CA1077501A - Preparation of gamma-pyrones - Google Patents
Preparation of gamma-pyronesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1077501A CA1077501A CA255,993A CA255993A CA1077501A CA 1077501 A CA1077501 A CA 1077501A CA 255993 A CA255993 A CA 255993A CA 1077501 A CA1077501 A CA 1077501A
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- formula
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D307/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
- C07D307/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D307/32—Oxygen atoms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/20—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments
- A23L27/205—Heterocyclic compounds
- A23L27/2052—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen or sulfur as the only hetero atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
- C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D307/60—Two oxygen atoms, e.g. succinic anhydride
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D309/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings
- C07D309/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D309/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings
- C07D309/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D309/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with oxygen atoms directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D309/40—Oxygen atoms attached in positions 3 and 4, e.g. maltol
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D493/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system
- C07D493/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D493/04—Ortho-condensed systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B9/00—Essential oils; Perfumes
- C11B9/0069—Heterocyclic compounds
- C11B9/0073—Heterocyclic compounds containing only O or S as heteroatoms
- C11B9/008—Heterocyclic compounds containing only O or S as heteroatoms the hetero rings containing six atoms
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Gamma-pyrones of the formula where R is lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, lower alkenyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or benzyl are prepared from the corresponding where R' is C1-6 alkyl. Such an intermediate may be prepared from furfural via (a) the corresponding 1-(2-furyl)-1-alkanol, (b) 2-(1-hydroxy alkyl)2,5-dialkoxy, 2,5-dihydrofuran, and (c) the corresponding 2-alkyl-2H-pyran-3-(6H). The process is of particular use for preparing maltol, pyromeconic acid and ethyl maltol.
Certain of the intermediate and reactions for producing the inter-mediates are novel.
Gamma-pyrones of the formula where R is lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, lower alkenyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or benzyl are prepared from the corresponding where R' is C1-6 alkyl. Such an intermediate may be prepared from furfural via (a) the corresponding 1-(2-furyl)-1-alkanol, (b) 2-(1-hydroxy alkyl)2,5-dialkoxy, 2,5-dihydrofuran, and (c) the corresponding 2-alkyl-2H-pyran-3-(6H). The process is of particular use for preparing maltol, pyromeconic acid and ethyl maltol.
Certain of the intermediate and reactions for producing the inter-mediates are novel.
Description
The present invention relates to a process for preparing gamma-pyrones, for example maltol. Maltol is a naturally occurring substance found in the bark of young larch trees, pine needles and chicory. Early commercial production was from the destructive distillation of wood. ~ -Syn~hesis of maltol from 3-hydroxy-2~ piperidylmethyl)-1,4-pyrone was reported by Spielman and Freifelder in J. Am.
~hem. Soc. 69, 2908 (1947). Schenck and Spielman, J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 67, 2276 (1945), obtained maltol by alkaline hydrolysis o streptomycin salts. Chawla and McGonigal, i J. Org. Chem. 39, 3281 ~1974), and Lichtenthaler and Heidel, Angew, Chem. 81, 999 ~1969), reported the synthesis of maltol from protected carbohydrate derivatives. ;
Synthe~es of gamma-pyrones ~uch as pyromeconic acid, maltol, ethyl maltol and other 2-substituted-3-hydroxy-gamma-pyrones are described in United States Pa~en~s 3,130,204, 3,133,089, 3,140,239, 3,15g,652, 3,376,317, 3,468,915, 3,440,183 and 3,446,6~9.
Maltol and ethyl maltol enhance the flavor and ; 20 aroma o~ a variety of food products. I~ addition, these makeria~s are used aq ingredients in perfumes and es~ence3.
The 2-alkenylpyromeconic acids reported in United States 3,644,635 and the 2-arylmethylpyromeconic aoids described in United 5tates 3,365,469 inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi and are u~eful as flavor and aroma enhancers in '~ :
:: `
1~77S~
:
foods and beverages and aroma enhancer~ in perfume~
According to the present invlention there is pro- :
vided a process for preparing gamma-pyrones of the formula~
` J~ , wherein R is hydrogen, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, :~
lower alkenyl of ~ to 6 carbon atoms, phenyl or benzyl wherein a compound of the formula -~
I R'O
i wherein R is as defined above and R' is lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, is contacted with an acid to form the desired I gamma-pyrone.
: From further aspects there are provided novel compound~ of the ormulae ~ and ; R' ~ R R~O ~ *
wherein R i5 ethyl and R' is lower alkyl ~f 1 to 6 carbon -~
atom~.
Thi~ invention permits the preparakion of 2-eub-~tituted-3-hydroxy gamma pyrones utilizing furfural as the ~tarting materlal~ ~urfural i9 an inexpenslve raw ma~erial whi~h i9 prepared indu~trially ~rom pen~o~an~ which are contained in cereal stra~s and bran~.
As used throughout the specification and claims, the term "lower alkyl" and the lower alkyl portion of alkoxy embraces both straight and branched chai.n alkyl radical~ -containing from one to six carbon atoms; the term "lower 5 alkenyl" embraces straight and branched chain alkenyl groups containing from two to six carbon atoms; the term "aryl"
denotes a monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon of six to eight carbon atoms; and the term 'laralkyl" emcompasses lower alkyl groups in which aryl as defined above i~ substituted for a hydrogen atom.
