BRPI0609017A2 - lubricant additive diluent oil, oil soluble additive concentrate, finished lubricant, and processes for producing an oil soluble additive concentrate and finished lubricant - Google Patents

Abstract

DILUENT LUBRICANT ADDICTIVE OIL, SOLID OIL ADDICTIVE, FINISHED LUBRICANT, AND PROCESSES TO PRODUCE AN OIL SOLUBLE ADDICTIVE CONCENTRATE, AND A FINISHED LUBRICANT. The present invention relates to a highly light paraffinic wax derived extra light hydrocarbon liquid. This extra light hydrocarbon liquid is suitable for use as a lubricant additive diluent oil in oil soluble additive concentrates. This highly paraffinic wax derived extra-light hydrocarbon liquid has a viscosity of from about 1.0 to 3.5 cSt at 100 <198> C and a Noack volatility of less than 50 wt% and comprises more than 3 wt% of molecules with cycloparafin functionality and less than 0.30 weight percent aromatics. Extra light hydrocarbon liquid makes an excellent lubricant additive diluent oil because it has low volatility, low viscosity, good additive solubility, and excellent solubility in lubricating base oil fillers. The present invention also relates to finished lubricants comprising oil soluble additive concentrates made with extra light hydrocarbon liquid and finished lubricants comprising oil soluble additive concentrates. The present invention further relates to processes for making these lubricant additive diluent oils, oil soluble additive concentrates, and finished lubricants.

Description

"LUBRICANT ADDITIVE DILUENT OIL, CONCENTRATE OF OIL SOLUBLE ADDITIVE, FINISHED LUBRICANT, AND PROCESSES TO PRODUCE AN OIL SOLUBLE ADDITIVES CONCENTRATE AND A FINISHED LUBRICANT"

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to a highly paraffinic wax-derived additive diluent oil and oil-soluble additive concentrates comprising this lubricant additive diluent oil. The present invention also relates to finished lubricants comprising oil soluble additive concentrates. The present invention further relates to processes for making these deadly lubricating diluent oils, oil soluble additive concentrates, and finished lubricants.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Lubricating additives, especially automotive additives such as viscosity index improvers and detergent inhibitor (DI) packages, require lubricant additive diluent oils to make them usable. Accordingly, lubricant additive diluent oils are used to dissolve lubricant additives to provide oil soluble additive concentrates. These oil soluble additive concentrates make additives easier to transport, handle, and ultimately mix in baselubricating oils to provide a finished lubricant. Deadly oil soluble concentrates are not usable or suitable as single-ended lubricants. Preferably, the oil soluble additive concentrates are mixed with fillers of lubricating base oil to provide a finished lubricant. It is desired that lubricant additive diluent oils easily solubilize the lubricant additive and provide a concentrated additive oil that is easily soluble in the lubricating base oil fillers. In addition, it is desired that lubricant additive diluent oils do not introduce any undesirable characteristics, including, for example, high volatility, high viscosity, and impurities such as heteroatoms, to the baselubricating oil fillers and thus to the finished lubricant.

Different lubricant additive diluent oils require different amounts of lubricant additive diluent oil to provide a suitable oil soluble additive concentrate. By way of example, oil soluble additive concentrates comprising gear oil dead packs may contain as little as 25% by weight of lubricant additive diluent oil. Oil soluble additive concentrates comprising DI packages typically contain about 50% by weight of lubricant additive diluent oil. Oil-soluble additive concentrates comprising viscosity index improver typically contain about 90% by weight or more of lubricant additive diluent oil.

Currently, lubricant additive diluent oils used with most DI packaging and viscosity index enhancers are highly aromatic base oils that fall within the Ide API Group. API Group I base oils, with their high solvency and bioavailability, have been preferred as lubricant additive diluent oils. However, these Group I oils have only low temperature performance, and they are much more susceptible to oxidation than modern oils. , which are more highly saturated. In addition, Group I base oils have lower viscosity (VI) indices and higher volatility than other base oils. In addition, Group I base oils have high sulfur concentrations. Lubricant additive diluent oils can comprise up to 5 to 10 percent by weight of a finished lubricant. Consequently, the properties of lubricant additive diluent oils are important since undesirable properties in lubricating deadlier diluent oils can negatively affect the properties of the finished lubricant. Although most desirable in terms of their properties for the finished lubricant, conventional API Group II, conventional Group III base oils, and Group IV base oils are difficult to use as lubricant additive diluent oils due to their poor ability to solubilize additives. Therefore, these base oils are not practical as lubricant additive diluent oils.

When added to fillers of lubricating base oil, typical oil-soluble additives, concentrates comprising DI packages or viscosity index enhancers, they tend to thicken the finished lubricant formulation and impair its low temperature performance.

Low viscosity lubricant additive diluent oils, which have been used in the past in an attempt to prevent unfinished lubricant thickening, have had high volatility or unfavorable solubility in the additive, making them unsuitable for most applications. When added to motor oils, typical oil-soluble additive concentrates tend to adversely affect the viscosity of the cold crack simulator (CCS) and mini-rotating viscometer (MRV). When added to automatic transmission fluid and gear oils, typical oil-soluble additive concentrates tend to adversely affect Low Temperature Brookfield Viscosity.

Accordingly, lubricant additive diluent oils with low viscosity, low volatility, and low concentrations of impurities, such as sulfur containing compounds, are desired. Typical low viscosity baselubricating oils also have high viscosities making them unsuitable for most applications, and typical low viscosity baselubricating oils also have low volatilities and unfavorable solubility in additives making them unsuitable for most applications.

Engine manufacturers around the world are introducing chemical limits into engine oils and additives that they believe will provide the safe margins for the operation that their after-exhaust exhaust tool requires. These needs will directly affect what is suitable for use as additives, filler-based oils, and lubricant additive diluent oils. Low sulfur and phosphorus limits in motor oils are being proposed. Within a limit of about 0.3% by weight sulfur, zinc dithio diphosphate anti-wear additives need to be partially replaced with more expensive additives, and reduced sulfur based detergents and oils are required to provide formulation flexibility. Since the limits change to 0.2% by weight of sulfur, lubricating base oils and reduced or zero sulfur diluent oils become essential to satisfy deformulation targets. International Lubricants Standardization and ApprovalCommittee (ELSAC) GF-4 passenger car engine oils, API PC-10 heavy cleaning demotor oil, and other high quality finished lubricant specifications require low sulfur formulations.

The ILSAC / Oil Committee adopted the new GF-4 specification for passenger car engine oils on January 8, 2004, with a recommended starting date for introducing GF-4 to the market on July 1, 2004. A new need for laboratory testing for engine oils that meets the GF-4 specification is ASTM D1552 maximum sulfur content. As such, an IOW oil may have a maximum of 0.7% by weight of sulfur, while OW, and 5W oils may have a maximum of 0.5% by weight of sulfur. In addition, oils meeting the GF-4 specification shall have a Noack volatility by ASTM D 5800 of less than 15% by weight after one hour at 250 ° C, and simulated distillation by ASTM D6417 with a maximum of 10% at 371. ° C. API PC-10 is a proposed specification for heavy duty diesel engine oil and is expected to be approved in 2006 or 2007. It is expected that PC-IO oils will also have reduced sulfur limits, similar to those required for car engine oils. passenger GF-4.

Consequently, low sulfur lubricant additive diluent oils, excellent additive solubility, good elastomeric compatibility, low volatility, low viscosity, high oxidation stability, good low temperature properties, and excellent solubility in lubricating base oils are desired.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to highly light hydrocarbon liquids derived from highly paraffin wax. These extra light paraffin wax derived hydrocarbon liquids can be used as lubricant additive diluent oils. Accordingly, the present invention relates to highly paraffinic wax-derived lubricant additive diluent oils and oil soluble additive concentrates comprising this lubricant additive diluent oil. The present invention also relates to finished lubricants comprising the oil soluble additive concentrates. The present invention further relates to processes for making these highly paraffinic wax-derived extra-hydrocarbon liquids, additive-diluting oils, oil-soluble additive concentrates, and finished lubricants.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Finished lubricants comprise at least one lubricating oil base and at least one additive. Typically, the at least one additive is added to the lubricating base oil in the form of an oil-soluble dead concentrate comprising at least one lubricant additive and oil additive to improve the solubility of the lubricating oil additive. For lubricant additive diluent oils, it is important that the oil be heavy enough not to contribute to the volatility of the finished lubricant, but not so heavy that the oil thicken the finished lubricant.

It has been surprisingly found that certain highly paraffinic wax-based baselubricating oils make excellent lubricant additive diluent oils. Examples of suitable highly paraffinic waxes include Fischer-Tropsch-derived wax, grease, oil free grease, and refined sludge, refined wax lubricants, n-paraffin waxes, normal alpha olefin (ΝΑΟ) waxes, waxes produced in chemical factory processes , oil free petroleum derived waxes, microcrystalline waxes, mixtures thereof. These highly paraffin waxes are processed to provide lubricating base oil fractions having unexpectedly low volatility and low viscosity and unexpectedly also having good additive solubility. In a preferred embodiment, the highly paraffinic wax is a Fischer-Tropsch-derived wax and provides a Fischer-Tropsch-derived baselubricating oil fraction.

Accordingly, it has surprisingly been found that highly paraffinic wax-derived lubricating base oils may advantageously be used as additive-lubricating diluent oils, wherein the lubricating base oil comprises more than 3% by weight of cycloparaffin-functional molecules and less than 0.30 weight percent. aromatic and have kinematic viscosities between about 1.0 cSt and 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C and a Noack volatility lower than a Noack Volatility Factor as calculated by the following equation: Noack Volatility Factor = 160 - 40 (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 ° C).

Preferably, the highly paraffinic decay-derived lubricating base oil fraction has a viscosity between about 2.0 and 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C and more preferably between about 2.0 and 3.0 cSt at 100 ° C. The highly paraffin wax derived lubricating base oil fraction has a Noack volatility of less than 50% by weight. The highly paraffin wax derived lubricating base oil fractions according to the present invention have unexpectedly low Noack volatilities given their relatively low kinematic viscosities.

The lubricating base oils of the present invention may also have preferred alkyl branching arrangements. As such, the baselubricating oils of the present invention may comprise predominantly methyl esterification. The branch may be such that there are 6 to 18 alkyl ramifications per 100 carbons; more than 25% of the branches are 5 or more carbon atoms independently of each other; and less than 40% of the branches are within 2 to 3 carbon atoms independently of each other.

These highly paraffin wax derived lubricating base oils can be used in applications that require low volatility, low viscosity, exceptional low temperature performance, and good additive solubility. In addition, these highly paraffin wax-derived lubricating base oils exhibit excellent oxidation resistance and good elastomeric compatibility. Advantageously, highly paraffinic wax-derived baselubricating oil fractions can be used as additive diluent oils in applications requiring low volatility, such as ILSAC GF-4 and APIPC-10 motor oils.

The highly paraffinic wax-derived lubricating base oil fractions of the present invention are prepared from the highly paraffinic wax by a process including hydroisomerization. Preferably, the highly paraffinic wax is hydroisomerized using a selective intermediate pore size molecular sieve in the form comprising a noble metal hydrogenation component under conditions of about 600 ° F (315 ° C) to 750 ° F (399 ° C).

In a preferred embodiment, the highly paraffin wax is a Fischer-Tropsch-derived wax and provides a Fischer-Tropsch-derived lubricating base oil fraction. Baselubricating oil fractions are prepared from the Fischer-Tropsch synthetic crude oil wax fractions. As such, Fischer-Tropsch-derived lubricating base oil fractions used in the oil soluble additive concentrates are made by a process comprising performing a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to provide a product stream; isolating from the product stream a substantially paraffinic wax feed; hydroisomerize the feed of substantially paraffin wax; isolating an isomerized oil and optionally hydro-finishing the isomerized oil. From the process, a Fischer-Tropsch-derived lubricating base oil fraction comprising less than 0.30% by weight of aromatics and greater than 3% by weight of cycloparaffin-functional molecules having kinematic viscosity between about 1.0 cSt and 3 0.5 cSt at 100 ° C and a lower Noack volatility than the Noack Volatility Factor is isolated. The preferred embodiments referred to herein of Fischer-Tropsch lubricating base oil may also be isolated from the process. Preferably, the ceraparaffin feed is hydroisomerized using a selective intermediate pore size molecular sieve in form comprising a noble metal hydrogenation component under conditions of about 600 ° F (315 ° C) to 750 ° F (399 ° C). Preferred processes for making Fischer-Tropsch derived lubricating base oils are described in U.S.S.N. 10 / 744,870, filed December 23, 2003, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Examples of embodiments of Fischer-Tropsch baselubricating oil fractions with upper monocycloparaffins and lower multicycloparaffins are described in U.S.S.N. 10 / 744,389, filed December 23, 2003, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In accordance with the present invention, highly paraffinic wax-derived baselubricating oil fractions contain a relatively high weight percentage of cycloparaffin-functional molecules.

