CA1071923A - Calf feed containing sorangium enzymes - Google Patents
Calf feed containing sorangium enzymesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1071923A CA1071923A CA247,931A CA247931A CA1071923A CA 1071923 A CA1071923 A CA 1071923A CA 247931 A CA247931 A CA 247931A CA 1071923 A CA1071923 A CA 1071923A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- milk
- protein
- composition
- protease
- replacer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
- A23C11/00—Milk substitutes, e.g. coffee whitener compositions
- A23C11/02—Milk substitutes, e.g. coffee whitener compositions containing at least one non-milk component as source of fats or proteins
- A23C11/06—Milk substitutes, e.g. coffee whitener compositions containing at least one non-milk component as source of fats or proteins containing non-milk proteins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/189—Enzymes
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Inclusion of a protease material in the fed of young calves renders non-milk protein digestible and allows the calves to be raised on milk replacers in which expensive milk protein is replaced by cheaper plant protein. The protease employed is an extra-cellular metabolite of a Sorangium sp.(isolate 495).
Inclusion of a protease material in the fed of young calves renders non-milk protein digestible and allows the calves to be raised on milk replacers in which expensive milk protein is replaced by cheaper plant protein. The protease employed is an extra-cellular metabolite of a Sorangium sp.(isolate 495).
Description
~0~9Z3 Ihis invention relates to a novel feed composition suitable for feeding to young calves, and more particularly to such a compositon which comprises a milk replacer.
It has been a common practice Eor many years to raise calves by means other than allowing them to nurse their mothers. Normally, a young ealf is complet:ely dependent upon its mother,s milk for its nutritional requirements ~or a period up to 42 days after its birth, until such time as it is able to obtain all the nutrien-ts required for normal and healthy growth from other sources, par-ticularly plant matter. According to conventional methods of raising calves apart from their mothers, ealves are fed after weaning (i.e.
after -the first three to four days of their lives) and for a period up to and until -they are abou-t seven weeks old on a so-ealled "millc replacer".
Ihe conventional millc replacers consist rnainly oE millc produets in the form of slci~n milk and whey -together with oils, fats, vitamins and traee minerals giving a balanced blend of proteins, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals meeting the ealves' nu-tritional requirements.
The major problem with eonventional millc replacers is one oE cost. The high, and rising, costs of milk produc-ts malce eonventional millc replaeers expensive, and result in higher eosts Eor raising calves, which are reflec-ted in higher meat prices -to the purchasers of meat produets and high cos-ts o-E raising replaeement stoek.
The high costs assoeiated with the use of eonventional milk replaeers containing milk protein have led to the consideration oE the inclusion of non~milk protein in milk ~ .
, ,: . ' ` ' " , ' , . ' ' .~
~L~7~ Z3 replacers. By blending together non-milk proteins~ e.g.
proteinaceous plant materials, in the appropriate amounts, and with the addition of synthetic essential amino acids if necessary, it is possible to obtain a mixture containing the essential amino acid~ in proportions substantially correspondiny to those o milk protein, and which could theoretically be substituted, at least partially, for milk protein in milk replacers. However, replacement of any substantial amount of milk protein source by a non-10~ milk protein source has~ to date, been unsuccessful.
For the early part of a calf's life, its rumen isinsufficeintly developed to allow the proper and re~uired digestion of oods containing any substantial amount of non-milk protein. In order to digest plant proteins ade-quately, a normal flora of bacteria and protozoa needs to be established in the calf's rumen~ ~hese bacteria and protozoa then produce and secrete the enzymes which are capable of digesting plant proteins. The development of ~his flora of bacteria and protozoa in the rumen is a gradual one, and although the calf i9 usually producing enzymes by about age 2 weeks~ the development is only fully completed after the calf reaches the age o 6-8 weeks.
Notwithstanding these problems associated with the use o~ non-milk protein in milk replacers, attempts have been made to reduce the costs of conventional milk replacers by using a variety of products as substitutes for a portion of the milk protein in the milk replacer. while some manufacturer~ of milk replacers containing substantial amounts o non-milk protein claim e~ficienk utilization of , ,.,- . ,.
~7~9~3 of the non-milk protein, it is generally considered that the better quality milk replacers are those consisting entirely oE milk protein. The use of low-quality milk replacers, having a higher proportion of non~milk protein, is felt to have contributed to : .
the many nutritional, health and environmental problems associated with the raising of calves, and the resulting deaths of calves represent a serious financial loss to calf raisers. Thus while some initial savings on the cost of the milk replacer may be obtained by replacing some of the milk protein by non-milk protein, these savings are often e~ualled or exceeded by the losses occurring at the farm level when these product~ are Eed to young calves.
We have now found that young calves may be raised on a milk replacer containing non-milk protein without the aore-mentio~ed nutritional, health and environmental problems resulting~
and without unacceptable digestive disturbances occurring, if the feed is supplemented with a protease material which i~ an extra-cellular metabolite of a Sora qLium sp.(isolate 495).
The said ~s~}~yl__m sp.(isolate 495) is maintained in and is available rom the Chemistry and Biolo~y Research Insti~u~e, Agriculture - Canada (ormerly known as the Microbiology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agricultuxe), Oktawa. It is described in United States Patent Mo. 3,515,641 dated June 2, 1970 assigned to Canadian Patents and Development Limited~ to which referenc~ should be made for details of procedures for culturing and growing the bacterium. Details o~ compositions o:E ~uitable ..
growth media and o other growth conditions are disclosl3d in Example 1 of the pa~ent. The protease material i~ present in ~7~g~3 the liquid portion of the fermentation broth.