~ he reactions involved in the present invention when starting from furfural are ~utlined as follows~
~ RMg,X ~ ~ ~ ~.~ '' '' O ~ ~ ~OH or electrolyais - :;.
CHO ~ - H -:
1 R `
R' I~OH
: . 2 ~ .
~0~
11 11 ~ ~f ~ Bise/H20 ¦ ¦ -15 ~ R' ~ R H22 R'O
. 3 _ In~ermediates: R'= Cl_6 alkyl R - hydrogen, allyl, aryl, alkenyl r aralkyl ~, !
' ~75~
..;;
; Final Product (5): R=hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl R~H, pyromeconic ac:id R=CH3, maltol R=CH2CH3, e~hyl maltol The reaction of furfural wikh the appropriate Grignard reagent is described in Chemical Abstracts 44, 1092d (1949).
The pr~paration of intermediate 2 (R = H) by electrolysis in methanol is described in United States
~hem. Soc. 69, 2908 (1947). Schenck and Spielman, J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 67, 2276 (1945), obtained maltol by alkaline hydrolysis o streptomycin salts. Chawla and McGonigal, i J. Org. Chem. 39, 3281 ~1974), and Lichtenthaler and Heidel, Angew, Chem. 81, 999 ~1969), reported the synthesis of maltol from protected carbohydrate derivatives. ;
Synthe~es of gamma-pyrones ~uch as pyromeconic acid, maltol, ethyl maltol and other 2-substituted-3-hydroxy-gamma-pyrones are described in United States Pa~en~s 3,130,204, 3,133,089, 3,140,239, 3,15g,652, 3,376,317, 3,468,915, 3,440,183 and 3,446,6~9.
Maltol and ethyl maltol enhance the flavor and ; 20 aroma o~ a variety of food products. I~ addition, these makeria~s are used aq ingredients in perfumes and es~ence3.
The 2-alkenylpyromeconic acids reported in United States 3,644,635 and the 2-arylmethylpyromeconic aoids described in United 5tates 3,365,469 inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi and are u~eful as flavor and aroma enhancers in '~ :
:: `
1~77S~
:
foods and beverages and aroma enhancer~ in perfume~
According to the present invlention there is pro- :
vided a process for preparing gamma-pyrones of the formula~
` J~ , wherein R is hydrogen, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, :~
lower alkenyl of ~ to 6 carbon atoms, phenyl or benzyl wherein a compound of the formula -~
I R'O
i wherein R is as defined above and R' is lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, is contacted with an acid to form the desired I gamma-pyrone.
: From further aspects there are provided novel compound~ of the ormulae ~ and ; R' ~ R R~O ~ *
wherein R i5 ethyl and R' is lower alkyl ~f 1 to 6 carbon -~
atom~.
Thi~ invention permits the preparakion of 2-eub-~tituted-3-hydroxy gamma pyrones utilizing furfural as the ~tarting materlal~ ~urfural i9 an inexpenslve raw ma~erial whi~h i9 prepared indu~trially ~rom pen~o~an~ which are contained in cereal stra~s and bran~.
As used throughout the specification and claims, the term "lower alkyl" and the lower alkyl portion of alkoxy embraces both straight and branched chai.n alkyl radical~ -containing from one to six carbon atoms; the term "lower 5 alkenyl" embraces straight and branched chain alkenyl groups containing from two to six carbon atoms; the term "aryl"
denotes a monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon of six to eight carbon atoms; and the term 'laralkyl" emcompasses lower alkyl groups in which aryl as defined above i~ substituted for a hydrogen atom.
~ he reactions involved in the present invention when starting from furfural are ~utlined as follows~
~ RMg,X ~ ~ ~ ~.~ '' '' O ~ ~ ~OH or electrolyais - :;.
CHO ~ - H -:
1 R `
R' I~OH
: . 2 ~ .
~0~
11 11 ~ ~f ~ Bise/H20 ¦ ¦ -15 ~ R' ~ R H22 R'O
. 3 _ In~ermediates: R'= Cl_6 alkyl R - hydrogen, allyl, aryl, alkenyl r aralkyl ~, !
' ~75~
..;;
; Final Product (5): R=hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl R~H, pyromeconic ac:id R=CH3, maltol R=CH2CH3, e~hyl maltol The reaction of furfural wikh the appropriate Grignard reagent is described in Chemical Abstracts 44, 1092d (1949).
The pr~paration of intermediate 2 (R = H) by electrolysis in methanol is described in United States
2,714,57~ and Ac~a. Chem. Scand. 6, 545 (1952). The ~ynthesis employing bromine in methanol i~ reported in Ann. 516, 231 (1935). The general concept of using chlorine in an alcoholic ~olvent i8 also well known (for example, British Patent 595,041). It has been found during the proces~ of this invention that the reaction of intermediate 1 with chlorine in an alcohslic solvent at a temperature between -70 and 50C. gives a clean oonversion to the desixed intermediate ~ ;
2 with the HCl by-product being neu~ralized by a base such a~ ammonia, sodium carbonate or other alkali metal bases.
