CA1036844A - Alloy additive - Google Patents
Alloy additiveInfo
- Publication number
- CA1036844A CA1036844A CA204,126A CA204126A CA1036844A CA 1036844 A CA1036844 A CA 1036844A CA 204126 A CA204126 A CA 204126A CA 1036844 A CA1036844 A CA 1036844A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- magnesium
- iron
- bal
- silicon
- alloy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 28
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title description 28
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title description 6
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 title description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 235000000396 iron Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 14
- 229910001141 Ductile iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910005347 FeSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000616 Ferromanganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron manganese Chemical compound [Mn].[Fe] DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000012245 magnesium oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000805 Pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009851 ferrous metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000877 morphologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C35/00—Master alloys for iron or steel
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure Addition agents containing controlled percentages of nickel, silicon, magnesium and iron are useful in the production of ferrous-base compositions.
particularly ductile irons.
particularly ductile irons.
Description
~036~44 The subject invention is addressed to ferrous metallurgy, and more particularly, to addition agents for incorporating magnesium in ferrous-base melts.
As is known, it is virtually the most conventional of metallurgical practices to innoculate or otherwise treat molten irons for purposes of deoxi-dation, desulfurization, degasification, modification of the as-cast morphological structures, etc. Magnesium has seen extensive use in this connection and has been largely used in the production of "ductile iron", i.e., cast iron in which at least part of the graphite is present in spheroidal form. This latter develop-ment, early described in U.S. Patent No. 2,485,760 to Millis, Gagnebin & Pilling, significantly closed the gap between low-cost but brittle cast irons and the more expensive but less brittle steels.
In any case, over the years research has continued in respect of the development of improved procedures for introducing magnesium into a cast iron melt owing to its high degree of reactivity and propensity toward violent reactions. Too, in recent years increased emphasis has been and continues to be given to ecological considerations, namely, smoke emissions (attributable largely to evolved magnesium oxides) . Since most approaches to the problem, as does the present, involve the production and use of addition agents, "crusha-bility" of the additive as will be explained herein, also plays an important role.
All these factors, in turn, focus attention on the economic picture.
In accordance with the present invention, it has been discovered that a hereinafter more fully described addition agent, provided that it is controlled to contain special and correlated percentages of magnesium, nickel, silicon and iron, results in a material having a unique "combination" of attributes, particularly for ductile iron production, including (i) relatively low reactivity with molten iron and thus low smoke emission, (ii) excellent magnesium recovery both in terms of preparation of the additive and in respect of the ferrous-base product produced, (iii) and good crushability such that excessive fines can be avoided, these obtaining (iv) with the simultaneous capability of using relatively low silicon levels and (v) re]atively low cost. Prior art ductile iron addition agents have possessed one or more of these characteristics but, insofar as we are aware, none has combined all of them in one additive.
Moreover, apart from ductile iron production, it is deemed that these novel addition agents also can be used in treating both wrought and cast low alloy steels, particularly in minimizing the difficulties occasioned by reason of the contaminant sulfur.
Generally speaking, the present invention contemplates addition agents containing about 3%to 5.5%magnesium, about 19%to 24%nickel, about 15%to 28%
silicon and the balance essentially iron, the iron preferably being not less than 45%. Elements such as copper and manganese are not essential. Manganese need not exceed 2 or 3% although it can be as high as 12%.
In carrying the invention into practice, should the magnesium be too low, e . g ., 2%, the addition alloy is rendered too costly since a larger alloy addition would normally be required to produce a given magnesium level in a treated iron, notwithstanding a possibly higher magnesium recovery. On the other hand, based upon prior metallurgical principles it would be expected that as the magnesium is increased greater would be the reactivity and larger would be the obnoxious emissions, (i.e., magnesium recovery and smoke genera-tion would be expected to be roughly inversely proportional), this at the expense of smaller magnesium recoveries and higher cost. This need not be the case particularly if the nickel content is correlated with the magnesium percentage.