As a result of taxonomic studies conducted on the ~ -said bacterium, we believe it should more proparly be classified as hYSobaCter enzymoqenes. However, since such is the name under which the bacterium is available and under which it is discussed in the literatura, we shall refer to it herein as a Soranqium sp.(isolate 495) for the sake of clarity and to avoid confusion.
In the preferred practice o~ the present invention, we use the whole fermentation broth, or we separate the liquid portion from the solids portion using conventionaL
methods of separation ~uch a~ centri~ugation or il~ration, and the supernatant or liquid portlon can then be concon-trated under vacuum and dried by ~reeze-drying or spray-drying to yield the protease material in concentrated solid foxm.
As described in the a~ove-mentioned paten~, two distinct enzymes can be isolated from the fermentation broth, and the trivial name3 a- and ~-lytic protease have been assigned 20 to them. These two en~ymes are reasponsible ~or mo~t of the proteolytic activity which is believed to account or the beneficial result~ obtained with our feed supplement, but since entirely satis~actory results can be obtainecl employing a crude mixture of the enzymes which are present in the liquid portion of the fermantation brokh, t~ere i~ no need to isolate individual enzymes for the purposes of the present invention. Further, the whole fermentation broth contains many valuable nutrients, so there is l:ittle . " .
.
~71~ ;3 advantage in separating the protease mater.ial in the lic~id portion from the cellular portion of the broth.
Empl~ying our protease material feed supplement, we have found that calves can be raised satisfactorily on milk replacers containing hi~h proportions of non-milk protein. By way of example, the content of non-milk protein may be in excess o 50% of the total protein in the milk replacer. The formulation of milk replacers containing substantial contents of mon-milk protein, is well within the capabilities of those skilled in the art, and forms no part o~ the essence of our invention. It is necessary to note merely that n~ilk protein contains all the amino acids required by the calf and it is desirable that the non-milk protein milk replacer should contc~n at least the m.inimum amounts of the amino acids believed necessary for adequate nutrition in appropriately balanced proportions.
It can be mentioned by way o~ example that milk replacers can be formulated from blends of soy protein meal and corn gluten meal, which latter has a high content of the aromatic amino acids and valine tha* are lacking from soy protein, together with additions of methionine~
In the practice of the present invention, the protease material feed supplement and the milk replacer may be mixed with warm water and fed from a pail or a nipple, generally ~:
following the conventional procedures ~or raising calves on milk replacers. Conventional feed additives, including vitamins, trace minerals and antibiotics, may be included in the ~eed composition.
Any amount o~ the protease material addecl to a mi.lk ~ 5 -~. . . . . .
~ ~7~.~Z3 replacer containing non-milk pro-tein ~ill assist, to some exkent, in the digestion of the non-milk ~rotein. More-over, a large excess of protease material added to -the milk replacer would not be harmful to the calf) but would merely be wasteful, as more oE the protease material would be used -than would be required to enable the calf to fully digest the non-milk protein.
The optimal amount of protease material to be added to the milk replacer is dependent upon several Eactors, including the nature and composition of the milk replacer, the proportion of mills protein to non-milk protein in the milk replacer, and the state of development of the digestive sy~tem of the indiviclual calves to which the milk replacer is to he ~ed.
~ n estimate o the minimum amount of the protease material requlred can be made in vitro by determining the arnount of protease material required to hydrolyze a given amount of the milk replacer in the laboratory. EIowever, the ~
estimate has to take into accounk the fact that not all ;
the enzyme material will be utilised efficiently, and that some will be destroyed.
In practice~ we prefer to employ a somewhat yreater ~uantity of protease material than would optimally seem to ~;
be re~uired; a substantial increase in the amount of protease material present would not substan-tially reduce the savings realized through the use of a non-milk protein in the preparation of the milk replacer.
~ enerally, we have found that satisfactory results can be obtained when the protease material is present in an ~L~7~9Z3 amount exhibiting a protease activity in the range 500 to 3,000 D.U. (Delft Units) per gram of non-milk protein in the milk replacer, and more preferably about 2,000 D.U. per gram of non-milk protein in the milk replacer.
A Delft Unit is an arbitrary unit used to indicate the protease activity of an enzyme preparation, and is determined by following the assay procedure described in the Maxatase brochure available from Royal Netherlands Fermentation Industries, P.O. Box 1, Delft, Holland. Reference to this bxochure should be made for the full details.
Briefly, the assay procedure relies on measuring the activity of the enzyme preparation in digesting a standardised casein substrate.
The protease material feed supplement may conveniently be Eormulated as a unit dosage containing an amount of the protease material exhibiting an appropriate protease activity, which can then be fed to the calves along with the milk replacer.
Advantageously, the unit dosage will contain protease material in an amount exhibiting a protease activity of from 10,000 D.U. to 200,000 D.U. At the time when the protease material supplement has the greatest influence of the calf's digestion o non-milk protein, i.e. during the irst two weeks of the calf's life, the calf will typically be receiving about 500 g of milk replacer per day, with a protein content of about 20%, in two equal daily feedings of 250g. With a non-milk protein content of at least 50 in the milk replacer, it would be appropriate to employ a dosage e~hibiting at least 12,500 D.U., preferably about ~ trade ~n~r,~!
; \ - 7 -,1,~,,, i ~7~3 50,000 D.U. protease activity to be added to each -feeding.
With higher non-milk protein contents, dosages of as much as 2007 000 D.U. may be used.
The following non-limitin~ Examples illustrate the practice of the present invention.
