BRPI0710361A2 - METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKAGING PROCESS OF A FILLING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT AS A DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT OF THAT METHOD - Google Patents

Abstract

METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKAGING PROCESS OF A FILLING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT AS A DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THAT METHOD. In a method for packaging filling or packaging product in packages, which are formed in a filling or packaging station, made from a packaging material driven to that station, before and / or during filling with the packaging product, printing is carried out on the packaging material in a printing station that precedes the filling or packaging station, in the direction of conducting that material.

Description

"METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKAGING PROCESS OF A PACKING PRODUCT OR PACKAGING AS A DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THE METHOD" The present invention relates to a method according to the generic concept of claim 1 as well as to a device for carrying out this method according to the concept of claim 20. Production or packaging lines with filling or packaging stations are known for packaging filling product into packaging made immediately prior to and / or during placement of the filling product, a packaging material carried to the packaging station, for example a multilayer lined packaging material made of cardboard and / or metal foil, which is formed into a filling or packaging station or one prior to that station, or The packaging material is a flexible tube-shaped packaging material of which the respective This is a sack or cushion-like package which is closed and separated at the packing station or filled at the preceding station.

Packing or packaging material in the sense of the invention are randomized products which may be packaged in such packaging. Packaging or packaging products, in the sense of the invention, are especially food and beverage articles such as milk, juice, wine, etc., but also non-liquid or dry products, for example in powder or granular form, etc.

Regardless of the type of packaging and / or the packaging or packaging product for packaging the packaging, a packaging material has already been used with the application of printing, whose printing or presentation, among other things, differs greatly with respect to the product and / or the mark for figurative / graphic and / or chromatic aspect and / or content.Therefore, among other things, it is necessary to select the packaging material assigned to the respective product in the case of packaging, and to change the packaging material when readjusting the packaging or production line from one product to another product.

In addition, a printhead is known, which is intended for applying flatbed printing, and through which a multiplicity of print points can be produced on a line that is tightly juxtaposed with each other or at an extremely short distance from each other, for example by minus one hundred and fifty dots of print per inch on a surface of the print product, in fact, through a plurality of individually actuable nozzles. The active print width of this printhead, also known as the "Tonejet", naturally depends on the ability of the computer calculation power that activates the printhead. Thus, 1.7 - 6.8 inch wide printhead (corresponding to a 256 bit mode and a 1024bit mode) can be provided. This printhead can be used to print a two-dimensional print with a sufficiently large area through relative movement between the surface receiving the print application and the head only in a single axial direction.

It is the task of the invention to provide a method by which it is possible to form packages with applied impressions, and filled with a filling or packaging product, including different presentation and different printing. To solve this task, a method according to claim 1 is designed. The object of claim 20 is a device for performing the method.

A particular feature of the method according to the invention is that not only information irrelevant to the overall appearance of the package is applied but at least an essential part of the printing and presentation of the package immediately prior to packaging molding and / or immediately prior to filling. with the packaging or packaging product in a printing unit, on the packaging material, preferably on the still flat packaging material. Thus, it is possible, among other things, to change the presentation of the packaging using one and the same packaging material. packaging as starting material only by adjusting or adjusting the print unit.

In a preferred embodiment, the printing unit is such that its print image is generated on the packaging material as a function of command by means of an electronic control unit or a computer based on a print mask formed by a software data set, and stored for example in a control device or computer memory. By changing this electronic print mask it is possible to easily change the presentation of the packaging in each aspect, ie, among other things, as to the content, the graphic aspect, the color, the figurative and also with respect to the size and format of the respective printing. The invention offers, among other things, the ability to easily change and / or update, where necessary, its packaging presentation, for example according to its product and / or its mask, etc. In addition, there is a possibility to properly adapt and select the size of the print to the size of the packages or to change or vary also during an ongoing process the printing or parts of the printing. Thus, the invention also offers the possibility to change the printing of a unit. produced for the next unit produced, for example from one container to the next container.

