BR102019008751A2 - SOLABLE OVAL PARABOLOID OVAL GUTTER SOUNABLE / INTERCHANGEABLE AND ADJUSTABLE, WITH SMALL STRAIGHT BASE AND INSULATING AND TRANSPARENT UPPER PROTECTION, HIGHLY CONCENTRATING INTERNAL HEATING DIRECT, INDIRECT AND DIFFUSED, COLLECTIBLE IN UP TO 8 TUBES INTO THE UNDER THE TUBES, UP TO 8 TUBES INTO THE TUBES VERTICALIZED CENTRAL OR TRAPEZOIDS, EVERYTHING FOR HEATING WATER TO 105 ° C OR REHEATING CIRCULATING THERMAL FLUID TO 370 ° C, FOR MISCELLANEOUS HEATING OR STEAM ELECTRIC GENERATION AND / OR ABSORPTION COOLING - Google Patents

Abstract

This type of inexpensive, reflective internal gutter and from small to medium size is already used in some residential, building, laboratory, industrial and other projects to produce and add a lot of circulating and stocking thermal fluid for up to 24 hours / day or hot water, as reflects and concentrates the solar thermal radiation for the described purposes. Now, as I innovated for the oval shape with a straight base to contain up to 8 darkened internal collection tubes, there will be even greater productions.
By adding an insulating, resistant and transparent cover at the top, I created a differentiated “greenhouse gutter” for a much greater direct thermal capture of the upper solar radiation, more of the environmental and lateral diffuse, in addition to the indirect, reflected and highly concentrated one coming from its base .

Description

SOLABLE OVAL PARABOLOID OVAL GUTTER SOUNABLE / INTERCHANGEABLE AND ADJUSTABLE, WITH SMALL STRAIGHT BASE AND INSULATING AND TRANSPARENT UPPER PROTECTION, HIGHLY CONCENTRATING INTERNAL HEATING FROM DIRECT, INDIRECT AND DIFFUSED, COLLABLE IN UP TO 8 TUBES, UNDER THE TUBES IN UP TO 8 TUBES. VERTICALIZED CENTRAL OR TRAPEZOIDS, EVERYTHING FOR HEATING WATER TO 105 ° C OR REHEATING CIRCULATING THERMAL FLUID TO 370 ° C, FOR MISCELLANEOUS HEATING OR STEAM ELECTRIC GENERATION AND / OR ABSORPTION COOLING

01) It is scientifically proven that a good part of the current climate changes - intensified in the last decades and with serious socioeconomic and environmental damages for all human beings, animals, flora and biosphere - is much more due to anthropogenic causes, mainly due to pollutant emissions. such as carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulphide, CFC and others.

02) Increasingly, high and substantial pollutions and contamination of seas, rivers, lakes, small streams, groundwater, atmosphere, soils and subsoils are allied to these primary causes due to the high depositions, discharges or releases , uncontrolled, urban waste plus sewage, animal feces, food scraps and agro-industrial and industrial waste, etc.

03) As the global energy demand is still expected to increase 140% between 2000 and until 2060, according to the multinational Shell (only the population should increase + 25% reaching 8.0 billion), much still needs to be done to obtain new generations sustainable in the coming years.

04) Furthermore, in practice, there is no point in reducing forest, agricultural and environmental degradation in the fields and around cities, if we also increasingly expel men to the peripheries of cities, where, invariably, they become almost a environmental pump, in addition to being highly energy consuming and expensive and difficult to control. In Brazil, today, about 80% of the population already lives up to 350 km from the sea and only 16% still live in the fields.

05) Thus, many researchers and companies worldwide are looking for quick solutions, even emergency ones, to solve or even reduce the serious and growing problems described here. Also, many want to clean up - or improve - their balance sheets of their environmental and social damage, which greatly drive their shareholders and investors away. There, the new solar, wind and biomass sources stand out, since the old ones, such as hydroelectric, SHP and thermoelectric, biodiesel, ethanol, some PV solar (photovoltaic with high losses of capture and mandatory requirement for expensive batteries and with a short lifespan) or mixed and wind in some locations etc., also already present several and serious environmental problems and social or food unsustainability in Brazil and in the World.

06) Unfortunately, however, everything that shines and exposes a lot (possible environmental solutions, sustainable energy and socioeconomically speaking) and moves a lot of money always attracts many immediate and dishonest deceivers (even companies, partners, distributors / sellers / installers and even fake ones) researchers and public / governmental representatives, etc.) to frequently try or effectively deceive the unwary and dazzled with false information, sales and installations / with few verifiable real results, even in situations of sustainable energy, still in phases of intense research, development and improvement , as in the cases of wind, solar (heating, photovoltaic or heliothermic) and biomass, with which real and responsible researchers, inventors and scientists cannot agree to diffuse, and on the contrary, need to warn and denounce, have them registered patents, in any system and country, or not.

07) In the initial case of sustainable and clean wind generation (a great current fashion and with an excellent future), for the sake of truth and real science, I have to say that the undisclosed losses with wind energy capture and generation still reach 80%, as the wind is not continuous, but seasonal and local, as exposed by the brave and experienced company Neoeolica in its excellent and courageous diagnosis on the website below and with part to follow: "How to dimension your wind system?" available on the website http://www.neoeolica.com.br/dimensionar.htm.

08) Thus, “in practice, our NEO2000 wind turbine will supply us continuously with a maximum of 20% of its nominal power, ie 400W. With this data, we can then multiply 400 W by the necessary 720 hours of the month to reach 288 kWh / month, which is the estimated monthly production of this 2,000 W wind turbine in places with an average annual wind above 6 m / s ”. Still according to them “physically speaking, only a maximum of 45% of the power contained in the winds captured is removed at speeds between 3 and 30 meters per second (there is no way to capture with greater flow, because, above this range, the components as a generator, blades, start to act with overload and below this range it is not feasible to generate energy), but, in addition, we have to consider some other losses, since no wind turbine removes 100% of the power that is allowed by physics; then we have to reduce other losses such as: aerodynamic, electrical, resistive, wind quality, etc. ".

09) On the other hand, also according to the company Neoeolica above, when it is necessary to charge batteries with such wind systems for possible electrical uses for 24 hours / day (that is, outside of “grid-in” or “grid-tied” systems) also it is very difficult, because, “we can then summarize that a bank of 10 batteries connected in 24v will supply us 9,000W when they are 100% charged, so if we have a consumption of 1000w we will have an autonomy of only 9 hours / day in our bank. batteries. So, to recharge this same bank, we consider the generation of the NEO2000 wind turbine which is 400W, so it would take 22.5 hours to recharge, but it is worth remembering that the item we need for this account is the wind and as mentioned it is not continuous and is seasonal, so the location would have to have an excellent wind average for the bank to recharge in 22.5 hours / day and our experience shows that this can only happen in 32.0 h in a row if we have a good wind or in 48 h in a row or even more if the average is too low ”.

10) On the other hand, in the solar case, the small and medium daytime only photovoltaic (PV) capture, another great fashion although also proven to be very inefficient, or for local heating - most capture for only 6 to 10 hours on sunny days wide open. On the other hand, positively, the large heliothermic solar abstraction (thermal and only for heating water up to 220⍛C in DSG type “Direct Steam Generation” or circulating thermal fluid up to 550⍛C in very modern thermoflex projects) has grown much more to its global sustainable energy and environmental importance in recent years, since most captured with good rates for up to 12 hours / day even in places with low daytime solar irradiance.

11) In addition to the differential of the increasing uses of modern thermal and conservative and thus energetic fluids (mineral and vegetable oils plus special salts, with an initial base from agricultural fertilizers) - more than the high thermal concentration already proven by capturing more reflection and thermal concentration by the new and modern reflective solar gutters / quick thermal concentrators of the PTC type “Parabolic Trough Collector”, another decisive factor for the giant success of the new heliothermic solar energy and in PTC gutters (such as the one in this my patent application) are the new forms of thermochemical storage of thermal solar energy captured for only up to 12 hours / day for immediate uses plus storage for up to 7 hours / day, totaling 22 hours / day of heating and / or electrical generation and / or reverse cooling (via chiller of heat-dependent absorption), provided by modern “thermoflex” systems (no longer via expensive and heavy system batteries) ma PV = photovoltaic, these are only 5 years old and more than photovoltaic pickup systems and electrical converters).

