CA1037257A

CA1037257A - Vegetation control

Info

Publication number: CA1037257A
Application number: CA163,352A
Authority: CA
Inventors: James R. Wayland (Jr.); Morris G. Merkle; Frank S. Davis
Original assignee: Oceanography International Corp
Current assignee: Oceanography International Corp
Priority date: 1972-02-10
Filing date: 1973-02-09
Publication date: 1978-08-29
Also published as: GB1419429A; DE2306061B2; FR2171287A1; IT983050B; FR2171287B1; BE795218A; DE2306061A1; NL7301738A; JPS4885329A; DE2306061C3; AU5180173A; ES411485A1

Abstract

VEGETATION CONTROL

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Microwave transmitters generate electromagnetic energy at a desired frequency in the range of from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Energy derived from the microwave transmitters is coupled into a waveguide for transmission to an energy radiator coupled to the waveguide. The energy radiator, waveguide and microwave transmitters are vehicle mounted such that the radiator is made to pass over areas in which it is desired to control vegetation. Vegetation, including seeds, in the path of energy emitting from the radiator absorbs the energy from the field resulting in internal changes in the plant or seed causing death or debilitation of the vegetation or seed.

Description

This invention relates to a method of vegetation control, and more particularly to vegetation control by the application of an electromagnetic field in the microwave region ~' ' 20 to the controlled area.
Presently, the most effective methods available for controlling vegetation are chemical, i.e., the use of herbicides-Such chemicals leave harmful chemical residues which persist for various lengths of time and are thus ecologically detrimental.

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~, Other common methods of vegetation control are the use of fire : and mechanical devices. Fire methods of vegetation control, in ~ :, 7',~'~ addition to adding to environmental pollution, are difficult .~, to seiectively control. Mechanical devices, while not ' environmentally detrimental, are often ineffective and usually ::~
~ 30 quite expensive.
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In addition to these known methods of vegetation ` control, there is available in the literature dissertations on vegetation control using low frequency fields at low intensities.
See for example the publications of W.M. Iritani and T.W.
Woodbury, Idaho AgriculturaI Experimental Station Research Bulletin 25 (1954) and D.W. Lambert, W. W. Worzella, R.C. Kindi, J.N. Cheadle, Agron. J. 42,230 (1950). Both of these works end with the conclusion that control of vegetation by low frequency fields does not have commercial potential.
In accordance with the present invention, vegetation is controlled by the application of microwave fields to a selected area. After the vegetation in a given area has been cleared, there are no harmful residues and no environmental pollution. I
Areas which have been cleared may be immediately replanted il without harmful effects on the new plants.
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Apparatus for carrying out the method of the present , invention has established reliability and provides inexpensive .. ~ .
vegetation control. The method of vegetation control in accordance with the present invention includes the steps of generating an electromagnetic wave having a frequency in the range of from 300 MHz to 300 GHz for emission from an energy ' radiator. The area in which vegetation is to be controlled is subjected to the electromagnetic wave emission from the energy radiator. This energy is absorbed by the plant or plant seed causing death or debilitation.
According to one broad aspect, this invention provides a method of vegetation control~ comprising the steps of:
generating an electromagnetic wave having a frequency in the . . .
range of from 300 MHz to 300 GHz for emission from an energy radiator; subjecting an area within which vegetation is to be ' controlled to the electromagnetic wave emission from the energy radiator; and reflecting the wave emission ater it has passed ;~'