In a preferred embodiment, the highly paraffinic wax-derived lubricating oil base fraction comprises more than 5 percent by weight of cycloparaffin-functional molecules. In another preferred embodiment, the highly paraffin wax-derived lubricating base oil fraction comprises a weight percent ratio of monocycloparaffin functionality molecules to weight percentage of multicycloparaffin functionality molecules of more than 5.

The highly paraffin wax-derived lubricating base oil fraction containing a high ratio of weight percent of monocycloparaffin-functional molecules to weight percent of multicycloparaffin-functional molecules (or high-weight percentage of multicycloparaffin-functional molecules) they are exceptional lubricant additive diluent oils and make exceptional oil soluble additive concentrates.

While these highly paraffin-derived lubricating base oil fractions contain a high content of paraffins, they unexpectedly exhibit solubility for additives, including VI enhancers and lubricant additive packaging, because cycloparaffins communicate solubility in additive. These highly paraffin wax-derived lubricating oil base fractions are also desirable because multicycloparaffin-functional molecules reduce oxidation stability, decrease viscosity index, and increase Noack volatility. Models of the effects of multicycloparaffin functional molecules are given in V.J. Gatto, et al, "The Influence of Chemical Structure on the Physical Properties and Antioxidant Response of Hydrocracked Base Stocks and Polyalphaolefins," J. Synthetic Lubrication19-1, April 2002, pages 3-18. In addition, the baselubricating oil fractions of the present invention exhibit unexpectedly low volatility and relatively low viscosity.

Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, highly paraffinic wax-derived lubricating base oil fractions used as lubricant additive diluent oils in oil-soluble additive concentrates comprise very low percentages by weight of aromatic functionality demolecules, a high percentage by weight of functional demolecules. cycloparaffin, and a high percentage weight ratio of monocycloparaffin-functional molecules to weight percentage of multipoparaffin-functional molecules (or high percentage weight of very low-molecular-weight multicycloparaffin-functional demolecules). The baselubricating oils of the present invention may also have preferred alkyl branching arrangements.

The highly paraffin wax derived lubricating base oil fractions used as lubricant additive diluent oils and oil soluble additive concentrates contain more than 95% saturated weight as determined by elution column chromatography, ASTM D 2549-02. Olefins are present in a smaller amount than can be detected by long-term C13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR). Preferably, aromatically functional molecules are present in amounts of less than 0.3 percent by weight by HPLC-UV, and confirmed by low-level aromatic modified ASTM D 5292-99. In preferred embodiments, aromatically functional molecules are present in amounts less than 0.10 weight percent, preferably less than 0.05 weight percent, more preferably less than 0.01 weight percent. present in amounts of less than 25 ppmp, preferably less than 5 ppmp, and more preferably less than 1 ppmp, as determined by ultraviolet fluorescence by ASTM D 5453-00.

In accordance with the present invention, highly paraffin wax derived baselubricating oil fractions are advantageously used as lubricant additive diluting oils in oil soluble additive concentrates. Oil soluble additive concentrates according to the present invention comprise 5 to 98% by weight of the highly paraffinic wax derived baselubricating oil fraction and at least 2% by weight of one or more lubricating additives, wherein the baselubricating oil fraction comprises more than 3% by weight of cycloparaffin functionally molecules and less than 0.30 weight percent of aromatics and has a viscosity between about 1.0 and 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C and a Noack volatility lower than Factor of Volatility Noack. The highly paraffin wax derived lubricating base oil fraction easily solubilizes lubricating additives and provides a concentrated additive oil that is easily soluble in lubricating base oil fillers. Furthermore, the formulation of highly paraffin wax-derived lubricating base oil introduces no undesirable characteristics, including, for example, high volatility, high viscosity, and impurities such as heteroatoms, to lubricating base oil fillers and thus, to the finished lubricant. The finished lubricant according to the present invention comprises the oil soluble additive concentration and one or more lubricating base oils.

The finished lubricant may optionally comprise one or more additional additives and other oil soluble additive concentrates.

Definitions and Terms

The following terms will be used throughout the descriptive report and will have the following meanings unless otherwise indicated. "API CI-4" is a specification of the Heavy Duty Heavy Oils Engine Oil current engine service category.

"API PC-10" is a specification of the new proposed engine oil service category of heavy duty cleaning engine oils. It is expected that PC-IO oils will also have reduced sulfur limits, in similar quantities as for GF-4 automotive gasoline engine oils.

"ILSAC GF-3" is a specification for a motor oil service category of automotive gasoline engines, which became official on July 1, 2001.

"ILSAC GF-4" is a specification of a new automotive gasoline engine oil service category, which was approved on January 8, 2004 and became official on July 1, 2004. This category introduces new sulfur limits. per ASTM D 1552. The maximum sulfur limit for OW and 5W oils is 0.5 percent by weight, while the maximum sulfur limit for 10W oils is 0.7 percent by weight.

"SAE J300 multi-grade engine oils" are engine oil defined by the Engine Oil Viscosity Classifications for SAE J300 multi-grade demotor oils, revised June 2001. The multi-grade viscosity types are 0W-XX, 5W-XX, 15W-XX, 20W-XX, e25W-XX, with XX being 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60. Specific limits are set for maximum low temperature starting viscosity perASTM D 5293, maximum low temperature pumping viscosity at no. creep intensity by ASTM D 4684, kinematic viscosity at minimum and maximum low shear rate at 10000C byASTM D 445, and viscosity at high minimum shear rate at ASTM D 4683 or ASTM D 5481.

The term "derived from a Fischer-Tropsch process" or "Fischer-Tropsch derivative," means that the product, fraction, or feed originates from or is produced at some stage by a Fischer-Tropsch process.

The term "petroleum derivative" or "petroleum derivative" means that the product, fraction, or feed originates from the steam-trapped currents of crude oil distillation and residual fuels which are the remaining non-vaporizable portion. A petroleum source may be from a gas field condensate.

Highly paraffin wax means a wax having an n-paraffin altoteor, generally greater than 40 wt%, preferably greater than 50 wt%, and more preferably greater than 75 wt%. Preferably, the highly paraffin waxes used in the present invention also have very low levels of nitrogen and sulfur, generally less than 25 ppm total combined nitrogen and sulfur and preferably less than 20 ppm. Examples of highly paraffinic waxes that can be used in the present invention include greases, free oil greases, refined sludge, refined wax lubricants, n-paraffin waxes, ΝΑΟ waxes, waxes produced in chemical factory processes, free petroleum derived waxes of oil, microcrystalline waxes, Fischer-Tropsch waxes, and mixtures thereof. The pour points of the highly paraffin waxes useful in this invention are greater than 50 ° C and preferably greater than 60 ° C.

The term "highly paraffin wax derivative" means that the product, fraction, or feed originates from or is produced at some stage by a highly paraffin wax.

Aromatic means any hydrocarbonaceous compound that contains at least one group of atoms that share an uninterrupted cloud of delocalized electrons, where the number of displaced electrons in the group of atoms corresponds to a solution to the Huckel rule of 4n + 2 (for example, n = 1 to 6 electrons, etc.). Representative examples include, but are not limited to, benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, and the like.

Cycloparaffin-functional molecules means any molecule that is, or contains as one or more substituents, a monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon group or a fused multicyclic. The cycloparaffin group may be optionally substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cycloheptyl, decahydronaphthalene, octahydropentene, (pentadecan-6-yl) cyclohexane, 3,7,10-tricyclohexylpentadecane, decahydro -1- (pentadecan-6-yl) naphthalene, and the like.

Monocycloparaffin-functional molecules means any molecule that is a three to seven ring carbon monocycle saturated hydrocarbon group or any molecule that is substituted with a single three to seven ring carbon monocycle saturated hydrocarbon group. The cycloparaffin group may be optionally substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cycloheptyl, (pentadecan-yl) cyclohexane, and the like.

Multicycloparaffin-functional molecules means any molecule that is a fused multicyclic saturated hydrocarbon ring group, any molecule that is substituted with one or more fused saturated hydrocarbon ring groups, or any molecule is substituted. with more than one saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon group of three to seven ring carbons. The fused multicyclic saturated hydrocarbon ring group preferably is two fused rings. The cycloparaffin group may optionally be substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, decahydronaphthalene, octahydropentene, 3,7,10-tricyclohexylpentadecane, decahydro-1- (pentadecan-6-yl) naphthalene, and the like.

Brookfield Viscosity: ASTM D 2983-03 is used to determine the low shear rate viscosity of automotive fluid lubricants at low temperatures. Low temperature, low shear rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, and automotive and industrial hydraulic oils are often specified by Brookfield viscosities. The GM 2003 DEXRON® III automatic transmission fluid specification requires a maximum Brookfield viscosity at -40 ° C of 20,000 cP. The Ford MERCON® V specification requires a Brookfield viscosity at -40 ° C between 5,000 and 13,000 cP. The SAE J306 Automotive Gear Lubricant Viscosity Rating for 75W gear lubricants has a low temperature viscosity specification such that the maximum viscosity temperature of 150,000 cP is -40 ° C. When added to the automatic transmission fluid and gear oils, the oil-soluble additive concentrates of the present invention do not adversely affect the low temperature Brookfield viscosity.

Gear Lubricant Viscosity RatingsAutomotive - SAE J306

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Kinematic Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow of a fluid under gravity. Many lubricating base oils, finished lubricants made of them, and the correct operation of the equipment depend on the proper viscosity of the fluid that is used. Kinematic Viscosity is determined by ASTM D 445-01. Results are reported as centistokes (cSt). The Fischer-Tropsch-derived lubricating base oil fractions of the present invention have a kinematic viscosity between about 1.0 cSt and 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C. Preferably, the highly paraffinic wax derived baselubricating oil fractions have a kinematic viscosity between about 2.0 cSt and 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C and more preferably, the highly paraffinic wax derived lubricating base oil fractions have a kinematic viscosity between about 2 0.0 cSt and 3.0 cSt at 100 ° C.

Viscosity Index (VI) is an empirical, non-unitary number indicating the effect of temperature change on the kinematic viscosity of oil. Liquids change viscosity with temperature, becoming less viscous when heated; The higher the VI of an oil, the lower the tendency to change viscosity with temperature. High lubricants are required whenever relatively constant viscosity is required at widely varying temperatures. For example, in an automobile, engine oil must flow freely enough to allow cold starting, but it must be viscous enough after it has been provided to provide full lubrication. VI can be determined as described inASTM D 2270-93. Preferably, the highly paraffin wax derivative lubricating oil base fractions have a viscosity index of about 105 and 155.

The "Viscosity Index Factor" of the highly paraffin wax base lubricating oil is an empirical number derived from the kinematic viscosity of the lubricating base oil fraction. The viscosity index factor is calculated by the following equation:

Viscosity Index Factor = 28 χ ln (Kinematic Viscosity of 100 ° C Lubricating Base Oil Fraction) + 95The highly paraffin wax derived lubricating base oil fractions may have a higher viscosity index than the Viscosity Index Factor.

Pour point is a temperature measurement at which a sample of lubricating base oil will begin to flow under carefully controlled conditions. Pour point can be determined as described in ASTM D 5950-02. Results are reported in degrees Celsius. Many commercial lubricating base oils have pour point specifications. When lubricating base oils have low pour points, they are also likely to have other good low temperature properties, such as low fog point, low cold filter attachment point, and low temperature starting viscosity. Mist point is a measure complementary to the pour point, and is expressed as a temperature at which a sample of the lubricating base oil begins to develop a mist under carefully specified conditions. Point mist may be determined, for example, by ASTM D 5773-95. Lubricating oils based on pour-mist diffusions below about 35 ° C are desirable. Higher pour point mist diffusions require processing the lubricating base oil at very low pour points to meet mist point specifications.