Although the early literature involving this reaction cites yields o~ up to around 50~ the process of the present invention results in yields in excess of 90~
Intermediate 2 tR = CH3~ is described in Acta.
Chem. Scand. 9, 17 (1955); and Tetrahedron 27, lg73 (1971).
Inkermediate 2 (R = CH2CH3) is a new c~mpound which can be made by methods already described.
The treatment of intermediake 2 with a ~trong ; organic acid i5 novel and it produces the desired 6-alkoxy der~vative 3 directly in high yield and avoid~ the formatio~
o the corresponding hydroxy derivative which is very un-775~
stable to further reactions. Intermediate 2 is contacted with an acid which is preferably essentially anhydrou~, ` although the presence of a protic solvent such as an ; alcohol or a small amount of water is actually beneficial.
-, 5 Following this treatment, the product in a state of purity suitable for conversion to intermediate 3, is separated from the acid medium by conventional extraction techniques.
Although formic and trifluoroacetic acids are preferred, ; any acid with a pKa of approximately 4 or below will con vert intermediate 2 to the desired intermediate 3. Other suitable organic acids include p-toluenesulfonic acid, , methanesulfonic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid and chloro-acetic acid; suitable mineral acids include sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid. Acidic resins such i 15 as Amberlite GC-120 and Dowex 50W may also be employed.
; ~"Amberlite" and "Dowex" are Trademarks~) The epoxidation of intermediate 3 to the epoxy ketone 4 is a new and novel process. Intermediate 3 is dis-~olved in a suitable solvent such as water or an alcohol such as isopropyl alcohol or methanol. A base such as sodium bi-carbonate or sodium hydroxide i.s added followed by the addi-tion of H2O2(30%). The desired intermediate 4 can be sepa-rated by conventional extraction techniques~ and is suitable for rearrangement to the desired pyrone 5 without further purification.
The final rearrangements o the epoxy ketones 4 to gamm~-pyrones 5 are novel and proceed in good yield and purity. The intermediate 4 is reacted in an acid medium and subsequsnt isolation of the desired gamma-pyrone 5 is sffected by conventional crystallization or extraction tech-niques. The pure gamma-pyrone may be recrystallized from ~ ! ~
`~ ,,) ~a77s~
an appropriate solvent such as isopropanol, methanol or water.
Although hot aqueous mineral acid such as sulfuric or hydro-chloric acid is ~he most oonvenient method of converting intermediate 4 to product 5, the desired gamma-pyrone can be produced by Lewis acids such as borontrifluoride etherate, zinc chloride and tin tetrachloride; by acidic ion resins such :
as"Amberli~e'GC-120 or"Dowex"50W; and by strong organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic acid or formic acid.
Compounds related to intermediate 3 ~R = CH2OH
or R = CH2O~Alkyl) can be prepared from carbohydrate sources as described in Accounts of Chemical Research 8, }32 (1975).
By the process of the present invenkion~ these compounds can be converted to intermediate 4 and product 5 where R CH2OH or CH2O-Alkyl. Product 5 (R = CH2OH or CH2O-Alkyl) can be converted to maltol as described in United States
2 with the HCl by-product being neu~ralized by a base such a~ ammonia, sodium carbonate or other alkali metal bases.
Although the early literature involving this reaction cites yields o~ up to around 50~ the process of the present invention results in yields in excess of 90~
Intermediate 2 tR = CH3~ is described in Acta.
Chem. Scand. 9, 17 (1955); and Tetrahedron 27, lg73 (1971).
Inkermediate 2 (R = CH2CH3) is a new c~mpound which can be made by methods already described.
The treatment of intermediake 2 with a ~trong ; organic acid i5 novel and it produces the desired 6-alkoxy der~vative 3 directly in high yield and avoid~ the formatio~
o the corresponding hydroxy derivative which is very un-775~
stable to further reactions. Intermediate 2 is contacted with an acid which is preferably essentially anhydrou~, ` although the presence of a protic solvent such as an ; alcohol or a small amount of water is actually beneficial.
-, 5 Following this treatment, the product in a state of purity suitable for conversion to intermediate 3, is separated from the acid medium by conventional extraction techniques.
Although formic and trifluoroacetic acids are preferred, ; any acid with a pKa of approximately 4 or below will con vert intermediate 2 to the desired intermediate 3. Other suitable organic acids include p-toluenesulfonic acid, , methanesulfonic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid and chloro-acetic acid; suitable mineral acids include sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid. Acidic resins such i 15 as Amberlite GC-120 and Dowex 50W may also be employed.
; ~"Amberlite" and "Dowex" are Trademarks~) The epoxidation of intermediate 3 to the epoxy ketone 4 is a new and novel process. Intermediate 3 is dis-~olved in a suitable solvent such as water or an alcohol such as isopropyl alcohol or methanol. A base such as sodium bi-carbonate or sodium hydroxide i.s added followed by the addi-tion of H2O2(30%). The desired intermediate 4 can be sepa-rated by conventional extraction techniques~ and is suitable for rearrangement to the desired pyrone 5 without further purification.