The printer unit preferably has at least one printhead, which is preferably designed as a "Tonejet" printhead or as a head corresponding to a "Tonejet" printhead. Such a printhead has in a print area, which is arranged in front of the area that will receive the application, during printing, at a minimum distance, a multiplicity of individual nozzles, which are successively compactly arranged with each other on a longitudinal axis of the printhead. impression, and formed respectively by a hole and an electrode assigned to each hole. The print ink on the printhead exits each nozzle and into its nozzle hole only when activating an individual nozzle, the electrode assigned to this individual nozzle is triggered by an electrical voltage whose polarity and / or Voltage potential differs from the polarity and / or voltage potential of the printhead or print ink within the printhead such that through electrostatic forces a certain amount of print ink is expelled and released from the activated nozzle orifice. Such a head is hereinafter referred to as the "electrostatic printhead". The invention is hereinafter further explained by way of the figures in an example embodiment, where:

Figure 1 shows in simplified representation a packaging unit in the form of a square cardboard package;

Figure 2 shows in schematic functional representation a production installation for molding and packing the packaging units of Figure 1;

Figure 3 shows in schematic representation the printheads designed as the electrostatic printheads of a printer unit of the installation of Figure 2, together with the packaging material that will receive the printing application;

Figure 4 shows one of the printheads of the Figure 2 printer unit in side view.

In the figures the knot. 1 is a packaging filled with a liquid product, for example with a beverage (milk, milk product, juice, wine, etc.), made of a mono or multi-layer material 1.1, for example a lined cardboard with a plastic and / or metal foil. Such packaging is provided on its outer surface visually with a presentation formed in at least partial areas by at least one impression. 2. This impression may be performed in different formats, in fact, among other things, in relation to the product and / or brand for figurative appearance. and / or graphic and / or chromatic and / or content.

Figure 2 shows in a very schematic representation a production or filling plant 3 for molding the packages 1 made from the first flat packaging material 1.1, for the subsequent packaging of the packages 1 with the liquid filling product and for the closing of the packed packages 1. The central functional unit of the production facility 3 is a station or unit 4, to which the flat sheet-like packing material 1.1 is extracted from a storage element 5, for example in the form of a feeder coil in the direction A and wherein the individual packages are molded from the material 1.1, then filled with the liquid filling product and finally closed. The packaged and sealed packs 1 are then conveyed, according to arrow B, through a conveyor 6, for proper disposal, for example to a packing station which is not shown, in which packs 1 are assembled for example forming a master pack. .

In the direction of transport or advance A of the packaging material 1.1 prior to unit 4 there is provided a printing station 7, in which the packaging material 1.1 is passed to the printing application 2. A particularity of the production facility 3 lies in the fact that the application of printing on the packaging material 1.1 be made immediately prior to the use of such material, ie immediately prior to the packaging molding 1.There is, among other things, the possibility of using as a packaging material 1.1 a non-application material provided , immediately before use, of the desired impression 2 for the packages 1, or, however, a packaging material, which already partially applied and / or configured as to the chromatic aspect, graphic.etc, and then immediately before use, is still provided with the 2 additional prints to achieve the desired packaging presentation 1.

The printing station 7, in the case of the illustrated embodiment, is composed in detail in the direction of travel or transport A of the packaging material 1.1 successively of a preheating unit 8 of a printing unit 9 subsequent to the preheating unit. heating 8 and a unit 10 subsequent to the printing unit 9 for drying of the respective printing 2 and the printing image, actually as a function of the printing type used for overprinting 2, and the heat treatment and / or UV1 treatment etc. .

Another essential feature of the production line 3 is that the printing unit 9 according to figures 3 and 4 is made up of various printheads 11 which are arranged respectively in a transverse or vertical direction with respect to the direction of travel A of the packaging material 1.1 at a short distance above the packaging material1.1 conducted, in the case of the illustrated embodiment, horizontally or approximately horizontally in the area of the printing station 7, above the printing plane formed by the packaging material 1.1 . In this case, the printheads 11 extend, for example, over the entire width of the flat 1.1 packaging material. To achieve the highest possible print yield (overprint 2 per unit of time) with a print quality of up to most ideally possible, the printheads 11 in this embodiment are designed as electrostatic heads.