Within the chemistry contemplated herein, nickel promotes an increase in magnesium solubility in the addition agent. And, accordingly, if sufficient nickel is present such that the magnesium is soluble or substantially so in the addition agent, less smoke emission is encountered and magnesium recovery is enhanced in treatment of, say, a ductile iron. While the magnesium level need not exceed 5 . 5%, it can be present up to 6 or 7%.
With further regard to the nickel content, it need not exceed 23.5%
although up to about 25% can be present. And while it can be as low as 15 or 16%, particularly at the lowest magnesium levels, it is deemed that a range of 19.5% to 23.5% is most advantageous .
Concerning the element silicon, it should, at least in accordance here-with, be maintained at low levels. There is no significant reason why it should exceed about 30 or 32%; however, by keeping it below this level important commer-cial advantages are derived. For example, if in the production of ductile iron large quantities of silicon had to be added in the treatment and innoculation steps, then the silicon content of the ferrous melt would have to be kept low. However, this runs counter to desired commercial practice since it demands more careful selection of a base melt charge and would ostensibly occasion undue refractory wear. Too, excessive silicon detracts from a friable addition agent and tends to promote an unwanted amount of fines during crushing. These fines must be remelted. Thus, product yield is reduced and cost increased. A silicon range of 19 or 20% to 25 or 27% is quite satisfactory. Contributing to these desiderata is a low silicon (added) to magnesium (recovered) ratio. This ratio preferably does not exceed about 12: 1 and is desirably less than about 10: 1.
The following data will help serve as illustrative of the instant invention.
A number of addition alloys, both within and without the invention, were prepared as follows: electrolytic nickel, ferromanganese (when used) and iron were melted together (about 3% carbon was added in Alloy 1 to lower the melting temperature) and small amounts of FeSi were added as required to keep the baths deoxidized and quiet. To assure complete solution of the elements the melts were heated to about 2850F. and then cooled to about 2600F.
whereupon the remainder of the silicon was added.
The baths were then cooled to a temperature (about 2350F . ) near the freezing point and the magnesium was added either in the form of pure magnesium sticks or 50 Ni-50 Mg master alloy. The alloys were cast into small truncated ~036844 - cone-shaped pig molds (1, 2 and 5 lb. sizes) and subsequently crushed to provide generally uniform equiaxed shaped pieces of roughly 1/2" to 1/4" in diameter.
Often overlooked is the magnesium recovery in simply producing the addition agent, the emphasis usually being accorded to magnesium retention in the final ferrous base melt to be produced. However, this is an important adjunct to cost and therefore "magnesium addition agent recovery" was deter-mined for most instances (Table I).
Addition alloy #1, Table I, was added to a molten ferrous base nominally of 3.4% C, 2%Si, .45%Mn, Bal. Fe, prepared using pig iron,commercial iron, ferromanganese and ferrosilicon, and heated to 2800F. The above-described magnesium addition alloy (enough to provide approximately 0.05% Mg to the bath) was placed in a cavity in the bottom of a specially lined treatment ladle (100 lb. melts treated except Alloy 1 which was 30 lbs.) and the cavity was covered in the case of Alloy 1 with a 1/8" thick steel plate wéighing 0.6 lb.
A cover of crushed FeSi (50-50) equal to about 1% by weight of the bath was used for the remaining addition agents. The iron melt was tapped into the ladle at 2800F. On the basis that smoke emissions were relatively proportional to flare, which in retrospect is seemingly reasonably true for very high nickel (93-95%) addition agents, a camera was used to photographically judge the amount of smoke emission. In this instance, during tapping into the ladle a still camera was opened and when all visible sign of reaction ceased, the shutter was closed. After the reaction, a chill slug was poured for chemical analysis of magnesium. The bath was poured into a second ladle and innoculated with 0.5%Si as standard foundry grade ferrosilicon containing about 85%Si. A
second chill slug was analyzed for magnesium.
