment of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 7 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing yet another form of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view showing another form of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 9 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away showing yet another form of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 10 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, of still another form of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 11 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing a modified form of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 12 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing yet another modified form of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 13 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary view, partially cut-away, showing still another embodiment of deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 14 is a generally perspective, frag-mentary schematic view showing geometrical aspects of a thermal barrier layer used in deformable com- -posite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Figure 15 is a schematic cross~sectional view showing another form of a thermal barrier used in deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention. ~ -Figure 16 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing yet another form of a thermal barrier layer used in deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention.
Referring now again to the drawings, and in particular to Figures 1 and 2 thereof, there is shown a tubular fluid conveyance line 1 having tubular heat-ing line 2 disposed thereabout in contiguous spiralheat transfer relationship. In the example shown, heating line 2 may be used, for example, for the conveyance of steam, warm or cold water, or other fluids that may be used to provide a source of heat-ing or cooling depending upon the effect desired on a fluid conveyed through fluid conveyance line 1.
Tubular fluid conveyance line 1 and heating line 2 may be made from either metallic or polymeric materials such as, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene or fluorinated ethylene propylene. Preferably, tubular - iO80i39 fluid conveyance line 1 is made from a suitable stain-less steel and heating line 2 is made from a suitable copper alloy. Tubular fluid conveyance line 1 may be used as a heating line and line 2 may be used, if desired, for tubular fluid conveyance ]ine 1. It is also to be understood that the line means shown may be in parallel heat transfer relationship and is not limited to the contiguous spiral heat transfer re-lationship shown. Disposed in encompassing relation-ship about tubular fluid conveyance line 1 and heatingline 2 is thermal barrier 3 comprising one or more flexible, flame resistant, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers 4 of low bulk, low density fibrous glass elements encompassed by outer protective cover-ing 5. Although the embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2 depicts layers 4 as being spirally wound and having adjacent parallel edges in abutting relation-ship, they may be wound wherein adjacent edges of layer 4 provide a spaced apart or an overlapping relationship. Although not shown in the figures, it is preferred that successive radially adjacent layers 4 of the invention be helically wound in opposite di-rections with respect to the central longitudinal axis of composite tubing of the invention. It is also pre-ferred to provide oppositely wound successive radially adjacent layers for other spirally wound barrier mem-bers where used for composite tubing of the invention.
Layers 4 may also be, in part or whole, applied in a longitudinal overlapping manner such as shown, for example, in Figure 12. Layers 4 may also be applied in a longitudinal manner having adjacent edges in a spaced apart or abutting relationship or in combina-tion of spirally wound and longitudinal applica-tions having adjacent edges in overlapping, spaced ;
apart and/or abutting relationship.
Figure 3 shows electrical heating line 7disposed in heat transfer relationship with tubular fluid conveyance line 1 and held in contact relation-ship therewith by means of binder member 8 disposed about lines 1 and 7. Disposed about line 1, line 7 and binder member 8 is improved thermal barrier 3 of ~ -the invention encompassed by protective covering 5.
Electrical heating line 7 may be, for example, a semi conductive heating ~ember such as disclosed in U.S.
Pat. No. 3,861,029 or a constant wattage heating mem-ber comprising a pair of elongate, substantially par-allel spaced-apart electrical conductor members having high resistance heating elements, such as nichrome wire, electrically connecting the conductor pair in spaced arrangement along the longitudinal length thereof. Although heating line 7 is shown as parallel to tubular fluid conveyance line 1, the heating member may instead be spirally wound about tubular fluid con-veyance line 1, where it is suitable to do so.
Figure 4 shows another embodiment of electri-cal heating means wherein heating line 9 is comprised of a pair of insulated high resistance electrical conductors 9 disposed in spiral heat transfer relation-ship with tubular fluid conveyance line 1. Disposed about conductors 9 and line 1 is binder member 8 which .
~U8013~
is preferably used to hold conductors 9 and line 1 in contiguous contact relationship. Disposed about con-ductors 9, line ~ and binder member 8 is improved thermal barrier 3 of the invention encompassed by outer protective covering 5. Member 8 as shown, for example, in Figures 3, 4 and 7 may also be used to bind electrical heating lines such as line 7 of -- Figures 3 and 4 to tubular fluid conveyance line 1.
Member 8 may be a fibrous material such as a fibrous reinforcement strand made from an aromatic polyamide or it may be a polymeric material such as poly(ethy-lene)terephthalate fiber such as Mylar film sold by E. I. Du Pont de Nemours. Member 8 may also be a metallic material-such as metallic film, or a metal-polymeric laminate such as member 12 comprised of layers 10 and 11 as shown in Figure 6. In the latter ; case it is preferred to have the metallic portion of such laminates in contact relationship with both the heating line and fluid conveyance line such that mem-ber 12 provides a means of more uniformly distribut-ing heat derived from the heating line as well as pro-viding a binding function.
Figure 5 illustrates an embodiment of the invention wherein heating line 2 is spaced apart from tubular fluid conveyance line 1 by means of separation member 6 disposed in encompassing relationship about tubular fluid conveyance line 1 and having improved thermal barrier 3 of the invention encompassed by pro-tective covering 5 disposed thereabout. Such separa-tion means can be employed as a means of further ~08013~ -controlling the temperature gradient between fluid con-veyance line 1 and heating line 2. Such separation may be accomp~lished, for example, by wrapping or coating line 2 with a suitable barrier material such ~:
as, for example, the fibrous glass elements of the invention, or providing spaced separation members along the axial length thereof, and the like. It is to be understood that such separation means may also : be employed in relation to tubular fluid conveyance - 10 line 1 or, depending upon requirements, for both tubular fluid conveyance linesl and heating line 2.
It is to be further understood that separation bar-riers such as shown and described in Figure 5 may also be employed in relation to electrical heating line means and is not limited to tubular heating line
2 and that, although the lines are shown in contiguous parallel heat transfer relationship, they, and all ; embodiments of the invention, may be disposed in con-tiguous spiral heat transfer relationship where suit-' 20 able to ~o so.
Figure 6 shows further embodiment variations wherein member 12, which may be a metallic material .
such as a metal film, metallic laminate such as a glass-metal laminate, or a metallic-polymeric laminate and the like, is disposed in encompassing relationship about tubular fluid conveyance line 1 and heating line 7. In the case of metal laminates such as a metal-polymeric laminate, it is preferred to have the metal portion 11 thereof in contact heat transfer relation-ship to the encompassed members and polymeric portion ' - . :. . : .:.