The final rearrangements o the epoxy ketones 4 to gamm~-pyrones 5 are novel and proceed in good yield and purity. The intermediate 4 is reacted in an acid medium and subsequsnt isolation of the desired gamma-pyrone 5 is sffected by conventional crystallization or extraction tech-niques. The pure gamma-pyrone may be recrystallized from ~ ! ~
`~ ,,) ~a77s~
an appropriate solvent such as isopropanol, methanol or water.
Although hot aqueous mineral acid such as sulfuric or hydro-chloric acid is ~he most oonvenient method of converting intermediate 4 to product 5, the desired gamma-pyrone can be produced by Lewis acids such as borontrifluoride etherate, zinc chloride and tin tetrachloride; by acidic ion resins such :
as"Amberli~e'GC-120 or"Dowex"50W; and by strong organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic acid or formic acid.
Compounds related to intermediate 3 ~R = CH2OH
or R = CH2O~Alkyl) can be prepared from carbohydrate sources as described in Accounts of Chemical Research 8, }32 (1975).
By the process of the present invenkion~ these compounds can be converted to intermediate 4 and product 5 where R CH2OH or CH2O-Alkyl. Product 5 (R = CH2OH or CH2O-Alkyl) can be converted to maltol as described in United States
3,130,204 or Angew. Chem. 81, g98 ~1969).
The following Examples are illustrative of the process of the invention:
In a 3 neck-roundbottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrlng bar, a jacketed addition funnel, a thermo-meter and a dry ice condensor was added 22.4 g. (0.2 mol) of intermediate 1 ~R = CH3), 100 ml of methanol and 21.1 g.
~0~2 mol) of sodium carbonate, and this mixture cooled to : 25 0C. using an ice-acetone bath~ To this rapidly stirred solution was then added dropwise a cold (-30) solution o~ chlorine (11.0 m7, 0.24 mol) in methanol. The addition o~ chIo~ine was oontrolled to keep the reaction temperature under 40C. The addition required about ~ hours. After the addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at ice ~ath ~775~
. . ~
,, ~ .
temperature for 30 minutes, and then allowed to warm to room temperature. The resulting slurry was Eiltered, the methanol removed ln vacuo, the residue taken up :in benzene and passed through an alumina plug as a final filter. Removal o the benzene provided 31.~ g. ~91~) of the desired dimethoxy dihydrofuran 2 ~R = C~I3, R'= CH3). This material can be ; used without further purification or it can be distilled, b.p. 76-78/5mm ~104-107/10-llmm, Acta Chem. Scand. 9, 17 (1955)]. -Analysis~
Calc'd. for C8H14O4: C, 5S.22 H, 8.11 Found:C, 55.34 H, 8.04 The mathod of Example 1 was repeated with inter-15 mediate 1 (R - H) to yield intermediate 2 (R = H, R' = CH3), h.p. 80-82/5mm r71/l.Omm Tetrahedron 27, 1973 (1971)}.
' EXAMPLE 3 The method of Example 1 was repeated with inter-mediate 1 (R = H) to yield intermediate 2 (R = H, R' = CH3) b.p. 102/lOmm.
Analysis:
Calc'd. for CgH16O4: C, 57.50 H, 8.58 Found:C, S7.39 H, 8.59 ....
The method of Example 1 was repeated using intermediate 1 (R a CH3) replacing methanol with isopropanol 2 [R ~ CH3, R' ~ CH(CH3)2], b.p. 62-64/0.05 mm.
EX~MPLE 5 The method of Example 1 may be repeated using bromine instead of chlorine using in~ermediate 1 to yield `
07751D~L
intermediate 2 where R is hydrogen, methyl, eth~l, hexyl, phenyl, vinyl, l-butenyl, allyl and l-hexenyl; and R' is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and hexyl.
In a small glass elec~rolysis vessel having a carbon anode and nickel cathode was placed 50 ml of methanol, 0.5 ml of concentrated sulfur~c acid, and 1~12 g~ ~0~01 mol~
of the intermediate 2 (R = CH3, R' = CH3) and the solution cooled to -20C. An electrolysis was then carried out using a potentiostat/galvanostat Princeton Applied Research Corpora-tion Model 373 instrument set to deliver a constant current of 0.6 amperes. After a reaction time of 30 minutes, the reaction waq poured into water and the product 3 ~R = CH3, R' ~ CH3), isolated by a chloroform extraction procedure.
This procedure is similar to that described in United States ~,714,576 with sulfuric acid replacing ammonium bromide as the electrolyte.
EXAMPLE_7 The method of Example 6 may be repeated with inter-mediate 2 to yield intermediate 3 where R is hydrogen, ethyl, hexyl, phenyl, benzyl, vinyl, allyl, l-butenyl and l-hexenyl and R' i~ eth~l, isopropyl and hexyl.
To a 2-liter, 3-neck roundbottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, dropping funnel and a ~thermometer was added 400 ml of formic acid and 20 ml of methanol. To this solution was added a solution of intermediate 2 (R = CH3, R' - CH3) 104.4 g., 0.6 mol in 40 ml of methanol.
The dropwise addition required 15 minutes. The reaction was poured in a liter of wat~r and extracted 3 times with _g_ ~.