12) Even in modern PV = PV photovoltaic or heating systems, the initial proven losses, only from photonic capture and in all projects reaches 86% and can only capture photons for only 6 to 10 hours / day and this in days with the sun fully open.

13) On the other hand, the modern medium and large heliotérmica solar plants plus my future PTC parabolic gutters, to be customized by location, mini and small - both with a useful life of up to 30 years - generate or they store thermal fluids to generate their energies for use for up to 22 hours / day (see before in “thermoflex” systems), but thermochemically (not electrical in expensive batteries and with only 5 years of useful life), but with circulating fluid at reheat or store up to 550⍛ C in modern systems with special tanks of the TES type (“Thermal Energy Storage”).

• a) Usinas parabólicas com geração hibridas do tipo PTC-GT (calhas “Parabolic Trough Collector”, mas para acionar turbina a gás, tipo GT “gás turbine”) com rendimento aproximado de 44% (calhas parabólicas coletoras e concentradoras em que o ar comprimido após a geração e na saída do compressor é direcionado para o campo solar, onde é pré-aquecido antes de entrar na câmara de combustão de turbina a gás, sendo que o ciclo de vapor não é modificado);
• b) Usinas solar com espelhos e torres centrais também com gerações hibridas do tipo CT-air (Torre Central = Central Tower captadora da média reflexão/concentração de espelhos ao longe, mas para ar comprimido) com 42% de rendimento (espelhos refletores para torres centrais para aquecimento e maior pressionamento de ar - vide antes);
• c) Usinas parabólicas com geração simples a vapor do tipo PTC-DSG (calhas “Parabolic Trough Collector”, mas para aquecimento direto de água para vapor - tipo DSG “Direct Steam Generation” simples e diurno - vide após) com rendimento de 32% (calhas parabólicas coletoras e concentradoras e com geração direta por vapor);
• d) Usinas simples do tipo CT-DSG (Torre Central = Central Tower, captadora da média reflexão/concentração de espelhos ao longe, mas para aquecimento direto de água para vapor - tipo DSG “Direct Steam Generation” simples e diurno - vide após com 30% (espelhos refletores para torres centrais e com geração direta com vapor);
• e) Bem abaixo ficaram os rendimentos finais das Usinas simples do tipo LFR-DSG (discos refletores Fresnel lineares - tipo LFR “Linear Fresnel Reflectors”, mas para aquecimento direto de água para vapor - tipo DSG “Direct Steam Generation” simples e diurno - vide após) com rendimento de 22% (discos refletores lineares Fresnel e com geração direta com vapor);
• f) Usinas hibridas do tipo LFR-GT (discos refletores Fresnel lineares -tipo LFR “Linear Fresnel Reflectors” e acionando uma turbina a gás -tipo GT “gás turbine”) com rendimento final de apenas 9% (discos refletores lineares Fresnel com a geração (calhas parabólicas coletoras e concentradoras em que o ar comprimido após a geração e na saída do compressor é direcionado para o campo solar, onde é pré-aquecido antes de entrar na câmara de combustão de turbinas a gás, sendo que o ciclo de vapor não é modificado).

14) In percentage terms (%) of final efficiency of solar capture for generation in various ways (excluding capture losses and generating and transmitting losses), in 2017, the best results obtained and detected, in order, in plants in Almeria (Spain) ) and also in Las Vegas - Nevada (USA), according to serious and continuous diagnoses by Universities and local companies, were:

• a) Parabolic power plants with hybrid generation of the PTC-GT type (“Parabolic Trough Collector” gutters, but to drive a gas turbine, GT type “gas turbine”) with an approximate 44% yield (collecting parabolic gutters and concentrators in which the air compressed after generation and at the outlet of the compressor is directed to the solar field, where it is preheated before entering the combustion chamber of the gas turbine, and the steam cycle is not modified);
• b) Solar plants with mirrors and central towers also with hybrid generations of the CT-air type (Central Tower = Central Tower capturing the average reflection / concentration of mirrors in the distance, but for compressed air) with 42% efficiency (reflecting mirrors for towers central heating and increased air pressure (see above);
• c) Parabolic power plants with simple steam generation of the PTC-DSG type (“Parabolic Trough Collector” gutters, but for direct heating of water to steam - DSG type “Direct Steam Generation”, simple and daytime - see after) with a yield of 32% (collecting and concentrating parabolic gutters with direct steam generation);
• d) Simple plants of the CT-DSG type (Central Tower = Central Tower, capturing the average reflection / concentration of mirrors in the distance, but for direct heating of water to steam - DSG type “Direct Steam Generation”, simple and daytime - see after with 30% (reflecting mirrors for central towers and with direct steam generation);
• e) Below were the final yields of the simple plants of the LFR-DSG type (linear Fresnel reflecting discs - type LFR “Linear Fresnel Reflectors”, but for direct heating of water to steam - DSG type “Direct Steam Generation” simple and daytime - see after) with 22% yield (Fresnel linear reflecting discs and with direct steam generation);
• f) Hybrid plants of the LFR-GT type (linear Fresnel reflector discs - type LFR “Linear Fresnel Reflectors” and driving a gas turbine - type GT “gas turbine”) with a final yield of only 9% (Fresnel linear reflector discs with generation (parabolic collecting and concentrating gutters in which the compressed air after generation and at the outlet of the compressor is directed to the solar field, where it is preheated before entering the combustion chamber of gas turbines, and the steam cycle is not modified).

15) Thus, only with recent technologies plus the high efficacy of the uses of circulating thermal fluids - day in and day out for 22 hours in a row or stored for night use as in current heliothermic solar plants (still isolated and not yet hybridized as we propose) from large to giant sizes from the USA, Spain, Dubai and Japan etc ... or in systems with small and medium-sized PTC parabolic plates (such as the oval and double PTCs by Ukrainian Prof. Sergiy Yurko to follow further those of my future oval PTC channel designs , internal as in a “greenhouse gutter” (of my proposal) plus the others with external “greenhouse box” pickups ahead and above (80 to 110 cm away from the mouth of the same gutter), single, double or triple external thermal concentrators or internal (this one already in the greenhouse gutter format). Such PTC gutters described above will be much more modern and efficient than those already in research in several countries, in addition to being able to be customized by location and its level of irradiance over winds etc.). With them it is possible to generate solar electric energy, in a sufficient and economical way, much more viable and even more environmentally cleaner and sustainable (already replacing nuclear, hydroelectric, coal-fired or fossil-fuel energy) and for up to 22 hours / day in thermoflex systems or up to 24 hours / day in my future mini, small and medium hybrid systems of capture and solar concentration PTC more added to my fast and highly efficient singaseifiers of dirty raw materials.

16) In the case of solar power plants with only heliothermic catches (not photovoltaic “fireflies” or “sunflower” only during the day - already considered by some to be technically and economically outdated) - of great and giant size and during the day (using the thermoflex system) - see before), the thermal energy captured in the mirrors and concentrated in the central tower is used in about 50% immediately - or at the discretion of local demand and also of sales prices - to produce steam and generate constant and immediate electricity and the rest 50% go to continuously reheat the thermal fluid still warm at 45⍛C, coming from a triple system of large thermal tanks made of concrete in the subsoil and / or metallic surfaces, to reduce losses and costs.

17) The average lifetime of this PTC solar parabolic system is 20 to 30 years, according to studies by prof. Sergiy Yurko in Ukraine - see below - not just up to 5 years of photovoltaic systems and maintenance and operating costs are very low (only between 5% and 10% of gross monthly revenue).