EXAMPhE
..... _ _ Thirty-two Holstein bull cc~es, purchased at approximately 6 days o~ age, were randomly allotted Oll the basis of initial weight and age to a control group and two experimental groups~ Two experimental replacers, with 50%
(50~P) and 80~ (80%P) of the protein in the milk replacer supplied by plant (P) protein, were Eormulated and compared to a control all-milk protein replacer (O~P). The composition oE khese milk replacers is shown in Table 1, where-in~ as throughout this speci~ication, all parts and per-centages are by weight.
Table 1 ~ O~P 50~0P 80%P
20 _ _ _ __ __ Ingredients (~0):
Dried skim milk 40 22.5 11.5 Spray dried whey 10 27.5 13.5 Dried buttermilk 15 - -Tallow & cocoanut oil (1) 21 21 21 Dextrose & corn starch (2) 13 13.9 28.4 Promine F (3) - 8.5 16.0 Corn gluten meal - 5.5 Vitamins & Minerals (4) Methionine - 0~1 0.1 ~ 8 -~L~7~L9Z3 Table 1 cont .
~/P 50~0P 80~P
Composition (~ dry matter basis~
Pxotein 20.9 22.4 25.4 Fat 21. 021~. O 21~ 0 Ca 1.0 1.0 1.0 - Phosphorus 0.750.75 0.75 (1) Mixed in 3:1 proportion. Fancy grade tallow, supplied by St. Lawrence Rendering Co., Montreal, Que. Unre~ined cocoanut oil supplied by Drew Brown Ltd., Montreal, Que.
It has been a common practice Eor many years to raise calves by means other than allowing them to nurse their mothers. Normally, a young ealf is complet:ely dependent upon its mother,s milk for its nutritional requirements ~or a period up to 42 days after its birth, until such time as it is able to obtain all the nutrien-ts required for normal and healthy growth from other sources, par-ticularly plant matter. According to conventional methods of raising calves apart from their mothers, ealves are fed after weaning (i.e.
after -the first three to four days of their lives) and for a period up to and until -they are abou-t seven weeks old on a so-ealled "millc replacer".
Ihe conventional millc replacers consist rnainly oE millc produets in the form of slci~n milk and whey -together with oils, fats, vitamins and traee minerals giving a balanced blend of proteins, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals meeting the ealves' nu-tritional requirements.
The major problem with eonventional millc replacers is one oE cost. The high, and rising, costs of milk produc-ts malce eonventional millc replaeers expensive, and result in higher eosts Eor raising calves, which are reflec-ted in higher meat prices -to the purchasers of meat produets and high cos-ts o-E raising replaeement stoek.
The high costs assoeiated with the use of eonventional milk replaeers containing milk protein have led to the consideration oE the inclusion of non~milk protein in milk ~ .
, ,: . ' ` ' " , ' , . ' ' .~
~L~7~ Z3 replacers. By blending together non-milk proteins~ e.g.
proteinaceous plant materials, in the appropriate amounts, and with the addition of synthetic essential amino acids if necessary, it is possible to obtain a mixture containing the essential amino acid~ in proportions substantially correspondiny to those o milk protein, and which could theoretically be substituted, at least partially, for milk protein in milk replacers. However, replacement of any substantial amount of milk protein source by a non-10~ milk protein source has~ to date, been unsuccessful.
For the early part of a calf's life, its rumen isinsufficeintly developed to allow the proper and re~uired digestion of oods containing any substantial amount of non-milk protein. In order to digest plant proteins ade-quately, a normal flora of bacteria and protozoa needs to be established in the calf's rumen~ ~hese bacteria and protozoa then produce and secrete the enzymes which are capable of digesting plant proteins. The development of ~his flora of bacteria and protozoa in the rumen is a gradual one, and although the calf i9 usually producing enzymes by about age 2 weeks~ the development is only fully completed after the calf reaches the age o 6-8 weeks.
Notwithstanding these problems associated with the use o~ non-milk protein in milk replacers, attempts have been made to reduce the costs of conventional milk replacers by using a variety of products as substitutes for a portion of the milk protein in the milk replacer. while some manufacturer~ of milk replacers containing substantial amounts o non-milk protein claim e~ficienk utilization of , ,.,- . ,.
~7~9~3 of the non-milk protein, it is generally considered that the better quality milk replacers are those consisting entirely oE milk protein. The use of low-quality milk replacers, having a higher proportion of non~milk protein, is felt to have contributed to : .
the many nutritional, health and environmental problems associated with the raising of calves, and the resulting deaths of calves represent a serious financial loss to calf raisers. Thus while some initial savings on the cost of the milk replacer may be obtained by replacing some of the milk protein by non-milk protein, these savings are often e~ualled or exceeded by the losses occurring at the farm level when these product~ are Eed to young calves.
We have now found that young calves may be raised on a milk replacer containing non-milk protein without the aore-mentio~ed nutritional, health and environmental problems resulting~
and without unacceptable digestive disturbances occurring, if the feed is supplemented with a protease material which i~ an extra-cellular metabolite of a Sora qLium sp.(isolate 495).
The said ~s~}~yl__m sp.(isolate 495) is maintained in and is available rom the Chemistry and Biolo~y Research Insti~u~e, Agriculture - Canada (ormerly known as the Microbiology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agricultuxe), Oktawa. It is described in United States Patent Mo. 3,515,641 dated June 2, 1970 assigned to Canadian Patents and Development Limited~ to which referenc~ should be made for details of procedures for culturing and growing the bacterium. Details o~ compositions o:E ~uitable ..
growth media and o other growth conditions are disclosl3d in Example 1 of the pa~ent. The protease material i~ present in ~7~g~3 the liquid portion of the fermentation broth.