- 1~7751[~1 .
500 ml portions of chloroform. The combined chloro~orm washings were washed with a sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution and with brme. The chloroform solution was evaporated to a crude yield of 76 g ~89~) of intermediate 3 (R = CH3, R' =
CH3) as a light brown product. The crucle material may be used as such or distilled at 2mm pressure, 50-52~C. ~82-85/-30mm, Tetrahedron 27, 1973 (1971)].
The method of Example 8 was repeated with analogous -intermediate 2 (R - H, Rl = CH3) to ~ield intermediate 3 (R ~ H, R' = CH3), b.p. 60-66/14mm ~76-81/23mm, ~etrahedron 27, 1973 (1971)].
The method of Example 8 was repeated with inter-mediate 2 (R = CH2CH3, Rl = CH3) to yield intermediate 3 (R = CH2CH3, R' = CH3), b.p. 79-80/14mm.
The method of Example 8 may be repeated with intermediate 2 to yield intermediate 3 where R is hexyl, phenyl, benzyl, vinyli allyl, l-butenyl and l-hexenyl; and R is isopropyl and hexyl.
The method of Example 8 may be repeated, with comparable results, replacing formic acid with an organic 2S selected from the group consisting o~ citric acid, oxalic acid, chloroacetic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methan~
sulfonic acid and ~rifluoracetic acid.
In a 3-neck roundbottom equipped with an addition funnel, low temperatura thermome~er and stirring bar was --10-- :
:
~75e~
prepared a solution of 5.0 g. (00029 mol) of in~ermedia~e 2 ' (R = CH3~ X' ~ CH3) in diethyl ether ~10 ml) and the solution was cooled to -40C. To this solution was then added drop-wise 1.6 ml of concen~rated sulfuric acid and the black mixkure stirred for 5 minutes at -40C., poured into water and the desired intermediate 3 (R = CH3, R' = CH3) isolated by the method of Example 8.
Substantially the same results may be obtained replacing sulfuric acid with hydrochloric or phosphoric acids.
To a dry flask was added 1.05 grams (0.0074 mol) of intermediate 3 (R = CH3, R' ~ CH30) dissolved in 20 ml o~ iso-propyl alcohol and the flask cooled to O~C. Then 0.5 g.
(O.OOS9 mol) of sodium bicarbonate and 2.0 ml (0.023 mol) of 30~ hydrogen peroxide were added, and the reaction allowed to stir at room temperature for about 2 hours. The reaction mixture wa~ poured into 100 ml of water and the water ex~
tracted with chloroform, followed by concentration to yield oil which could be distilled at 70-sO/3mm. An analytic sample was purified by gas chromatography.
Analysis:
Calc'd. for C7H1004: C, 53-16 H~ 6-37 Found: C, 52.90 H, 6.27 The method of Example 14 was repeated with inter~
mediate 3 ~R = H, R' - CH3) to yield intermediate 4 ~R = H, R' = CH3)-Analysis:
Calc'd for C6H~04: C, 50~00 H, 5.S9 Found: C, 50.09 H, 5.81 7S~
~:;
The method of Example 14 was repeated with inter-mediate 3 (R - CH~CH3, R' = CH3) to yield intermediate 4 (R ~ CH2CH3, R' ~ C~3).
Analysis:
Calc'd for ~gH12O4: C, 55.~1 H, 7.02 Found: C, S5.95 H, 7.04 The method of Example 14 may be repeated with inter-mediate 3 ~o yield inkermediate 4 where R is hexyl, phenyl, benzyl, vinyl, allyl, l-butenyl and l-hexenyl; and R' is isopropyl and hexyl.
To a 75 ml flask was added 2.84 g. (0.02 mol) of intermediate 3 (R ~ CH3, R' = CH3), 10 ml of water and 10 ~ -ml of isopropanol. The solution was cooled to 0-5C., and the pH adjusted to 7.0-9.0 with 1 N NaOH. Then 2.1 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide was added dropwise, with NaOH also aaded as necessary to maintain constan~ pH. Cooling was necessary to keep the pot temperature below 10~C. After the addition of peroxide, the reaction was stirred at 8~10C.
for about one hour, poured in water and the solution extracted with chloroform. Solvent removal yielded 2.99 g. (94.5~ of the intermediate 4 (R = CH3, R' = CH3) as a clear oilO Re-action temperature above 15C. and a pH above 9O5 or below 6.5 result in lower yields of ~ntermediate 4.
Substantially the same results are obtained replacing isopropanol with water.
To a flask with a condenser was adcled 3.7 g. t0.023 775~L
.
.
mol) o~ intermediate 4 (R = CH3, R' - C~3) and 50 ml of 2M
H2SO4. After heating this two phase solution for 1.5 hours at reflux, the reaction mixture was cooled, adjusted to pH
2.2 with 6 N NaOH, extracted 3 times wi~h 100 ml volumes of chloroform and the combined solvent extract concentrated to yield product 5 ~R = CH3, maltol).