Noack volatility is defined as the mass of oil, expressed in% by weight, that is lost when the oil is heated to 250 ° C in mHg (2.67 kPa; 26.7 mbar) below atmospheric pressure in a test pad by which a constant air flow is withdrawn for 60 minutes according to ASTM D5800. A more convenient method for calculating Noack volatility and one that correlates well with ASTMD5800 is by using an ASTMD6375 term gravimetric analyzer test (TGA). Noack volatility in TGA is used throughout this disclosure unless otherwise stated. Noack oil volatility, as measured by TGA Noack and similar methods, has been found to correlate with oil consumption in passenger car engines. Strict needs for low volatility are important aspects due to recent engine oil specifications, such as ACEA A-3 and B-3 in Europe and ILSAC GF-3 in North America. Preferably, the wax-derived paraffin-derived lubricating base oil fractions of the present invention have a Noack volatility of less than 50% by weight. More preferably, the highly paraffinic wax-derived lubricating oil base fractions of the present invention have a Noack volatility of less than 35% by weight.

The "Noack Volatility Factor" of the highly paraffin wax derivative lubricating base oil is an empirical number derived from the kinematic viscosity of the lubricating base oil fraction. The Noack devolatility factor is calculated by the following equation:

Noack Volatility Factor = 160 - 40 (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 ° C)

Highly paraffin wax-derived lubricating base oil fractions have a lower Noack volatility than the Noack Volatility Factor.

The aniline point test indicates whether an oil is likely to adanify elastomers (rubber compounds) that come into contact with the oil. The aniline point is called the "aniline point temperature," which is the lowest temperature (0F or ° C) where equal volumes of aniline (C6H5NH2) and oil form a single phase. The aniline point (AP) correlates roughly with the amount and type of aromatic hydrocarbons in an oil sample. A low AP is indicative of higher aromatics content, while a high AP is indicative of lower aromatics content. The aniline point is determined by ASTM D611-04.

Preferably, the wax-derived paraffin-derived lubricating base oil fractions of the present invention have an aniline point greater than 36 χ ln (Kinematic Viscosity of the lubricating base oil fraction at 100 ° C) + 200. Accordingly, the derived lubricating base oil fractions of Highly paraffin wax exhibits good elastomeric compatibility.

BN Oxidant with Catalyst Test L-4 is a test for oxidation resistance by means of a Domte-type Oxygen Absorption Apparatus (RW Domte "Oxidation of White Oils," Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 28, page 26, 1936 ). Normally, the conditions are a pure oxygen atmosphere at 340 ° F (171.1 ° C), informing the hours for the absorption of 1000 ml of O2 per 100 g of oil. BN Noxidant with Catalyst Test L-4, 0.8 ml of catalyst is used per 100 grams of oil. The catalyst is a mixture of kerosene-soluble metal naphthenates simulating the average metal analysis of engine oil use. The mix of soluble metal naphthenates simulates the average metal case analysis of engine case oil use. The nocatalyst metal level is as follows: Copper = 6,927 ppm; Iron = 4,083 ppm; Lead = 80,208 ppm; Manganese = 350 ppm; Tin = 3565 ppm. The dead pack is 80 millimoles of zinc bispolypropylenophenyl dithiophosphate per 100 grams of oil, or approximately 1.1 grams of OLOA® 260. OxidantBN with Catalyst Test L-4 measures the response of a finished lubricant in a simulated application. High values, or long times for adsorbing a liter of oxygen, indicate good stability. OLOA® is an acronym forronite Lubricating Oil Additive®, which is a registered trademark of ChevronTexaco Oronite Company.

Generally, BN Oxidant with L-4 Catalyst Test results should be above about 7 hours. Preferably, BN Oxidant with the value of L-4 will be greater than about 10 hours. Preferably, the highly paraffinic wax-derived lubricating base oil fraction of the present invention has results greater than about 10 hours. The Fischer-Tropsch-derived lubricating base oil fractions of the present invention have results much longer than 10 hours. Preferably, the Fischer-Tropsch-derived lubricating base oil fractions of the oil-soluble additive concentrates of the present invention have a BN Oxidant with the L-4 Catalyst Test result of more than 25 hours.

Highly Paraffin Wax

The highly paraffinic wax used in making the baselubricating oils of the present invention may be any wax having a high content of n-paraffins. Preferably, the highly paraffin wax comprises more than 40 wt% n-paraffins, preferably more than 50 wt%, and more preferably more than 75 wt%. Preferably, the highly paraffinic ulcers used in the present invention also have very low levels of nitrogen and sulfur, generally less than 25 ppm total combined nitrogen and sulfur and preferably less than 20 ppm. Examples of highly paraffin waxes that may be used in the present invention include greases, oil free greases, refined sludge, refined wax lubricants, n-paraffin waxes, ΝΑΟ waxes, waxes produced in chemical factory processes, petroleum free waxes. oil, microcrystalline waxes, Fischer-Tropsch waxes, and mixtures thereof. The pour points of the highly paraffin waxes useful in the invention are greater than 50 ° C and preferably greater than 60 ° C.

It has been found that these highly paraffin waxes can be processed to provide lubricating base oil fractions having low volatility and low viscosity and unexpectedly also having good additive solubility. In a preferred embodiment, the highly paraffin wax is a Fischer-Tropsch-derived wax and provides a Fischer-Tropsch-derived lubricating base oil fraction.

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis In Fischer-Tropsch chemistry, synthetic gas is converted to liquid hydrocarbons by contact with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst under reactive conditions. Typically, methane and optionally heavier hydrocarbons (ethane and heavier) may be shipped via a conventional synthetic gas generator to provide the desynthesis gas. Generally, the synthesis gas contains hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and may include smaller amounts of carbon dioxide and / or water. The presence of sulfur, nitrogen, halogen, selenium, phosphorus and arsenic contaminants in synthetic gas is undesirable. For this reason and depending on the quality of the synthetic gas, it is preferred to remove sulfur and other contaminants from the feed prior to performing Fischer-Tropsch chemistry.

Means for removing these contaminants are well known to those of skill in the art. For example, ZnO filters are preferred to remove sulfur impurities. Means for removing other contaminants are well known to those of skill in the art. It may also be desirable to purify the synthetic gas prior to the Fischer-Tropsch reactor to remove carbon dioxide produced during the synthetic gas reaction and any additional sulfur compounds not previously removed. This can be accomplished, for example, by contacting the synthetic gas with a mildly alkaline solution (e.g. aqueous potassium carbonate) in a compacted column.

In the Fischer-Tropsch process, the contact of the synthesis gas comprising a mixture of H2 and CO with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst under suitable temperature and pressure reactive conditions forms liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. The Fischer-Tropsch reaction is typically conducted at temperatures from about 300 to 700 ° F (149 to 371 ° C), preferably about 204 to 228 ° C; pressures from about 0.7 to 41 bar, preferably from about 30 to 300 psia, (2 to 21 bars); and catalyst space speeds of about 100 to 10,000 cm3 / g / hr, preferably about 300 to 3,000 cm3 / g / hr. Examples of conditions for conducting Fischer-Tropsch reactions are well known to those of natural skill.

The products of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process can range from C1 to C20 + with most in the range of C5 to C00 +. The reaction may be conducted in a variety of reactor types, such as fixed-bed reactors containing one or more catalyst beds, slurry reactors, fluidized bed reactors, or a combination of different type reactors. Such reaction processes and reactors are well known and documented in the literature.

The Fischer-Tropsch slurry process, which is preferred in the practice of the invention, utilizes superior heat transfer (and mass) characteristics for the strongly exothermic synthesis reaction and is capable of producing relatively high molecular weight paraffinic hydrocarbons when using a cobalt catalyst. In the slurry process, a synthetic gas comprising a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is increased in intensity as a third phase through a fluid slurry comprising a dispersed particulate Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst suspended in a slurry comprising products. hydrocarbon compounds of the synthesis reaction are liquid under the reaction conditions. The molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide may vary widely from about 0.5 to about 4, but is most typically within the range of about 0.7 to about 2.75 and preferably about 0.7. at about 2.5. A particularly preferred Fischer-Tropsch process is shown in EP0609079, also fully incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

In general, Fischer-Tropsch catalysts contain a Group VIII transition metal on a metal oxide support. Catalysts may also contain a noble metal promoter and / or crystalline molecular sieves. Suitable Fischer-Tropsch catalysts comprise one or more of Fe, Ni, Co, Ru and Re, with preferred send cobalt. A preferred Fischer-Tropsch catalyst comprises effective amounts of cobalt and one or more of Re, Ru, Pt, Fe, Ni, Th, Zr, Hf, U, Mg and La in a suitable inorganic support material, preferably one comprising a or more refractory metal oxides.

In general, the amount of cobalt present in the catalyst is between about 1 and about 50 weight percent of the total catalyst composition. The catalysts may also contain basic oxide promoters such as ThO2, La2O3, MgO, and TiO2 promoters such as ZrO2, noble metals (Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir), coining metals (Cu, Ag, Au) , and other metal-transferring metals such as Fe, Mn, Ni, and Re. Suitable support materials include alumina, silica, magnesia and titania or mixtures thereof. Preferred supports for cobalt-containing catalysts comprise titania. Useful catalysts and their preparation are known and illustrated in U.S. Patent 4,568,663, which is intended to be illustrative but not limiting with respect to catalyst selection.

Certain catalysts are known to provide chain decrease probabilities that are relatively low to moderate, and reaction products include a relatively high proportion of low molecular weight (C2.8) olefins and a relatively low proportion of high molecular weight (C30 +) waxes. Certain other catalysts are known to provide relatively high chain growth probabilities, and reaction products include a relatively low proportion of low molecular weight (C2.8) olefins and a relatively high proportion of high molecular weight (C30 +) waxes. Such catalysts are well known to those of skill in the art and can be readily obtained and / or prepared.

The product of a Fischer-Tropsch process contains predominantly paraffins. Fischer-Tropsch reaction products generally include a mild reaction product and a expensive reaction product. The light reaction product (i.e. the condensate fraction) includes boiling hydrocarbons below about 700 ° F (371.1 ° C) (for example, waste gases via intermediate distillate fuels), largely in the C5 range. to C20, with decreasing amounts of up to about C30. The waxy reaction product (i.e. the wax fraction) includes boiling hydrocarbons above about 600 ° F (315 ° C) (e.g., vacuum oil gas through paraffin waxes), largely in the range of C20 +, with decreasing amounts below C10.

Both the light reaction product and the waxy product are substantially paraffinic. The waxy product generally comprises more than 70% by weight of normal paraffins, and often more than 80% by weight of normal paraffins. The light reaction product comprises paraffinic products with a significant proportion of alcohols and olefins.

In some cases, the light reaction product may comprise as much as 50 wt.% And even higher of alcohols and olefins. It is the expensive reaction product (ie the wax fraction) that is used as a process feedstock to provide the Fischer-Tropsch derived lubricating base oil fraction used as a lubricant additive diluent oil in the oil soluble concentrates and lubricants. finished according to the present invention.

Fischer-Tropsch lubricating base oil fractions used as lubricant additive diluting oils in oil soluble additive concentrates are prepared from the Fischer-Tropsch synthetic crude oil wax fractions by a process including hydroisomerization.

Preferably, Fischer-Tropsch lubricating base oils are made by a process as described in U.S.S.N. 10 / 744,870, filed December 23, 2003, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Fischer-Tropsch lubricating base oil fractions used in the oil soluble additive concentrates according to the present invention may be manufactured in a location other than where the components of the oil soluble additive concentrates are received and mixed and in a different location. wherein the oil soluble additive concentrate is mixed with lubricating base oil fillers to provide a finished lubricant. The location where the oil-soluble additive concentrate is made may be the same or different compared to where the finished lubricant is made.

Process to Provide Light Lubricating Base Oil Fraction

These highly paraffin wax-derived light lubricating base oil fractions of the present invention are made by the process comprising providing a highly paraffin wax and depohydroisomerizing the highly paraffin wax to provide the lubricating oleobase fractions as described herein. Preferably, the highly paraffin wax is hydroisomerized using a selective intermediate pore size molecular sieve in form comprising a noble metal hydrogenation component under conditions of about 600 ° F (315 ° C) to 750 ° F (399 ° C).