18) Thus, realistically although little publicized, both direct solar and heating plate capture as well as photovoltaic capture in wafers for electrical generation already face at least five serious problems that are difficult to overcome, unless improving quality photonic (proven local irradiance) of the sun, namely: a) There are few really sunny days in the year, especially in the coldest countries (only between 5 and 21 days on average from December to February in the Northern countries); b) Even on these sunny days, the actual capture only occurs for 6 to 10 hours / day; c) Even during this period, the effective capture, almost integral, is only 4 to 5 hours / day and this only on really sunny days (that is, without clouds, without rain or fog, without snows, with little dust or sand, in places without shadows, etc.); d) Also, the losses of photonic capture are very high (78% to 86%), even using new mineral compounds plus other very modern materials; e) The batteries for storage of the photovoltaic energy captured, even with all the above difficulties, come to cost half the value of the projects and only last up to 5 years (validity period granted by the manufacturers).

19) Proving all of this, in September / 2018, the Department of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of California (UCLA) of the USA released the unprecedented result of development and manufacturing, in partnership with Chinese researchers, of a new record solar cell and revolutionary, built by a mixture of copper plus indium and gallium in triple layers, and with the record capacity to capture only 22.4% of the sun's incoming energy, that is, with very high real losses of 77.6% of capture (see article “new solar cell breaks efficiency record” on the site http://engenhariae.com.br/category/meio-ambiente/).

20) Furthermore, for the sake of the truth, in the case of solar photovoltaic captures - very modern in giant plants, very expensive and distant as there are already in Brazil - there are strong technical and financial criticisms in China that the very high losses of the captured electric transport arrive 86% of the local generation at the plant, as in the following video of the plant in China. This already makes such projects unfeasible, according to the Chinese government. See below data from a large-scale photovoltaic plant (only daytime capture as in all recently implemented in Brazil) in China (200 MWh), but with an effective electric delivery rate of only 14.7%, due to the long distance to delivery -https: //www.bbc.com/portuguese/amp/vert-fut-45766319.

21) In Brazil, also proving the high losses shown above in PV systems, see the courageous master's thesis in Civil Engineering by UNIVATES (currently Vale do Taquari University in Lajeado -RS) in 2015 showing, comparing and proving, also with data from INMETRO, the real low solar catches in several homes in Lageado - RS between May and October 2015 for a number of factors. See:
https://www.univates.br/bdu/bitstream/10737/932/1/2015MateusLongo.pdf
(Thesis: “Analysis of the production of electric energy through photovoltaic systems connected to the grid installed in the city of Lajeado / RS”). Main conclusions: ... "The efficiency of the two systems did not reach the expected mark" ... "The record of greatest efficiency occurred in the Univates system in July with 12.46%, below the 13.5% measured by the INMETRO that classifies the photovoltaic modules in this study as class A ”....” The lowest efficiency mark occurred in the residential system 85 in October (with actual capture) of only 7.75% which can be explained by the high incidence rain and cloudy days ”... It was noticed that even in months where the radiation supply is high, the production of the systems did not correspond to what was expected due to high rainfall levels in the period.

22) Without going into merit, Brazil already has about 20 small and medium-sized plants of the only photovoltaic type, obviously without batteries at the foot, thus installed at very low costs (nicknamed “firefly plants” or “sunflower”, for only generate something and sell for up to 10 hours / day and as long as it is not cloudy) and in places with proven high daily irradiance (which can, at times, even compensate for such high losses, as described before in photovoltaic projects in China (as they are plants right in the interior of the states), such as, for example, two cockroaches from the Italian ENEL Green Power (ENEL Brasil) near the city of Bom Jesus da Lapa - BA (BJL plant to capture 80 MWh plus Lapa plant for 78 MWh ), totaling 158 MWh (very low cost of US $ 175 million - equal to US $ 1,100 thousand / 01 MWh - with 500 thousand panels, but only for photovoltaic and daytime capture).

23) A third was inaugurated by the same ENEL, in Ribeira do Piauí - a place with a high level of real irradiance - to generate 290 MWh (largest solar plant in Latin America and, again, with a very low cost of US $ 300 million equal to US $ 1,034 thousand / 01 MWh) and with more than 1,000,000 photovoltaic panels installed on 690 hectares (again only for daytime captures - not generated). In September / 2018, again, ENEL started to build a giant photovoltaic plant to capture 475 MW (not generating) for, estimated, a very low US $ 400 million in São Gonçalo da Gurgueia - PI, an amount equal to only US $ 842 thousand / 01 MWh, although for electrical production, apparently, and only for 6 to 10 hours / day. “In the State of Bahia, ENEL already operates 264 MW of wind capacity and is currently building the Horizonte and Ituverava solar parks (254 MW), as well as the Morro de Chapéu (172 MW), Delfina (180 MW) wind projects. , and Cristalândia (90 MW). ”

24) In total, “only the ENEL Group, through its subsidiaries EGPB and ENEL Brasil, has a total installed capacity in renewables in the country of 1,464 MW, of which 401 MW of wind energy, 170 MW of solar energy and 893 MW hydroelectric power, as well as another 442 MW and 649 MW solar capacity currently under execution. ”

25) Recently, in Minas Gerais, the company SolaireDirect (part of ENGIE SA) invested a high R $ 679 million (R $ 5.14 million / 01 MWh equal to a high US $ 1.35 million / 01 MWh for this type of plant solar) in a set of 04 plants to generate 132 MWh (four plants, with progressive construction, to generate 33 MWh each), but all, again, only in photovoltaic form and with only daytime generation, unfortunately.

26) With such penetration of the giant photovoltaic “fireflies” and only daytime (quite subsidized and encouraged in ANEEL auctions more with cheap and long-term loans by BNDES and other state subsidies and benefits), a clear fight is already beginning, even at a low level, between the traditional generators and these new solar only photovoltaic, said, by the traditional and with high previous costs, as "opportunists".

27) Without considering the merits, the old traditional generators and distributors also complain, with some reason, that the compensated deliveries of the distributed energy generation by the “grid-tied” system (or “on-grid” or “GD = Generation Distributed ”) are leveling the markets and competing unequally with them and that they have to bear all the construction and costs of the distribution networks to the final consumer (this network is used almost freely by photovoltaic“ fireflies ”and who do not want to remunerate adequately , I think, because they already have high generation and transport losses, as seen before in similar plants in China).

28) In addition to only investing little to profit a lot locally / regionally in GD's expert deliveries, grid-tied photovoltaics generate and deliver the grid, exactly at times of good commercial and even industrial demands (bigger and better paid, especially if they are additional sales and outside the contract with ANEEL in the auctions of the so-called free market), while the others have to generate and deliver, obligatorily, for 24 hours more in the captive market and others (also for the high and low remunerated public demand) , private and rural) without being able to stock (except in the form of stock water in hydroelectric plants and SHPs) and, even, having to deliver much more electricity for public uses and during the hours of peak demand from 18:00 to 21: 00 hours (in general, more demands for homes and when “fireflies” need nothing to offer), these with higher sales prices, but also with higher costs and ditto for mandatory lighting and even irrigation nighttime performances.

29) According to the old generators and distributors, “in June 2016, only 4,400 consumer units in the country received credits for injecting more energy into the system than consumed (a system called abstraction / distributed generation)”. "In August 2018, the number of funding / generation distributed jumped 1,168% compared to the previous one, to 51,500." “On November 23, 2018, there were already 63,500, an increase of 23% in three months. Of the total, almost 90% of the credits were related to solar capture by photovoltaic panels ”. Thus, "in the next five years, we will have more changes than those that occurred in the last 50", stated a Director of the Entity of the old generators. The challenge, therefore, is to make regulation follow the speed of change. As an excuse for errors in planning and concessions, “According to ANEEL, there are only 130 new units of distributed generation per day, and thus, within a universe of 82.0 million consumers connected to the country's distributors, the 60 thousand who receive credits (in nov./2018) were still a drop in the ocean ”, but, in my view, everything that expands a lot, and fast, one day gets there”, but killing many and serious ones.