The method of Example 19 may be repeated with inter-mediate 4 where R is hydrogen, ethyl, hexyl, phenyl, benzyl, allyl, vinyl, l-butenyl and l-hexenyl; and R' is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and hexyl to yield product 5 where R is hydrogen, ethyl, hexyl, phenyl, benzyl, allyl, vinyl, 1-butenyl and l-hexenyl.
EXAMPLE 21 ~ ;
To a 250 cc Wheaton pressure bot~le was added 3.16 g. t0.02 mol) of intermediate 4 (R = CH3, R' = C~I3) and S0 cc of 2 M H2SO~. The vessel was sealed and heated to 140-160 for 1-2 hours. After cooling, the reaction was processed as in Example 19 to yield maltol (R = CH3). :
EXaMPLE 22 The method of Example 19 and 20 may be repeated, with comparable results, replacing sulfuric acid with hydrochloric :~
acid,UDowex 50W and Amberlite GC-120.
To a small flask was added 1.58 g. (0.01 mol~ of intermediate 4 ~R = CH3, R' - CH3) and 25 ml of benzene followed by 3.1 ml of boron trifluoride etherate. After ~tirring for 24 hours at 25C., the solvent was removed, the residue extracted with chloroform, and the chloroform removed to yield maltol (R = CH3).
' ~
~L(;1~7S0J
Substantially the same results are obtained when boron trifluoride etherate is replaced with p-toluene~ulfonic acid, formic acid, zino chloride or tin tetrachloride.
' ~
:
;.
. .
' ~.
-14~
,;.
;.:
The following Examples are illustrative of the process of the invention:
In a 3 neck-roundbottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrlng bar, a jacketed addition funnel, a thermo-meter and a dry ice condensor was added 22.4 g. (0.2 mol) of intermediate 1 ~R = CH3), 100 ml of methanol and 21.1 g.
~0~2 mol) of sodium carbonate, and this mixture cooled to : 25 0C. using an ice-acetone bath~ To this rapidly stirred solution was then added dropwise a cold (-30) solution o~ chlorine (11.0 m7, 0.24 mol) in methanol. The addition o~ chIo~ine was oontrolled to keep the reaction temperature under 40C. The addition required about ~ hours. After the addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at ice ~ath ~775~
. . ~
,, ~ .
temperature for 30 minutes, and then allowed to warm to room temperature. The resulting slurry was Eiltered, the methanol removed ln vacuo, the residue taken up :in benzene and passed through an alumina plug as a final filter. Removal o the benzene provided 31.~ g. ~91~) of the desired dimethoxy dihydrofuran 2 ~R = C~I3, R'= CH3). This material can be ; used without further purification or it can be distilled, b.p. 76-78/5mm ~104-107/10-llmm, Acta Chem. Scand. 9, 17 (1955)]. -Analysis~
Calc'd. for C8H14O4: C, 5S.22 H, 8.11 Found:C, 55.34 H, 8.04 The mathod of Example 1 was repeated with inter-15 mediate 1 (R - H) to yield intermediate 2 (R = H, R' = CH3), h.p. 80-82/5mm r71/l.Omm Tetrahedron 27, 1973 (1971)}.
' EXAMPLE 3 The method of Example 1 was repeated with inter-mediate 1 (R = H) to yield intermediate 2 (R = H, R' = CH3) b.p. 102/lOmm.
Analysis:
Calc'd. for CgH16O4: C, 57.50 H, 8.58 Found:C, S7.39 H, 8.59 ....
The method of Example 1 was repeated using intermediate 1 (R a CH3) replacing methanol with isopropanol 2 [R ~ CH3, R' ~ CH(CH3)2], b.p. 62-64/0.05 mm.
EX~MPLE 5 The method of Example 1 may be repeated using bromine instead of chlorine using in~ermediate 1 to yield `
07751D~L
intermediate 2 where R is hydrogen, methyl, eth~l, hexyl, phenyl, vinyl, l-butenyl, allyl and l-hexenyl; and R' is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and hexyl.
In a small glass elec~rolysis vessel having a carbon anode and nickel cathode was placed 50 ml of methanol, 0.5 ml of concentrated sulfur~c acid, and 1~12 g~ ~0~01 mol~
of the intermediate 2 (R = CH3, R' = CH3) and the solution cooled to -20C. An electrolysis was then carried out using a potentiostat/galvanostat Princeton Applied Research Corpora-tion Model 373 instrument set to deliver a constant current of 0.6 amperes. After a reaction time of 30 minutes, the reaction waq poured into water and the product 3 ~R = CH3, R' ~ CH3), isolated by a chloroform extraction procedure.
This procedure is similar to that described in United States ~,714,576 with sulfuric acid replacing ammonium bromide as the electrolyte.
EXAMPLE_7 The method of Example 6 may be repeated with inter-mediate 2 to yield intermediate 3 where R is hydrogen, ethyl, hexyl, phenyl, benzyl, vinyl, allyl, l-butenyl and l-hexenyl and R' i~ eth~l, isopropyl and hexyl.
To a 2-liter, 3-neck roundbottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, dropping funnel and a ~thermometer was added 400 ml of formic acid and 20 ml of methanol. To this solution was added a solution of intermediate 2 (R = CH3, R' - CH3) 104.4 g., 0.6 mol in 40 ml of methanol.