. ~ ~ .. . . .
lU80139 ;
10 disposed radially external to member 11. Also shown in Figure 6 is improved thermal barrier 3 of the invention disposed about member 12 and member 13 disposed between thermal barrier 3 and protective covering 5. Member 13 may be a form of film or tape `
made from polymeric, metallic, metallic laminate such as a glass-metal laminate or a metal-polymeric lami-nate and the like materials for use as mechanical protection and/or barrier means such as may be re-quired for improved resistance to water and other chemicals. Member 13 may also be a form of strand-like reinforcement made, for example, from metallic, glass-like, synthetic fibrous and the like materials ; that may be applied by such means, for example, as braiding, helically winding, weaving, knitting and the like. As in the case of thermal barrier 3, mem-bers such as 12, shown in Figures 9 and 12, and 13, shown in Figure 5, may be applied in a longitudinal '~ manner rather than in the spiral fashion shown. As in all embodiments, it is preferred to provide a pro-tective covering thereabout such as, for example, pro-tective covering member 5 disposed about barrier 13 of Figure 5. Protective covering member 5 may be made of a thermoplastic material such as polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, thermoplastic, rubber, nylon, polyurethane or the like, or it may be made from cross-linkable materials such as rubber or other materials that may be suitably cross-linked by chemical or irradiation means. Although not shown in the draw-ings, it is considered within the scope of this 10~0139 invention to provide further mechanical protection means such as, for example, by disposing an armour-like sheath such as spirally wound metallic strands, interlocked annular-like sheath metallic members or continuous convo-luted metal and the like in place of, within or about said covering member 5. It is to be further understood that although lines l and line 7 are shown in contiguous parallel heat transfer relationship, that such lines, in-cludin~ variations described above, may be disposed in contiguous spiral heat transfer relationship when suitable to do so.
', Figure 7 shows an embodiment of the invention having a plurality of tubular fluid conveyance lines 1 ~, disposed in heat transfer relationship to a plurality of heating line members such as electrical heating lines 7, binder member 8 disposed about lines 1 and 7 and improved thermal barrier 3 of the invention encom-passed by protective covering 5 disposed about lines l, 7 and member 8. Although not shown, a plurality of tubular heating lines, such as,member 2 shown in Figure l, may be used in place of electrical heating line 7 and, as in all embodiments of the invention, such lines are not limited to contiguous parallel heat transfer relationship as shown but may be disposed in contiguous spiral heat transfer relationship where suitable to do so.
Figure 8 shows another form of the invention wherein filler member 14 may be disposed about tubular fluid conveyance lines 1 and heating line means such , as electrical heatin~ line 9 as shown. Disposed about lines 1, 9 and filler member 14 is thermal barrier 3 of the invention encompassed by protective covering 5. The filler may be made, for example, from tow, strand-like, particulate, fibrous, foam-like, organic, inorganic and the like materials and may be used for geometrical, heat conducting or insulating purposes.
Although not shown in the drawing, it is to be under-stood that composite tubing of the invention having filler, such as filler member 14 shown in Figure 8, may further incorporate additional members such as, for example, binder member 8, member 12 and/or member 13 as hereinbefore described. It is to be further understood that composite tubing of the invention having filler, such as member 14, is not limited to having electrical heating means 9, as shown in Figure 8, but may have, in replacement thereof, one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines disposed in heat trans-fer relationship with one or more tubular or electri-cal heating lines such as, for example, electricalheating line 7 as shown in Figures 3, 6, 7 and 9 and line 17 as shown in Figure 13.
Figure 9 illustrates another form of the in-vention wherein tubular fluid line 1 may have a rein-forcing material, such as fibrous strands 15 disposed thereabout for improvement of its strength. Although fluid conveyance line 1 and reinforcement strands 15 may be made from metallic or polymeric materials, it is preferred in this embodiment that tubular fluid conveyance line 1 be made from a fluorocarbonated -` 1080139 material such as, for example, polytetra~luoroethy-lene, fluorinated ethylene-propylene, perfluoro-alkoxy, poly-vinylidene fluoride, ethylene-polytetra-~ fluoroethylene copolymer and the like, and reinforce-:~ ment strands 15 be made, for example, from a fibrous : glass or a synthetic fibrous material such as aromatic ,:.
polyamide, sold under the tradename of Nomex or Kevlar by E. I. Du Pont de Nemours. Also shown in Figure 9, is electrical heating line 7 disposed in heat transfer relationship with tubular fluid conveyance line 1 en-compassed by member 12 hereinbefore described. Dis-posed about member 12 is thermal barrier 3 of the in-vention encompassed by protective covering 5. For the embodiment shown in Figure 9, it is preferred that member 12 be a metallic-polymeric laminate such as ~- :
copper-Mylar wherein the copper portion is in contact- .
ing relationship with members 1 and 7.
Figure 10 illustrates another embodiment wherein only tubular fluid conveyance line 1 i5 in-cluded in deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention. Disposed about line 1 is thermal barrier 3 of the invention encompassed by protective covering 5. It is to be understood that the design shown in Figure 10 is for descriptive pur-pose only and that such designs, not having heating line means, may include a plurality of tubular fluid conveyance lines and may further include filler member :
14 such as shown in Figure 8 and/or binding member 12 .
and/or barrier member 13 as shown, for example, in Figure 6 and additional thermal barrier such as shown, for example, as member 16 in Figure 11.
.
: - 14 -Figure ll shows another embodiment of the invention wherein an additional thermal barrier 16 [not comprising one or more flexible, flame resistant, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers of low bulk, low density fibrous glass elements] is disposed in ~:
encompassing relationship about thermal barrier 3 of the invention. In the embodiment shown, tubular heat-ing line 2 is spirally wound about fluid conveyance line l, improved thermal barrier 3 of the invention is disposed about lines 1 and 2 and additional ther-mal barrier 16 is disposed between thermal barrier 3 and protective covering 5. Suitable materials for use in such additional thermal barriers may be, for example, polymeric foam, rope-like organic or inor-ganic materials, asbestos tape, polymeric-asbestos laminates, particulate coatings and the like. Ther-mal barrier 16 may also be located radially internal to thermal barrier 3, where required, or located both radially external and radially internal to ther-mal barrier 3, depending upon design requirements.
As in previous examples, a barrier, such as member 13 of Figure 6, may be disposed between thermal barrier
Figure 6 shows further embodiment variations wherein member 12, which may be a metallic material .
such as a metal film, metallic laminate such as a glass-metal laminate, or a metallic-polymeric laminate and the like, is disposed in encompassing relationship about tubular fluid conveyance line 1 and heating line 7. In the case of metal laminates such as a metal-polymeric laminate, it is preferred to have the metal portion 11 thereof in contact heat transfer relation-ship to the encompassed members and polymeric portion ' - . :. . : .:.