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through the area back into the area of vegetation control to achieve an energy density sufficient to cause the death or debilitation of the vegetation without raising the temperature of the area sufficiently to cause death or debilitation solely by thermal e-ffects.
According to another aspect, this invention provides a method of vegetation control, comprising the steps of:
generating an electromagnetic wave having a frequency in the range of from 300 MHz to 300 GHz for emission from an energy radiator; controlling the energy density of the electromagnetic .. .
: wave emission from the radiator; subjecting an area within which vegetation is to be controlled to the electromagnetic wave . emission from the energy radiator; and controlling the exposure ;~
time of the area of control to the emission from the energy radiator to achieve an energy density sufficient to cause the death or debilitation of the vegetation without raising the temperature of the area sufficiently to cause death or debilitation solely by thermal effects. ~:
According to a further aspect, this invention provides :
~ a method of vegetation control, comprising the steps of:
. generating an electromagnetic wave in the range of from 300 MHz 'J
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to 300 G~z; channeling the electromagnetic wave to an energy radiator for emission therefrom; and directing the electro- ~
magnetic wave emission from the energy radiator to an area :.
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within which vegetation is to be controlled to achieve an energy density sufficient to cause the death or debilitation : of the vegetation without raising the temperature of the area ~
sufficiently to cause death or debilitation solely by thermal ~ -;~ effects.
: 30 According to a still further aspect, the present I :
: invention provides a method of vegetation control, comprising ¦
the steps of: generating an electromagnetic wave in the range ¦~
of from 300 MHz to 300 GHz; channeling the electromagnetic wave ' C . ''-,. . , , . , .

10372~7 to an energy radiator for emission therefrom; controlling the energy density of the electromagnetic wave emission from the -radiator; directing the electromagnetic wave emission from the energy radiator to an area within which vegetation is to bé
controlled; and controlling the exposure time of the area of control to the energy emission from the radiator to achieve an - energy density sufficient to cause the death or debilitation of the vegetation-without raising the temperature of the area sufficiently to cause death or debilitation solely by thermal ~
effects. 1;
According to yet another aspect, this invention provides . a method of vegetation control, comprising the steps of:
generating an electromagnetic wave having a frequency in the : , range of from 300 MHz to 300 GHz for emission from an energy radiator; and subjecting an area within which vegetation is to be controlled to the electromagnetic wave emi~sion from the energy radiator to achieve an energy density sufficient to ~ cause the death or debilitation of the vegetation without ; raising the temperature of the area sufficiently to cause death or debilitation solely by thermal effects.
A more complete understanding of the invention and its - advantages will be apparent from the specification and claims and from the accompanying drawings illustrative of the invention.
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~ ; 1037Z~7 ¦ Referring to the drawings:
¦ FIGURE 1 is a pictorial view of a skeletonized vehicle ¦ for transporting apparatus for carrying out the present invention over a vegetation controlled area;
¦ FIGURE 2 is a block diagram of the equipment for ¦ carrying out vegetation control in accordance with the method ¦ of the present invention;
¦ FIGUR~ 3 is a pictorial view of a typical energy radiator for application of an electromagnetic field to a , 10 ¦ controlled area; and ¦ FIGURE 4 is a modification of the apparatus for . ¦ carrying out the present invention where an underground energy reflector increase3 the energy density of the area to be cleared.
~ ¦ Referring to the FIGURES, there is shown typical ;l 15 apparatus for carrying out the method of the present invention .1, wherein a vehicle 10 is provided for transporting the equipment used to generate an electromagnetic field for application to an area selected for vegetation control. A gasoline engine driven generator 12, the generator ~ay be driven by the power unit if the vehicle is self-propelled, provides a low frequency driving voltage to a series of four electromagnetic wave generators 14.
The electromagnetic wave generators which generate a frequency in¦
the range of from 300 MHz to 300 GHz may be magnetrons, klystrons or other sources of providing microwave energy. Typically, each of the generators may be of the type manufactured by Holaday Industries and identified as Model HI-1200. This is a microwave transmitter generating a frequency at 2450 ~ 20 MHz and includes