~ecause it was thought that the flare test was not sufficiently accurate for smoke generation in the more reactive agents, a different smoke test was devised for the remaining alloys (and also a repeat of Alloy #1). A Hi-Volume Air Sampler was used to sample a portion of the smoke drawn off through an exhaust vent. The exhaust hood was placed to encompass practically ~03684~ l all the generated smoke, the exhaust being sampled at a distance 20 feet from the ladle. A fraction of the air and likely a similar proportion of the MgO smoke was drawn through the sampler by a small fan. The smoke was collected on a filter which was weighed both before and after test. The weight gain was taken as the measurement of smoke emitted. Since clogging of the filter occurred in the more reactive alloys, a correction factor,S2 = Sl(2 Fo/Fo + Fl), was used to compensate for the drop in air flow rate through the sampler. S2 represents the corrected weight gain, Sl the measured weight gain, and Fo and Fl, respec-tively, correspond to the air flow from the smoke tester before aEld after test.
Various addition agent compositions are given in Table I below together with the percent magnesium recovery in preparing the same. It will be noted that a high magnesium recovery was obtained in most instances.
However, magnesium recovery was low in respect of Alloys A, B, and C
(alloys outside the invention) due largely, it is believed, to low nickel levels.
TABLE I
% Recovery Alloy Ni Si Mg FeOther Magnesium 21.530.2 4 31.611.8Mn 93
As is known, it is virtually the most conventional of metallurgical practices to innoculate or otherwise treat molten irons for purposes of deoxi-dation, desulfurization, degasification, modification of the as-cast morphological structures, etc. Magnesium has seen extensive use in this connection and has been largely used in the production of "ductile iron", i.e., cast iron in which at least part of the graphite is present in spheroidal form. This latter develop-ment, early described in U.S. Patent No. 2,485,760 to Millis, Gagnebin & Pilling, significantly closed the gap between low-cost but brittle cast irons and the more expensive but less brittle steels.
In any case, over the years research has continued in respect of the development of improved procedures for introducing magnesium into a cast iron melt owing to its high degree of reactivity and propensity toward violent reactions. Too, in recent years increased emphasis has been and continues to be given to ecological considerations, namely, smoke emissions (attributable largely to evolved magnesium oxides) . Since most approaches to the problem, as does the present, involve the production and use of addition agents, "crusha-bility" of the additive as will be explained herein, also plays an important role.
All these factors, in turn, focus attention on the economic picture.
In accordance with the present invention, it has been discovered that a hereinafter more fully described addition agent, provided that it is controlled to contain special and correlated percentages of magnesium, nickel, silicon and iron, results in a material having a unique "combination" of attributes, particularly for ductile iron production, including (i) relatively low reactivity with molten iron and thus low smoke emission, (ii) excellent magnesium recovery both in terms of preparation of the additive and in respect of the ferrous-base product produced, (iii) and good crushability such that excessive fines can be avoided, these obtaining (iv) with the simultaneous capability of using relatively low silicon levels and (v) re]atively low cost. Prior art ductile iron addition agents have possessed one or more of these characteristics but, insofar as we are aware, none has combined all of them in one additive.
Moreover, apart from ductile iron production, it is deemed that these novel addition agents also can be used in treating both wrought and cast low alloy steels, particularly in minimizing the difficulties occasioned by reason of the contaminant sulfur.
Generally speaking, the present invention contemplates addition agents containing about 3%to 5.5%magnesium, about 19%to 24%nickel, about 15%to 28%
silicon and the balance essentially iron, the iron preferably being not less than 45%. Elements such as copper and manganese are not essential. Manganese need not exceed 2 or 3% although it can be as high as 12%.
In carrying the invention into practice, should the magnesium be too low, e . g ., 2%, the addition alloy is rendered too costly since a larger alloy addition would normally be required to produce a given magnesium level in a treated iron, notwithstanding a possibly higher magnesium recovery. On the other hand, based upon prior metallurgical principles it would be expected that as the magnesium is increased greater would be the reactivity and larger would be the obnoxious emissions, (i.e., magnesium recovery and smoke genera-tion would be expected to be roughly inversely proportional), this at the expense of smaller magnesium recoveries and higher cost. This need not be the case particularly if the nickel content is correlated with the magnesium percentage.