For a multicolored print three printheads 11 respectively are provided, each of which serves to print a color set of the multicolored print. The printheads 11 therefore contain different color inks, such as red, blue and yellow. In principle, there is also a possibility to provide other printheads 11 on the printer unit 9, for example a fourth printhead 11 for black ink.

As Figures 3 and 4 illustrate, each printhead 11 is basically made of a housing 12, which forms, among other things, an enclosed compartment 13 for housing liquid or viscous printing ink. The housing 12 is designed such that the inner compartment 13 narrows forming a lower funnel or cuneiform housing segment 12.1. In this carcass segment 12.1, which extends along the length of each printhead 11 and carcass 12 and is oriented parallel to a longitudinal carcass or printhead axis and, consequently, parallel to the printing plane as well perpendicularly or transversely to the direction. A plurality of individually actuable nozzles 14 are provided for controlled release of the print ink in at least one series in the direction of the DL head axis successively and in compact arrangement, such that one hundred and fifty are formed, for example. nozzles 14 per inch or more in the housing segment 12.1. Through the housing segment 12.1 which presents the nozzles 14 each printhead 11 is housed within the predetermined distance mentioned above the packing material 1.1 which will receive the printing application and the printing plane.

The packaging material 1 passes during printing in direction A, continuously or in cycles on the respective printhead 11. Through the referred orientation of the printheads 11, in this case the direction of advance and transport A is oriented transversely, but preferably vertically to the longitudinal axis of the printhead. DL head. In the case of the illustrated decoding form, the heads 11 are arranged parallel between their longitudinal axes, actually preferably in a joint horizontal plane.

Each nozzle 14 is comprised of an orifice 15 and an acicular electrode 16 assigned to that orifice, which is arranged coaxially with the orifice axis 15, and ends at a short distance from that orifice within the inner housing 13. Each printhead 11 furthermore, it is designed such that at least during the printing process the printing ink housed within the inner compartment 13 is in line with the holes 15 of the individual nozzles 14 through a certain hydrostatic pressure. The cross-section of the nozzles 15, however, is selected by taking into account the viscosity and / or surface tension of the print ink such that in the case of a non-activated nozzle 14 there is no printing ink inside the nozzles 15 despite hydrostatic pressure.

The electrodes 16 and therefore the individual nozzles 14 can be individually actuated by a control device 17 so that when the nozzle 14 is not activated, the corresponding electrode 16 is at the same electrostatic potential as the print ink on the internal housing compartment 13. When activating an electrode 16, the voltage potential is changed by the corresponding command by the control equipment 17 at short time intervals or by pulses so that through the hole 15 one half of the printout is released to generate an impression point. 18 on packing material 1.1.

As the printheads 11 are disposed by their longitudinal axis DL in a transverse or vertical direction with respect to the direction of advance or shifting A of the packaging material 1.1, the pressure is applied to these materials respectively in series extending vertically with respect to the longitudinal extension and direction of travel A throughout the width of the area to which the print application will be applied, progressively in the direction of advance or travel A. The printed area extends, for example, over the entire width or practically over the entire the width of the packing material 1.1, so that at the printing station 7 all sides of the rear packing 1 are printed, and through the matching nozzle 14 control the printing is done for example so that each side of the prepared packaging 1 then shows impression visually closed itself and for example content and / or informatics elements of the impression do not extend over the corners of the packaging made of the packaging material 1.1. There are also other possibilities for configuring overprinting by means of the corresponding head and nozzle control 14. For printing, only a single relative movement of the packaging material 1.1 and its printhead 11 is required, at the slight advance of the media. Packing For these reasons, a high print yield can be obtained. The respective print image is generated on the control equipment 17 purely digitally by the corresponding command of the individual nozzles 14 and stored in the control equipment 17 and in a local memory, for example as a digital data set.

The printing of the packaging material 1.1 through the printing unit 9 is for example such that its printing and / or the graphic and / or chromatic configuration and / or the presentation of the packaging material 1.1 is completely generated by the printing unit 9 on the material. 1.1, or an impression already present on the packaging material 1.1 is supplemented by the printing unit 9 in the desired manner such that it is provided for example with a writing, chromatic and / or graphic complement.