As a result of taxonomic studies conducted on the ~ -said bacterium, we believe it should more proparly be classified as hYSobaCter enzymoqenes. However, since such is the name under which the bacterium is available and under which it is discussed in the literatura, we shall refer to it herein as a Soranqium sp.(isolate 495) for the sake of clarity and to avoid confusion.
In the preferred practice o~ the present invention, we use the whole fermentation broth, or we separate the liquid portion from the solids portion using conventionaL
methods of separation ~uch a~ centri~ugation or il~ration, and the supernatant or liquid portlon can then be concon-trated under vacuum and dried by ~reeze-drying or spray-drying to yield the protease material in concentrated solid foxm.
As described in the a~ove-mentioned paten~, two distinct enzymes can be isolated from the fermentation broth, and the trivial name3 a- and ~-lytic protease have been assigned 20 to them. These two en~ymes are reasponsible ~or mo~t of the proteolytic activity which is believed to account or the beneficial result~ obtained with our feed supplement, but since entirely satis~actory results can be obtainecl employing a crude mixture of the enzymes which are present in the liquid portion of the fermantation brokh, t~ere i~ no need to isolate individual enzymes for the purposes of the present invention. Further, the whole fermentation broth contains many valuable nutrients, so there is l:ittle . " .
.
~71~ ;3 advantage in separating the protease mater.ial in the lic~id portion from the cellular portion of the broth.
Empl~ying our protease material feed supplement, we have found that calves can be raised satisfactorily on milk replacers containing hi~h proportions of non-milk protein. By way of example, the content of non-milk protein may be in excess o 50% of the total protein in the milk replacer. The formulation of milk replacers containing substantial contents of mon-milk protein, is well within the capabilities of those skilled in the art, and forms no part o~ the essence of our invention. It is necessary to note merely that n~ilk protein contains all the amino acids required by the calf and it is desirable that the non-milk protein milk replacer should contc~n at least the m.inimum amounts of the amino acids believed necessary for adequate nutrition in appropriately balanced proportions.
It can be mentioned by way o~ example that milk replacers can be formulated from blends of soy protein meal and corn gluten meal, which latter has a high content of the aromatic amino acids and valine tha* are lacking from soy protein, together with additions of methionine~
In the practice of the present invention, the protease material feed supplement and the milk replacer may be mixed with warm water and fed from a pail or a nipple, generally ~:
following the conventional procedures ~or raising calves on milk replacers. Conventional feed additives, including vitamins, trace minerals and antibiotics, may be included in the ~eed composition.
Any amount o~ the protease material addecl to a mi.lk ~ 5 -~. . . . . .
~ ~7~.~Z3 replacer containing non-milk pro-tein ~ill assist, to some exkent, in the digestion of the non-milk ~rotein. More-over, a large excess of protease material added to -the milk replacer would not be harmful to the calf) but would merely be wasteful, as more oE the protease material would be used -than would be required to enable the calf to fully digest the non-milk protein.
The optimal amount of protease material to be added to the milk replacer is dependent upon several Eactors, including the nature and composition of the milk replacer, the proportion of mills protein to non-milk protein in the milk replacer, and the state of development of the digestive sy~tem of the indiviclual calves to which the milk replacer is to he ~ed.
~ n estimate o the minimum amount of the protease material requlred can be made in vitro by determining the arnount of protease material required to hydrolyze a given amount of the milk replacer in the laboratory. EIowever, the ~
estimate has to take into accounk the fact that not all ;
the enzyme material will be utilised efficiently, and that some will be destroyed.
In practice~ we prefer to employ a somewhat yreater ~uantity of protease material than would optimally seem to ~;
be re~uired; a substantial increase in the amount of protease material present would not substan-tially reduce the savings realized through the use of a non-milk protein in the preparation of the milk replacer.
~ enerally, we have found that satisfactory results can be obtained when the protease material is present in an ~L~7~9Z3 amount exhibiting a protease activity in the range 500 to 3,000 D.U. (Delft Units) per gram of non-milk protein in the milk replacer, and more preferably about 2,000 D.U. per gram of non-milk protein in the milk replacer.
A Delft Unit is an arbitrary unit used to indicate the protease activity of an enzyme preparation, and is determined by following the assay procedure described in the Maxatase brochure available from Royal Netherlands Fermentation Industries, P.O. Box 1, Delft, Holland. Reference to this bxochure should be made for the full details.
Briefly, the assay procedure relies on measuring the activity of the enzyme preparation in digesting a standardised casein substrate.
The protease material feed supplement may conveniently be Eormulated as a unit dosage containing an amount of the protease material exhibiting an appropriate protease activity, which can then be fed to the calves along with the milk replacer.
Advantageously, the unit dosage will contain protease material in an amount exhibiting a protease activity of from 10,000 D.U. to 200,000 D.U. At the time when the protease material supplement has the greatest influence of the calf's digestion o non-milk protein, i.e. during the irst two weeks of the calf's life, the calf will typically be receiving about 500 g of milk replacer per day, with a protein content of about 20%, in two equal daily feedings of 250g. With a non-milk protein content of at least 50 in the milk replacer, it would be appropriate to employ a dosage e~hibiting at least 12,500 D.U., preferably about ~ trade ~n~r,~!
; \ - 7 -,1,~,,, i ~7~3 50,000 D.U. protease activity to be added to each -feeding.
With higher non-milk protein contents, dosages of as much as 2007 000 D.U. may be used.
The following non-limitin~ Examples illustrate the practice of the present invention.