30) With this impasse, some changes are expected in the regulatory frameworks for more wind energy from 2019 in Brazil and with photovoltaics having to pay a fair price for the use of the distributors' networks, more as penalties for nighttime non-generations and in peak afternoon demand and without sun, everything being duly negotiated or arbitrated by ANEEL on a case-by-case basis. Also, the purchase auctions, the subsidies, the terms of the general credits or granted by the BNDES and the incentives practiced by some States may - and will need - to be changed.

31) However, for the sake of truth and as described at the beginning, it is good to clarify that these extremely high photovoltaic solar abstractions or heliothermic abstractions from such “firefly plants” or for generations, are not always via thermal fluid for steam or even for liquids of ORC systems, reach consumers, because, in addition to the high local costs and losses with abstractions and generations, there are significant losses with their transport to the collection network and still with distribution etc. .. Whoever pays for everything, obviously, is always the final consumer even by night generation, but this - when elevated - generates serious direct imbalances in socioeconomics and, indirect and much more damaging, in the environment, gives rise to my great struggle for own local or group or building or condominium generation etc. in small and medium simple or hybrid projects as already described. Without demerits, it is known that “one thing is the potential field captor or generator and another, quite different, is the actual delivery to the final consumer”.

32) In general, roughly and except for thermal and generating losses of up to 65% to 70% (average final yield possible on PTC / DSG channels with direct steam generation of up to 32%), it is necessary to circulate about 450 liters per minute of thermal fluid at 550⍛ C to generate 1.0 MWh in large heliothermic plants offering for 22 hours / day (equal to only 0.45 liters per minute / 01 KWh, that is, equal to only 27 liters hour / 01 KWh ). This is what happens at the “Crescent Dunes” solar plant in Nevada (USA) with a circulation of 45,000 liters / minute heated and stored at maximum 550⍛C and returning to reheating with 288⍛C (thermal range 262 de C), this is to generate 110 MWh (with consumption equal to 410 liters per minute / 01 MWh = 0.41 liters per minute / KWh as above).

33) Other calculations point to the need for 283 liters per minute of “molten salt” circulating at 650 (C (although with a low range of use due to the high level of “freezing point”, see after) and with recharge time in the chute. up to 12 minutes to generate 1.0 MWh = 0.28 liters per minute / KWh or just 17 liters per hour / KWh (data from Osti and Sandia of the US Government plus Guangzhou Engineering School ”).

34) About the thermoflex system - the most used by current medium and large heliothermic solar plants and generating for up to 22 hours / day -, in general, the modern heliothermic plants that capture and concentrate solar radiation to heat thermal fluids for direct supply or for strategic stocks use for control and operation this Thermoflex System (application and thermal management system) in which the production, storage and use of the fluid varies according to the hourly and daily irradiance in each location plus the demands and necessary hourly stocks (always looking to sell maximum of generateable energy or heat output and the maximum price). See page 13 of https://www.thermoflow.com/images/Solar%20Thermal%20Pamphlet%202 012.pdf.

35) In general, as described, in Thermoflex about 50% of the thermal fluid reheated during times of greatest daily irradiance (in the case of “Crescent Dunes” for up to 9 hours in a row from 6:00 am to 3:00 pm / day with capture intensive for reheating) is intended for immediate generation, following the remaining 50% for storage in tanks (TES). At the other times of the same day, the generations come from the thermal fluid stored and for up to 12:30 hours in a row (total of 21:30 hours), but there is still a schedule, from 2:30 hours until 5:00 am (total of 2:30 hours), in which nothing is generated, not least because the electric consumer demand falls a lot in that period and the prices of electrical sales are low (in general, such times are used more for maintenance and transfers of cold thermal fluids ). Thus, in practice, half of the collecting field is used for distributive capture and scheduled between 6:00 am and 3:00 pm on the same day.

36) Continuing the reports on the efficiency of the projects with the modern and very efficient PTC parabolic gutters, until 2015, the old projects with such reflective / concentrating parabolic PTC gutters were already part of 80% of the large heliothermic solar projects in the World and this even containing only 01 to 02 thermal collector tubes located from 10 cm to 15 cm, that is, a little above the gutter mouth in the nearby longitudinal pickup (not like in my “greenhouse box” thermal collector, located in a longitudinal arm) ahead and above - 80 to 110 cm at the mouth of the gutter - of my 03 previous patent applications for PTC gutters - single parabolic and double and triple oval paraboloids - and with 6 to 12 collecting tubes in 304 steel and in% inches, containing circulating fluid between 200⍛ C to 370⍛ C). Note that in my current order, I adopt the principle of reflecting “greenhouse gutter” / internal concentrator with 6 to 8 internal overlapping central trapezoidal or trapezoidal tubes (not of reflecting gutter / external concentrator for tubes located 10 cm to 15 cm from your mouth as in most current plants and much less from an external collecting greenhouse box located 80 to 110 cm away from my 3 previous gutter patent applications).

37) In operational terms, historically, since 2008, around 10 large and giant heliothermic plants have already captured thermal energy via PTC channels, such as Ausra and Ivanpah in California (USA) and Abengoa in Almeria (Spain) . Since then, PTC gutters - for a number of reasons, have also become preferred in most major projects. Other old ones capture via heliostationary Fresnel mirrors for reflection and concentration directed to a central capturing tower and to reheat circulating thermal fluid or ORC liquids or water.

38) Also, we have some old plants (more homely and buildings) that capture heliosationary solar discs (“solar dish”) that reheat small volumes of thermal fluid circulating in the same tree (disc) and from there they are transported to suitable tanks. Obviously, systems with Fresnel mirrors but with solar discs, in general, are much more expensive than with PTC gutters.

39) In terms of thermal strip capture efficiency, comparatively and according to CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), flat plate solar collector systems (“Flat Plates” or FPC) are used in low temperature applications (up to 100 ⍛ C) and only for domestic hot water production plus space heating etc. The plate collectors plus evacuated tubes (“hot pipe” or ETC) are generally selected for applications such as solar coolers and industrial heating (most of 45⍛ C to 60⍛ C) and local internal heating (most of 30⍛ C to 90⍛ C), provided that the average temperature of the water heated in the system is below 180⍛ C. Thus, at higher temperature levels (for thermal fluids or ORC liquids), the collector gutters and solar concentrators PTC - as described above - are the only possible choice according to several authors. See comparative diagnoses in January 2018 in “A Realistic Approach of the Maximum Work Extraction from Solar Thermal Collectors” at http://www.mdpi.com:8080/2571-5577/1/1/6/pdf.

40) The technical evolution and the mastery of PTC gutters to reheat thermal fluid is such that many solar plants of all sizes, old or even recent, are already considered by most scientists to be outdated, although they are the fashion. This includes those for just capturing heaters on plates with ET (evacuated tubes) or plates with FP (flat plates) plus all photovoltaics, including batteries by the foot, and even some large heliotérmica plants with small collection towers. reflections / concentrations at a distance by your Fresnel mirrors or by solar discs (“solar dish” with circulating thermal fluid).

41) In addition, in a very concentrated and close reflexive way (close pickups), in the modern PTC solar gutters, the thermal concentration in its thermal collector tube (s), 10 to 15 cm above the mouth of the gutter, it is so high that it is proven to be 30 to 100 times larger than at its base (see below for more details and two supporting videos). In heliothermic plants with mirrors and distant towers, the maximum concentration only reaches 30 times more.

42) Additionally, such solar captures and their thermal concentrations (as in a magnifying glass or glasses with a high degree) are very modern, much cheaper and much more efficient in such PTC solar gutters (be they previous parabolic with equal radius or semi-elliptical paraboloids) and almost in the shape of an egg to concentrate 10% to 15% more) can be perfectly used also for the constant production of a lot of electric steam and / or for heating or desalination (even after generations, if with salt water and before its recapture as “condensate”) or even very hot water or steam up to 250⍛C depending on the schedule and industrial use (the most common is superheated water between 150⍛ and 220⍛ C).