By printing the packaging material 1.1, immediately prior to the use of this material to form the packages 1, as well as by the control of the printer unit 9 and the printheads therein 11 by the electronic control unit 17, using print masks or stored print formats. digitally and in data, advantageous possibilities are obtained, namely the possibility of a quick conversion of the production line 3 to different products, an adjustment or adjustment of the size of the overprint 2 to the size of the packaging 1 etc. In addition, uncomplicated conversion of overprint 2 is possible only by re-programming and / or program modification of the electronic control equipment 17. In particular, overpressure 2 may be altered and the package trim may be altered during a single process. In progress, for example, the print image is reconfigured for each package 1, especially so that each print image is composed of a constant and invariable component and variable content and / or information. The components that change are, for example, numeric or alphanumeric information, for example date of manufacture and / or minimum shelf life information and / or bar code information, etc.

Naturally, the feedrate of the packaging material 1.1 is regulated at least in the area of the printheads 11 via the electronic control apparatus 17, in fact synchronously with the printhead control 11, to thereby obtain a high quality distinct print image. Of course also in the area of the printheads 11 there are provided centering and guide means for the packing material 1.1 to optimally align this material with the printheads 11, especially also to maintain exact pre-established distance between the printheads 11 and the packing material 1.1.

In the preheating unit 8 preceding the printing unit 9 and the heads therein, the packaging material 1.1 is so preheated that the printing ink of the printing compositions and / or ink sets generated by the individual heads 11, hardens to such a degree that a mixture of printing inks or printing compositions and / or sets of inks is avoided. Preheating equipment 8 may have other elements, for example an elementchorone not shown here, to improve contrast and sharpness impression through which the packaging material 1.1 is electrostatically charged at least on its surface to be printed before. In unit 10 subsequent to printer unit 9 in the forward or forward direction, in fact by heating or in another suitable manner, for example by curing by UV light etc.The present invention has been described above on the basis of a example of decryption. Of course, numerous changes or modifications are possible without abandoning the inventive idea that underlies the invention.

Thus, it has previously been assumed that the packaging material 1.1 is a flat material from which the individual packages 1 are formed by the separation and folding process. In principle, the packaging material1.1 may also be a flexible tube-shaped material from which the packages are formed by separating and closing each of them. In addition, it was previously assumed that it is provided only for a printer unit 9. Of course, a number of printer units can also be used, especially shifted towards each other in direction A and / or transverse to the direction of travel A.

LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS

<table> table see original document page 11 </column> </row> <table> 15 Orifice

16 Electrode

17 Control Equipment

18 Printing Point

A Direction of advance and movement of packaging material 1.1

B Direction of transport

Claims (34)

1. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING (1) DURING THE PACKAGING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT", where packagings (1) (1) are formed in a packing and packing plant (4) made of a material Packing process conducted immediately before and / or during filling with the packaging or packing product, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the printing of the packaging material 91.1) is applied to at least one printing station (7) while the material is being conveyed. 2. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to claim 1, characterized in that the printing application on the packaging material (1.1) is made in at least one printing station ( 7) after pulling this material from a feed reel (5). 3. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the packaging material (1.1) before the application of printing is a neutral non-printing material. 4. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR UNPACKING PRODUCT" according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the packaging material (1.1) prior to the application of printing is partially supplied with a printing application and through the printing application on the packaging material (1.1) a supplementation of a printing image already present on that material is made. 5. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR UNPACKING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the printing application on the packaging material (1.1) is made in various colors. 6. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR UNPACKING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the printing application on the packaging material (1.1) is made using at least a printing station (7) or a printer unit (9), which produces the print or print image by means of an electrostatic control (17). 7. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGES DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to claim 6, characterized by the fact that the printing station (7) or printing unit (9) generates the printing image as a function of print mask stored in the control equipment (17) electronically or via software. 8. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the print image would be altered at least partially during a production sequence. 9. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the packaging material (1.1) receives the application of cross-sectional printing with respect to a longitudinalwise direction of the material or in a transverse direction with respect to the feed direction (A) of the material (1.1), for example along its entire width or over a large part of the width of the packaging material (1.1). "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the printing application is made relative movement between the packaging material (1.1) and the printer unit (9) or at least one printhead (11) of the printer unit (9). 11. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to claim 10, characterized in that the packaging material is moved relative to the printing unit (9) and to at least one printhead (11). 12. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR UNPACKING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one printing unit (9) has at least one electrostatic head (11) with a plurality of individually actuable nozzles (14) for controlled printing ink release, and the nozzles (14) (14) being arranged in at least one series successively on a longitudinal axis of the printhead (DL). 13. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGES DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR UNPACKING PRODUCT" according to claim 12, characterized in that the relative movement is made between at least one printhead (11) and the material in question. blade (1.1) in transverse or vertical direction with respect to the longitudinal axis of the head (DL). 14. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR UNPACKING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the packaging material (1.1) is oriented during horizontal or horizontal printing. basicallyhorizontal. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR UNPACKING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one printhead (11) is arranged above the packaging material. (1.1) that will receive the print application. 16. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR UNPACKING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises at least two, preferably at least three printheads (11). 17. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGES DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR UNPACKING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that to produce a multicolored print through each printhead (11) a match the colors of that impression. 18. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the printing ink after application on the packaging material (1.1) is dried or hardened by energy action, for example by heating and / or UV light. 19. "METHOD FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR UNPACKING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the packaging material (1.1) is heated and / or statically loaded prior to application of print. 20. "DEVICE FOR PREPARING PACKAGING (1) DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT", the packages (1) being formed in a packing and packaging facility (40, made of a material driven by a spool of (5) before and / or during filling with the filling or packaging product, characterized in that at least one printing unit (9) is provided between the feeding coil (5) and a station (4) for printing application in the packaging material (1.1) to form the packages (1). 21. "DEVICE FOR PREPARING PACKAGES DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT", according to claim 20, characterized in that at least one printer unit (9) is designed for a multicolored printing application to the packaging material ( 5.1). 22. "DEVICE FOR PREPARING PACKAGES DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that at least one printing unit (9) generates a printing image as a function of a printing device. electrical control (17). 23. "DEVICE FOR PREPARING PACKAGES DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to claim 22, characterized by the fact that at least one printer unit (9) generates the print image as a function of electronically stored print masks. or various software on control equipment (17). 24. "DEVICE FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the printing unit (9) or at least one printhead (11) of that unit apply the print to the packaging material (1.1) along lines transverse to its longitudinal direction, for example along the entire width or much of it. 25. "DEVICE FOR PREPARING PACKAGES DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it provides means for generating the moving material between the packaging material (1.1) and at least one printer unit (9) or at least one printhead (11) of that printer unit (9) during print application. 26. "DEVICE FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to claim 25, characterized by the fact that it has advance means by which the packing material (1.1) is moved relative to at least one printer unit (9) and at least one printhead (11) therein. 27. "DEVICE FOR PREPARING PACKAGES DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR UNPACKING PRODUCT" according to any preceding claim, characterized in that at least one printer unit (9) has at least one printhead (11). ) electrostatic with a multitude of individually actionable nozzles for controlled printing ink release and the nozzles (14) being arranged at least one series successively on a longitudinal head (DL) axis. 28. "DEVICE FOR PREPARING PACKAGES DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to claim 27, characterized in that at least one printhead (11) is disposed by its transverse direction (DL). or vertical to the feed movement (B) of the packaging material (1.1). 29. "DEVICE FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the packaging material (1.1) is housed during horizontal or horizontal printing. basicallyhorizontal. 30. "DEVICE FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one head (11) is housed above the packaging material (1.1). 31. "DEVICE FOR PREPARING PACKAGES DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR UNPACKING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it has at least two, preferably at least three printheads (11). 32. "DEVICE FOR PREPARING PACKAGES DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that each printhead (11) is assigned a set of print colors to generate a multicolored impression. 33. "DEVICE FOR PREPARING PACKAGES DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR UNPACKING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it has means (10) for drying the printing ink after application on the material. packing (1.1) by energy action, for example by heating and / or UV light. 34. "DEVICE FOR PREPARING PACKAGING DURING THE PACKING PROCESS OF A PACKAGING OR PACKAGING PRODUCT" according to any of the preceding claims, characterized by the fact that it has means (8) for electrostatically heating and / or charging the packaging material (1.1 ).