Within the chemistry contemplated herein, nickel promotes an increase in magnesium solubility in the addition agent. And, accordingly, if sufficient nickel is present such that the magnesium is soluble or substantially so in the addition agent, less smoke emission is encountered and magnesium recovery is enhanced in treatment of, say, a ductile iron. While the magnesium level need not exceed 5 . 5%, it can be present up to 6 or 7%.
With further regard to the nickel content, it need not exceed 23.5%
although up to about 25% can be present. And while it can be as low as 15 or 16%, particularly at the lowest magnesium levels, it is deemed that a range of 19.5% to 23.5% is most advantageous .
Concerning the element silicon, it should, at least in accordance here-with, be maintained at low levels. There is no significant reason why it should exceed about 30 or 32%; however, by keeping it below this level important commer-cial advantages are derived. For example, if in the production of ductile iron large quantities of silicon had to be added in the treatment and innoculation steps, then the silicon content of the ferrous melt would have to be kept low. However, this runs counter to desired commercial practice since it demands more careful selection of a base melt charge and would ostensibly occasion undue refractory wear. Too, excessive silicon detracts from a friable addition agent and tends to promote an unwanted amount of fines during crushing. These fines must be remelted. Thus, product yield is reduced and cost increased. A silicon range of 19 or 20% to 25 or 27% is quite satisfactory. Contributing to these desiderata is a low silicon (added) to magnesium (recovered) ratio. This ratio preferably does not exceed about 12: 1 and is desirably less than about 10: 1.
The following data will help serve as illustrative of the instant invention.
A number of addition alloys, both within and without the invention, were prepared as follows: electrolytic nickel, ferromanganese (when used) and iron were melted together (about 3% carbon was added in Alloy 1 to lower the melting temperature) and small amounts of FeSi were added as required to keep the baths deoxidized and quiet. To assure complete solution of the elements the melts were heated to about 2850F. and then cooled to about 2600F.
whereupon the remainder of the silicon was added.
The baths were then cooled to a temperature (about 2350F . ) near the freezing point and the magnesium was added either in the form of pure magnesium sticks or 50 Ni-50 Mg master alloy. The alloys were cast into small truncated ~036844 - cone-shaped pig molds (1, 2 and 5 lb. sizes) and subsequently crushed to provide generally uniform equiaxed shaped pieces of roughly 1/2" to 1/4" in diameter.
Often overlooked is the magnesium recovery in simply producing the addition agent, the emphasis usually being accorded to magnesium retention in the final ferrous base melt to be produced. However, this is an important adjunct to cost and therefore "magnesium addition agent recovery" was deter-mined for most instances (Table I).
Addition alloy #1, Table I, was added to a molten ferrous base nominally of 3.4% C, 2%Si, .45%Mn, Bal. Fe, prepared using pig iron,commercial iron, ferromanganese and ferrosilicon, and heated to 2800F. The above-described magnesium addition alloy (enough to provide approximately 0.05% Mg to the bath) was placed in a cavity in the bottom of a specially lined treatment ladle (100 lb. melts treated except Alloy 1 which was 30 lbs.) and the cavity was covered in the case of Alloy 1 with a 1/8" thick steel plate wéighing 0.6 lb.
A cover of crushed FeSi (50-50) equal to about 1% by weight of the bath was used for the remaining addition agents. The iron melt was tapped into the ladle at 2800F. On the basis that smoke emissions were relatively proportional to flare, which in retrospect is seemingly reasonably true for very high nickel (93-95%) addition agents, a camera was used to photographically judge the amount of smoke emission. In this instance, during tapping into the ladle a still camera was opened and when all visible sign of reaction ceased, the shutter was closed. After the reaction, a chill slug was poured for chemical analysis of magnesium. The bath was poured into a second ladle and innoculated with 0.5%Si as standard foundry grade ferrosilicon containing about 85%Si. A
second chill slug was analyzed for magnesium.