The dropwise addition required 15 minutes. The reaction was poured in a liter of wat~r and extracted 3 times with _g_ ~.
- 1~7751[~1 .
500 ml portions of chloroform. The combined chloro~orm washings were washed with a sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution and with brme. The chloroform solution was evaporated to a crude yield of 76 g ~89~) of intermediate 3 (R = CH3, R' =
CH3) as a light brown product. The crucle material may be used as such or distilled at 2mm pressure, 50-52~C. ~82-85/-30mm, Tetrahedron 27, 1973 (1971)].
The method of Example 8 was repeated with analogous -intermediate 2 (R - H, Rl = CH3) to ~ield intermediate 3 (R ~ H, R' = CH3), b.p. 60-66/14mm ~76-81/23mm, ~etrahedron 27, 1973 (1971)].
The method of Example 8 was repeated with inter-mediate 2 (R = CH2CH3, Rl = CH3) to yield intermediate 3 (R = CH2CH3, R' = CH3), b.p. 79-80/14mm.
The method of Example 8 may be repeated with intermediate 2 to yield intermediate 3 where R is hexyl, phenyl, benzyl, vinyli allyl, l-butenyl and l-hexenyl; and R is isopropyl and hexyl.
The method of Example 8 may be repeated, with comparable results, replacing formic acid with an organic 2S selected from the group consisting o~ citric acid, oxalic acid, chloroacetic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methan~
sulfonic acid and ~rifluoracetic acid.
In a 3-neck roundbottom equipped with an addition funnel, low temperatura thermome~er and stirring bar was --10-- :
:
~75e~
prepared a solution of 5.0 g. (00029 mol) of in~ermedia~e 2 ' (R = CH3~ X' ~ CH3) in diethyl ether ~10 ml) and the solution was cooled to -40C. To this solution was then added drop-wise 1.6 ml of concen~rated sulfuric acid and the black mixkure stirred for 5 minutes at -40C., poured into water and the desired intermediate 3 (R = CH3, R' = CH3) isolated by the method of Example 8.
Substantially the same results may be obtained replacing sulfuric acid with hydrochloric or phosphoric acids.
To a dry flask was added 1.05 grams (0.0074 mol) of intermediate 3 (R = CH3, R' ~ CH30) dissolved in 20 ml o~ iso-propyl alcohol and the flask cooled to O~C. Then 0.5 g.
(O.OOS9 mol) of sodium bicarbonate and 2.0 ml (0.023 mol) of 30~ hydrogen peroxide were added, and the reaction allowed to stir at room temperature for about 2 hours. The reaction mixture wa~ poured into 100 ml of water and the water ex~
tracted with chloroform, followed by concentration to yield oil which could be distilled at 70-sO/3mm. An analytic sample was purified by gas chromatography.
Analysis:
Calc'd. for C7H1004: C, 53-16 H~ 6-37 Found: C, 52.90 H, 6.27 The method of Example 14 was repeated with inter~
mediate 3 ~R = H, R' - CH3) to yield intermediate 4 ~R = H, R' = CH3)-Analysis:
Calc'd for C6H~04: C, 50~00 H, 5.S9 Found: C, 50.09 H, 5.81 7S~
~:;
The method of Example 14 was repeated with inter-mediate 3 (R - CH~CH3, R' = CH3) to yield intermediate 4 (R ~ CH2CH3, R' ~ C~3).
Analysis:
Calc'd for ~gH12O4: C, 55.~1 H, 7.02 Found: C, S5.95 H, 7.04 The method of Example 14 may be repeated with inter-mediate 3 ~o yield inkermediate 4 where R is hexyl, phenyl, benzyl, vinyl, allyl, l-butenyl and l-hexenyl; and R' is isopropyl and hexyl.
To a 75 ml flask was added 2.84 g. (0.02 mol) of intermediate 3 (R ~ CH3, R' = CH3), 10 ml of water and 10 ~ -ml of isopropanol. The solution was cooled to 0-5C., and the pH adjusted to 7.0-9.0 with 1 N NaOH. Then 2.1 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide was added dropwise, with NaOH also aaded as necessary to maintain constan~ pH. Cooling was necessary to keep the pot temperature below 10~C. After the addition of peroxide, the reaction was stirred at 8~10C.
for about one hour, poured in water and the solution extracted with chloroform. Solvent removal yielded 2.99 g. (94.5~ of the intermediate 4 (R = CH3, R' = CH3) as a clear oilO Re-action temperature above 15C. and a pH above 9O5 or below 6.5 result in lower yields of ~ntermediate 4.
Substantially the same results are obtained replacing isopropanol with water.
To a flask with a condenser was adcled 3.7 g. t0.023 775~L
.
.
mol) o~ intermediate 4 (R = CH3, R' - C~3) and 50 ml of 2M
H2SO4. After heating this two phase solution for 1.5 hours at reflux, the reaction mixture was cooled, adjusted to pH
2.2 with 6 N NaOH, extracted 3 times wi~h 100 ml volumes of chloroform and the combined solvent extract concentrated to yield product 5 ~R = CH3, maltol).