43) In 2016, in terms of equipment used to capture more solar concentration in gutters, comparatively, the results obtained in a plant with PTC gutters were much better than those obtained in plants with central towers but with reflecting Fresnel mirrors in the near field (plants CRS type “Central Receiver System”), also for reheating of circulating molten salt for the production of hot and turbocharged steam

44) In addition, most current non-commercial scientists are already convinced that solar thermal capture - in different forms and for different purposes - is often more efficient, cheaper and more beneficial, environmentally and socioeconomically, for humanity. than the former capture of direct heaters in photovoltaic plates or electrical panels (losses of photonic capture of up to 85% - with the recent and most effective recent mineral compound only capturing 24% of the photons received, apart from other high losses and very high costs transmission and final distribution, since most medium to large size plants are far from consumer centers).

45) In addition, see the following video demonstrating that both the production and the thermal storage of modern thermal fluids circulating up to 550 ° C (new imported brands LANLCX - 500 or Paratherm MR) in modern “thermoflex” systems are much more effective than photovoltaic capture for immediate use on site or by the so-called “sunflower plants” (which are operated during the day and for up to 10 hours / day, being only 4 hours / day with high effectiveness, and with higher capture losses higher transmission / distribution costs, the current fashion in Brazil, but already discouraged in China and others). Such fluids are used for local homemade storage, or not, in expensive batteries and with a useful life of only 5 years. In the “thermoflex” system, there is thermal production or continued generation for up to 22 hours / day. They are of increasing use and already participate - in isolation or hybrid with other sources - with about 80% of the current world generations, from small, large to giant projects - whether for heating water or producing industrial steam or energy steam. See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3gDWE7-Ui5U&feature=youtu.be

46) Thus, currently, the PTC parabolic gutter - plus its technical advancement in the form of oval paraboloids are already considered as the best technology for the capture and solar concentration in the temperature range of up to 220⍛ C for hot water heating or daytime generator and at 370⍛ C for diurnal and continuous reheating of thermal fluid for immediate use or to be stored and for the production of hot water or energizable steam. For higher temperature levels, and demanded generation, such PTC gutters are preferable to the sum of hundreds or thousands of solar discs (“solar dish”) or Fresnel-type reflecting mirrors (in large and giant heli-thermal plants to 30 MWh to 1,200 MWh, where temperatures reach 1,200⍛C in the pickup tower, because the higher it is the more it can be stored in the form of circulating thermal fluid at 550⍛C and, thus, generate much more and at night - see before).

47) On the other hand, even more modern and effective will be my captures and thermal concentrations - I did not see previous solar gutters, with an equal and simple radius or double as in my previous patent application of this type with simple pickup and containing only 2 tubes for heating fluids or water - but I could see my brand new small / medium sized solar PTC "Estha-Estufa". It will be a collector, reflector and internal thermal concentrator that can be added / interconnected and adjustable, but compensated in curves and with semi-elliptical angles. It will be used to reheat a lot of hot water from 130⍛C to 220⍛C or, preferably, a lot of circulating thermal fluid that can be stored at 370⍛C, passing slowly through 6 to 8 tubes with 5/8 in. to 1.0 inch in diameter, included internally in this differentiated, revolutionary and exclusive “greenhouse chute” (internal collector / reflector / concentrator and without external thermal collector “greenhouse box”).

48) In this case, the temperature increased by the reflection more by the localized solar concentration, near and internal, programmed and electronically controlled (as in a lens with strong magnification or a magnifying glass, used, even in the past, to even light a fire) will be 20 to 50 times greater than that of the base very close to the same “greenhouse gutter”.

49) Such great reflection and thermal concentration from the reflective base to its thermal collector point - only possible on PTC solar gutters, more on solar discs and some Fresnel mirrors with collector towers - can vary from 30 to 100 times depending on the location, the technology and the fluid used (10 to 80 times, according to other reports). As proof, see film about the generation of electric energy by steam in Nevada (USA) at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrRTCbXE0Jc).

50) In the master's thesis by the University of Bilbao (Spain), the possible thermal concentration of 30 to 100 times is verified (page 20 - item 2.3.2), from the base of the collecting channel to the single thermal collector tube ahead and above present in almost all large and giant current electric generator projects with PTC gutters - most in the deserts of countries with high daily solar irradiance and for up to 14 hours / day - for reheating of circulating thermal fluid (however, in smaller projects still in use) R&D phase from 2017 to 2019, thermal collector boxes are already used, far from the reflecting base and not internal as in this our order, with 06 to 08 thermal collector tubes in AISI 304 or 316 or SAE 1020 steel and with% in. - see also the project at the end in Ukraine by professor and researcher Sergiy Yurko: https://addi.ehu.es/bitstream/handle/10810/18862/Sensivity%20Analysis% 20of% 20the% 20Efficiency% 20of% 20a% 20Parabolic-Trough % 20Solar% 20Collector.pdf? Sequence = 1.

51) Let us look at the main definitions and various operational situations of field projects with the use of refillable thermal fluids. The demands, offers, forms of use and storage and the results of the different thermal fluids in the different capturing systems, concentrators, stockers, circulators, pressers, transferors, indirect heaters etc., involve highly complex, local and individualized calculations, etc. for each location, equipment and brand of the fluid plus its possible thermal ranges to use (range of operational use) plus their viscosities, enthalpies involved, rapid capture and thermal transfer capacities, temperatures and pressures involved including local externals; internal pressures; speeds (in m / s) and volumes / masses of thermal fluid (in kg / s) to be offered; capabilities; speeds and forms of thermal exchange of the fluid with cold or warm water or even with “condensate” (water recovered from circulating steam) etc.

52) Only, through the use of modern thermal fluids, in subsequent thermal exchanges with water to produce steam, such large and giant heliothermic solar plants already achieve 98% total thermal efficiency and generate additional energy for up to 15 hours / day with the same initial thermal load, even without capturing total solar radiation (example as in Gemasolar plants in Andalusia - Spain and Ivanpah of Google in the Mojave desert in California - USA). Altogether, in the "Thermoflex System" with programmed storage, the electrical generations possible by turbinable steam, via charges and good fluids stores, already reach 22 hours / day in modern heliothermic or mixed plants.

53) So, unlike current electrical photovoltaic pickup systems on roofs (not generating systems), which cannot generate electricity at night and / or on cloudy days - and with only difficult and expensive electrical storage only in large and expensive batteries and with up to 5 years of use-, the large and giant circulating thermal fluid renewer / storage system at low and medium temperatures is highly efficient, although quite expensive due to the many losses (most are located in distant locations in deserts or and with high losses in electric transport until the final claimant). My proposal in this patent application is exactly to take advantage of this high, but expensive, proven experience and efficiency in medium, large and giant heli-thermal plants (albeit with high losses) and reduce it to millions of mini and small local or group projects with PTC gutters much smaller to much more efficient (as in my oval paraboloid channel and stove with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration). In general, the gutters of the large and giant plants above are unique, isolated and with wide mouths, but mine have much greater power of reflection / thermal concentration, capturing thermally in three ways and for much longer (direct, indirect and diffuse) environmental / lateral, even on cloudy days, compared only directly in the systems above) and almost without losses (only a little of losses with steam generation and almost nothing with capture or transport).

54) These large and giant heliotothermic solar techno-operational forms, now in my small solar trough Oval and stewed paraboloid trough (summable, if possible, in sets above 5 small “greenhouse trough”) with capture, reflection and concentration internal thermal systems and with reheated thermal fluid, circulating or stocking up to 370⍛C in millions of homes, condominiums, leisure clubs, swimming pools of any size, private and public buildings, agro-industries, industries, prisons, hospitals, airports, etc., including in a hybrid way with my fast singaseifiers with only 7 minutes of transit and to produce singles with about 34% hydrogen for 24 hours / day or just overnight from waste, biomass, processing residues, food scraps and local / group faeces / neighborhoods / villages etc .. Thus, there will be the continued production of a lot of heat that can be reheated now at up to 550⍛ C, almost a small volcano with incandescent, but circulating, renewable lava and under total control. Note: do not confuse with biogas to produce biogas with about 34% methane, with high risks and very slow, as it takes 17 to 41 days to process.