~ecause it was thought that the flare test was not sufficiently accurate for smoke generation in the more reactive agents, a different smoke test was devised for the remaining alloys (and also a repeat of Alloy #1). A Hi-Volume Air Sampler was used to sample a portion of the smoke drawn off through an exhaust vent. The exhaust hood was placed to encompass practically ~03684~ l all the generated smoke, the exhaust being sampled at a distance 20 feet from the ladle. A fraction of the air and likely a similar proportion of the MgO smoke was drawn through the sampler by a small fan. The smoke was collected on a filter which was weighed both before and after test. The weight gain was taken as the measurement of smoke emitted. Since clogging of the filter occurred in the more reactive alloys, a correction factor,S2 = Sl(2 Fo/Fo + Fl), was used to compensate for the drop in air flow rate through the sampler. S2 represents the corrected weight gain, Sl the measured weight gain, and Fo and Fl, respec-tively, correspond to the air flow from the smoke tester before aEld after test.
Various addition agent compositions are given in Table I below together with the percent magnesium recovery in preparing the same. It will be noted that a high magnesium recovery was obtained in most instances.
However, magnesium recovery was low in respect of Alloys A, B, and C
(alloys outside the invention) due largely, it is believed, to low nickel levels.
TABLE I
% Recovery Alloy Ni Si Mg FeOther Magnesium 21.530.2 4 31.611.8Mn 93
2 22.524.6 3.35 bal . -- 67
3 21.727.0 3.81 bal . -- 76
4 23.829.2 3.4 bal. -- 68 18.224.3 3.66 bal . -- 61 6 22.121.6 3.64 bal. -- 72 7 22.130.8 4.50 bal . -- 57 8 24.416.2 3.70 bal. -- 62 9 21.617.4 4.41 bal. -- 55 24.223.0 6.41 bal . --11 24.523.4 6.24 bal . -- 78 12 24.330.1 5.10 bal . -- 85 13 20.920.2 3.04 bal.9.64Mn 63 14 19.729.9 3.85 bal . 9.60Mn 80 A 10.825.6 1.21 bal. -- 20 B 10.930.6 0.61 bal.9.27Mn 13 C 14.926.3 2.11 bal . -- 35 D 94 -- 4.5 bal.1.5C --E -- 40 5.5 bal . -- ---The data obtained using the above agents are reported in Table II, the ductile iron base melt nominally having contained about 3.6% C, 1.7% Si, 0.4% Mn, balance iron and impurities .
TABLE II
% Mg Weight Alloy Ni Si MgRecoveredSi/MgGain, S2 22 30 4 71 10.650.41 2 23 25 3.35 62 12.0 0.185 3 22 27 3.862 11.4 0.19 4 24 29 3.470 12.2 0.20 18 24 3.66 48 13.7 0.19 6 22 22 3.660 10.0 0.23 7 22 31 3.570 9.9 0.29 8 24 16 3.770 6.2 0.27 9 22 17 4.466 5.9 0.31 24 23 6.470 5.1 0.38 11 25 23 6.24 70 5.3 0.43 12 24 30 5.160 9.8 0.37 13 ---- _ _ _ _ A 11 26 1.272 29.9 0.09 C 15 26 2.166 18.6 0.14 D 94 -- 4.595 0 0.10 E -- 40 5.544 16.5 1.00 .
NOTE: The percentages of Ni, Si and Mg are rounded off in Table II.
