CA1038271A

CA1038271A - Biological testing device

Info

Publication number: CA1038271A
Application number: CA223,080A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Peter Solyom; Bengt Boman; Hakan Bjorndal
Original assignee: KALE-REGULATORER AB
Current assignee: KALE-REGULATORER AB
Priority date: 1974-04-04
Filing date: 1975-03-25
Publication date: 1978-09-12
Also published as: FR2266885B1; DE2514609A1; BE827546A; SE381935B; NL7503921A; JPS50142088A; FR2266885A1; GB1492637A; DE2514609C2; SE7404556L

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A continuous or discontinuous process for determining acute toxicity in an aqueous liquid, especially in waste water, com-prises preaerating to almost oxygen saturation at least a part of the liquid, then contacting the preaerated liquid with a submerse, biological bed, and measuring the oxygen content of the effluent from said bed, the biomass of the bed being main-tained substantially at a constant level. Apparatus for carry-ing out this process comprises a preaerator for producing almost complete saturation of said liquid with oxygen, a submerse biolo-gical bed and an oxygen electrode for measuring the oxygen con-tent of the effluent from said bed, the biomass of the bed in said apparatus being cultured in at least one set of two opposed mutually movable surfaces and channels being defined between the surfaces to produce contact between said liquid and the biomass.

Description

~0382 71 This invention relates to a process and an apparatus for determining acute toxicity of chemical substances in aqueous liquids, especially in waste water, to microorganisms present in biological purification plants.
In such plants waste water is purified by contact with microorganisms, organic material consuming oxygen being decomposed.
However, the microorganisms can be poisoned, i.e. their respiration can be inhibited completely or partly, if the waste ~` 10 water influent contains any substance having an acute toxic . ~. . .
effect on the microorganisms and if this substance is present ~ in a sufficiently high concentration, i.e. in a concentration ~

'`t exceeding the maximum concentration to which the microorganisms - ~ -can be exposed without being poisoned.

~ Prior known methods to determine the toxicity of chemical ..,~
substances are time-consuming and expensive and can substantial-ly be divided into four main groups:
1) Introduction of toxic substances in normally operating ;
standard purification plants of the active sludge type, with a subsequent examination of the deteriorated function. For a -~ reliable judgement of the toxicity of a chemical substance (one concentration level) an examination period of about 3 weeks is ~ required.
-~ 2) Respirometric measurements made on active sludge in the ~s~ presence of a substance, which can be easily decomposed biolo-gically, and in the absence or presence of a toxic chemical sub-stance in different concentrations. The examination takes about 1 - 2 weeks.
3) Culturing representative microorganisms in purification plants in the presence of a toxic chemical substance in different :
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103~2ql ~` concentrations. This method is also time-consuming.
4) Determination of the dehydrogenase activity in the presence of a toxic chemical substance in different concentrations. The dehydrogenase activity of the microorganisms is determined by means of TTC and is a rather complicated procedure.
However, it is obvious that the presence of any acute toxic substance is not discovered by such methods until the microo-rganisms have already been poisoned. Consequently, if such a substance is present, the purification process must be interrupt-10 ed and a new culture must be generated. This may cause a shut-down for several weeks.
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Thus, there is a need for a process and an apparatus for analyzing aqueous liquids, such as waste water, in respect of the presence of substances being acutely toxic to the microorgan-isms, before the liquid is introduced into the biological puri-s fication stage. ~ -According to this invention there is provided a process ` -~
, for determining acute toxicity in an aqueous liquid, such as waste water, comprising first preaerating to almost oxygen 20 saturation at least a part of said liquid, then contacting said s preaerated liquid with a submerse biological bed, and measuring the oxygen content of the effluent from said bed, the biomass of the bed being maintained substantially at a constant level.
The process can be carried out continuously or discontinuously.
~ This invention also provides apparatus for determining acute is toxicity in an aqueous liquid, such as waste water, comprising a preaerator for preaerating to almost oxygen saturation an in-fluent of said liquid, a submerse biological bed arranged to ~ -, receive the preaerated liquid, and a device ~uch as an oxygen 30 electrode~ for continuous ox intermittent measurement of oxygen .

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J ~, . - . . ' ' 1~38Z71 for measuring the oxygen content of the effluent from said bed, wherein the biomass of the bed is cultured in at least one set of two opposed, relatively movable surfaces and wherein channels are defined between the surfaces to produce contact between said liquid and the biomass. --The term "oxygen" as used herein is meant to denote oxygen in a form which can be readily used by the microorganisms in their metabolism and is usually synonymous with free oxygen.
The invention is explained in more detail with reference to the drawings, wherein:-.. ~
Fig. 1 shows apparatus according to an embodiment of the : ~ -inventiOn; -Fig. 2 shows a cross sectional view of an alternative em-bodiment of the biological~part of the apparauts;

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Fig. 3 shows the biological part shown in Fig. 2 in greater detail; and ~-Fig. 4 shows the oxygen content of the effluent plotted against the time for poisoning the biomass.