In a preferred embodiment, the highly paraffin wax is a Fischer-Tropsch-derived wax and provides a Fischer-Tropsch-derived lubricating base oil fraction. The Fischer-Tropsch-derived baselubricating oil fraction used in the oil-soluble additive concentrate is made by a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process followed by hydroisomerization of the Fischer-Tropsch synthetic crude oil wax fractions.

Hydroisomerization

Highly paraffin waxes are subjected to a process comprising hydroisomerization to provide the baselubricant oil fractions useful as lubricant additive diluent oils and oil soluble additive concentrates according to the present invention.

Hydroisomerization is intended to improve the cold flow properties of the lubricating base oil by the selective addition of the molecular structure. Hydroisomerization under ideal conditions will achieve high conversion levels of highly paraffin wax to non-waxy iso-paraffins while at the same time minimizing weakening conversion. Preferably, the conditions for hydroisomerization in the present invention are controlled such that the conversion of the boiling compounds above about 700 ° F (371.1 ° C) into the wax feed of the boiling compounds below about 700 ° F (371 ° C). 0.1 ° C) is maintained between about 10 wt% and 50 wt%, preferably between 15 wt% and 45 wt%.

In accordance with the present invention, the hydroisomerization is conducted using a molecular sieve of selective intermediate pore size in the form. Hydroisomerization catalysts useful in the present invention comprise a selective pore-intermediate size molecular sieve in the form and optionally a catalytically active metal hydrogenation component in an oxide-refractory support. The phrase "intermediate pore size," as used, signifies an effective pore aperture in the range of about 3.9 to about 7.1Â ° when the porous inorganic oxide is in calcined form. Selective intermediate pore size molecular sieves in the form used in the practice of the present invention are generally 10,11 or 12 ring I-D molecular sieves. Preferred molecular sieves of the invention are 10-ring I-D variety, where 10 (or 11 or 12) ring molecular sieves have 10 (or 11 or 12) tetrahedrally coordinated atoms (T atoms) joined by oxygen. In the 1-D molecular sieve, the 10-ring (or larger) pores are parallel to one another, and do not interconnect. Note, however, that 10-ring I-D molecular sieves that meet the broad definition of intermediate pore size molecular sieve but include intersecting pores having 8-membered rings may also be encompassed within the definition of the molecular sieve of the present invention. The dechannel classification of intrazeolite as 1-D, 2-D and 3-D is presented by R. M. Barrerem Zeolites, Science and Technology, edited by F.R. Rodrigues, L.D.RolLilian e. C. Naccache, NATO ASI Series, 1984 classification is that it is incorporated in its entirety by reference (see particularly page 75).

Preferred pore size molecular pore size molecular sieves in the form used for hydroisomerization are grounded in aluminum phosphates such as SAPO-11, SAPO-31, andSAPO-41. SAPO-Il and SAPO-31 are more preferred, with SAPO-Il being most preferred. SM-3 is a particularly preferred form selectable intermediate pore size SAPO which has a crystal structure that is similar to that of the SAPO-11 molecular sieves. The preparation of SM-3 and its unique features are described in U.S. Patents 4,943,424 and 5,158,665. Selective intermediate pore size molecular sieves in the also preferred form used for hydroisomerization are zeolites, such as ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, Ophethite, Eferrierite. SSZ-32 and ZSM-23 are more preferred.

A preferred intermediate pore size molecular sieve is characterized by selecting free crystallographic diameter of the channels, selected crystalline size (corresponding to the selected channel length), and selected acidity. Desirable free crystallographic diameters of molecular sieve channels are in the range of about 3.9 to about 7.1 Angstrom, having a maximum free crystallographic diameter of not more than 7.1 and a minimum free crystallographic diameter of not less than 3.9. Angstrom Preferably the maximum free crystallographic diameter is no more than 7.1 and the minimum free crystallographic diameter is not less than 4.0 Angstrom. Most preferably the maximum free crystallographic diameter is no more than 6.5 and the minimum free crystallographic diameter is no less than 4.0 Angstrom. The free crystallographic diameters of the molecular sieve channels are published in the "Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types", Revised Fifth Edition, 2001, by Ch.Baerlocher, W.M. Meier, and D.H. Olson, Elsevier, pages 10-15, which is incorporated herein by reference.

A particularly preferred intermediate pore size molecular sieve which is useful in the present process is described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,135,638 and 5,282,958, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In US 5,282,958, such an intermediate pore size molecular sieve has a crystalline size of no more than about 0.5 microns and a common minimum pore diameter of at least about 4.8 µm and with a maximum diameter of about 0.5 µm. of 7.1 Â. The catalyst has sufficient acidity so that 0.5 grams of it when positioned in a tubular reactor converts at least 50% hexadecane at 370 ° C, a pressure of 1200 psig (8.3 MPaman), a hydrogen flow of 160 ml / min. , and a feed rate of 1ml / h. The catalyst also exhibits isomerization selectivity of 40 percent or more (isomerization selectivity is determined as follows: 100χ (wt.% Branched C16 in product) / (wt.% Branched C16 in product + wt.% C13. product) when used under conditions leading to 96% conversion of normal hexadecane (n-C16) to other species.

Such a particularly preferred molecular sieve may further be characterized by pores or channels having a free crystallographic diameter in the range from about 4.0 to about 7.1 Å, and preferably in the range from 4.0 to 6.5 Å. Free crystallographic diameters of molecular sieve channels are published in the "Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types", Fifth Revised Edition, 2001, by Ch. Baerlocher, WM Meier, and DH Olson, Elsevier, pages 10-15, which is incorporated herein by reference. If the free crystallographic diameters of the molecular sieve channels are unknown, the effective pore size of the molecular sieve can be measured using standard adsorption techniques and hydrocarbonaceous compounds of known minimum kinetic diameters. See Breck, Zeolite Molecular Sieves, 1974 (especially Chapter 8); Anderson et al. J. Catalysis 58, 114 (1979); and U.S. Patent 4,440,871, pertinent portions of which are incorporated herein by reference. In performing sorbent measurements to determine pore size, standard techniques are used. It is convenient to consider a particular molecule as excluded if it does not reach at least 95% of its equilibrium adsorption value in the molecular sieve in less than about 10 minutes (w / p0 = 0.5 at 25 ° C). Intermediate pore size molecular sieves will typically admit molecules having kinetic diameters of 5.3 to 6.5 Angstrom with little delay.

Hydroisomerization catalysts useful in the present invention comprise a catalytically active hydrogenation metal. The presence of a catalytically active hydrogenation metal leads to product improvement, especially VI and stability. Typical catalytic reactive hydrogenation metals include chromium, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, cobalt, tungsten, zinc, platinum, and palladium. Platinum and palladium metals are especially preferred, with platinum being the most especially preferred. If seplatin and / or palladium are used, the total amount of hydrogenation metal is typically in the range 0.1 to 5 weight percent of the total catalyst, usually 0.1 to 2 weight percent, and does not exceed 10 percent. heavy.

The refractory oxide support can be selected from those oxide supports which are conventionally used for catalysts including silica, alumina, silica alumina, magnesia, titania and combinations thereof.

The conditions for hydroisomerization will be adapted to obtain a lubricating base oil fraction comprising less than about 0.3 wt.% Aromatics and more than 3 wt.% Cycloparaffin functional molecules. Preferably, the conditions provide a lubricating base oil fraction comprising more than 5% by weight of cycloparaffin-functional molecules and a weight percentage ratio of monocycloparaffin-functional molecules of weight percent of molecules with more than 5, more preferably more, multicycloparaffin functionality. more than 15, and still more preferably more than. 50. The conditions for hydroisomerization will depend on the feed properties used, the catalyst used, whether or not the catalyst is sulfide, the desired yield, and the desired properties of the lubricating base oil. Conditions under which the hydroisomerization process of the present invention may be carried out include temperatures from about 500 ° F to about 7750F (260 ° C to about 413 ° C), preferably 600 ° F to about 750 ° F (399 ° C ) (315 ° C to about 399 ° C), more preferably about 600 ° F to about 700 ° F (315 ° C to about 371 ° C); and pressures of about 15 to 3000 psig (0.10 MPa man to 20.7 MPa man), preferably 100 to 2500 psig (0.69 MPa man to 17.2 MPa man). Hydroisomerization pressures in this context refer to the hydrogen partial pressure within the hydroisomerization reactor, although the hydrogen partial pressure is substantially the same (or nearly the same) as the total pressure. The net hourly spatial velocity during contact is generally from about 0.1 to about 20 h -1, preferably from about 0.1 to about 5 h -1. The hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio falls within a range of from about 1.0 to about 50 moles of H2 per mol of hydrocarbon, more preferably from about 10 to about 20 moles of H2 per mol of hydrocarbon. Suitable conditions for performing hydroisomerization are described in US Patents 5,282,958 and 5,135,638, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Hydrogen is present in the reaction zone during the hydroisomerization process, typically at a hydrogen to feed ratio. about 0.5 to 30 MSCF / bbl (0.01 to 0.85 MNm3 / barrel), preferably from about 1 to about 10 MSCF / bbl (0.03 to 0.28MNm3 / barrel). Hydrogen can be separated from the product and recycled to the reaction zone.

Hydrotreatment

Feeding highly paraffin wax to the hydroisomerization process can be hydrotreated prior to hydroisomerization. Hydrotreating refers to a catalytic process, usually performed in the presence of free hydrogen, in which the primary proposal is to remove various metal contaminants such as arsenic, aluminum. and cobalt heteroatoms such as sulfur and nitrogen; oxygenated; or aromatics from the feed stock. Generally, in hydrotreating operations the breakdown of hydrocarbon molecules, that is, breaking larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller hydrocarbon molecules, is minimized, and unsaturated hydrocarbons are completely or partially hydrogenated.

Catalysts used in performing hydrotreating operations are well known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Patents. Nos. 4,347,121 and 4,810,357, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, for general descriptions of hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and typical catalysts used in either process. Suitable catalysts include Group VIIIA noble metals (according to 1975 International Union of Purified Applied Chemistry rules) such as platinum or palladium in a dealumin or silicon matrix, and Group VIII and Group VIB such as nickel molybdenum or nickel tin in an alumina or silica matrix. U.S. Patent 3,852,207 describes a suitable noble metal catalyst and mild conditions. Other suitable catalysts are described, for example, in U.S. Patents 4,157,294 and 3,904,513. Non-noble hydrogenation metals, such as nickel molybdenum, are usually present in the final catalyst composition as oxides, but are usually used in their reduced or sulfide forms when such sulfide compounds are easily formed from the particular metal involved. Preferred non-noble metal decatalyst compositions contain in excess of about 5 weight percent, preferably about 5 to about 40 weight percent molybdenum and / or tungsten, and at least about 0.5, and generally about 1 to about 1 percent. about 15 weight percent nickel and / or cobalt as the corresponding oxides. Noble contendometal catalysts, such as platinum, contain in excess of 0.01 percent demetal, preferably between 0.1 and 1.0 percent metal. Noble metal combinations can also be used, such as mixtures of platinum and palladium.

Typical hydrotreating conditions vary over a wide range. In general, the overall LHSV is about 0.25 to 2.0, preferably about 0.5 to 1.5. The hydrogen partial pressure is greater than 200 psia (1.38 MPa abs), preferably ranging from about 500 psia (3.45 MPaabs) to about 2000 psia (13.8 MPa abs). Hydrogen recirculation rates are typically greater than 50 SCF / Bbl (1.41 Nm3 / barrel), and are preferably between 1000 and 5000 SCF / Bbl (28.3 to 141.6 Nm3 / barrel).

Reactor temperatures will range from about 300 ° F to about 750 ° F (about 150 ° C to about 400 ° C), preferably ranging from 450 ° F to 725 ° F (230 ° C to 385 ° C).

Hydro finish

Hydro-finishing is a hydrotreating process that can be used as a step following hydroisomerization to provide highly paraffinic wax-derived lubricating base oil fractions. Hydro-finishing is intended to improve the oxidation stability, UV5 stability and appearance of lubricating base oil fractions by removing traces of aromatics, olefins, colored bodies, and solvents. As used herein, the term UV stability refers to the stability of the fraction of lubricating base oil or finished lubricant when exposed to UV light and oxygen. Instability is indicated when a visible precipitate forms, usually observed as flake or cloudiness, or a dark color develops on exposure to ultraviolet light and air. A general description of hydro finish can be found in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,852,207 and 4,673,487.