Concerning the alloys beyond the invention, Alloys A, C, D and E, either the S2 factor, the Si/Mg ratio or cost left something to be desired. As to the alloys within the invention, a number of them had a desirably low smoke emissionfactor, S2, of not more than 0.4, a magnesium recovery of 60% or more, and a Si/Mg ratio below about 12. The photograph flare test for Alloy #l indicated the alloy to be less reactive than a number of commercially available additives,although it was difficult to quantitatively determine the result. It is considered that a higher nickel content would have proven beneficial for alloys such as Alloy #5 (Mg recovery 48%) as evident from Alloy #6 (Mg recovery 60%) . Loweringthe magnesium level of Alloy #5 would also have likely been helpful. An additionagent containing 19.5% to 23.5% nickel, 20 to 27% silicon, 4 to 5.5% magnesium is deemed particularly beneficial.
As will be understood by those skilled in the art, in referring to the iron content as constituting the ~balance~ or "initially the balance~ of the addition agents contemplated herein other constituents can be present in amounts which do not adversely affect the basic characteristics of the additives. In this connec-tion, elements such as calcium, cerium, rare earth metals, carbon, cobalt, etc., can be present though they need not exceed up to 1% calcium, up to 1% cerium, up to lQ6 of other rare earths, up to 1% carbon, up to 2% cobalt, etc. Copper, if any, preferably does not exceed about 1% or 2%, since it is a pearlite stabilizer and can deleteriously affect graphite shape.
Although the invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments, modifications may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as those skilled in the art will readily understand.
Such are considered within the purview and scope of the invention and appended claims .
TABLE II
% Mg Weight Alloy Ni Si MgRecoveredSi/MgGain, S2 22 30 4 71 10.650.41 2 23 25 3.35 62 12.0 0.185 3 22 27 3.862 11.4 0.19 4 24 29 3.470 12.2 0.20 18 24 3.66 48 13.7 0.19 6 22 22 3.660 10.0 0.23 7 22 31 3.570 9.9 0.29 8 24 16 3.770 6.2 0.27 9 22 17 4.466 5.9 0.31 24 23 6.470 5.1 0.38 11 25 23 6.24 70 5.3 0.43 12 24 30 5.160 9.8 0.37 13 ---- _ _ _ _ A 11 26 1.272 29.9 0.09 C 15 26 2.166 18.6 0.14 D 94 -- 4.595 0 0.10 E -- 40 5.544 16.5 1.00 .
NOTE: The percentages of Ni, Si and Mg are rounded off in Table II.
Concerning the alloys beyond the invention, Alloys A, C, D and E, either the S2 factor, the Si/Mg ratio or cost left something to be desired. As to the alloys within the invention, a number of them had a desirably low smoke emissionfactor, S2, of not more than 0.4, a magnesium recovery of 60% or more, and a Si/Mg ratio below about 12. The photograph flare test for Alloy #l indicated the alloy to be less reactive than a number of commercially available additives,although it was difficult to quantitatively determine the result. It is considered that a higher nickel content would have proven beneficial for alloys such as Alloy #5 (Mg recovery 48%) as evident from Alloy #6 (Mg recovery 60%) . Loweringthe magnesium level of Alloy #5 would also have likely been helpful. An additionagent containing 19.5% to 23.5% nickel, 20 to 27% silicon, 4 to 5.5% magnesium is deemed particularly beneficial.
As will be understood by those skilled in the art, in referring to the iron content as constituting the ~balance~ or "initially the balance~ of the addition agents contemplated herein other constituents can be present in amounts which do not adversely affect the basic characteristics of the additives. In this connec-tion, elements such as calcium, cerium, rare earth metals, carbon, cobalt, etc., can be present though they need not exceed up to 1% calcium, up to 1% cerium, up to lQ6 of other rare earths, up to 1% carbon, up to 2% cobalt, etc. Copper, if any, preferably does not exceed about 1% or 2%, since it is a pearlite stabilizer and can deleteriously affect graphite shape.
Although the invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments, modifications may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as those skilled in the art will readily understand.
Such are considered within the purview and scope of the invention and appended claims .
Claims (4)
1. A composition of matter particularly adapted for use as an addition agent to ferrous molten baths and formed of from about, by weight percent, 3 to 5.5% magnesium, about 19 to 24% nickel, about 15 to 28% silicon and the balance essentially iron.