55) In such large-scale heli-thermal plants described at the beginning, PTC gutters with close capture (up to 1.0 meters above the mouth) and without towers or Fresnel mirrors with capturing towers or the large and always following the sun, they reflect and amplify the intense sunlight directing it to a central tower far away (in the disks and mirrors), this thermal pickup due to the high reflection and average concentration (up to 30 times in these cases, but possible from 70 to 120 times more in the gutters with captors close to the “greenhouse box”, as above) and where the molten salt or thermal fluid circulates, driven by special thermal pumps (CSP System - “Concentrating Solar Power”, that is, Thermoelectric Concentration System Without fuel).

56) In general, in some large and giant heli-thermal solar plants (generation above 30 MWh and for up to 22 hours / day), it is necessary to offer only on average high 0.90 liters per minute (54 liters / hour) of stored or circulating thermal fluid up to 650⍛C to heat steam to 100⍛C, sufficient to generate 1.0 KWh. There are already about 15 small local solar capture projects with small and working PTC gutters, almost homemade or “DIY Do it Yourself = do it yourself” undergoing tests and adjustments, with similar results (production of fluids per hour until larger than we anticipate in mine) with excellent thermal outputs and electrical generations, via circulating thermal fluids for steam, as we will see below.

57) When stored in adequate and non-circulating conditions, the hourly thermal losses of the superheated fluid are minimal. In general, medium- and large-size heli-thermal solar plants have low thermal losses when the fluids are under adequate storage in the TES systems already described (about only 3⍛C to 10⍛C per hour), although such losses rise to 26 ⍛ C to 90⍛ C per hour when in operation. This worse level occurs when in use in thermal oil to water transfer systems that are not yet efficient (for example, with only 4 hours of additional generation by the circulating thermal fluid in the form of the cheap and old “molten salt” - with a thermal range of 380⍛ C, dropping from 550⍛C to high 220⍛C - in just 4 hours, that is, with an average retreat of up to 90⍛C for 01 hour). Comparatively, at Google’s Ivanpah SEGs plant in the USA, one of the first in the world to be modern and efficient heliothermic (model for many later ones) and to generate 200 MW with reflective mirrors / giant concentrators with 15 m2 opening, located well away from thermal capture final also by central CT tower - up to 15 hours have already been reached, with a minimum of 8 hours, of generating thermal conservation with the same initial charge. This enabled up to 150 thermal generator loops (loops) with the same initial thermal load, in part with the Therminol VP-1 thermal fluid (Thermoflex model) to produce very hot water with a fluid thermal range of 387⍛ C (400 Máxima maximum C - 13⍛ minimum C), thus, with possible minimum thermal losses of only 26⍛ C for 01 hour (387⍛ C / 15 hours). At the Andasol plant in Spain, the generator use time with the initial charge reached 10 hours before the necessary thermal recharge, thus with possible thermal losses of 39⍛ in 01 hour.

58) On the other hand, the solar capture system using PTC gutters (no longer using Fresnel mirrors + collector towers or solar disks) is also advancing in large heli-thermal plants.

59) However, the use of cheap molten salts is more recent than other modern chemical-mineral thermal fluids - and even some super-refined vegetable oils - as cheap and direct thermal stockpiles, and thus also indirect electric ones - which have promoted a growing, almost secretive and significant technical-economic and environmental revolution in the sustainable generation of a lot of electrical energy by the solar heliothermic source or by solar gutters of the PTC type (as in my proposal) or even by my fast singaseifiers of dirty raw materials (as in my 4 patents already requested in this INPI).

60) In the system of most of the world's large and giant heliothermic solar plants, the internal temperature in the tower sometimes reaches up to 1,200⍛C, although the best commercial fluid can only be heated and used up to 550⍛C, since above this it evaporates. Such reheated thermal fluid, in a controlled and even triple manner in such a tower, circulates afterwards through the heat exchanger (“heat exchanger” or “heat transfer”), producing steam and with warm water being recovered (also called “condensate”) after and for up to 15 hours / day (as at Google’s Ivanpah plant in the Mojave desert - USA). Then, the hot fluid moves many cycles of steam / water / electricity up to 150 times with the same initial thermal load or even more experimentally (the most common is the more than boiling fluid circulating for 6 to 10 hours until it is warm and returning, then, for the semi-warm tank still generating and which will then cool down to room temperature or greater than its “freezing point” = solidification point in the cold tank). As additional information on the thermal and generator potential, we expose that my fast singaseifiers of dirty raw materials heat the singas up to 850⍛C at the top - although the best commercial fluid can only be heated and used up to 550⍛C, as above it evaporates . This temperature that is attainable is much higher than my PTC solar gutters with a heatable fluid up to 370⍛C in the large collection greenhouse box, but which is only slightly above the temperature of 300⍛C of the external LPG gas flame in the stove burner (up to 250⍛C in the oven), but well below the paraffin of the candle burning at 600⍛C and the match stick burning up to 750⍛C (potassium chlorate).

61) After its use, the chosen cold fluid, driven by special pumps resistant to high heat and corrosion, will return to reheating in the central tower. With much less risk of handling and much cheaper, most use the so-called liquid salt or "molten salt" and some more modern ones called the latest generation "thermal fluids". Without considering final sales prices and efficiencies in thermal dragging, the most modern thermal fluids for these cases are “Eastmin's Therminol VP II” for up to 400⍛C, since 2002, and the “LANLCX-500” of “Los Alamos National Laboratory ”this most recent since 2012 and up to 550⍛ C. However, even super refined soy or canola oil can be used although only up to 300⍛ C.

62) With this, through modern storage (TES) of any size and with heat fluid that can be heated and circulated for 6 hours up to 15 hours / day, without needing an immediate thermal recharge, as in this proposal of my new internal “greenhouse gutter” PTC paraboloid in which we expect an additional thermal of 8 to 16 hours / day, via stored thermal fluid. Such an internal “greenhouse gutter” can produce heater or hourly generator results up to 6 times higher than current and current photovoltaic electrical capture (it became “fashionable”, even with high losses of capture and transport) or solar heating via simple plates (idem).

63) According to the same diagnoses above, scientists Collier et all (1994) recommended a minimum speed of 2.5 meters / second (= 150.0 kg / minute) of circulating thermal fluid to obtain good volumes of energizable steam in the boilers or evaporators in large generating plants. Thus, in terms of flow velocity, in an average plant, for example, the fluid velocity at 153⍛ C and under an average pressure of 80 bar for preheating water was high 1.42 kg / s (85.2 kg / minute), but reducing to 1.10 kg / s already in the heat exchanger system (fluid with 362⍛ C and 72 bar and then with the injection of water for steam).

64) In another project, in terms of molten salt flow speed (much cheaper thermal liquid that reaches 660⍛ C, although with a small thermal range) in a heliotérmica plant of the Czech Republic to generate 30 MW that the speed of transfer reached 1.24 m / second in the main offer system. Thus, this volume demanded was equivalent to only 0.041 meter / second (2.46 meters / minute) to generate 01 MWh. With this, the necessary supply of the molten salt mass was equal to about 448 kg / minute to generate 01 MWh, in turn, equal to the mass of 0.45 kg / minute (27 liters / hour) of “molten hot salt ”to generate 01 KWh. This final data confirms the various other data above and also those obtained below in the field of double PTC rails of prof. Sergiy Yurko in Ukraine and northern Europe, although still with an external thermal collection box and with tubes far from the reflecting base and not internal as in this order.

65) In 2016, data from the University of Bilbao (Spain) on a small heliothermic plant with solar gutters (generation of only 2.3 MWh) showed that the average flow of heated fluid offered decreased from a high 2.90 kg / s (= 10 , 4 ton / hour / 2,300 KWh) in the month of June, equal to just 4.54 kg per hour / 01 KWh (places with average irradiance around 930 w / m2 between 12:00 pm and 3:00 pm |) to 2.72 kg / s in the average of the month of July (places with average irradiance around 900 w / m2 between 13:30 h and 15:00 h).