EXAMPhE
..... _ _ Thirty-two Holstein bull cc~es, purchased at approximately 6 days o~ age, were randomly allotted Oll the basis of initial weight and age to a control group and two experimental groups~ Two experimental replacers, with 50%
(50~P) and 80~ (80%P) of the protein in the milk replacer supplied by plant (P) protein, were Eormulated and compared to a control all-milk protein replacer (O~P). The composition oE khese milk replacers is shown in Table 1, where-in~ as throughout this speci~ication, all parts and per-centages are by weight.
Table 1 ~ O~P 50~0P 80%P
20 _ _ _ __ __ Ingredients (~0):
Dried skim milk 40 22.5 11.5 Spray dried whey 10 27.5 13.5 Dried buttermilk 15 - -Tallow & cocoanut oil (1) 21 21 21 Dextrose & corn starch (2) 13 13.9 28.4 Promine F (3) - 8.5 16.0 Corn gluten meal - 5.5 Vitamins & Minerals (4) Methionine - 0~1 0.1 ~ 8 -~L~7~L9Z3 Table 1 cont .
~/P 50~0P 80~P
Composition (~ dry matter basis~
Pxotein 20.9 22.4 25.4 Fat 21. 021~. O 21~ 0 Ca 1.0 1.0 1.0 - Phosphorus 0.750.75 0.75 (1) Mixed in 3:1 proportion. Fancy grade tallow, supplied by St. Lawrence Rendering Co., Montreal, Que. Unre~ined cocoanut oil supplied by Drew Brown Ltd., Montreal, Que.
(2) Mixed in 3:1 proportion. Both supplied by Canada Starch Ltd., Cardinal, ont.
(3) Isolated soy protein (90~) supplied by Central Soya Co., Inc., Chicago, Illinois.
(4) Commercial mix supplied by Delmar Chemical Ltdo ~ Montreal, Que.
- A ~eed supplemenk containing protease material was prepared by growing Soranqlum sp.(isolate ~95) under the conditions described in Example 1 (a) o~ United State~ patent 3,515,641. The whole ermentation broth was then concentrated ~y evaporation, and sufficient of the concentrated broth, ~`
~s determined by assay o~ the D~U. per gram9 was blended with two lots of soybean meal carrier to form two mixtures, one of higher and one of lower proteaqe material content, which were then divided into 14 g. dosage unit3. The dosage units o highex protease content possessed 100,000 D~U., and those o~ lower protease content possessed 50,000 D.U.
_ g _ .
~ . .
.
7~9~3 The calves were fed the milk replacers allotted to th~m, the milk replacers being mixed wi-th warm water and being ed rom a pail or through a nipple. Each calf was given two equal daily feeds of its allotted milk replacer. The amounts of milk replacer and, of the water to dilute the milk replacer fed to each calf per day were as shown in table 2.
Tab _ __ Week ~ _ Total Components 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Milk Replacer (g) 500 700 900 9 9 625 31,675 Water (litres) 4 l~.5 s.o 6.o 6.o 6.o 220.5 In the case o the ~irst expe~imental group which received the 50~ P millc replacer, one 14g dosage unit of the 50, ooo D.U. protease material-containing feed supplement was blended into the milk replacer before feeding, so that 20 each calf in this group received protease material o~ :
100,000 D.U. daily.
The calves in the second Pxperime~ntal group each received one l~g dosage unit o~ ~he higher protease content with each -feeding of the 80~P milk replacer, so.that they received a total of 200~000 D.U. daily.
~ o protease-containing feed supplement was offered -to the calves in the first, or control~ group.
For the first three days, each of the calves in all three groups were injected daily with a conventional. commer-cially available vitamin preparation and were of~ere!d 50g ~ 7~9~3of electroyltes (Na Cl, K Cl and ~a HC ~) mixed with dextrose as a carrier.
Calf s-tarter (composed of grouned corn, barley, wheat bran, soybean meal molasses and vitamins and minerals) with a crude protein content of 18~o~ timothy/trefoil hay, and fresh water were offered to all calves as free choice from day 1.
Attention was paid to balancing the proportions o~ the essential amino acids in the 50%P and 80~oP experimental milk replacèrs, so as to obtain, as nearly as economically feasible~
balanced proportions of amino acids substantially corresponding to those of milk protein.
The essential amino acid contents of the milk replacers employed i.n the presant Example are shown .in TablQ 3, as well as the amino acid contents which are contributed by 28 g.
of the protease materia~-containing feed supplement.
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.~ r~ 8 O ~ O ~ O
e ~ o ~1 . . . .
~ o o ~, ~ ~ ~P ~ ~1 h ~ O ~ O ~1 1~ ~i ~I P; t~ ~`I N ~ 1 O rl ~rl ~rl 0 ~ C: ~'' '' ~U ~d ,~ OU~rl tq ,.
~1 _1 ~ ~1 ,., ~ .
~ ~ p~ o ~
~ 0 ~ o o c~ ...:
E~ ~ O In GO ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ': '' .. . . .
- . . .
~0719;~:3 As will be seen from Table l~ in addition to methionine, corn gluten meal was employed to supplement isolated soybean protein as it has a relatively hlgh content of aromatic amino acids and valine which are relatively lacking in soybean protein.