2. A composition of matter in accordance with claim 1 containing 19.5 to 23.5% nickel, 20 to 27% silicon, and 4 to 5.5% magnesium.
3. A composition of matter in accordance with claim 1 containing at least 45% iron.
4. A composition of matter having from, by weight percent, 16 to 25% nickel, 15 to 32% silicon, 3 to 7% magnesium and the balance essentially iron.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US377140A US3865582A (en) | 1973-07-06 | 1973-07-06 | Alloy additive |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA1036844A true CA1036844A (en) | 1978-08-22 |
Family
ID=23487923
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA204,126A Expired CA1036844A (en) | 1973-07-06 | 1974-07-05 | Alloy additive |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3865582A (en) |
JP (1) | JPS5038618A (en) |
CA (1) | CA1036844A (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS52138416A (en) * | 1976-05-13 | 1977-11-18 | Nl Industries Inc | Net structure impregnated rare earth metals and production thereof |
DE3579700D1 (en) * | 1984-11-05 | 1990-10-18 | Extramet Sa | METHOD FOR TREATING, ESPECIALLY FOR FINE METALS AND ALLOYS. |
US7431576B2 (en) * | 2005-11-30 | 2008-10-07 | Scroll Technologies | Ductile cast iron scroll compressor |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2675308A (en) * | 1947-03-22 | 1954-04-13 | Int Nickel Co | Art of using magnesium-containing addition agents to produce spheroidal graphite cast iron |
US2485760A (en) * | 1947-03-22 | 1949-10-25 | Int Nickel Co | Cast ferrous alloy |
-
1973
- 1973-07-06 US US377140A patent/US3865582A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1974
- 1974-07-04 JP JP49076873A patent/JPS5038618A/ja active Pending
- 1974-07-05 CA CA204,126A patent/CA1036844A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US3865582A (en) | 1975-02-11 |
JPS5038618A (en) | 1975-04-10 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
NO144746B (en) | PROCEDURE FOR MANUFACTURE OF CASTLE IRON AND ALLOY FOR EXECUTION OF THE PROCEDURE | |
CN109988964A (en) | Ductile cast iron material, preparation method and application | |
US2762705A (en) | Addition agent and process for producing magnesium-containing cast iron | |
Riposan et al. | Magnesium-sulfur relationships in ductile and compacted graphite cast irons as influenced by late sulfur additions | |
US4121924A (en) | Alloy for rare earth treatment of molten metals and method | |
US3829311A (en) | Addition alloys | |
CA1036844A (en) | Alloy additive | |
US4806157A (en) | Process for producing compacted graphite iron castings | |
US3459541A (en) | Process for making nodular iron | |
CA1217361A (en) | Alloy and process for producing ductile and compacted graphite cast irons | |
US4227924A (en) | Process for the production of vermicular cast iron | |
US4545817A (en) | Alloy useful for producing ductile and compacted graphite cast irons | |
US20240167126A1 (en) | Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron, Method for Manufacturing Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron, and Spheroidizing Treatment Agent | |
US4036641A (en) | Cast iron | |
US4579164A (en) | Process for making cast iron | |
US4430123A (en) | Production of vermicular graphite cast iron | |
US2563859A (en) | Addition agent | |
Kopyciński et al. | The influence of iron powder and disintegrated steel scrap additives on the solidification of cast iron | |
US4052202A (en) | Zirconium alloy additive and method for making zirconium additions to steels | |
CN115505670B (en) | Spheroidized seed crystal alloy preparation method | |
US3595608A (en) | Method of increasing rate of dissolution of aluminum in acid chloride solutions | |
JPS6059284B2 (en) | How to inoculate cast iron | |
SU739124A1 (en) | Modifier | |
LU502567B1 (en) | Crystal-seed nodularizer, and preparation method and use thereof | |
LU502566B1 (en) | Method for increasing number of graphite balls and improving roundness of graphite balls in nodular cast iron |