66) According to NREL in 2003 (US Government), in most CSP / TES plants, the ideal fluid speed was 1.5 meters / second (= 90 meters / minute), but in the heat exchanger, operated at a speed of 3.0 meters / second. Thus, the necessary flow of thermal fluid for a maximum storage of 6 hours to promote another 62 generator loops in a plant with parabolic rails to generate 55 MWh was 879.0 kg / s (= only 57.5 kg hour / 01 KWh). When thermal fluid was used at only 110⍛C, the transfer speed required reduced to just 2.4 meters / second (2,400 liters per second) equal to 144 m / minute and 8.6 km / hour. When the temperature increased to 250⍛C, the necessary speed reduced to just 1.3 m / s, equal to 78 m / minute and 4.7 km / hour.

67) In 2017, the required speed of 2.53 meters / second (equal to 152 m / minute) of the fluid in the evaporator and the demand for fluid in a large heliothermic plant to generate 100 MWh near Madrid (Spain) hot amounted to 0.81 m / s equal to 810.0 kg mass / second (29.2 kg / hour to generate each 01 KWh).

68) Turning my eyes to the very modern heliothermic solar plants, more to my future PTC solar gutters with a high level of thermal concentration, to be customized by place of use, more for my future fast and highly sufficient systems of dirty raw materials it seems that there is a correlation / determined average ratio of 7.0 steam produced: 1.0 fluid / 01 KWh (as will be seen later in a project also with PTC thermal troughs by the University of Lahore - Pakistan). Thus, there will be an average need of only 1.0 liter of circulating thermal fluid to reheat for the average production of 4 to 10 liters of steam (average of 7.0 liters), capable of generating from 01 KWh to 02 KWh (in general, it needs from 0.17 to 0.45 liters / minute of circulating thermal fluid - see before - to generate 01 KWh). This is also proven by the average of several projects already implemented, thus the numerous local calculations required, according to the different types of equipment and fluids used, more than places of more demands etc.

69) In comparative terms of “versus” demands of thermal fluid per minute for electrical generations in small and medium sized projects (isolated paraboloids, capturing for 9 hours / day) operate for up to 15 hours / day in isolated or hybrid with my singaseifiers of dirty local raw materials, groups or neighbors, 4 types of which are already pending patent applications at this INPI, operating in the same location for 15-24 hours / day).

70) Obviously, the steam produced by the rapid thermal exchange of thermal fluid circulating between 45⍛C and 370⍛C is the main objective foreseen in my new patent application for an internal paraboloid “greenhouse gutter” and greenhouse with capture, reflection and internal thermal concentration still isolated, that is, not yet hybridized with the possible local and very rapid singaseification of local / group / village waste (also, optionally, to produce a lot of hot water and / or hot steam for heating and / or desalination). Now operating slowly with capture, reflection and internal thermal concentration and with up to 8 steel pickup tubes in 5/8 in. at 1.0 in., internal and close to the base (5 cm to 10 cm) and with cold or warm water (recoverable or not) and, mainly, with a lot of circulating thermal fluid, such a mini or small internal greenhouse gutter - individually or in conjunction with a minimum of 5 added / interconnected gutters - can offer even more hot water for local heating (swimming pools, total demand for a residence, etc.) or hot and pressed steam for industrial use or electrical generation, obtained by the continuous passage , slow or medium speed and without direct contact of the rising water by the heat exchangers, containing circulating and descending thermal fluid.

71) It is also good to remember that the fluid in this my future “greenhouse gutter”, paraboloid oval and greenhouse with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration can circulate integrally and continuously for up to 22 hours / day (from a total of 9 to 12 hours) / day of good capture), and during the whole period, about 50% to 70% of the production offered of very hot fluid - only in this case of small and medium electrical / thermal demands / reverse local or group cooling, but for 24 hours / day - will be destined for airtight storage in special tanks or in fiber cement thermal boxes located in the sub-soil or in neighboring lands (thus, with minimal thermal losses). This has already been achieved, perfectly, in several small projects in previous PTC solar gutters with wide mouth and only with 01 to 02 thermal collector tubes with up to 1.0 inch in diameter, located between 10 and 15 cm above your mouth ( still non-elliptical oval with straight base and with internal collecting tubes) especially in the region of Almeria - Spain as in 01 hotel and 01 airport, partially operating in these ways - see below -, also in several other similar projects.

72) Thus, it is clear that the greater the possible volume of thermal fluid production, really hot or even warm, if with more reservoirs, that can be diverted from 30% to 50% of the volume and for up to 10 hours / day to the greater the stocks, the greater the night generations in the same plant. Optionally, and perhaps better, in small and medium projects, you can double or even triple the collector / reflector / concentrator field (which can be cheaper and more practical), getting up to 90% of all “greenhouse gutters” for daytime collection and storage and for evening use at night or staying with a strategic reserve for heating and generations on cloudy days, with shadows etc ... Only 10% of such special “greenhouse gutters” - cheap, small and addable / interconnectable - would be for collections / concentrations and immediate and daytime generations for only 6 to 12 hours / day.

73) Also, in the Ukrainian solar projects, still in parabolic gutters now double and of the PTC type of prof. Sergiy Yurko - as follows, although with a thermal collector box far from the reflecting base and not internal as in our order - the technical-economic superiority of double PTC parabolic solar gutters has been proven to be up to 10 times greater than the solar captures by Evacuated Tubes or Pipe tubes (“ET = Evacuated Tubes” or “HP Hot Pipes”) and flat plates (“Flat Plates”).

74) In energy hybridity, the trend is for a strong increase in small and medium rural, urban or peri-urban projects - cheap, isolated or connected to the network (“grid-in” or “grid-tied”) and for own uses and even for surplus sales. The perfect technical and hourly sum will occur for the production of heating and / or hybrid generations of local residential, condominiums, leisure clubs, any swimming pools, agro-industrial, micro-regional and even building, etc., all in a hybrid form of daytime solar capture in PTC channels. for thermal fluid up to 370⍛ C plus the rapid singaseification of dirty raw materials, local or from neighbors or nearby towns or cities, for generations for 24 to 36 consecutive hours, via added thermal fluids, now up to 550⍛ C.

75) Let us now look at more detailed analyzes on obtaining more on DEMANDS and the uses of heat and circulating thermal fluids for immediate and daytime heaters or electric generators or for storage for evening and night uses.

76) In 2013, in an external comparison of the necessary thermal demands, studies carried out by the well-known US Government OSTI (page 48 of https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/1111584/) pointed to the demand for only 0.17 liters per minute (only 10 liters / hour) of hot thermal fluid at 350⍛ C (still “molten salt”) for the production of 1.0 KWh of electricity (equal to 41.41 m3 per hour for generate 100 MWh).

77) Studies carried out in Sandia laboratories in the USA have reported a demand of only 0.28 liters / minute of thermal fluid (still “molten salt”) equal to about 17 liters / hour also to generate 1.0 KWh.

78) At the “Crescent Dunes” solar plant in Nevada, USA, the estimated demand was only 0.20 liters / minute of molten salt, equal to only 12 liters / hour, stored at 566⍛ C (refills at 288⍛ C ) to generate 1.0 KWh (equal to 200 liters per minute to generate 01 MWh).

79) In 2012, I was diagnosed by Sangotayo. IT'S THE. et, published by Shivaji University of Kolhapur (India), in a project already with a PTC parabolic chute for air heating (not water or heating or generations) for residential and industrial use, much more demanding constant thermal (for quick drying of foods such as flours, starch etc ... or leaves like smoke, tea etc ...) the ideal flow of just 0.036 kg / s (2.16 kg / minute or 129 kg / hour) of circulating thermal fluid has been reached. See: https://www.iiream.org/papers/ICSGUPSTMAE004.pdf

80) In 2014, complementarily, let us see an important comparative test carried out on the specific OFFERS of thermal fluid and hot steam, etc., carried out by scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences more by several Chinese and Mongolian Universities (see “The Badaling 1MW Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal Power pilot plant ”at https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82779621.pdf). The study involved solar generation in 06 previous normal parabolic gutters, but of the PTC type with absorber tubes 4.1 meters long and 7 cm wide of the wall and with a great focal length of 1.71 m from the mouth of the gutter to the its focal point for solar collection (not yet an oval paraboloid and without a greenhouse box for thermal capture or, better, already in my new “greenhouse gutter” format for internal reflection and thermal concentration - 5 cm to 10 cm from yours base - as in this my order) at a pilot plant in Badaling, Yanging province (China), and to generate, specifically, high 1.0 MWh (in 01 hectare of long parabolic gutters with an incidence of 13.8 m winds) /s).