The highly paraffin wax-derived lubricating base oil fractions of the present invention may be hydro-finished to improve the quality and stability of the product. During hydro-finishing, the overall net hourly spatial velocity (LHSV) is about 0.25 to 2.0 h-1, preferably about 0.5 to 1.0 h-1. The hydrogen partial pressure is greater than 200 psia (1.38 MPa abs), preferably ranging from about 500psia (3.45 MPa abs) to about 2000 psia (13.8 MPa abs). Hydrogen circulating rates are typically greater than 50 SCF / Bbl (1.42MNm3 / barrel), and are preferably between 1000 and 5000 SCF / Bbl (28.3 and141.6 MNm3 / barrel). Temperatures range from about 300 ° F (148.9 ° C) to about 750 ° F (399 ° C), preferably ranging from 450 ° F (232.2 ° C) to 600 ° F (315 ° C).

Suitable hydro-finishing catalysts include Group VIIIA noble metals (according to the 1975 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry rules), such as platinum or palladium on an alumina or silicon matrix, and non-sulfide Group VIIIA and Group VIB, such as nickel. molybdenum or nickel tin in an ousilicious alumina matrix. U.S. Patent 3,852,207 describes a noble metal catalyst and mild conditions. Other suitable catalysts are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,157,294 and 3,904,513. The non-noble metal (such as nickel molybdenum and / or tungsten, and at least about 0.5, eg about 1 to about 15 weight percent nickel and / or cobalt as the corresponding oxides. The metal catalyst Noble metal (such as platinum) contains in excess of 0.01 percent metal, preferably between 0.1 and 1.0 percent metal.Noble metal combinations may also be used, such as mixtures of platinum and palladium.

Clay treatment to remove impurities is a step in the final alternative process for providing highly paraffinic wax-derived baselubricating oil fractions.

Fractionation

Optionally, the process for providing the light paraffin wax derived light lubricating oil base fractions may include rationing the highly paraffin wax feed prior to hydroisomerization, or fractionating the lubricating base oil obtained from the hydroisomerization process. The fractionation of the highly paraffin wax feed or the isomerized lubricating base oil into fractions is generally accomplished by atmospheric or vacuum distillation, or by a combination of atmospheric and vacuum distillation. Atmospheric distillation is typically used to separate the lightest distillate fractions, such as comonafta and intermediate distillates, from a residue fraction having an initial boiling point above about 600 ° F to about 750 ° F (about 315 ° C to about 399 ° C). At higher temperatures, thermal cracking of the hydrocarbons can occur leading to the scale of the equipment and to decrease the production of heavier cuts. Vacuum distillation is typically used to separate the highest boiling material, such as lubricating base oil fractions, into cuts of different boiling range. Fractionation of the lubricating base oil into different boiling range cuts allows the lubricating base oil manufacturing plant to produce more than one grade, or viscosity, of lubricating base oil.

Solvent Deparaffinization

The process for making highly paraffin wax derivative lubricating base oil fractions may also include a solvent deparaffining step following the hydroisomerization process. Solvent paraffinning can optionally be used to remove small amounts of remaining waxy molecules from the baselubricating oil after hydroisomerization. Deparaffinization of the solvent is accomplished by dissolving the lubricating base oil in a solvent, such as methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, or toluene, or precipitating the molecules as discussed in Chemical Technology of Petroleum, 3rd Edition, William Gruse. and Donald Stevens, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1960, pages 566 to 570. Solvent dewaxing is also described in US Patents 4,477,333, 3,773,650 and 3,775,288.

High Paraffin Wax Derivative Lubricating Base Oil Fraction

The lightly paraffin-derived light lubricating base oil fraction according to the present invention is suitable for use as a lubricant additive diluent oil in oil-soluble additive concentrates. The highly paraffin wax derived lubricating base oil fraction has a viscosity between about 1.0 cSt and 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C, preferably between about 2 cSt and 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C, and most preferably between about 2 cSt. cSt and 3.0 cSt at 100 ° C. Given the relatively low kinematic viscosity, the highly paraffin wax-derived lubricating base oil fraction advantageously has a high Noack volatility. High paraffin wax derived lubricating base oil fraction has a Noack volatility lower than the Noack volatility factor as calculated by the following equation:

Noack Volatility Factor = 160 - 40 (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 ° C).

Preferably, the highly paraffinic decay-derived lubricating base oil fraction has a Noack volatility of less than 50 wt% and preferably less than 35 wt%. Accordingly, the highly paraffin wax-derived lubricating base oil fractions of the present invention advantageously have both low viscosity and low viscosity.

In certain preferred embodiments, the highly paraffinic wax-derived lubricating oleobase fractions have an IV of about 105 and 155.

Preferably, the Viscosity Index of the highly paraffinic wax-derived lubricating oleobase fraction is greater than the Viscosity Index Factor as calculated by the following equation:

Viscosity Index Factor = 28 χ ln (Fischer-Tropsch-derived Base Oil Fraction Kinematic Viscosity at 100 ° C) + 95.

In other preferred embodiments, the highly paraffinic wax-derived lubricating oleobase fractions comprise a wt% of cycloparaffin-functional molecules of more than kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C multiplied by three.

The lubricating base oil fractions according to the present invention have good low volatilities so that they do not cause volatility to the finished lubricant, while also being not as heavy as to thicken the finished lubricant. Consequently, these lubricating base oil fractions have low volatility and low viscosity.

The lubricating base oil fractions according to the present invention comprise extremely low unsaturated levels. The fraction of lubricating base oil comprises less than 0.30 percent by weight of aromatics and more than 3 percent by weight of molecules with cycloparaffin functionality. Preferably, the lubricating base oil fraction comprises a weight percent ratio of molecules with monocycloparaffin functionality to weight percent molecules with multicycloparaffin functionality of more than 5.

In a preferred embodiment, the baselubricating oil fraction comprises more than 5 weight percent of cycloparaffin functionally molecules. In other preferred embodiments, the lubricating base oil fraction used in the oil soluble additive concentrates comprises a ratio of wt.% Of molecules with para-cyclic paraffin functionality to wt.% Of molecules with multicycloparaffin function of more than 5, preferably more than 15, and more preferably more than 50. In another preferred embodiment, the lubricating base oil fraction comprises a weight percent ratio of cycloparaffin-functional molecules of more than kinematic avidity to 100% multiplied by three.

In preferred embodiments, the baselubricating oil fraction comprises more than 9 alkyl branches / 100 carbons. Lubricating base oil fractions used as additive-lubricating diluent oils in oil-soluble additive concentrates may also have preferred alkyl branching arrangements. As such, the baselubricating oils of the present invention may comprise predominantly methyl esterification. The branch may be such that there are 6 to 18 alkyl ramifications per 100 carbon; more than 25% of the branches are 5 or more carbon atoms independently of one another; and less than 40% of the branches are within 2 to 3 carbon atoms independently of each other.

These cycloparaffin-containing lubricating base oil fractions exhibit unexpectedly good solubility for additives, including VI enhancers and lubricant additive packages, because ascicloparaffins communicate solubility in additive. The fraction of baselubricating oil containing a high weight percent ratio of monocycloparaffin-functional molecules to monocycloparaffin-functional molecules (or high weight percentage of monocycloparaffin-functional molecules and low weight percent of multicycloparaffin-functional molecules) is also desirable because molecules with paraffinic multicyclic functionality reduce oxidation stability, decrease viscosity index, and increase Noack volatility. Accordingly, lubricating base oil fractions according to the present invention exhibit oxidation stability and high Noack volatility.

Preferably, the lubricating base oil fractions of the present invention have an aniline point greater than 36 χ ln (Kinematic Viscosity of the 100 ° C lubricating base oil fraction) + 200. Consequently, the lubricating base oil fractions according to the present invention exhibit good elastomeric compatibility.

The lubricating base oil fractions of the present invention used as diluent oils in the finished elubricating oil soluble additive concentrates contain more than 95 wt% saturated as determined by elution column chromatography, ASTM D 2549-02. The olefins are present in a smaller amount than detectable by long-term C13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR). Preferably, aromatic functionality molecules are present in amounts of less than 0.3 weight percent by HPLC-UV, and confirmed by ASTM D 5292-99 modified to measure low level aromatics. In preferred embodiments molecules with the least aromatic functionality are present in amounts of less than 0.10 weight percent, preferably less than 0.05 weight percent, more preferably less than 0.01 weight percent. Sulfur is present in amounts of less than 25 ppm, preferably less than 5 ppm, and more preferably less than 1 ppm as determined by ASTM D 5453-00. The highly paraffin wax derived lubricating base oil fraction easily solubilizes lubricant additives. and provides an additive oil concentrate that is easily soluble in baselubricating oil fillers. Moreover, the lubricating base oil fraction does not introduce any undesirable characteristics, including, for example, high volatility, high viscosity, and impurities such as heteroatoms, to the lubricating oil fillers and thus to the finished lubricant.

In a preferred embodiment, the baselubricating oil fraction according to the present invention is a Fischer-Tropsch derived baselubricating oil fraction. Fischer-Tropsch-derived waxes are particularly well suited for providing Fischer-Tropsch-derived baselubricating oil fractions with the above described properties.

HPLC-Aromatic Measurement:

The method used to measure low levels of aromatic functionality molecules in lubricating base oils uses a Hewlett Packard 1050 Series Gradient High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system coupled with an interface-connected HP 1050 Diodes Array UV-Vis detector to an HP Chem station. The identification of the individual aromatic classes in highly saturated lubricating base oils was based on their UV spectral standard and elution time. The amino column used for this analysis differentiates aromatic molecules largely on the basis of their ring number (or more correctly, double bond number). Thus, the single ring aromatic containing molecules would first elute, followed by the polycyclic aromatics in order of increasing double-binding number per molecule. For aromatics with similar double-binding character, those with only alkyl-substituted ring would elute immediately after those with cycloparaffin substitution. of the various base oil aromatic hydrocarbons from their UV absorbance spectra was somewhat complicated by the fact that their peak electron transitions were all changed to red relative to the model-pure compound analogs to a degree dependent on the amount of cyclic-cyclic alkyl substitution in the ring system. . These batochromic changes are well known to be caused by alkyl group delocalization of the π electrons in the aromatic ring. Since few unsubstituted aromatic compounds boil in the lubricant range, some degree of red shift was expected and observed for all identified core aromatic groups.

Quantitation of the eluting aromatic compounds was done by integrating chromatograms made of wavelengths optimized for each general class of compounds during the appropriate retention time window for this aromatic. Retention time window limits for each aromatic class were determined by manually assessing the individual absorbance spectra of elution compounds at different times and assigning them to the appropriate aromatic class based on their qualitative similarity to the absorption spectra of the model compound. With few exceptions, only five classes of aromatic compounds were observed in highly saturated API Group II and III lubricating base oils.

HPLC-UV Calibration:

HPLC-UV is used to identify these classes of aromatic compounds even at very low levels. Multiple-ring aromatics absorb 10 to 200 times more strongly than single-ring aromatics. Alkyl substitution also affected absorption by about 20%. Therefore, it is important for the use of HPLC to separate and identify the various aromatic species and to know how efficiently they absorb. Five classes of aromatic compounds have been identified. With the exception of a small overlap between the 1-alkylcycloalkyl ring aromatics. highly retained and the lower retained alkyl naphthalenes, all classes of aromatic compound were resolved reference values. Integration limits for the 1 ring and 2 ring co-elution aromatics at 272 nm were made by the perpendicular method. The wavelength-dependent response factors for each general aromatic class first were determined by constructing Beer Law schemes of pure model compound mixtures with base spectral peak absorbances closest to the substituted aromatic analogs.

For example, alkylcyclohexylbenzene molecules in base oils exhibit a distinct peak absorbance at 272 nm which corresponds to the same transition (interdiction) that unsubstituted tetraline model compounds exhibit at 268 nm. The concentration of 1-ring alkylcycloalkyl aromatics in base oil samples was calculated assuming that its 272 nm molar absorptivity response factor was approximately equal to the tetraline molar absorptivity at 268 nm, calculated from Beer's scheme. Concentrations in percent by weight of aromatics were calculated assuming that the average molecular weight for each aromatic class was approximately equal to the average molecular weight for the entire base oil sample.