. ~ ~ .. . . .
lU80139 ;
10 disposed radially external to member 11. Also shown in Figure 6 is improved thermal barrier 3 of the invention disposed about member 12 and member 13 disposed between thermal barrier 3 and protective covering 5. Member 13 may be a form of film or tape `
made from polymeric, metallic, metallic laminate such as a glass-metal laminate or a metal-polymeric lami-nate and the like materials for use as mechanical protection and/or barrier means such as may be re-quired for improved resistance to water and other chemicals. Member 13 may also be a form of strand-like reinforcement made, for example, from metallic, glass-like, synthetic fibrous and the like materials ; that may be applied by such means, for example, as braiding, helically winding, weaving, knitting and the like. As in the case of thermal barrier 3, mem-bers such as 12, shown in Figures 9 and 12, and 13, shown in Figure 5, may be applied in a longitudinal '~ manner rather than in the spiral fashion shown. As in all embodiments, it is preferred to provide a pro-tective covering thereabout such as, for example, pro-tective covering member 5 disposed about barrier 13 of Figure 5. Protective covering member 5 may be made of a thermoplastic material such as polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, thermoplastic, rubber, nylon, polyurethane or the like, or it may be made from cross-linkable materials such as rubber or other materials that may be suitably cross-linked by chemical or irradiation means. Although not shown in the draw-ings, it is considered within the scope of this 10~0139 invention to provide further mechanical protection means such as, for example, by disposing an armour-like sheath such as spirally wound metallic strands, interlocked annular-like sheath metallic members or continuous convo-luted metal and the like in place of, within or about said covering member 5. It is to be further understood that although lines l and line 7 are shown in contiguous parallel heat transfer relationship, that such lines, in-cludin~ variations described above, may be disposed in contiguous spiral heat transfer relationship when suitable to do so.
', Figure 7 shows an embodiment of the invention having a plurality of tubular fluid conveyance lines 1 ~, disposed in heat transfer relationship to a plurality of heating line members such as electrical heating lines 7, binder member 8 disposed about lines 1 and 7 and improved thermal barrier 3 of the invention encom-passed by protective covering 5 disposed about lines l, 7 and member 8. Although not shown, a plurality of tubular heating lines, such as,member 2 shown in Figure l, may be used in place of electrical heating line 7 and, as in all embodiments of the invention, such lines are not limited to contiguous parallel heat transfer relationship as shown but may be disposed in contiguous spiral heat transfer relationship where suitable to do so.
Figure 8 shows another form of the invention wherein filler member 14 may be disposed about tubular fluid conveyance lines 1 and heating line means such , as electrical heatin~ line 9 as shown. Disposed about lines 1, 9 and filler member 14 is thermal barrier 3 of the invention encompassed by protective covering 5. The filler may be made, for example, from tow, strand-like, particulate, fibrous, foam-like, organic, inorganic and the like materials and may be used for geometrical, heat conducting or insulating purposes.
Although not shown in the drawing, it is to be under-stood that composite tubing of the invention having filler, such as filler member 14 shown in Figure 8, may further incorporate additional members such as, for example, binder member 8, member 12 and/or member 13 as hereinbefore described. It is to be further understood that composite tubing of the invention having filler, such as member 14, is not limited to having electrical heating means 9, as shown in Figure 8, but may have, in replacement thereof, one or more tubular fluid conveyance lines disposed in heat trans-fer relationship with one or more tubular or electri-cal heating lines such as, for example, electricalheating line 7 as shown in Figures 3, 6, 7 and 9 and line 17 as shown in Figure 13.
Figure 9 illustrates another form of the in-vention wherein tubular fluid line 1 may have a rein-forcing material, such as fibrous strands 15 disposed thereabout for improvement of its strength. Although fluid conveyance line 1 and reinforcement strands 15 may be made from metallic or polymeric materials, it is preferred in this embodiment that tubular fluid conveyance line 1 be made from a fluorocarbonated -` 1080139 material such as, for example, polytetra~luoroethy-lene, fluorinated ethylene-propylene, perfluoro-alkoxy, poly-vinylidene fluoride, ethylene-polytetra-~ fluoroethylene copolymer and the like, and reinforce-:~ ment strands 15 be made, for example, from a fibrous : glass or a synthetic fibrous material such as aromatic ,:.
polyamide, sold under the tradename of Nomex or Kevlar by E. I. Du Pont de Nemours. Also shown in Figure 9, is electrical heating line 7 disposed in heat transfer relationship with tubular fluid conveyance line 1 en-compassed by member 12 hereinbefore described. Dis-posed about member 12 is thermal barrier 3 of the in-vention encompassed by protective covering 5. For the embodiment shown in Figure 9, it is preferred that member 12 be a metallic-polymeric laminate such as ~- :
copper-Mylar wherein the copper portion is in contact- .
ing relationship with members 1 and 7.
Figure 10 illustrates another embodiment wherein only tubular fluid conveyance line 1 i5 in-cluded in deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention. Disposed about line 1 is thermal barrier 3 of the invention encompassed by protective covering 5. It is to be understood that the design shown in Figure 10 is for descriptive pur-pose only and that such designs, not having heating line means, may include a plurality of tubular fluid conveyance lines and may further include filler member :
14 such as shown in Figure 8 and/or binding member 12 .
and/or barrier member 13 as shown, for example, in Figure 6 and additional thermal barrier such as shown, for example, as member 16 in Figure 11.
.
: - 14 -Figure ll shows another embodiment of the invention wherein an additional thermal barrier 16 [not comprising one or more flexible, flame resistant, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers of low bulk, low density fibrous glass elements] is disposed in ~:
encompassing relationship about thermal barrier 3 of the invention. In the embodiment shown, tubular heat-ing line 2 is spirally wound about fluid conveyance line l, improved thermal barrier 3 of the invention is disposed about lines 1 and 2 and additional ther-mal barrier 16 is disposed between thermal barrier 3 and protective covering 5. Suitable materials for use in such additional thermal barriers may be, for example, polymeric foam, rope-like organic or inor-ganic materials, asbestos tape, polymeric-asbestos laminates, particulate coatings and the like. Ther-mal barrier 16 may also be located radially internal to thermal barrier 3, where required, or located both radially external and radially internal to ther-mal barrier 3, depending upon design requirements.