The method of Example 19 may be repeated with inter-mediate 4 where R is hydrogen, ethyl, hexyl, phenyl, benzyl, allyl, vinyl, l-butenyl and l-hexenyl; and R' is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and hexyl to yield product 5 where R is hydrogen, ethyl, hexyl, phenyl, benzyl, allyl, vinyl, 1-butenyl and l-hexenyl.
EXAMPLE 21 ~ ;
To a 250 cc Wheaton pressure bot~le was added 3.16 g. t0.02 mol) of intermediate 4 (R = CH3, R' = C~I3) and S0 cc of 2 M H2SO~. The vessel was sealed and heated to 140-160 for 1-2 hours. After cooling, the reaction was processed as in Example 19 to yield maltol (R = CH3). :
EXaMPLE 22 The method of Example 19 and 20 may be repeated, with comparable results, replacing sulfuric acid with hydrochloric :~
acid,UDowex 50W and Amberlite GC-120.
To a small flask was added 1.58 g. (0.01 mol~ of intermediate 4 ~R = CH3, R' - CH3) and 25 ml of benzene followed by 3.1 ml of boron trifluoride etherate. After ~tirring for 24 hours at 25C., the solvent was removed, the residue extracted with chloroform, and the chloroform removed to yield maltol (R = CH3).
' ~
~L(;1~7S0J
Substantially the same results are obtained when boron trifluoride etherate is replaced with p-toluene~ulfonic acid, formic acid, zino chloride or tin tetrachloride.
' ~
:
;.
. .
' ~.
-14~
,;.
;.:
Claims (7)
1. A process for preparing gamma-pyrones of the formula:
wherein R is hydrogen, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, lower alkenyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, phenyl or benzyl wherein a compound of the formula:
wherein R is as defined above and R' is lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, is contacted with an acid to form the desired gamma-pyrone.
wherein R is hydrogen, lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, lower alkenyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, phenyl or benzyl wherein a compound of the formula:
wherein R is as defined above and R' is lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, is contacted with an acid to form the desired gamma-pyrone.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein said acid is selected from sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, boron trifluoride etherate, zinc chloride, tin tetrachlor-ide, p-toluene sulfonic acid and formic acid.
3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the com-pound of the formula:
is prepared by:
(a) contacting a compound of the formula:
wherein R is as defined in claim 1, with an alcoholic (R'OH) solution of chlorine or bromine to form a compound of the formula:
wherein R and R' are as defined in claim 1;
(b) contacting the compound obtained in step (a) with an acid to form a compound of the formula:
wherein R and R' are as defined in claim 1;
(c) contacting the compound obtained in step (b) with hydrogen peroxide to form a compound of the formula:
wherein R and R' are as defined in claim 1.
is prepared by:
(a) contacting a compound of the formula:
wherein R is as defined in claim 1, with an alcoholic (R'OH) solution of chlorine or bromine to form a compound of the formula:
wherein R and R' are as defined in claim 1;
(b) contacting the compound obtained in step (a) with an acid to form a compound of the formula:
wherein R and R' are as defined in claim 1;
(c) contacting the compound obtained in step (b) with hydrogen peroxide to form a compound of the formula:
wherein R and R' are as defined in claim 1.
4, A process according to claim 3, wherein the con-version of the compound of formula:
to the former is first dissolved in water, methanol or iso-propanal and is successively treated with a base and aqueous hydrogen peroxide.
to the former is first dissolved in water, methanol or iso-propanal and is successively treated with a base and aqueous hydrogen peroxide.
5. A process according to claim 3, wherein the com-pound of the formula:
is prepared by treatment of a compound of the formula:
with an acid which is substantially anhydrous.
is prepared by treatment of a compound of the formula:
with an acid which is substantially anhydrous.
6. A process according to claim 5, wherein there is also present a protic solvent or a small amount of water.
7. A process according to either of claims 5 and 6, wherein the acid employed is selected from formic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, methane sulfonic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, chloroacetic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CA341,174A CA1086323A (en) | 1975-08-28 | 1979-12-04 | Process for the production of epoxy pyrones |
CA341,175A CA1089865A (en) | 1975-08-28 | 1979-12-04 | PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF .beta. PYRONES |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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US60845275A | 1975-08-28 | 1975-08-28 |
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AR (2) | AR214976A1 (en) |
AT (1) | AT347455B (en) |
BE (1) | BE843953A (en) |
BG (1) | BG27373A3 (en) |
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CA (1) | CA1077501A (en) |
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CA1095921A (en) * | 1976-08-02 | 1981-02-17 | Thomas M. Brennan | Preparation of gamma-pyrones |
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DE225446C (en) * | ||||
US3159652A (en) * | 1962-06-13 | 1964-12-01 | Pfizer & Co C | Preparation of gamma-pyrones |
US3476778A (en) * | 1966-05-16 | 1969-11-04 | Monsanto Co | Gamma-pyrone synthesis |
US3491122A (en) * | 1966-09-14 | 1970-01-20 | Monsanto Co | Synthesis of 4-pyrones |
JPS5145565B1 (en) * | 1968-10-12 | 1976-12-04 | ||
JPS5212166A (en) * | 1975-07-17 | 1977-01-29 | Tatsuya Shono | Process for preparation of 4-pyron derivatives |
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