This calibration method was further improved by isolating 1-ring aromatics directly from the lubricating base oils by exhaustive HPLC chromatography. Calibrating directly with these aromatics eliminated the assumptions and uncertainties associated with model compounds. As expected, the isolated aromatic sample had a lower response factor than the model compound because it was more highly substituted.More specifically, to accurately calibrate the HPLC-UV method, the substituted benzene aromatics were separated from the mass lubricating base oil using a daWaters semi-preparative HPLC unit. 10 grams of the sample was diluted 1: 1 in n-hexane and injected into an amino-linked silica column, a 5 cm χ 22.4 mm ID shield, followed by two 25 cm χ 22.4 mm 3D particle columns. of 8 to 12 micron amino bonded silicas manufactured by Rainin Instruments, Emeryville, California, with n-hexane as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 18 mis / min. The column effluent was fractionated on the detector base from a UV wavelength detector set at 265 nm and 295 nm. Saturated fractions were collected until the absorbance of 265 nm showed a change of 0.01 absorbance units, which signaled the beginning of the annulus aromatic elution. A single ring aromatic fraction was collected until the absorbance ratio between 265 nm and 295 nm decreased to 2.0, indicating the onset of double ring aromatic elution. Purification and separation of the single ring aromatic fraction was done by re-chromatography monoaromatic fraction away from the saturated "residue" fraction resulting from the HPLC column overload.

This purified aromatic "pattern" showed that alkyl substitution decreased the molar absorptive response factor by about 20% relative to unsubstituted tetraline.

Aromatic Confirmation by NMR:

The weight percentage of molecules with aromatic functionality in the purified monoaromatic standard was confirmed by long-term carbon 13 NMR analysis. It was easier to calibrate than UV HPLC because it simply measured the aromatic carbon so that the response did not depend on the aromatics class being analyzed. NMR results were translated from% aromatic carbon to% aromatic molecules (to be compatible with HPLC-UV and D 2007) with 95 to 99% aromatics being known as highly saturated lubricating base oils being single ring aromatics.

High energy, long life, and good reference analysis were required to accurately measure aromatics below 0.2% aromatic molecules.

More specifically, to accurately measure low levels of all molecules with at least one NMR aromatic function, the standard D 5292-99 method has been modified to provide a minimum carbon sensitivity of 500: 1 (per standard ASTM E 386 practice). A 15 hour round in a 400 to 500 MHz NMR with a 10 to 12 mm Nalorac probe was used. Acorn PC integration software has been used to define the shape of the reference value and integrate seamlessly. The frequency of the loader was changed once during the round to prevent artifacts from representing the aliphatic peak in the aromatic region.

Taking the spectra on either side of the carrier spectra, the resolution was significantly improved.

Cycloparaffin Distribution by FIMS:

Paraffins are considered more stable than ascicloparaffins for oxidation, and therefore more desirable. Monocycloparaffins are considered more stable than multicycloparaffins for oxidation. However, when the weight percentage of all molecules with at least one very low cycloparafin function in an oil, additive solubility is low and elastomeric compatibility is poor. Examples of oils with these properties are Fischer-Tropsch oils (GTL oils) with less than about 5% cycloparaffins. To improve these properties in finished products, expensive co-solvents such as esters should often be added. Preferably, the highly paraffinic wax-derived oil fractions used as dielectric fluids comprise a high weight percentage of monocycloparaffin-functional molecules and a low weight percentage of molecules with a para-cyclic paraffin functionality such that the oil fractions have high oxidation stability, low volatility, good miscibility with other oils, good additive solubility, and good elastomeric compatibility.

The lubricating base oils of this invention have been characterized by FIMS in alkanes and molecules with different numbers of unsaturation. The distribution of molecules in the oil fractions was determined by field ionization mass spectroscopy (FIMS). The HMS spectra were obtained on a Micromass VG 70VSE mass spectrometer. Samples were introduced via a solid probe into the spectrophotometer, preferably by placing a small amount (about 0.1 mg) of the base oil to be tested in a tube. glass capillary. The capillary tube was placed on the tip of a solid probe for a mass spectrometer, and the probe was heated from about 40 ° C to 50 ° C at a rate of 50 ° C per minute, operating under vacuum at approximately 10 - 6 Torr. mass was scanned from m / z 40 am / z 1000 at a rate of 5 seconds per set of 10. The acquired mass spectra were summed to generate a "averaged" spectrum.Each spectrum was corrected at 13C using a software package. from PC-MassSpec.

Response factors for all types of compounds were considered to be 1.0, such that the weight percentage was determined from the area percentage. The acquired mass spectra were summed to give a "averaged" spectrum. The yield of FINIS analysis is the weight percentages of alkanes, 1 unsaturation, 2 unsaturation, 3 unsaturation, 4 unsaturation, and 6 unsaturation in the test sample. Molecules with different numbers of unsaturation may be comprised of cycloparaffins, olefins, and aromatic. If aromatics were present in significant quantities in the lubricating base oil, they would most likely be identified in the FINlS analysis as 4insaturations. When olefins were present in significant quantities in the lubricating base oil they would most likely be identified in the FIMS analysis as 1 unsaturation. The total of 1 unsaturation, 2 unsaturation, 3 unsaturation, 4 unsaturation, 5 unsaturation, and 6 unsaturation of the FINIS analysis, minus the percentage by weight of deproton NMR olefins, and less the weight percentage of aromatics by HPLC-UV is the percentage by weight of cycloparafinan functional molecules lubricating base oils of this invention. The total of the 2 unsaturated, 3 unsaturated, 4 unsaturated, 5 unsaturated, and 6 unsaturated FIMS analysis minus the weight percent aromatics by HPLC-UV is the weight percentage of multicycloparaffin-functional molecules of the oils of this invention. Note that if the aromatic content was not measured, it was considered to be less than 0.1% by weight and not included in the calculation for the percentage by weight of molecules with decycloparaffin functionality.

In one embodiment, the highly paraffinic wax-derived baselubricating oil fractions have a weight percentage of molecules with cycloparaffin functionality greater than 3, preferably greater than 5. Preferably, the highly paraffinic wax-derived baselubricating oil fractions also have a weight percent ratio of monocycloparaffin-functional molecules to weight percent of multicycloparaffin-functional molecules greater than 5, preferably greater than 15, more preferably greater than 50. In a preferred embodiment, the lubricating base oil fraction comprises more than 9 alkyl branches / 100 carbons.

In another embodiment of the highly paraffin wax derived baselubricating oil fractions, there is a relationship between the weight percent of all molecules with at least one cycloparaffin functionality and the kinematic viscosity of the baselubricating oils of this invention. That is, the higher the kinematic viscosity at 100C in cSt, the higher the amount of cycloparaffin-function molecules that are obtained. In a preferred embodiment, highly paraffin wax-derived lubricating base oil fractions have a weight percentage of molecules with cycloparaffin functionality higher than the kSt kinematic viscosity multiplied by three. High paraffin wax-derived lubricating base oil fractions have a kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C of about 1.0 cSt to about 3.5 cSt, preferably between about 2.0 cSt to about 3.5 cSt, and most preferably between about 100 cSt. 2.0 cSt and about 3.0 cSt.

The modified ASTM D 5292-99 and HPLC-UV test methods used to measure low level aromatics, and the FIMS test method used to characterize saturated are described in DC Kramer, et al., "Influence of Group II & III Base Oil Composition on VI and OxidationStability, "presented at the 1999 AlCHE Spring National Meeting in Houston, March 16, 1999, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.

Although highly paraffin wax feeds are essentially olefin free, oil-based processing techniques can introduce olefins, especially at high temperatures, due to 'cracking' reactions. In the presence of heat or UV light, olefins may polymerize to form higher molecular weight products that may color the base oil or cause sediment. In general, olefins may be removed during the process of this invention by hydro-finishing or clay treatment.

The properties of exemplary Fischer-Tropsch lubricating base oils suitable for use as additive-extender oils in oil-soluble additive concentrates are summarized in Table II in the Examples.

Lubricating Additives

Finished lubricants comprise at least one lubricating oil base and at least one additive. Typically, the at least one additive is added to the lubricating base oil in the form of an oil-soluble dead concentrate comprising at least one lubricant additive and oil additive to improve the solubility of the lubricating oil additive. Intended use of the finished lubricant will influence the additives necessary to provide a suitable finished lubricant.

The lubricant additive diluent oils of the present invention may be used with any additive or additive packaging suitable for use in lubricating base oils to provide finished lubricants.

Additives for use in lubricating base oils to provide finished lubricants include additives selected from the group consisting of viscosity index improvers, detergents, dispersants, anti-wear additives, EP agents, antioxidants, flow point depressants, viscosity index improvers. viscosity modifiers, friction modifiers, demulsifiers, antifoam agents, colorants, color stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, seal swelling agents, metal deactivators, biocides, and mixtures thereof.

Viscosity index improvers may be selected from the group consisting of olefin copolymers, ethylene and propylene copolymers, polyalkylacrylates, polyalkyl methacrylates, polyisobutylene, hydrogenated styrene-isoprene copolymers, and mixtures thereof.

The additives may be in the form of a lubricant dead pack, comprising various additives to provide a finished lubricant with desirable properties. Lubricant additive packages for use in lubricating base oils to provide finished lubricants include group selected lubricant additive packages consisting of a detergent inhibitor (Dl) package, an engine oil additive package, an automatic transmission fluid additive package, a heavy-duty transmission transmission fluid additive package, a hydraulic directional fluid additive package, a gear oil additive package, and an industrial oil additive package.

In accordance with the present invention, the highly paraffinic wax derived baselubricating oil fraction may be used with a motor oil additive package designed for ILSACGF-4 or APIPC-10 motor oils.

Two of the most commonly used categories of finished lubricating additives are DI packaging and VI enhancers. DI packaging serves to suspend oil contaminants and combustion by-products, as well as to prevent oxidation of the finished lubricant to the formation resulting from varnish deposits. and slime.

VI enhancers modify the delubricating viscosity characteristics by reducing the temperature-increasing thinning rate and the low temperature thickening rate. VI enhancers thus provide enhanced performance at low and high temperatures. In many applications, VI enhancers are used with DI packaging to provide a finished lubricant.

Oil Soluble Additive Concentrate The lubricant additive diluent oils of the present invention are mixed with one or more additives to provide an oil soluble deadly concentrate to be added to lubricating base oil fillers to provide a finished lubricant. The oil soluble additive concentrates according to the present invention comprise the highly paraffinic wax derived baselubricating oil fraction as described herein and one or more additives. The oil soluble additive concentrates according to the present invention may further comprise an Iconconventional Group base oil, a conventional Group II base oil, or a mixture thereof. When used as another component in the oil soluble additive concentrates according to of the present invention, preferably the conventional Group I oleobase or conventional Group II base oil is selected from the group consisting of 100N, 150N, 220N, and mixtures thereof.

Oil soluble additive concentrates according to the present invention are not suitable as isolated finished lubricants, but are mixed with lubricating base oil fillers to provide a finished lubricant. The additives are readily soluble in the highly paraffin wax derived lubricating oil base of the present invention, and the oil soluble additive concentrates are readily soluble in lubricating oil base fillers to provide finished lubricants.

Advantageously, the oil-soluble additive concentrates according to the present invention do not introduce any undesirable characteristics, including, for example, high volatility, high viscosity, high-turbidity, or impurities such as heteroatoms to the baselubricating oil fillers. Oil soluble additive concentrates according to the present invention have a low amount of heteroatom containing compounds including nitrogen and sulfur containing compounds and exhibit excellent solubility in lubricating base oil fillers. In addition, the oil soluble additive concentrates of the present invention exhibit good elastomeric compatibility, low volatility, high oxidation stability, good low temperature properties, and low viscosity.

The oil-soluble additive concentrate may be mixed by mixing the highly paraffin wax-derived lubricating base oil fraction and one or more lubricating additives by techniques known to those of skill in the art. Oil-soluble additive concentrate components can be mixed in one step from the individual components (ie, a Fischer-Tropsch-derived lubricating base oil fraction, a DI package and a VI enhancer) directly to provide the oil-soluble concentrate. oil. Alternatively, a highly paraffinic wax-based lubricating oil fraction (i.e. the D1 package) can be mixed initially and then the resulting combination can be mixed with a second additive (i.e. the VI enhancer). The combination of the highly paraffin wax-derived baselubricating oil fraction and the first additive may be isolated as such or the addition of the second additive may occur immediately.