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¦ controls for varying the energy density therefrom. In addition, ¦ instead of continuous wave generators, pulsed waves may be ¦ employed by the vegetation control suggested. For certain I selected applications, modulated signals are applied to the ¦ vegetation to be controlled.
Electromagnetic waves generated by the transmitters 14 ' ¦ are individually coupled to waveguides 16 of any available design ¦ such as the RG-284 waveguide. The waveguides 16 are coupled ¦ directly to an energy radiator 18 which, in the configuration ¦ shown, is a rectangular box with a base shoe 20 and including ¦ cavities 22-25, as shown in FIGURE 3. To improve the coupling of energy from the waveguides 16 into the radiator 18, a dielectr c ~aterial absorber 26, FIGURE 2,is mounted within the cavity of the radiator 18. In accordance with standard microwave engineer-ing techniques, a tuning slug tnot shown) is included in each of the waveguides 16 for field matching so that the maximum intensit~
ii~` of energy is transmitted from the radiator 18 and the minimum l reflected back to the transmitters 14.
; ~ Referring specifically to FIGURE 2, there is shown a block diagram of the energy generating apparatus for selective area vegetation control. The power generator 12 provides a source of low frequency voltage to a high voltage supply 28 which¦
steps up the voltage level for use in driving a magnetron microwave generator 30. Prior to coupling the high voltage outpu~ ;
of the supply 28 to the magnetron 30, a warm-up period for the : supply is required. This warm-up period is controlled by a timing circuit 32 responsive to the output of the generator 12 an coupled in the line between the supply 28 and the magnetron 30.
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¦ Electromagnetic energy from the magnetron 30 is ¦ transmitted through a waveguide 16 which comprises rigid sections ` ¦ 16a, 16b and 16c and a flexible section 16d. The flexible ¦ section provides the flexibility to position the radiator 18 with ¦ respect to the soil surface.
;, I Mounted within the waveguide section 16c are sensors ¦ 34 and 36 for measuring the forward and reflected energy, - ¦ respectively, to the radiator 18. Signals from the sensors 34 ¦ and 36 are applied to a feedback network 38 for controlling the power level output of the magnetron 30 for most efficient coupling of energy into the radiator.
. As mentioned, in one model of a magnetron 30, the - output frequency is 2450 - 20 MHz. '.~hile this particular frequency has been shown to be effective, other frequencies within the range of from 300 MHz to 300 GHz are considered to be effective in vegetation control. For example, frequencies of 915 MHz, 5185 MHz and 21,000+ MHz are considered to be effective - at ve~etation control. Because of control by a governmental ~gency over the use of frequencies within the range suggested, approval of use of a particular frequency is required.
: In the range of frequencies discussed, the absorption by vegetation is thought to occur principally by changes in the . rotational energies of molecules in the object being exposed.
`.! The absorption of electromagnetic energy by rotations is the result of an interaction of the molecular dipole moment with the electromagnetic field. The molecule must have a permanent dipole momen o exhibit absorption in this fre~uency range.

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10~7ZJ 7 ' Electromagnetic energy from the radiator 18 is applied - to the seed or vegetation to be controlled by passing the - absorber 26 directly in contact with the vegetation or the ~oil - to be treated. Typically, the absorber may be a Pyro-Ceran having a dielectric constant half-way between air and soil. The energy ¦
level at which the magnetron 30 must be set is determined by the vegetation to be controlled. As a general rule, energy levels Or from 150 to 300 ~oules/cm2 is considered lethal to most plant vegetation and seeds.
Summarizing, vegetation control is provided by a method .~ that includes the steps of generating an electromagnetic wave (continuous, pulsed or modulated) naving a frequency in the range of 300 MHz to 300 GHæ for emission from the energy radiator 18. ¦ -The energy radiator 18 is passed over a selected area for subjec~ _ ing the area of vegetation control to the electromagnetic ~` emission from the radiator. Various degrees of éffectiveness can be achieved by controllir.g the energy density of the wave emission from the radiator 18 and also the time exposure of the area of vegetation control.
Results of several treatments for vegetation control b the present invention will now be given. Each of these treatments used apparatus that generates electromagnetic energy at 2450 - 20 MHz emitting from a radiator having an erfectil/e area of 16 sauare inches. Magnetrons each generating ener~Y
at the same frequency were coupled to the radiator. ¦~
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. I - EXAMPLE I
¦ This treatment was for the purpose of desiccation/
.` I defoliation in the Freeport, Florida area with the environmental ¦ conditions as described below. The site received a light rain ¦ approximately 16 hours prior to treatment. Air temperature was ¦ 26C; soil temperature 23C; relative humidity 69%; with little ¦ or no wind and an overcast sky. The soil type at the site is ¦ Lakeland sand and the soil moisture, i.e., the percent (weight) ¦ water being held or found in the soil at a given time, at the time of treatment was approximately 10%. The soil is nearly void of silt, clay and organic matter with the sand content approaching 99%. Parameters and results are given below:

Intensity DurationPercent of Plants (Watts) (Seconds)Desiccated EXAMPLE II
In a second treatment the control was for postemergence , that is, treatment involving vegetation and/or soil after ernergence of the crop seedlings. ~or this treatment, enYironmental data were recorded as follows: air temperature 27C; soil temperature 26C; relative humidity 48%; winds gusting to 40 miles per hour with clear skies and a bright sun.
The soil type on this site is Hidalgo sandy loam and the soil ; ¦¦ moisture, a he time o~ treatment, was approximatel~ 12~. The .''' , -7-,. . 1.
;,.: 11 1 1037Zg7 composition of the soil type is 75% sand; 16% clay, 9% silt, o.8% organic matter; and a pH of 8.1. Parameters and results of this treatment are given below:

Intensity Duration ,Broad leaves Grasses 5(Watts) (Seconds) Percent Percent . Counts Control Counts Control . ,. . ~ .
~ ~- 500 8 9.7 69. 4 12.3 49.4 i~ 500 16 9.6 69. 7 14. 3 41.2 500 32 3. o 90.4 1.7 93.1 ; 10 loO0 8 5. 7 82.0 10.1 58.5 1000 O 16 4.o 87.4 14.3 41. 2 1000 32 1.3 95.9 7.3 70.0 1300 8 8.4 73.5 ll.o 54.8 1300 16 1.0 96.9 4.4 81.9 1300 32 1.3 95.9 2. 7 88.9 ; EXAMPLE III
In a third treatment, preemergence, that is, treatment of the soil prior to thé~time of pianting and prior ~o the emergence of weed seedlings, was performed at Weslaco, Texas.
The environmental data recorded during the treatment was as follows: air temperature 27C; soil temperature 26C; relative . humidity 48%; winds light, up to 5 miles per hour, with clear ; skies and sunshine. The soil type on this site is the same as In the previo example. Parameters and results are as rollows:

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~: ~03~7Z57 Intensity Duration Broad leaves Grasses (Watts)/l sqin (Seconds) Plant % %
Counts Control Counts Control 500 8 93.7 o 20.3 31.5 500 16 86.3 21.1 28.0 500 32 28.4 62.3 5.7 80.6 ~: 1000 8 59.3 21.3 14.4 50.9 : .` loOo 16 21.6 71.4 6.7` 77.2 loOo 32 15.0 80.1 2.7 90.8 :: 10 1300 8 74.0 1.8 18 ~ 3 37.6 1300 16 38.9 49.4 7.3 75.1 1300 32 37.7 50.0 17.0 42.0 Results given in the above examples show that effective preemergence and postemergence vegetation control is possible.
The invention is applicable to both postemergence and preemergenc l.~Jeed control in field crops, vegetable crops and forest and .; ornamental plant nurseries. Desiccation and defoliation of crops along with brush control and forest weed tree control are -- additional applications. Other uses of the present method will suggest themselves to those active in vegetation control.
One additional important area is aquatic weed control.
Apparatus illustrated in FIGURE 1, sans the vehicle 10, are float mounted such that the radiator 18 places the absorber 26 in contact with the vegetation to be controlled. Plants floating and , : 25 in contact with absorber 26 will absorb the emitted radiation resulting in internal changes causing death or debilitation of the ~ plant including parts below the water surface. Energy levels for ,;~ lethal results are on the order of those given in the examples , above as are the times of exposure.
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"~ ¦ Referring to FIGURE 4, there is shown a modification ,~ ¦ of the radiator 18 to include a root plow 40 attached to the ¦ radiator by a bracket 42. In this embodiment, the radiator 18 ¦ moves along and in contact with soil to be treated. Below the ¦ soil surface the root plow 40 moves along with the radiator.
¦ Energy from the radiator enters the soil for vegetation or seed ¦ control. This energy is reflected from the plow 40 back into ¦ the area being cleared. By reflecting the energy in this I manner, increased energy density is achieved for more effective ¦ control for a comparable energy density without reflection.
~ Jhile the invention has been described with reference to specific frequency levels, energy levels and exposure times, and only one embodiment Gf apparatus fGr carrying out the invention has been described in detail herein and shown in the accompanying drawings, it will be evident that various . modifications are possible without departin~ from the scope of the invention.
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Claims

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A method of vegetation control, comprising the steps of:
generating an electromagnetic wave having a frequency in the range of from 300 MH2 to 300 GHz for emission from an energy radiator; subjecting an area within which vegetation is to be controlled to the electromagnetic wave emission from the energy radiator; and reflecting the wave emission after it has passed through the area back into the area of vegetation control to achieve an energy density from approximately 150 Joules/cm2 to approximately 300 Joules/cm2 sufficient to cause the death or debilitation of the vegetation without raising the temperature of the area sufficiently to cause death or debilitation solely by thermal effects.

2. A method of vegetation control, comprising the steps of:
generating an electromagnetic wave having a frequency in the range of from 300 MHz to 300 GHz for emission from an energy radiator; controlling the energy density of the electromagnetic wave emission from the radiator, said energy density being from approximately 150 Joules/cm2 to approximately 300 Joules/cm2;
subjecting an area within which vegetation is to be controlled to the electromagnetic wave emission from the energy radiator;
and controlling the exposure time of the area of control to the emission from the energy radiator to achieve an energy density sufficient to cause the death or debilitation of the vegetation without raising the temperature of the area sufficiently to cause death or debilitation solely by thermal effects.

3. A method of vegetation control, comprising the steps of: generating an electromagnetic wave in the range of from 300 MHz to 300 GHz; channeling the electromagnetic wave to an energy radiator for emission therefrom; controlling the energy density of the electromagnetic wave emission from the radiator, said energy density being from approximately 150 Joules/cm2 to approximately 300 Joules/cm2; directing the electromagnetic wave emission from the energy radiator to an area within which vegetation is to be controlled; and controlling the exposure time of the area of control to the energy emission from the radiator to achieve an energy density sufficient to cause the death or debilitation of the vegetation without raising the temperature of the area sufficiently to cause death or debilitation solely by thermal effects.

4. A method of vegetation control, comprising the steps of:
generating an electromagnetic wave having a frequency in the range of from 300 MHz to 300 GHz for emission from an energy radiator; and subjecting an area within which vegetation is to be controlled to the electromagnetic wave emission from the enery radiator to achieve an energy density from approximately 150 Joules/cm2 to approximately 300 Joules/cm2 sufficient to cause the death or debilitation of the vegetation without raising the temperature of the area sufficiently to cause death or debilitation solely by thermal effects.

5. A method of vegetation control as set forth in claim 4 wherein said generated electromagnetic wave is a continuous wave.

6. A method of vegetation control as set forth in claim 4 wherein said generated electromagnetic wave is a pulsed wave.

7. A method of vegetation control as set forth in claim 4 wherein said generated electromagnetic wave is a modulated wave.