As in previous examples, a barrier, such as member 13 of Figure 6, may be disposed between thermal barrier
3 and additional thermal barrier 16 or between addi-tional thermal barrier 16 and outer covering 5, or both, depending upon thermal design requirements. It is to be understood that composite tubing of the in-vention having additional thermal barriers such as member 16, shown in Figure ll, is not limited thereto and may include variations thereof such as, for exam-ple, having a plurality of tubular fluid conveyance 10~0139 lines; having a plurality of tubular heating lines;
having a plurality of tubular fluid conveyance and tubular heating lines; providing for substitution of one or more electrical heating lines for the tubu-lar heating lines of the above, providing for the in-clusion of filler members, binding members and/or pro-tective members such as members 8 t 12, 13 and 14 here-inbefore described and providing for the lines being disposed in contiguous parallel heat transfer rela-tionship instead of the spiral relationship shown.
Figure 12 illustrates yet another embodiment of the invention wherein fluid conveyance line 1 is encompassed by longitudinally applied thermal barrier 3 of the invention and protective covering 5 is dis-posed about thermal barrier 3. Such design is shown for purpose of illustrating longitudinally applied layers 4 of thermal barrier 3 and it is to be under-- stood that design variations thereof may be provided such as, for example, as hereinbefore described for Figure 10.
Figure 13 illustrates yet another embodiment of the invention, wherein electrical heating line 17, disposed in heat transfer relationship about tubular fluid conveyance line 1, comprises semi-conductive coating 18 having electrically conductive members 19 embedded therein. Semi-conductive coating 18 may be made, for example, from a polymeric material contain-ing suitable amounts of dispersed carbon black, metal-lic particles or combinations thereof. Disposed about heating line 17 is thermal barrier 3 of the invention .; .
- . . - - -encompassed by protective covering 5. Composite tubing of the invention may include a plurality of such tubu- ;
lar fluid conveyance lines 1 encompassed by electrical heating line 17 which may be disposed in contiguous parallel or spiral heat transfer relationship when suitable and may include additional elements such as members 8, 12, 13 and 16, hereinbefore described, de-pending upon thermal design requirements. It is to be further understood that heating line 17 may con-tain a plurality of electrically conductive member 19 and is not limited to the pair shown in Figure 13.
Figures 14, 15 and 16 illustrate geometrical characteristics of layers 4 used in thermal barrier 3 of the invention. It has been found that thermal barrier 3, having one or more layers 4, of the inven-tion, hereinbefore described, provides several unex-pected advantages. One advantage found, is a substan-tial retention of thermal insulation quality even though layers 4 are generally present, in composite tubing of the invention, in a radially compressed form.
Such compressed form generally results from tensions placed upon layers 4 and from compressive forces re-lated to components added radially external to ther-mal barrier 3 during the process of making composite tubing of the invention such as, for example, barrier 13 or outer covering 5 of Figure 6 and the like. It is believed, by use of flexible, flame resistant, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers of low bulk, low density fibrous glass elements, that a substantial amount of air is entrapped within and between said 1(~80139 layers during the process of making composite tubing made in accordance with the invention. Such air en-trapment is believed to provide a substantial reten-tion of thermal insulation quality, expressed as thermal conductivity factor [K], under the radially compressed form of layers 4 generally present in com-posite tubing of the invention. The ability to pro-vide good thermal insulating quality under radially compressed conditions has resulted in significantly reduced outer diameters and resultant lowering of the weight of composite tubing made in accordance with the invention. Another advantage found is im-proved flexibility. The improved flexibility is be-lieved to result from reduced outer diameter and im-proved air entrapment, as described above, in combi-nation with improved thermal barrier 3 of the inven-tion being comprised of one or more flexible, sheet-like, low bulk layers 4, herein before described, wherein a plurality of said layers 4 are free for relative movement between radially ad~acent, con-tacting layer surfaces, which are, herein defined as those surfaces of layer 4 which face either radi-ally inwardly towards the central longitudinal axis C of composite of the invention or which face radial-ly outwardly away from said central longitudinal axis. Such surfaces are shown in Figures 14, 15 and 16 as reference B. Because of the use of a plurality intersurface relationship between layers that provide freedom for multiple relative movements and thereby reduces the force necessary to deform composite tubing ` 1080139 of the invention, similar as, for example, to the function of leaf springs used in automotive suspen-sion systems.
Another advantage found is wherein layers
having a plurality of tubular fluid conveyance and tubular heating lines; providing for substitution of one or more electrical heating lines for the tubu-lar heating lines of the above, providing for the in-clusion of filler members, binding members and/or pro-tective members such as members 8 t 12, 13 and 14 here-inbefore described and providing for the lines being disposed in contiguous parallel heat transfer rela-tionship instead of the spiral relationship shown.
Figure 12 illustrates yet another embodiment of the invention wherein fluid conveyance line 1 is encompassed by longitudinally applied thermal barrier 3 of the invention and protective covering 5 is dis-posed about thermal barrier 3. Such design is shown for purpose of illustrating longitudinally applied layers 4 of thermal barrier 3 and it is to be under-- stood that design variations thereof may be provided such as, for example, as hereinbefore described for Figure 10.
Figure 13 illustrates yet another embodiment of the invention, wherein electrical heating line 17, disposed in heat transfer relationship about tubular fluid conveyance line 1, comprises semi-conductive coating 18 having electrically conductive members 19 embedded therein. Semi-conductive coating 18 may be made, for example, from a polymeric material contain-ing suitable amounts of dispersed carbon black, metal-lic particles or combinations thereof. Disposed about heating line 17 is thermal barrier 3 of the invention .; .
- . . - - -encompassed by protective covering 5. Composite tubing of the invention may include a plurality of such tubu- ;
lar fluid conveyance lines 1 encompassed by electrical heating line 17 which may be disposed in contiguous parallel or spiral heat transfer relationship when suitable and may include additional elements such as members 8, 12, 13 and 16, hereinbefore described, de-pending upon thermal design requirements. It is to be further understood that heating line 17 may con-tain a plurality of electrically conductive member 19 and is not limited to the pair shown in Figure 13.
Figures 14, 15 and 16 illustrate geometrical characteristics of layers 4 used in thermal barrier 3 of the invention. It has been found that thermal barrier 3, having one or more layers 4, of the inven-tion, hereinbefore described, provides several unex-pected advantages. One advantage found, is a substan-tial retention of thermal insulation quality even though layers 4 are generally present, in composite tubing of the invention, in a radially compressed form.