Preferably oil soluble additive concentrates comprise 5 to 98 weight percent of the highly paraffin wax-derived lubricating base oil fraction and at least 2 weight percent of one or more lubricant additives. More preferably, the oil-soluble deadly concentrates comprise 95 to 5 weight percent of the highly paraffin wax-derived lubricating base oil fraction and 5 to 95 weight percent of one or more lubricant additives. The oil soluble additive concentrate will comprise varying amounts of the baselubricating oil fraction used as a lubricant additive diluent oil depending on the additive. By way of example, ID-packaged oil-soluble additive concentrates may contain about 50% by weight of the highly paraffinic wax-derived lubricating oil base fraction. VI-enhancer oil-soluble deadly concentrates preferably comprise from 2 to 20% by weight of VI-enhancer and 98 to 80% by weight of highly paraffinic wax-derived lubricating base oil fraction. Dead soluble oil soluble concentrates with gear oil additive packages may contain 25% by weight or less of highly paraffin wax derived lubricating base oil fraction.

Finished Lubricant

To provide finished lubricants, the oil soluble dead concentrate of the present invention is mixed with one or more fillers of lubricating base oil. In addition to the one or more lubricating oil base fillers, the oil soluble additive concentrates of the present invention may optionally also be mixed with additional additives, other additive concentrates, or combinations thereof to provide finished lubricants. Accordingly, the finished lubricants comprise the oil soluble additive concentrates of the present invention and one or more fillers of lubricating base oil. Optionally, the finished lubricants may also comprise additional additives, other additive concentrates, or combinations thereof.

The finished lubricant preferably comprises 0.5 to 50 weight percent of the oil soluble additive concentrates of the present invention and 30 to 99.5 weight percent of one or more baselubricating oils, preferably 0.5 to 50 percent. by weight of the oil-soluble deadly concentrates of the present invention and 50 to 99.5 weight percent of one or more lubricating base oils. Lubricating base oils may be any oils suitable for use as a purpose based lubricating base oil of the finished lubricant. Lubricating base oils may be selected lubricating base oils from the group consisting of conventional Group I base oils, conventional Group II base oils, conventional Group III base oils, Fischer-Tropsch derived base oils, Group IV base oils, internal polyolefins. diols, polyol esters, phosphate esters, alkylated aromatics (ie alkylated naphthalenes), alkylated cycloparaffins, vegetable oils, and mixtures thereof. Lubricating oil base fillers and additives will be selected based on the intended use of the finished lubricant.

In certain embodiments, the finished lubricant according to the present invention meets the specifications for a SAE J300 multi-class demotor oil. The finished lubricant according to the present invention may also meet selected specifications of the group consisting of ILSAC GF-3, ILSAC GF-4, API CI-4, API PC-10, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the finished lubricant according to the present invention comprises less than 0.7 wt% total sulfur as measured by ASTM D 1552 and more preferably less than 0.5 wt% total sulfur as measured by ASTM D 1552.

Finished lubricants may be made by mixing the oil-soluble additive concentrates according to the present invention with one or more fillers of lubricating base oil and optionally additional additives, other additive concentrates, or combinations of these known techniques to those of skill in the art. Finished lubricants can be blended in one step from the individual components (ie the oil soluble additive concentrate and one or more lubricating base oil fillers) directly to provide the finished lubricant. Alternatively, the oil soluble additive concentrate and a lubricating base stock may be mixed initially to provide a lubricant combination and then the lubricant combination may be mixed with one or more additional baselubricating oil fillers and optionally additional additives, other additive concentrates. , or combinations thereof. The delubricant combination may be isolated as such or the addition of additional baselubricant oil fillers, additional additives, or other additive concentrates may occur immediately.

The highly paraffin wax derived lubricating base oil fraction used as a lubricant additive diluent oil may be manufactured in a location other than where the oil soluble concentrate components are received and mixed. In addition, the finished olubricant may be manufactured at a location other than where components of the oil-soluble concentrate are received and mixed.

In a preferred embodiment the baselubricating oil fraction is derived from a Fischer Tropsch process, and the oil-soluble concentrate and finished lubricant are made in the same location, which is different from where the derived lubricating base oil fraction deFischer-Tropsch is originally made. In addition, the finished dolubricant components (ie the Fischer-Tropsch derived lubricating base oil fraction, the lubricating base oil fillers, and additives) can all be manufactured in different locations. Preferably, the Fischer-Tropsch-derived baselubricating oil fraction is manufactured at a remote location (ie, a location far from a refinery or market, which may have a higher construction cost than the cost of construction at the refinery or market). In quantitative terms, the transportation distance between the remote site and the refinery or market is at least 100 miles (160.93 km), preferably more than 500 miles (804.67 km), and most preferably more than 1000 miles. (1609.34 km).

Preferably, the Fischer-Tropsch-derived lubricating base oil is manufactured at a remote first location and sent to a second location. Lubricating base oil loads to be included in the finished lubricant may be manufactured in a location that is the same as the first remote location or in a third remote location. The second site receives the Fischer-Tropsch derived lubricating base oil fraction, the baselubricating oil fillers, and the additives. The oil soluble concentrate and the finished lubricant are manufactured at this second location.

Other Uses

In addition to the use as lubricant additive diluent oils, the extra light hydrocarbon liquids of the present invention may also be used as mineral sealing oil, lamination oil, agricultural spray oil, drilling fluid, burr cleaning solvent, spindle oil, thinner. for ink, dielectric fluid, and feed applications.

Drilling Fluid: Any of various gaseous liquid fluids and mixtures of fluids and solids (such as solid suspensions, mixtures, and emulsions of liquids, gases, and solids) used in drilling operations to drill into soil. Drilling fluid classifications have been tried in many ways, often producing more confusion than judgment. A classification scheme given here is based only on the composition of the mud by choosing the component that clearly defines the function and performance of the fluid: (1) aqueous base, (2) non-aqueous base and (3) gaseous (pneumatic). Each category has a variety of considerably overlapping subcategories, fluids used in hydrocarbon drilling operations, especially fluids that contain significant amounts of suspended solids, emulsified water or oil. Mud includes all types of water-based, oil-based and synthetic-based drilling fluids. Drilling, finishing and reconditioning fluids are sometimes called sludge, although a fluid that is essentially solids-free is not strictly considered mud.

Laminating Oil: A lubricant used in a machine to laminate metal into sheets, bars, or other forms. Typical metals that are rolled include steel and aluminum. The lubricant should provide a low friction coefficient, acceptable load capacity, and produce a smooth product surface.

Mineral Sealing Oil: A general term for a light lubricant having the following properties: low viscosity, light color, low odor, high aniline point, low pour point, good color stability, and low volatility.

Agricultural Spray Oil: A light-viscosity oil sprayed on growing crops or harvested agricultural products to improve product quality and yields. They are used to reduce insect damage, control fungus and other diseases, reduce dust, and reduce evapo-perspiration. Oils should have low phytotoxicity and volatility as well as be odorless, non-toxic and biodegradable.

Spindle Oil: A light viscosity oil used in lightly loaded high speed bearings, such as those found in textile spinning structures and automatic machine tools. These low viscosity oils lower operating temperatures and increase machine efficiency. They are typically formulated with additives including antioxidants, rust inhibitors, and anti-wear agents. Desired properties of a spindle oil are high oxidation stability, low volatility, low coloration, low pour point, and high viscosity index.

Dielectric Fluid: Dielectric fluids are fluids that can sustain a constant electric field and act as an electrical insulator. Consequently, dielectric fluids serve to dissipate heat generated by energizing the components and to isolate these components from the enclosure of equipment and other internal parts and devices.

EXAMPLES

The invention will be further explained by the following illustrative examples which are intended to be non-limiting.

Example 1:

Fischer-Tropsch Wax and Preparation of Fischer-Tropsch Lubricating Base Oils

A commercial hydrotreated Fischer-Tropsch wax sample made using a Fe-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst and a hydrotreated Fischer-Tropsch wax sample made using a Co-based Fischer-Tropsch catalyst were analyzed and found to have the properties shown in Table I.

Table I

<table> table see original document page 57 </column> </row> <table>

* duplicate tests

Fischer-Tropsch wax feeds were hydroisomerized in a Pt / SAPO-11 catalyst in a dealumin binder. The conditions of the run were a temperature between 652 and 695 ° F (344 and 368 ° C), net hourly space velocity (LHSV) from 0.6 to 1.0 h "1, 1000 psig reactor pressure (6.9 MPa man), and an open-circuit hydrogen rate between 6 and 7 MSCF / bbl (0.17 and 0.2 MNmVbarril) .The doreator effluent passed directly to a second reactor, also at 1000 psig (6.9MPa man), which contained a Pt / Pd in a desilyl-alumina hydro-finishing catalyst. Conditions in this reactor were a temperature between 425 and 700 ° F (218 and 372 ° C), and 1.0 h -1 LHSV.

Boiling products above about 600 ° F (315 ° C) were fractionated by atmospheric or vacuum distillation to produce five fractions having viscosities between about 2.0 and 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C. The properties of the five fractions are shown in Table II.

Table II

<table> table see original document page 58 </column> </row> <table>

Example 2: Preparation of Oil Soluble Additive Concentrates

The five Fischer-Tropsch-derived lubricating base oil fractions from the above example can be used as a lubricant-deadening diluent oil and mixed with additives to provide an oil-soluble additive concentrate.

As such, 98 to 80 weight percent of Fischer-Tropsch-derived baselubricating oil fraction are mixed with 20 to 2 weight percent olefin copolymer VI enhancer to provide oil-soluble additive concentrates. By way of example, the Fischer-Tropsch-derived lubricating oleobase fraction of Example 3 was mixed with approximately 6 weight percent olefin decopolymer VI improver. There was no evidence of exit from the solution polymer or any other total insolubility.

Example 3:

Comparative Example

The properties of four commercially available conventional petroleum-derived oils (Pennzoil 75HC, Petro CanadaVHVI2, Nexbase 3020, and Ergon Hygold 60) and a commercially available polyalphaolefin (Chevron Synfluid 2) having viscosities below 3.0 cSt at 100 ° C are shown in Table III. .

Table III

<table> table see original document page 59 </column> </row> <table>

Conventional petroleum derived oils exemplified above and polyalphaolefin having viscosities between 2.0 and 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C all have Noack volatilities greater than 50 weight percent, and more specifically greater than 59 weight percent. In comparison, the Noack volatilities of the Fischer-Tropsch lubricating base oil fractions of Examples 1 to 5 were all significantly less than 50 weight percent. Accordingly, the Fischer-Tropsch lubricating base oil fractions of the present invention have low volatility and low viscosity.