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With reference to Fig. 1 a partial flow of the liquid to be examined is introduced into a preaerator 1 through an inlet ., 2 and is contacted with air, which is supplied through an inlet

3, the preaerator preferably being dimensioned so that the in-fluent will be almost oxygen saturated. Then the aerated liquid is passed through a conduit 4 to a biological part 5 consisting of rotating circular discs 6 on a shaft 14 and of stationary inserts 7, which are arranged so that the rotating discs 6 lie between the stationary inserts 7. The discs 6 and the inserts 7 are preferably parallel, but this is not absolutely necessary and some deviation from a parallel state can be tolerated. By this design a very good contact between the liquid, e.g. water, .

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and the biofilm is obtained. The biofilm is built up both on the rotating and the stationary parts and its thickness is con-trolled by abrasion due to the water flow. A particularly good control and constancy of the thickness of the biofilm is obtain-ed if the shaft 14 is mounted so that an oscillating motion is also produced during rotation thereof. Because the distance bet-ween the rotating and the stationary parts varies part of the biofilm is abraded by contact. The liquid flows from the biolo-gical part 5 through a conduit 8 to a measuring part consisting : 10 of an oxygen electrode 9 and a holder 10 and designed so that ;~ the liquid from the biological part passes the membrane of the ~ -oxygen electrode at such a high flow rate that the measuring part does not get clogged, continuous measurement of oxygen being :, .
made possible. The oxygen content is plotted on a recording means (not shown).
The liquid flow through the apparatus of the invention is dimensioned on the basis of the respiration of active sludge.
When adding fresh active sludge an oxygen saturated liquid will be almost entirely free of oxygen after about 5 minutes. There-fore the detention time in the biological part has been chosen I to be S - 6 minutes. With the volume of the biological part -` shown in Fig. 1 this will provide a liquid flow of about 40 i~ ml/min.
An alternative embodiment of the biological part 5 is shown ~ in Fig. 2. This consists of two opposed discs 12, 13, of which '~J at least one is rotatable. The discs are provided with flanges 6, 7, the flanges of one disc fitting in the grooves between the ~ flanges of the other disc. In this way a very big contact sur-'- face is obtained between the liquid entering through the central 30 portion of the disc 13 and the biofilm formed on the flanges 6, ~-~ .
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`: 1038Z7~ -7 as well as the parts of the discs 12, 13 comprising the sur-faces between the flanges. The flanges 6, 7 can each have a rectangular cross section, a cross section of a truncated cone, or some other suitable cross section. The discs 12, 13 are en-closed in a container and the liquid is prevented from circulat-ing through sealings between the walls of the container and the discs. The liquid is passed to the part for measuring oxygen through a conduit 8 in the container. The rotating disc may be centrically or eccentrically mounted on the shaft 14, and the thickness control of the biofilm is facilitated in the same way as for the embodiment shown in Fig. 1.

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Fig. 3 shows in detail in cross section how the flanges 6 ~ on the disc 12 and the flanges 7 on the disc 13 mutually engage ..~
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,~: When the liquid passes through the biological part the -~ microoganisms consume oxygen in the metabolism of the decompos-able material included in the substrate. If a chemical substance - is present in a toxic concentration in the liquid, the metabolism of the microorganisms is inhibited and their oxygen consumption ~, 20 stops completely or partly. The measured content of oxygen in-'.JI creases after abcut 5 minutes which is equal to the detention time in the biological part, and reaches its maximum concentra-`, tion after a time depending on the degree of poisoning. Such a course is represented in Fig. 4. Thus the presence of acute toxic substance in the waste water can be discovered as early as after about 5 - 7 minutes and measures can then be taken immediately, - - e.g. stopping the influent of liguid, or possibly the influent of a partial flow of liquid, to the biological stage of the puri-fication plant. The rapid response is an additional advantage of the process and the apparatus of the invention, since in this ,~
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`~ way it is possible to prevent poisoning of the biological stage of the purification plant, which would mean a shut-down of about 2 - 3 weeks. However, a new culture for the biological part of the apparatus can be regenerated in about 5 - 6 hours.
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Claims

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. A process for determining acute toxicity in an aqueous liquid comprising first preaerating to almost oxygen satura-tion at least a part of said liquid, then contacting said at least part of said liquid with a submerge biological bed, and measuring the oxygen content of the effluent from said bed, the biomass of the bed being substantially maintained at a constant level.

2. The process of claim 1 wherein said aqueous liquid is waste water.

3. The process of claim 1 which process is carried out continuously.

4. The process of claims 1, 2 or 3 wherein the biomass of the bed is substantially maintained at a constant level by intermittent wiping.

5. Apparatus for determining acute toxicity in an aqueous liquid, comprising a preaerator for preaerating to almost oxygen saturation an influent of said liquid, a submerse biological bed arranged to receive preaerated liquid, and a device for continuous or intermittent measurement of oxygen for measuring the oxygen content of the effluent from said bed, wherein the biomass of the bed is cultured in at least one set of two opposed, relatively movable surfaces and wherein channels are defined between the surfaces to produce contact between said liquid and the biomass.

6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said relatively movable surfaces are arranged so that the distance between them is variable.

7. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said relatively movable surfaces are rotatable circular discs on a shaft and stationary inserts, disposed so that the rotatable discs lie between the stationary inserts.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the shaft is mounted so that an oscillating motion is produced during rotation thereof.

9. The apparatus of claim 5, 6 or 7 wherein the measurement device comprises an oxygen electrode.