Such compressed form generally results from tensions placed upon layers 4 and from compressive forces re-lated to components added radially external to ther-mal barrier 3 during the process of making composite tubing of the invention such as, for example, barrier 13 or outer covering 5 of Figure 6 and the like. It is believed, by use of flexible, flame resistant, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers of low bulk, low density fibrous glass elements, that a substantial amount of air is entrapped within and between said 1(~80139 layers during the process of making composite tubing made in accordance with the invention. Such air en-trapment is believed to provide a substantial reten-tion of thermal insulation quality, expressed as thermal conductivity factor [K], under the radially compressed form of layers 4 generally present in com-posite tubing of the invention. The ability to pro-vide good thermal insulating quality under radially compressed conditions has resulted in significantly reduced outer diameters and resultant lowering of the weight of composite tubing made in accordance with the invention. Another advantage found is im-proved flexibility. The improved flexibility is be-lieved to result from reduced outer diameter and im-proved air entrapment, as described above, in combi-nation with improved thermal barrier 3 of the inven-tion being comprised of one or more flexible, sheet-like, low bulk layers 4, herein before described, wherein a plurality of said layers 4 are free for relative movement between radially ad~acent, con-tacting layer surfaces, which are, herein defined as those surfaces of layer 4 which face either radi-ally inwardly towards the central longitudinal axis C of composite of the invention or which face radial-ly outwardly away from said central longitudinal axis. Such surfaces are shown in Figures 14, 15 and 16 as reference B. Because of the use of a plurality intersurface relationship between layers that provide freedom for multiple relative movements and thereby reduces the force necessary to deform composite tubing ` 1080139 of the invention, similar as, for example, to the function of leaf springs used in automotive suspen-sion systems.
Another advantage found is wherein layers
4, normally having been radially compressed in com-posite tubing of the invention additionally provides a firmness to said thermal barrier 3 wherein resis-- tance to radial deformation is decreased while still providing substa~tial retention of thermal insula-tion quality, reduced diameters and improved flexi-bility. Such advantage is desirable, for example, in preventing thermal barrier wall distortions, such as kinking or wrinkling, when subjecting the compo-site tubing to small bending radii or flattening that ' may occur, for example, in areas where the composite tubing may be clamped for supportive purposes.
Figure 14 shows a typical portion of layer 4 having a width W, thickness T and surface B, which may face inwardly or outwardly from the central longi-tudinal axis C of composite tubing of the invention, depending upon the orientation taken in application of the sheet-like layer 4 during the process of making said composite tubing. In the example shown, both said surfaces are substantially smooth.
Figures 15 and 16 show preferred embodiments of layer 4 wherein one or both surfaces B of the flex-ible, sheet-like layers of fibrous glass elements has an undulated or roughened surface portion 20. The presence of such an undulated surface portion 20 is believed to further enhance entrapment of air for 1(~80139 thermal insulation improvement and reduces friction between radially adjacent contacting layer surfaces as a means of permitting greater relative movement between layers during deformation as hereinbefore described. It is believed that layers 4 having an undulated surface 20 on one side thereof may result from one of the methods of making such layers which comprises depositing fibrous glass elements of the invention having a liquid-like resinous binder onto a substantially smooth porous surface and evacuating volatile liquids therefrom through the porous surface such as the surface of layer 4 adjacent to the porous surface remains substantially smooth and the surface of layer 4 opposite to the adjacent surface attains an undulated or roughened appearance. Although it is preferred that all of said layers 4 have an undu-lated or roughened surface, on one side thereof, facing either radially inwardly or radially outwardly from the central axis of composite tubing of the in-vention, they may have undulated or roughened sur-faces on both sides and thermal barrier B of the in-vention may comprise combinations of layers and hav-ing the above described surface characteristics. ~-Width W, of sheet-like layer 4, shown in Figures 14, 15 and 16, may be of any value suitable for making composite tubing of the invention. Generally, width W is between l/4 inch and 4 inches and preferably from 1/4 inch to about 2 inches. Thickness T of layer 4 measured in a radial direction substantially normal to the central longitudinal axis of composite tubing .
, 1~80139 of the invention, shown in Figures 14, 15 and 16 may be from about .010 inch to about .250 inch, depen-dent upon composite tubing of the invention being made. Preferably thickness T of layer 4 is from about .010 inch to about .125 inch and more prefer-ably from about .025 inch to about .075 inch. Al-though it is preferred that all layers 4 of the in-vention have substantially equivalent thicknesses, one or more of layers 4 may have thicknesses within the above recited ranges. Width W of layers 4 may be substantially equivalent or may vary between la-yers such as, for example, width W becoming increas-ingly-larger for layers 4 disposed radially outward-ly about layers 4 of lesser width and the like.
Another advantage, not shown in the figures, has been found to be an unexpectedly high breaking strength of layers 4 in relation to the relative thinness thereof, that permits layers 4 be applied during the composite tube making process with conven-tional process apparatus such as, for example, tube fold-up guides and tension devices related to longi-tudinal application of layers 4 or rotary taping heads and tension devices related to spiral winding applications of layers 4. Still another advantage is that sheet-like layer 4 of the invention contains less than about 500 parts by weight of chlorine per one million parts by weight of said layer. Metallic com-ponents have been found to corrode and/or stress crack in the presence of chlorine bearing thermal insulations thereby making it desirable to provide -: ~080139 relatively low level chlorine content in thermal barrier 3 used in composite tubing of the invention.
Although layer 4 contains less than about 500 parts per million of chlorine, as defined above, it is preferred that the layers contain less than about 300 parts per million of chlorine and more preferably :
less than about 100 parts per million of chlorine for ~--providing a reduced corrosive and stress-cracking en-vironment. Although, the sheet-like, low bulk, low density fibrous glass elements may be woven, knitted or the like, to make layers 4 of the invention, it is pre-ferred that layers 4 comprise fibrous glass elements in a resinous binder such as, for example, a binder made from modified polyvinyl alcohol. The presence of a resinous binder tends to improve handling and flex-fatigue characteristics of fibrous glass ele-ments. Although layers 4 of the invention may have a density of up to about 20 lb. per cu. ft., it is preferred that said layers have a density of less than about 15 lb. per cu. ft. and more preferably less than about 13 lb. per cu. ft. in order to pro-vide the advantages hereinbefore described. It is ~
believed that greater densities would tend to lower ;
insulation quality, decrease air entrapment ability, increase thermal quality loss under radial compression and increase resistance to deformation.
An example of material found suitable for use as layers 4 of thermal barrier 3 of the invention is tile glass matt sheet, sold by Crane and Company and of which following Table 1 tabulates selected properties of interest.
. . ~ ~.