While the present invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, this application is intended to encompass those various changes and substitutions that may be made by those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims (59)

1. Lubricant additive diluent oil, characterized in that it comprises: a lubricating base oil fraction having a viscosity of between about 1.0 and 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C and a Noack volatility lower than a Noack Volatility Factor as calculated by the following equation : Noack Volatility Factor = 160 --40 (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 ° C), wherein the baselubricating oil fraction comprises more than 3 wt% of cycloparaffin functionally molecules and less than 0.30 wt% of aromatics. Lubricating additive diluent oil according to claim 1, characterized in that the baselubricating oil fraction is a Fischer-Tropsch derived lubricating base oil fraction. Lubricating additive diluent oil according to claim 1, characterized in that the baselubricating oil fraction comprises more than 5% by weight of molecules with cycloparaffin functionality. Lubricant additive diluent oil according to claim 1, characterized in that the baselubricant oil fraction includes a ratio of% by weight of monocycloparaffin functionality to% by weight of multicycloparaffin functionality greater than 5. Lubricating additive diluent oil according to Claim 1, characterized in that the baselubricating oil fraction includes a% by weight of molecules with cycloparaffin functionality greater than the kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C multiplied by three. Lubricating additive diluent oil according to claim 1, characterized in that the baselubricating oil fraction comprises more than 9 alkyl branches / 100 carbons. Lubricating additive diluent oil according to claim 1, characterized in that the baselubricating oil fraction has a Noack volatility of less than 50% by weight. Lubricant additive diluent oil according to claim 1, characterized in that the additive-lubricant diluent oil further comprises a conventional Group I base oil or a conventional Group II base oil. 9. Oil-soluble additive concentrate, characterized in that it comprises: -5 to 98% by weight of a lubricating base oil fraction having a viscosity of between about 1.0 and 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C and a Noack volatility of less than one. Noack Volatility Factor as calculated by the following equation: Noack Volatility Factor = 160 --40 (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 ° C), wherein the baselubricating oil fraction includes more than 3% by weight of molecules with cycloparaffin functionality and less than 0, 30 percent by weight of aromatics; and at least 2% by weight of one or more lubricant additives. 10. Oil-soluble additive concentrate, characterized in that the lubricating base oil fraction is a Fischer-Tropsch-derived baselubricating oil fraction. Oil soluble additive concentrate according to claim 9, characterized in that the baselubricating oil fraction has a viscosity between approximately 2.0 and 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C. Oil soluble additive concentrate according to claim 11, characterized in that the baselubricating oil fraction has a viscosity index of between about 105 and -155. 13. Oil soluble additive concentrate according to claim 9, characterized in that the baselubricating oil fraction has a Viscosity Index greater than a Viscosity Index Factor as calculated by the following equation: Viscosity Index Factor = 28 χ ln (Kinematic Viscosity of a Fischer-Tropsch derived lubricating base oil fraction at 100 ° C) + 95. Oil soluble additive concentrate according to claim 9, characterized in that the baselubricating oil fraction includes a% by weight of molecules with cycloparaffin functionality greater than the kinematic viscosity at 100 ° C multiplied by three. Oil soluble additive concentrate according to claim 9, characterized in that the baselubricating oil fraction comprises more than 9 alkyl branches / 100 carbons. Oil soluble additive concentrate according to claim 9, characterized in that the baselubricating oil fraction has a Noack volatility of less than 50% by weight. Oil-soluble additive concentrate according to claim 9, characterized in that the oil-soluble additive concentrate additionally includes a conventional Group I base oil or a conventional Group II base oil. 18. Oil-soluble additive concentrate according to claim 9, characterized in that the baselubricating oil fraction has an aniline point greater than 36 χ ln (Kinematic Viscosity of the 100 ° C lubricating base oil fraction) + 200. 19. Oil-soluble additive concentrate according to claim 9, characterized in that the baselubricating oil fraction comprises more than 5% by weight of molecules with cycloparaffin functionality. An oil-soluble additive concentrate according to claim 9, characterized in that the baselubricating oil fraction includes a ratio of% by weight of monocycloparaffin functionality to% by weight of multicycloparaffin functionality molecules greater than 5. 21. Oil-soluble additive concentrate according to claim 9, characterized in that the baselubricating oil fraction has a sulfur content of less than 5 ppm by weight. Oil-soluble additive concentrate according to claim 9, characterized in that the one or more lubricant additives are selected from the group consisting of viscosity index improvers, detergents, dispersants, anti-wear additives, EP agents, antioxidants. , pour point depressants, viscosity index improvers, viscosity modifiers, friction modifiers, demulsifiers, antifoaming agents, colorants, color stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, seal swelling agents, metal deactivators, biocides, and mixtures thereof. Oil-soluble additive concentrate according to claim 9, characterized in that the one or more lubricant additives includes a lubricant additive package. 24. Oil-soluble additive concentrate according to claim 23, characterized in that the lubricant additive package is selected from the group consisting of a detergent inhibitor package, an engine oil additive package, a fluid additive package. automatic gearbox, a heavy-duty transmission fluid additive package, an auto steering fluid additive package, a gear oil additive package, and an industrial oil additive package. 25. Oil-soluble additive concentrate according to claim 22, characterized in that the oil-soluble additive concentrate includes 2 - 20% by weight of viscosity index improver. An oil soluble additive concentrate according to claim 25, characterized in that the viscosity index improver is selected from the group consisting of olefin copolymers, ethylene and propylene copolymers, polyalkylacrylates, polyalkyl methacrylates, polyisobutylene, copolymers hydrogenated styrene-isoprene, hydrogenated styrene-butadienes, and mixtures thereof. 27. Finished lubricant, characterized in that it comprises: a. an oil soluble additive concentrate comprising: i. 5 to 98% by weight of a lubricating base oil fraction having a viscosity of about 1.0 to 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C and a Noack volatility less than a Noack Volatility Factor as calculated by the following equation: Noack Volatility Factor = 160 --40 (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 ° C), wherein the baselubricating oil fraction includes more than 3% by weight molecules with cycloparaffin functionality and less than 0.30 weight percent aromatics; hey. at least 2% by weight of one or more lubricant additives; eb. one or more lubricating base oils. Finished lubricant according to Claim 27, characterized in that the finished lubricant comprises 0.5 to 50% by weight of an oil soluble additive and 30 to 99.5% by weight of one or more lubricating base oils. Finished lubricant according to claim 27, characterized in that the lubricating base oil fraction includes more than 5% by weight of cycloparaffin-functional molecules. Finished lubricant according to claim 27, characterized in that the lubricating base oil fraction includes a weight ratio of monocycloparaffin-functional molecules to a weight% of multicycloparaffic-functional molecules greater than 5. Finished lubricant according to claim 27, characterized in that the lubricating base oil fraction comprises more than 9 alkyl branches / 100 carbons. Finished lubricant according to claim 27, characterized in that the lubricating base oil fraction has a Noack volatility of less than 50% by weight. Finished lubricant according to claim 27, characterized in that the oil-soluble additive concentrate additionally comprises a conventional Group I base oil or a conventional Group II base oil. Finished lubricant according to claim 27, characterized in that the one or more lubricant additives are selected from the group consisting of viscosity index improvers, detergents, dispersants, anti-wear additives, EP agents, antioxidants, oil depressants. pour point, viscosity index improvers, viscosity modifiers, friction modifiers, demulsifiers, antifoaming agents, colorants, decor stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, seal swelling agents, metal deactivators, biocides, and mixtures of the same. Finished lubricant according to claim 27, characterized in that the one or more lubricant additives includes a lubricant additive package. Finished lubricant according to claim 35, characterized in that the lubricant additive package is selected from the group consisting of a detergent inhibitor package, an engine oil additive package, a dead-on automatic transmission fluid package. , a heavy duty clean-up transmission fluid additive package, an automatic self-flowing fluid additive package, a gear oil additive package, and an industrial oil additive package. Finished lubricant according to claim 27, characterized in that the one or more lubricating base oils are selected from the group consisting of conventional Group I base oils, conventional Group II base oils, conventional Group III base oils, base oils derived from Fischer-Tropsch, Group IV base oils, internal polyolefins, diesters, polyol esters, phosphate esters, alkyl aromatics, alkylated cycloparaffins, alkylated naphthalenes, vegetable oils, mixtures thereof. Finished lubricant according to claim 27, characterized in that the finished lubricant meets the specifications for a SAE J300 multi-class motor oil. Finished lubricant according to claim 38, characterized in that the finished lubricant additionally meets selected specifications from the group consisting of ILSAC GF-3, ILSAC GF-4, API CI-4, APIPC-IO, and combinations of the same. Finished lubricant according to claim 27, characterized in that the finished lubricant comprises less than 0.7% by weight of total sulfur as measured by ASTM D 1552. 41. A process for producing an oil-soluble additive concentrate, comprising: a. provide a lubricating base oil fraction having a viscosity of from about 1.0 to 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C and a Noack volatility lower than a Noack Volatility Factor as calculated by the following equation: Noack Volatility Factor = 160 --40 (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 ° C), wherein the baselubricating oil fraction includes more than 3 wt.% molecules with cycloparaffin functionality and less than 0.30 wt.% aromatics; mixing the lubricating base oil fraction with at least 2% by weight of one or more lubricating additives; ec. isolate an oil-soluble additive concentrate. 42. A process for producing an oil-soluble additive concentrate, comprising: a. perform a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to provide a product stream b. isolating from the product stream a substantially paraffin wax feed c. hydroisomerizing the substantially paraffinic waxy feed using a selective intermediate pore size molecular sieve in the form that includes a noble metal hydrogenation component under conditions from about 600 ° F (315 ° C) to approximately 750 ° F (399 ° C); d. isolating an isomerized oil; hydro-finish the isomerized oil to provide a fraction of Fischer-Tropsch-derived lubricating base oil that has a viscosity of between about 1.0 and 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C and a Noack volatility lower than a Noack Volatility Factor as calculated by the following equation: Noack volatility = 160--40 (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 ° C), wherein the Fischer-Tropsch-derived baselubricating oil fraction comprises more than 3% by weight of molecules with cycloparaffin functionality and less than 0,30% by weight of aromatics f. mixing the Fischer-Tropsch derived lubricating base oil fraction with at least 2% by weight of one or more lubricating additives; eg. isolate an oil-soluble additive concentrate. Process according to claim 42, characterized in that it further comprises distilling the isomerized oil to provide a fraction of Fischer-Tropsch-derived lubricating base oil. Process according to Claim 42, characterized in that the noble metal hydrogenation component is platinum, palladium, or combinations thereof. Process according to Claim 42, characterized in that the selective intermediate pore size molecular sieve in the form is selected from the group consisting of SAPO-11, SAPO-31, SAPO-41, SM-3, ZSM-22. , ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, SSZ-32, Ophritis, Ferrierite, and combinations thereof. A process according to claim 41 or 42, characterized in that the lubricating base oil fraction includes a ratio by weight of monocycloparaffin-functional molecules to% by weight of multicycloparaffin-functional molecules greater than 5. Process according to Claim 41 or 42, characterized in that it further comprises mixing the lubricating oleobase fraction with a conventional Group I base oil or a conventional Group II base oil. Process according to Claim 47, characterized in that the conventional Group I base oil or conventional Group II base oil is selected from the group consisting of 100 N, 15 ON, -220Ν, and mixtures thereof. 49. A process for producing a finished lubricant comprising: a. provide a lubricating base oil fraction having a viscosity of from about 1.0 to 3.5 cSt at 100 ° C and a Noack volatility lower than a Noack Volatility Factor as calculated by the following equation: Noack Volatility Factor = 160 --40 (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 ° C), wherein the baselubricating oil fraction includes more than 3 wt.% molecules with cycloparaffin functionality and less than 0.30 wt.% aromatics; mixing the lubricating base oil fraction with one or more lubricant additives to provide an oil-soluble additive concentrate comprising at least 2% by weight of one or more lubricant additives; ec. mix the oil soluble additive concentrate with one or more lubricating base oils. Process according to claim 49, characterized in that the finished lubricant comprises 0.5 to 50% by weight of oil soluble additive and 30 to 99.5% by weight one or more base lubricating oils. Process according to Claim 41 or 49, characterized in that the lubricating base oil fraction is derived from the Fischer-Tropsch process. Process according to Claim 41, 42, or 49, characterized in that the lubricating base oil fraction includes more than 5% by weight of cycloparaffin-functional molecules. A process according to claim 41, 42, or 49, characterized in that the lubricating base oil fraction includes a ratio by weight of monocycloparaffin-functional molecules to% by weight of multicycloparaffin-functional molecules greater than 15. A process according to claim 41, 42, or 49, characterized in that the one or more lubricant additives are selected from the group consisting of viscosity index improvers, detergents, dispersants, anti-wear additives, EP agents, antioxidants, pour point depressants, viscosity index improvers, viscosity modifiers, friction modifiers, demulsifiers, antifoam agents, colorants, decor stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, seal swelling agents, metal deactivators , biocides, and mixtures of the same. Process according to Claim 41, 42, or 49, characterized in that the one or more lubricant additives includes a lubricant additive package. A process according to claim 55, characterized in that the lubricant additive package is selected from the group consisting of a detergent inhibitor package, an engine oil additive package, an automatic transmission fluid additive package, a heavy duty transmission fluid additive packaging, auto steering fluid additive packaging, a gear oil additive packaging, and a deadly industrial oil packaging. A process according to claim 49, characterized in that the one or more lubricating base oils which are selected from the group consisting of conventional Group I base oils, conventional Group II base oils, conventional Group III base oils, derivative based oils of Fischer-Tropsch, conventional Group IV base oils, internal polyolefins, diesters, polyol esters, phosphate esters, alkyl aromatics, alkylated cycloparaffins, alkylated naphthalenes, vegetable oils, mixtures thereof. Process according to claim 49, characterized in that the finished lubricant meets the specifications for a SAE J300 multi-class motor oil. A process according to claim 58, characterized in that the finished lubricant additionally meets the specifications selected from the group consisting of ILSAC GF-3, ILSACGF-4, API CI-4, APIPC-IO, and combinations thereof.