From Table 4 it will b~ seen that except for lysine and valine, the 8 remaining essential amino acids were ofered to the experimental calves -fed 50~P and 800~P in a higher quantity than for the control calves fed O~P. In the ~irs-t week, when 500 g o~ replacer was fed per cal per day (~28 g o soybean carrier admixed with pro-tease material or experimental calves), the lysine de~ici-t for calves fed 50~P was 0.39 g/head (4.6%) and ~or calves ~ed 80~P, 0.32 g/head (3.8~). The corresponding deicit for valine was o.56 g (8.8~) and 0.39 g (6.1~) respectively. ~hen the milk replacer consumption peaked with 900 g consumed/day/cal (~28 g of soybean carrier admixed with protease material for experimental calves), the lysine deficit was 1~33 g (8.7 and 1.2 g/head (7.9~) respectively and the val:ine deficit was 1.25 g. (10.9~) and o.96 g/heacl (8.l~) respectively.
The eed intake was recoraed daily and calves were weighed weekly.
All calves were weaned abruptly ater 6 weeks and kept or an additional 2 week period on starter diet and hay.
The peroxmance of the calves up to 6 weeks of age (weaning) is summarised in Table 4. - -..
. : : . . .: . . :
1~7~ 3 Table ~
Characteristics O~P 50%P 80~P
.. . .. _ ~ ._ .. _ . . , . _ _ ~ __-- . . :; No. of calves 10 10 12 Ave. daily gain ~g) 617.9 639.2 710.2 ~ 7 Milk replacex con-sumption/kg of gain (kg) 1.22 1.18 1~06 (87~o) . :
Ave. consumption of 18~ crude protein calf starter/head/ 399 341 508 day (g) t127.3%) Protein consumption/ 379.8 374.0 403.1 kg of gain (g) ( 106 .13~) Plant protein o~
total protein (~) 32.5 64.2 85.8 E'eed cost/kg o~ gain (c) 97.5 64 .1 51. 3 Age at which calves consumed more than 500 g calf starter/
day for 3 consecutive days 34 days 36 days 22 days (1) ~alues in brackets relate to O~P as lOO~o.
From Table L~ it will be seen that the calves receiving the 50~P and 80~P diets had in fact slightly higher average daily gains than thosè fed on the O~P replacer.
Calf starter consumption per day up to weaning was 399 g ~or calves fed O~P, as agains-t 341 g and 508 g for calves fed 50~P and 80~P respectively, the last value being significantly greater. Calves fed 80~P consumed more than 500 g o starter/head~day for 3 consecutive days after 22 days on experiment. O~P calves consumed this guantit:y after 31~ da~s and 50~P after 36 days on experiment. Higher and ~;
:~Q~ 3 earlier intake of solid food by 80~oP calves was influenced by earlier involvement of the rumen in ~ood digestion as indicated by regular rumination in the course of the third experimental week.
Hay consumption/calf/day up to weaning was 43.1~ g for O~P, as against 65.l g and 61.5 g respectively for 50~P
and 80,bP. Again, more than 40~ higher consumption of hay in experimental groups suggests a better functioning rumen.
Cumulative consumption of protein (including starter and hay) /kg of gain for the same period was not significantly different across the whole group. of the total protein consumed, 32.5~ was of plant origin in O~P versus 64.2 and 85.8~ respectively in 50~P and 80~P groups~
No adverse e~ect was observed on the consistency o~ the feces in the calves in the 50~0P and 80~P groups. Forty-nine occurrences of abnormal feces were observed with the O~P
group as compared with thirty-eight occurrences in the 50~P
group and fifteen occurrences in the 80~P group. It was concluded that no serious digestive disturbances occurred in the calves in 50~P and 80~P groups.
Three groups of calves were raised up to age eight weeks. Apart from points of dif~erence noted below, the procedures of Example l were adopted. The first group -~
(5 calves) was ed on the O~P replacer of Example l and the second and third groups (5 and 6 calves, respectively) received the 80~P replacer. only the second group recei~ed a protease material supplement in accordance with this invention.
In this Example, the whole fermentation broth~ obtained ~ 15 -. . .
.. ' .: ' . ~' . '.: . . .
~L~71~Z3 as described in Example l, was concentrated by ~vaporation, then dialyzed and reeze-dried~ The calves in the second group received a dosage of lO0,000 D.U. freeze-dried material with each of their twice-daily feedinys, providing them with a daily total of 200,000 D~Ur of the protease material.
As in Example l, all ca~ves were weaned abruptly after 6 weeks and kept for an additional 2 week: period on starter diet and hay.
At the end of the trial~ it was fourld that the average daily gain was 480.3 g for calves in the first group, 492.8 g Eor the second group and 450.0 g for the third group. The cal starter consumption/calf/day was ~85.9 g for the Eirst group, 573.8 for the second group and 560.o for the third group.
With the calves in the third group there was a higher occurrence of abnormality in the consistency of the feces than in the calves in the second group (65 occurrences as against 56).
- A ~eed supplemenk containing protease material was prepared by growing Soranqlum sp.(isolate ~95) under the conditions described in Example 1 (a) o~ United State~ patent 3,515,641. The whole ermentation broth was then concentrated ~y evaporation, and sufficient of the concentrated broth, ~`
~s determined by assay o~ the D~U. per gram9 was blended with two lots of soybean meal carrier to form two mixtures, one of higher and one of lower proteaqe material content, which were then divided into 14 g. dosage unit3. The dosage units o highex protease content possessed 100,000 D~U., and those o~ lower protease content possessed 50,000 D.U.
_ g _ .
~ . .
.
7~9~3 The calves were fed the milk replacers allotted to th~m, the milk replacers being mixed wi-th warm water and being ed rom a pail or through a nipple. Each calf was given two equal daily feeds of its allotted milk replacer. The amounts of milk replacer and, of the water to dilute the milk replacer fed to each calf per day were as shown in table 2.