~ --- 22 -1(~80139 Property Acceptable Value Tensile Breaking Strength 15 lbs./inch - Width LMinimum]
Water Soluble Chloride 100 ppm - Maximum Binder [% by Weight] 10% Maximum Weight 4-5 oz./s~. yd.
Density 8.7 lb./Ft. Typical Surface One Side Smooth Opposite Side Roughened [Less Smooth]
Thickness .045" Min. Average .035" Min. Thickness at any point.
Width Variable + 1/32"
Thermal Conductivity .050 at 400F
[K Factor]
Btu/hr. - Ft. - F - Ft. .032 at 100F ;
The above described material was not known to be suitable for use as thermal insulation in com-posite tubing of the invention and was limited in its use at the time of the invention, to the making of conventional ceiling tile. Yet another material found suitable for use as a thermal barrier in deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention is Beta Glass Sheet, also sold by Crane and Company, and some of whose properties are listed in following Table 2. As in the case of Tile Glass Sheet, Beta Glass Sheet was not known to be suitable for use as thermal insulation in composite tubing of the invention.
., .. : . .
` 1080139 Density 13.6 lb./Ft.
Thermal Conductivity [K]
BTU/hr. - Ft. - F - Ft. ~051 Water Soluble Chloride 100 ppm - Maximum The significance of density and the advan-tage of having one or more flexible, flame resistant, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers of low bulk, low density fibrous glass elements as a thermal bar-rier in deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention is brought forth by the following example.
CONSTRUCTION: 1/2" O.D. copper tubing spirally wrapped with following listed insula-tions and having disposed thereabout a first layer of 1 mil mylar spirally wrapped with 50%
overlap of adjacent edges and an outer 80 mil layer of extruded Polyvinyl Chloride [PVC] as the outer covering. Mylar-asbestos used in the following example has a thermal conductiv-ity [K] factor estimated to be .162 BTU/hr. -Ft. - F - Ft. at 400F.
TEST: 250 PSIG saturated steam was passed through the bore of the copper tubing and the temperature of the outer surface of the outer covering was measured and recorded by use of J-type thermocouples.
;.
- 24 - r lU~0139 RESULTS:
INSULATION OUTER OUTER SURFACE AMBIENT
SYSTEM DIAMETER TEMPERATURE OF [F]
[2 Inch Wide OF OUTER
Tapes - Spirally COMPOSITE PROTECTIVE
Wound] TUBING COVERING [F
ASBESTOS-MYLAR
2 Layers, each 1.355 - 1.385 225 92 .062" Thick with 50% Overlap plus 2 Layers .016"
Thick with 50 Overlap TILE GLASS
4 Layers, each 1.34 125 80 .055" Thick with 50% Overlap Dimensional analysis of the above data brings forth the following points of interest.
1. That the Tile Glass barrier was radi-ally compressed at least .018" from its calculated uncompressed state.
2. That the asbestos-mylar barrier was radially expanded at least .034" from its calculated unstressed state wherein said expansion is believed to be caused by wrinkling and waviness normally as-sociated with such a tape.
The above illustrates that Tile Glass sheet provides the lowest outer covering surface temperature and the smallest outer diameter in comparison to My-lar-asbestos insulations under conditions of radial compression that would have heretofore been considered detrimental for the substantial retention of thermal ; insulation quality. It is believed that flexible, flame resistant, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers of fibrous glass elements having the unique .. . ..
combination of low bulk and low density provides the ability to entrap air within and between the layers during the process of making composite tubing of the invention resulting in substantial retention of ther-mal insulation quality under radially compressed con-ditions. It is also believed that said layers, for reasons hereinbefore recited, have provided a less corrosive thermal barrier in combination with re-duced outer diameter, reduced weight and improved flexibility and flame resistance.
Although the invention has been described in detail for the purpose of illustration, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that variations can be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the ;
spirit and scope of the invention except as it may ~.
be limited by the claims.
: - 26 -
Figure 14 shows a typical portion of layer 4 having a width W, thickness T and surface B, which may face inwardly or outwardly from the central longi-tudinal axis C of composite tubing of the invention, depending upon the orientation taken in application of the sheet-like layer 4 during the process of making said composite tubing. In the example shown, both said surfaces are substantially smooth.
Figures 15 and 16 show preferred embodiments of layer 4 wherein one or both surfaces B of the flex-ible, sheet-like layers of fibrous glass elements has an undulated or roughened surface portion 20. The presence of such an undulated surface portion 20 is believed to further enhance entrapment of air for 1(~80139 thermal insulation improvement and reduces friction between radially adjacent contacting layer surfaces as a means of permitting greater relative movement between layers during deformation as hereinbefore described. It is believed that layers 4 having an undulated surface 20 on one side thereof may result from one of the methods of making such layers which comprises depositing fibrous glass elements of the invention having a liquid-like resinous binder onto a substantially smooth porous surface and evacuating volatile liquids therefrom through the porous surface such as the surface of layer 4 adjacent to the porous surface remains substantially smooth and the surface of layer 4 opposite to the adjacent surface attains an undulated or roughened appearance. Although it is preferred that all of said layers 4 have an undu-lated or roughened surface, on one side thereof, facing either radially inwardly or radially outwardly from the central axis of composite tubing of the in-vention, they may have undulated or roughened sur-faces on both sides and thermal barrier B of the in-vention may comprise combinations of layers and hav-ing the above described surface characteristics. ~-Width W, of sheet-like layer 4, shown in Figures 14, 15 and 16, may be of any value suitable for making composite tubing of the invention. Generally, width W is between l/4 inch and 4 inches and preferably from 1/4 inch to about 2 inches. Thickness T of layer 4 measured in a radial direction substantially normal to the central longitudinal axis of composite tubing .
, 1~80139 of the invention, shown in Figures 14, 15 and 16 may be from about .010 inch to about .250 inch, depen-dent upon composite tubing of the invention being made. Preferably thickness T of layer 4 is from about .010 inch to about .125 inch and more prefer-ably from about .025 inch to about .075 inch. Al-though it is preferred that all layers 4 of the in-vention have substantially equivalent thicknesses, one or more of layers 4 may have thicknesses within the above recited ranges. Width W of layers 4 may be substantially equivalent or may vary between la-yers such as, for example, width W becoming increas-ingly-larger for layers 4 disposed radially outward-ly about layers 4 of lesser width and the like.
Another advantage, not shown in the figures, has been found to be an unexpectedly high breaking strength of layers 4 in relation to the relative thinness thereof, that permits layers 4 be applied during the composite tube making process with conven-tional process apparatus such as, for example, tube fold-up guides and tension devices related to longi-tudinal application of layers 4 or rotary taping heads and tension devices related to spiral winding applications of layers 4. Still another advantage is that sheet-like layer 4 of the invention contains less than about 500 parts by weight of chlorine per one million parts by weight of said layer. Metallic com-ponents have been found to corrode and/or stress crack in the presence of chlorine bearing thermal insulations thereby making it desirable to provide -: ~080139 relatively low level chlorine content in thermal barrier 3 used in composite tubing of the invention.
Although layer 4 contains less than about 500 parts per million of chlorine, as defined above, it is preferred that the layers contain less than about 300 parts per million of chlorine and more preferably :
less than about 100 parts per million of chlorine for ~--providing a reduced corrosive and stress-cracking en-vironment. Although, the sheet-like, low bulk, low density fibrous glass elements may be woven, knitted or the like, to make layers 4 of the invention, it is pre-ferred that layers 4 comprise fibrous glass elements in a resinous binder such as, for example, a binder made from modified polyvinyl alcohol. The presence of a resinous binder tends to improve handling and flex-fatigue characteristics of fibrous glass ele-ments. Although layers 4 of the invention may have a density of up to about 20 lb. per cu. ft., it is preferred that said layers have a density of less than about 15 lb. per cu. ft. and more preferably less than about 13 lb. per cu. ft. in order to pro-vide the advantages hereinbefore described. It is ~
believed that greater densities would tend to lower ;
insulation quality, decrease air entrapment ability, increase thermal quality loss under radial compression and increase resistance to deformation.
An example of material found suitable for use as layers 4 of thermal barrier 3 of the invention is tile glass matt sheet, sold by Crane and Company and of which following Table 1 tabulates selected properties of interest.
. . ~ ~.
~ --- 22 -1(~80139 Property Acceptable Value Tensile Breaking Strength 15 lbs./inch - Width LMinimum]
Water Soluble Chloride 100 ppm - Maximum Binder [% by Weight] 10% Maximum Weight 4-5 oz./s~. yd.
Density 8.7 lb./Ft. Typical Surface One Side Smooth Opposite Side Roughened [Less Smooth]
Thickness .045" Min. Average .035" Min. Thickness at any point.
Width Variable + 1/32"
Thermal Conductivity .050 at 400F
[K Factor]
Btu/hr. - Ft. - F - Ft. .032 at 100F ;
The above described material was not known to be suitable for use as thermal insulation in com-posite tubing of the invention and was limited in its use at the time of the invention, to the making of conventional ceiling tile. Yet another material found suitable for use as a thermal barrier in deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention is Beta Glass Sheet, also sold by Crane and Company, and some of whose properties are listed in following Table 2. As in the case of Tile Glass Sheet, Beta Glass Sheet was not known to be suitable for use as thermal insulation in composite tubing of the invention.
., .. : . .
` 1080139 Density 13.6 lb./Ft.
Thermal Conductivity [K]
BTU/hr. - Ft. - F - Ft. ~051 Water Soluble Chloride 100 ppm - Maximum The significance of density and the advan-tage of having one or more flexible, flame resistant, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers of low bulk, low density fibrous glass elements as a thermal bar-rier in deformable composite tubing made in accordance with the invention is brought forth by the following example.
CONSTRUCTION: 1/2" O.D. copper tubing spirally wrapped with following listed insula-tions and having disposed thereabout a first layer of 1 mil mylar spirally wrapped with 50%
overlap of adjacent edges and an outer 80 mil layer of extruded Polyvinyl Chloride [PVC] as the outer covering. Mylar-asbestos used in the following example has a thermal conductiv-ity [K] factor estimated to be .162 BTU/hr. -Ft. - F - Ft. at 400F.
TEST: 250 PSIG saturated steam was passed through the bore of the copper tubing and the temperature of the outer surface of the outer covering was measured and recorded by use of J-type thermocouples.
;.
- 24 - r lU~0139 RESULTS:
INSULATION OUTER OUTER SURFACE AMBIENT
SYSTEM DIAMETER TEMPERATURE OF [F]
[2 Inch Wide OF OUTER
Tapes - Spirally COMPOSITE PROTECTIVE
Wound] TUBING COVERING [F
ASBESTOS-MYLAR
2 Layers, each 1.355 - 1.385 225 92 .062" Thick with 50% Overlap plus 2 Layers .016"
Thick with 50 Overlap TILE GLASS
4 Layers, each 1.34 125 80 .055" Thick with 50% Overlap Dimensional analysis of the above data brings forth the following points of interest.
1. That the Tile Glass barrier was radi-ally compressed at least .018" from its calculated uncompressed state.
2. That the asbestos-mylar barrier was radially expanded at least .034" from its calculated unstressed state wherein said expansion is believed to be caused by wrinkling and waviness normally as-sociated with such a tape.
The above illustrates that Tile Glass sheet provides the lowest outer covering surface temperature and the smallest outer diameter in comparison to My-lar-asbestos insulations under conditions of radial compression that would have heretofore been considered detrimental for the substantial retention of thermal ; insulation quality. It is believed that flexible, flame resistant, low chlorine bearing, sheet-like layers of fibrous glass elements having the unique .. . ..
combination of low bulk and low density provides the ability to entrap air within and between the layers during the process of making composite tubing of the invention resulting in substantial retention of ther-mal insulation quality under radially compressed con-ditions. It is also believed that said layers, for reasons hereinbefore recited, have provided a less corrosive thermal barrier in combination with re-duced outer diameter, reduced weight and improved flexibility and flame resistance.
Although the invention has been described in detail for the purpose of illustration, it is to be understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that variations can be made therein by those skilled in the art without departing from the ;
spirit and scope of the invention except as it may ~.
be limited by the claims.
: - 26 -
Claims (37)
1. An elongate, deformable, composite tubing product having a central longitudinal axis therethrough and adapted for use in conveying a fluid from one point to another and providing means for maintaining or controlling the temperature of the con-veyed fluid, said tubing product comprising at least one tubular fluid conveyance line means, a sheet of flexible, flame resistant, low chlorine bearing, low bulk, fibrous glass having a thickness of from 0.025 to 0.075 inch and a density of less thant 20 lb./cu.
ft. wound in a plurality of layers one about the other and around said line means to form a thermal insulating barrier member about said line means, said sheet having at least one undulated surface whereby facing surfaces of the said layers have spaces there-between which entrap air and contribute to the heat insulating properties of the termal insulating barrier.
ft. wound in a plurality of layers one about the other and around said line means to form a thermal insulating barrier member about said line means, said sheet having at least one undulated surface whereby facing surfaces of the said layers have spaces there-between which entrap air and contribute to the heat insulating properties of the termal insulating barrier.