Tab _ __ Week ~ _ Total Components 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Milk Replacer (g) 500 700 900 9 9 625 31,675 Water (litres) 4 l~.5 s.o 6.o 6.o 6.o 220.5 In the case o the ~irst expe~imental group which received the 50~ P millc replacer, one 14g dosage unit of the 50, ooo D.U. protease material-containing feed supplement was blended into the milk replacer before feeding, so that 20 each calf in this group received protease material o~ :
100,000 D.U. daily.
The calves in the second Pxperime~ntal group each received one l~g dosage unit o~ ~he higher protease content with each -feeding of the 80~P milk replacer, so.that they received a total of 200~000 D.U. daily.
~ o protease-containing feed supplement was offered -to the calves in the first, or control~ group.
For the first three days, each of the calves in all three groups were injected daily with a conventional. commer-cially available vitamin preparation and were of~ere!d 50g ~ 7~9~3of electroyltes (Na Cl, K Cl and ~a HC ~) mixed with dextrose as a carrier.
Calf s-tarter (composed of grouned corn, barley, wheat bran, soybean meal molasses and vitamins and minerals) with a crude protein content of 18~o~ timothy/trefoil hay, and fresh water were offered to all calves as free choice from day 1.
Attention was paid to balancing the proportions o~ the essential amino acids in the 50%P and 80~oP experimental milk replacèrs, so as to obtain, as nearly as economically feasible~
balanced proportions of amino acids substantially corresponding to those of milk protein.
The essential amino acid contents of the milk replacers employed i.n the presant Example are shown .in TablQ 3, as well as the amino acid contents which are contributed by 28 g.
of the protease materia~-containing feed supplement.
: .... . . , ~ .
. .
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1~ ~
>~ O ~ O
a~ D .~ '.
O ~Id ,~d' o ~ , l~ ~:S ': " ., ~ ~ O ~C~ ~
1~1 ~I ~j ~ ) ~ ~'V ~ O _l O ~ '.
g ~1 ' O 0 m .~ o o o 1~ ~ ..
U~ .' ... , .
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.~ r~ 8 O ~ O ~ O
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~ o o ~, ~ ~ ~P ~ ~1 h ~ O ~ O ~1 1~ ~i ~I P; t~ ~`I N ~ 1 O rl ~rl ~rl 0 ~ C: ~'' '' ~U ~d ,~ OU~rl tq ,.
~1 _1 ~ ~1 ,., ~ .
~ ~ p~ o ~
~ 0 ~ o o c~ ...:
E~ ~ O In GO ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ': '' .. . . .
- . . .
~0719;~:3 As will be seen from Table l~ in addition to methionine, corn gluten meal was employed to supplement isolated soybean protein as it has a relatively hlgh content of aromatic amino acids and valine which are relatively lacking in soybean protein.
From Table 4 it will b~ seen that except for lysine and valine, the 8 remaining essential amino acids were ofered to the experimental calves -fed 50~P and 800~P in a higher quantity than for the control calves fed O~P. In the ~irs-t week, when 500 g o~ replacer was fed per cal per day (~28 g o soybean carrier admixed with pro-tease material or experimental calves), the lysine de~ici-t for calves fed 50~P was 0.39 g/head (4.6%) and ~or calves ~ed 80~P, 0.32 g/head (3.8~). The corresponding deicit for valine was o.56 g (8.8~) and 0.39 g (6.1~) respectively. ~hen the milk replacer consumption peaked with 900 g consumed/day/cal (~28 g of soybean carrier admixed with protease material for experimental calves), the lysine deficit was 1~33 g (8.7 and 1.2 g/head (7.9~) respectively and the val:ine deficit was 1.25 g. (10.9~) and o.96 g/heacl (8.l~) respectively.
The eed intake was recoraed daily and calves were weighed weekly.
All calves were weaned abruptly ater 6 weeks and kept or an additional 2 week period on starter diet and hay.
The peroxmance of the calves up to 6 weeks of age (weaning) is summarised in Table 4. - -..
. : : . . .: . . :
1~7~ 3 Table ~
Characteristics O~P 50%P 80~P
.. . .. _ ~ ._ .. _ . . , . _ _ ~ __-- . . :; No. of calves 10 10 12 Ave. daily gain ~g) 617.9 639.2 710.2 ~ 7 Milk replacex con-sumption/kg of gain (kg) 1.22 1.18 1~06 (87~o) . :
Ave. consumption of 18~ crude protein calf starter/head/ 399 341 508 day (g) t127.3%) Protein consumption/ 379.8 374.0 403.1 kg of gain (g) ( 106 .13~) Plant protein o~
total protein (~) 32.5 64.2 85.8 E'eed cost/kg o~ gain (c) 97.5 64 .1 51. 3 Age at which calves consumed more than 500 g calf starter/
day for 3 consecutive days 34 days 36 days 22 days (1) ~alues in brackets relate to O~P as lOO~o.
From Table L~ it will be seen that the calves receiving the 50~P and 80~P diets had in fact slightly higher average daily gains than thosè fed on the O~P replacer.
Calf starter consumption per day up to weaning was 399 g ~or calves fed O~P, as agains-t 341 g and 508 g for calves fed 50~P and 80~P respectively, the last value being significantly greater. Calves fed 80~P consumed more than 500 g o starter/head~day for 3 consecutive days after 22 days on experiment. O~P calves consumed this guantit:y after 31~ da~s and 50~P after 36 days on experiment. Higher and ~;
:~Q~ 3 earlier intake of solid food by 80~oP calves was influenced by earlier involvement of the rumen in ~ood digestion as indicated by regular rumination in the course of the third experimental week.
Hay consumption/calf/day up to weaning was 43.1~ g for O~P, as against 65.l g and 61.5 g respectively for 50~P
and 80,bP. Again, more than 40~ higher consumption of hay in experimental groups suggests a better functioning rumen.
Cumulative consumption of protein (including starter and hay) /kg of gain for the same period was not significantly different across the whole group. of the total protein consumed, 32.5~ was of plant origin in O~P versus 64.2 and 85.8~ respectively in 50~P and 80~P groups~
No adverse e~ect was observed on the consistency o~ the feces in the calves in the 50~0P and 80~P groups. Forty-nine occurrences of abnormal feces were observed with the O~P
group as compared with thirty-eight occurrences in the 50~P
group and fifteen occurrences in the 80~P group. It was concluded that no serious digestive disturbances occurred in the calves in 50~P and 80~P groups.
Three groups of calves were raised up to age eight weeks. Apart from points of dif~erence noted below, the procedures of Example l were adopted. The first group -~
(5 calves) was ed on the O~P replacer of Example l and the second and third groups (5 and 6 calves, respectively) received the 80~P replacer. only the second group recei~ed a protease material supplement in accordance with this invention.
In this Example, the whole fermentation broth~ obtained ~ 15 -. . .
.. ' .: ' . ~' . '.: . . .
~L~71~Z3 as described in Example l, was concentrated by ~vaporation, then dialyzed and reeze-dried~ The calves in the second group received a dosage of lO0,000 D.U. freeze-dried material with each of their twice-daily feedinys, providing them with a daily total of 200,000 D~Ur of the protease material.
As in Example l, all ca~ves were weaned abruptly after 6 weeks and kept for an additional 2 week: period on starter diet and hay.
At the end of the trial~ it was fourld that the average daily gain was 480.3 g for calves in the first group, 492.8 g Eor the second group and 450.0 g for the third group. The cal starter consumption/calf/day was ~85.9 g for the Eirst group, 573.8 for the second group and 560.o for the third group.
With the calves in the third group there was a higher occurrence of abnormality in the consistency of the feces than in the calves in the second group (65 occurrences as against 56).
Claims (13)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A feed composition for young calves comprising in combination a milk replacer containing non-milk protein, and a protease material which is an extra-cellular metabolite of a Sorangium sp. (isolate 495) in an amount giving a protease activity of at least 500 D.U. per gram of non-milk protein in the milk replacer.
2. A composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein up to 80% by weight of the total protein in said milk replacer is non-milk protein.
3. A composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein 20 to 80% by weight of the total protein in said milk replacer is non-milk protein.
4. A composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein said non-milk protein is plant protein.
5. A composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the protein content of said milk replacer comprises 50% by weight non-milk protein.
6. A composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the protein content of said milk replacer comprises 80% by weight non-milk protein.
7. A composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein said protease material is present in an amount giving a protease activity in the range 500 to 3,000 D.U. per gram of non-milk protein in the milk replacer.
8. A composition as claimed in claim 7 wherein said protease activity is about 2,000 D.U. per gram of non-milk protein in the milk replacer.
9. A composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein said protease material is present in the form of a whole fermentation broth of said Sorangium sp. (isolate 495).
10. A composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein said protease material is present as the isolated liquid portion of a fermentation broth of said Sorangium sp. (isolate 495).
11. A composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein said milk replacer contains a blend of soy protein and corn gluten meal as non-milk protein and contains an addition of methionine giving balanced proportions of essential amino-acids substantially corresponding to those of milk protein.
12. A unit dosage of a feed supplement for young calves containing protease material which is an extra-cellular metabolite of a Sorangium sp. (isolate 495) in an amount exhibiting a protease activity in the range 10,000 to 200,000 D.U.
13. A unit dosage as claimed in claim 12 wherein said protease activity is about 50,000 D.U.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA247,931A CA1071923A (en) | 1976-03-15 | 1976-03-15 | Calf feed containing sorangium enzymes |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA247,931A CA1071923A (en) | 1976-03-15 | 1976-03-15 | Calf feed containing sorangium enzymes |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1071923A true CA1071923A (en) | 1980-02-19 |
Family
ID=4105465
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA247,931A Expired CA1071923A (en) | 1976-03-15 | 1976-03-15 | Calf feed containing sorangium enzymes |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1071923A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2261877A (en) * | 1991-11-21 | 1993-06-02 | Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Kk | Animal feed additive comprising enzyme and amino acid |
| EP0934700A1 (en) * | 1998-01-29 | 1999-08-11 | Cerestar Holding Bv | Calf milk replacer |
| US9226515B2 (en) | 2004-02-03 | 2016-01-05 | Cargill, Incorporated | Protein concentrate and an aqueous stream containing water-soluble carbohydrates |
-
1976
- 1976-03-15 CA CA247,931A patent/CA1071923A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2261877A (en) * | 1991-11-21 | 1993-06-02 | Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Kk | Animal feed additive comprising enzyme and amino acid |
| EP0934700A1 (en) * | 1998-01-29 | 1999-08-11 | Cerestar Holding Bv | Calf milk replacer |
| US6096353A (en) * | 1998-01-29 | 2000-08-01 | Cerestar Holding B.V. | Calf milk replacer |
| US9226515B2 (en) | 2004-02-03 | 2016-01-05 | Cargill, Incorporated | Protein concentrate and an aqueous stream containing water-soluble carbohydrates |
| US10154679B2 (en) | 2004-02-03 | 2018-12-18 | Cargill, Incorporated | Protein concentrate and an aqueous stream containing water-soluble carbohydrates |
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