2. The composite tubing of Claim 1 having at least one heating line means disposed in heat transfer relationship with said tubular fluid conveyance line means.
3. The composite tubing of Claim 1 wherein each of said sheet-like layers of fibrous glass elements has a thickness of from about .025 inches to about .075 inches.
4. The composite tubing of Claim 1 wherein each of said sheet-like layers of fibrous glass elements has a chlorine content of less than about 500 parts by weight per million parts by weight of said layer.
5. The composite tubing of Claim 1 wherein said sheet-like layers of fibrous glass elements contain a resinous binder.
6. The composite tubing of Claim 5 wherein said re-sinous binder comprises a modified polyvinyl alcohol.
7. The composite tubing of Claim 5 wherein the weight of said resinous binder is less than about 10% by weight of each of said layers.
8. The composite tubing of Claim 1 wherein one or more of said sheet-like layers of fibrous glass has a substantially smooth surface facing radially inwardly towards said composite tubing central longitudinal axis and an undulated surface facing radially outwardly from said composite tubing central longitudinal axis.
9. The composite tubing of Claim 1 wherein one or more of said sheet-like layers of fibrous glass has a substantially smooth surface facing radially outwardly from said composite tubing central longitudinal axis and an undulated surface facing radially inwardly towards said composite tubing central longi-tudinal axis.
10. The composite tubing of Claim 1 having a pro-tective outer covering disposed in encompassing relationship about said thermal barrier.
11. The composite tubing of Claim 1 wherein said tubular fluid conveyance line means comprises a metallic material.
12. The composite tubing of Claim 1 wherein said tubular fluid conveyance line means comprises a polymeric mate-rial.
13. The composite tubing of Claim 2 wherein said heating line means is a tubular fluid conveyance heating line means.
14. The composite tubing of Claim 2 wherein said tubular fluid conveyance heating line means comprises a metallic material.
15. The composite tubing of Claim 2 wherein said tubular fluid conveyance heating line means comprises a polymeric material.
16. The composite tubing of Claim 2 wherein said heating line means comprises an electrical heating line means.
17. The composite tubing of Claim 12 wherein said polymeric material comprises a fluorinated hydrocarbon material.
18. The composite tubing of Claim 15 wherein said polymeric material comprises a fluorinated hydrocarbon material.
19. The composite tubing of Claim 1 having a binding member disposed between said line means and said thermal barrier and encompassing the said line means.
20. The composite tubing of Claim 19 wherein said binding member comprises a fibrous material.
21. The composite tubing of Claim 19 wherein said binding member comprises a polymeric material.
22. The composite tubing of Claim 19 wherein said binding member comprises a laminate having a polymeric portion and a metallic portion.
23. The composite tubing of Claim 22 wherein said metallic portion is in contact heat transfer relationship with said line means.
24. The composite tubing of Claim 1 having a filler disposed in contact relationship with said line means.
25. The composite tubing of Claim 10 having a barrier member disposed between said thermal barrier and said outer pro-tective covering and encompassing said thermal barrier.
26. The composite tubing of Claim 25 wherein said bar-rier member comprises a metallic material.
27. The composite tubing of Claim 25 wherein said bar-rier member comprises a polymeric material.
28. The composite tubing of Claim 25 wherein said bar-rier member comprises a fibrous material.
29. The composite tubing of Claim 25 wherein said bar-rier member comprises a laminate having a polymeric portion and a metallic portion.
30. The composite tubing of Claim 12 wherein said tubular polymeric fluid conveyance line means for a reinforcement layer disposed in encompassing relationship about its outer sur-face.
31. The composite tubing of Claim 30 wherein said reinforcement layer comprises a fibrous material.
32. The composite tubing of Claim 30 wherein said reinforcement layer comprises a metallic material.
33. The composite tubing of Claim 2 having means for providing a spaced-apart relationship between said tubular fluid conveyance line means and said heating line means.
34. The composite tubing of Claim 33 wherein said means comprises a heat insulating means disposed in encompassing relationship about at least one of said tubular fluid conveyance line means.
35. The composite tubing of Claim 33 wherein said means comprises a heat insulating means disposed in encompassing relationship about at least one of said heating line means.
36. The composite tubing of Claim 33 wherein said means comprises a heat insulating means disposed in encompassing relationship about at least one of said tubular fluid conveyance line means and about at least one of said heating line means.
37. The composite tubing of Claim 1 wherein one or more of the said sheet-like layers of fibrous glass elements have an undulated surface facing radially inwardly towards the central longitudinal axis of the composite tubing and an undulated surface facing radially outwardly from the central longitudinal axis of the composite tubing.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US74905576A | 1976-12-09 | 1976-12-09 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1080139A true CA1080139A (en) | 1980-06-24 |
Family
ID=25012043
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA291,964A Expired CA1080139A (en) | 1976-12-09 | 1977-11-29 | Composite tubing product |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5377374A (en) |
| BE (1) | BE861554A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1080139A (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6097494U (en) * | 1983-12-08 | 1985-07-03 | 東京瓦斯株式会社 | Heated fluid conveyance pipe for sheath pipe construction method |
| JPS60142393U (en) * | 1984-02-29 | 1985-09-20 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | Parallel coated conduit |
| JPS60201198A (en) * | 1984-03-26 | 1985-10-11 | 東京瓦斯株式会社 | Heat-insulating piping material |
| JPS61594U (en) * | 1984-06-07 | 1986-01-06 | 東京瓦斯株式会社 | Heated fluid conveyance pipe for sheath pipe construction method |
| JPS612998A (en) * | 1984-06-14 | 1986-01-08 | 東京瓦斯株式会社 | Heat-insulating piping material |
| JP5901384B2 (en) * | 2012-03-27 | 2016-04-06 | 中国電力株式会社 | Level detection piping with anti-freezing structure and anti-freezing structure |
| CN104266021A (en) * | 2014-10-08 | 2015-01-07 | 哈尔滨朗格斯特节能科技有限公司 | Intelligent prefabricated direct burial thermal insulation pipe steel pipe double pipe fitting tapered pipeline and manufacture method |
-
1977
- 1977-11-29 CA CA291,964A patent/CA1080139A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-12-06 BE BE183211A patent/BE861554A/en unknown
- 1977-12-08 JP JP14914677A patent/JPS5377374A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BE861554A (en) | 1978-03-31 |
| JPS5377374A (en) | 1978-07-08 |
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| MKEX | Expiry |