81) Thus, it was offered, on average and in each of these 6 normal and previous giant PTC solar dishes (see table 2) about 99.4 m3 / hour to generate 1.0 MWh via steam obtained by thermal fluid, this with a pressure of 10 bar (1.0 mpa) and which was heated to 380⍛ C. This volume was equal to only 1.7 liters / minute (average of 102 liters / hour per channel) to generate 1.0 KWh ( our comparative and standard basis). Such fluid, acting in a circulating manner on water at 104⍛ C (above the vapor point), produced 6,500 kg / hour (6.5 ton./hour, that is, with a certain ratio or correlation of 06:01 = 6,500 kg / 102 kg / liters with equal density) of hot steam at 375⍛ C and with a pressure of 32 bar (3.2 mpa), all equal to the supply or continued demand of only 0.11 kg / minute of steam to generate 1.0 KWh (total of 1.0 MWh by the plant with PTC solar gutters).

82) In Brazil, in my paraboloid and oval oval PTC double solar gutter and with EXTERNAL thermal collection in a special “greenhouse box” with 6 to 12 em inch tubes, located between 80 cm and 110 cm ahead and above (patent requested recent), predicted the initial OFFER between 0.70 and 0.90 liters / minute of fluid at 370⍛ C, that is, an average of only 48 liters / hour of circulating fluid.

83) Now, in this new mini order, the small oval paraboloid “Calha-Estufa” with capture, reflection and thermal concentration, INTERNAL and with other improvements (only 0.8 m2 to 1.2 m2 each), THE EXPECTED OFFER and for up to 10 hours / full solar day for each mini or small chute will be at least 15.0 liters / hour (equal to 150 liters / day in 10 hours of full sun) of hot water between 160⍛ and 180⍛ C or of fluid circulating at up to 370⍛ C (only about 8.0 liters / hour of fluid for each mini chute). This small volume of hot water per chute, however, is equivalent to the offer of high 75.0 liters / hour of hot water or 40 liters / hour of fluid, together with at least 05 added and inexpensive local mini greenhouse gutters (sufficient for produce possible up to 0.8 ton / hour = at least 7.0 ton / day of hot water, in 10 hours of full sun, of hot water at 60 água C - correlation or ratio of up to 10:01 to water - or up to 0.5 ton./ hour of energetic or industrial steam at 105⍛ C. See below thermal demands for hot water per person and per residence / day (total consumption, except swimming pool, estimated at 135 liters / day in residence with 04 adults), also remembering that a middle class residence with up to 05 people (3 adults plus 2 children) only consumes 350 W / hour of electricity.

84) In this case of examples of uses and offers for our current mini or small greenhouse gutters (only 0.8 m2 to 1.2 m2 each), isolated or combined, everything can also occur via an estimated supply of thermal fluid in 40 liters / hour of fluid per set with a minimum of 05 gutters added, with 30% to 50% circulating and for immediate use plus 50% to 70% stocking for night use, which allows heating or generating for up to 24 / hours a day , even on cloudy days, due to the constant existence of a lot of stored thermal fluid, even though my hybrid projects are not yet with fast singaseification of biomasses, garbage, debris, feces etc ... Here, we remember that the AVERAGE DEMAND of circulating hot thermal fluid or stored, well described and calculated above, in the various field projects in other countries and already with parabolic gutters for electrical production was 20 liters = kg / hour to generate each 01 KWh (between 10.0 kg / hour at 29.2 kg /hour). So, THE OFFER of thermal fluid above 40 liters / hour for 05 gutters would be enough to generate 02 KWh in a good project, enough to electrify up to 06 neighboring homes with a middle class standard for 24 hours / day and with an average daily consumption of 350 watts / hour, however, still necessarily connected to the network.

85) After collection in this new oval paraboloid channel and oven with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration of hot water or circulating and reheating thermal fluid, everything will be stored in two ways depending on the type of reheated liquid (circulating chemical thermal fluid or simple, non-recoverable water or warm water in condensate and recoverable format). Note: we just do not expect to continuously reheat and recover the new ORC fluids of the steam rankine generation, as this is still an extremely expensive technology.

86) In my project for applying for this patent, everything will be directed to cylindrical silos / deposits in 304 steel and heat resistant, heat-insulated in high density EPS (special styrofoam) or evacuated (thermos principle), all highly hermetic (as TES models of large heli-thermal plants); The stockers will be timed with thermal fluid circulating up to 550⍛C, captured on a recurring basis for 6 to 10 hours / day until cool and reheated (the next day). Thus, such strategic and well-made stocks are configured as a thermochemical reserve to be used for the continuity of daily steam production, even after the daily solar collection is stopped or on rainy, cloudy days, with shadows, dust, etc. We will use it for this purpose , both the commercial types of Therminol VP 1 for up to 400⍛C or the LANLCX-500 ”for up to 550 ,C, as well as the cheap“ molten salt ”common for up to 650⍛C (this with much lower thermal range as described before and most used in large projects) and possibly even vegetable thermal fluids such as soy or canola oil, these, however, with a thermal range of 300⍛ C and low thermal range for uses.

87) The diagnostic video of the following link by the Indian Institute of Sciences proves that indirect electrical storage, via modern heatable thermal fluids, is much more effective than storing photovoltaic electricity - these already with initial losses of up to 85% in photonic capture - in expensive batteries and with only 5 years guarantee of perfect functioning (short service life). See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3gDWE7-Uj5U&feature=youtu.be

88) During sunny days, between 10 am and 4 pm, the loss of temperature of the water and / or of the thermal fluid well stored in good thermal and airtight tanks (necessarily in 304 steel when storing thermal fluids ) may be only 1 de C per hour (in some cases, when in use, it reaches 30⍛ C / hour), that is, even during the afternoon and night, good storage can be maintained until its use Final. In Ukraine (field projects in very cold places and with few sunny days and with low level of daily hourly capture), Prof. Sergiy - although with a thermal collector box far from the reflecting base and not internal as in our order already for a special “greenhouse gutter” - there were only accumulated thermal losses and added up to 24.2% in 90 days (16.8% in storage accumulated daily load and for 90 days plus 7.4% in the transport of external tubes from the already double and normal parabolic gutters - not yet oval paraboloids Oval paraboloid gutter and stove with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration as in this my request - until the consumption).

89) Daily, in the period between 11:00 am and 2:00 pm, that is, 3 hours continuous with greater solar thermal capture, or even more when economically possible and according to hourly demands, isolated or joint (if possible, captures by up to 10 hours / day), the computerized measurement and thermal storage system will distribute from 50% to 70% of the thermal fluid production in constant reheating for storage in underground silos or in inexpensive boxes provided that isothermal and semi-hermetic or, if necessary, made of steel or special thermal fiber cement, cfe. installations, tests and great solutions / minimum losses, real, above by prof. Sergiy.

90) In the case of already hot water, in the systems of this my “greenhouse gutter”, paraboloid oval and greenhouse with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration that are for heating or reheating water between 150⍛C and 250⍛C for different purposes as already described, the ideal and much cheaper stocks will also, as already described above, in silos / tanks / isothermal boxes in steel or in special thermal fiber cement, external and close to the demands or internal in the basement, as already successfully adopted in very cheap projects of continued and guaranteed heating, residential, building, condominium, industrial of prof. Sergiy Yurko from Ukraine, although those are with thermal collection in a collection box far from the reflecting base and not internal as in our order.

91) The boosting of all the superheated thermal fluid, when applicable, will be via thermal injection pumps / compressors in 304 steel or similar with double stage and with speed and flow controls (high or low pressure). This will occur from the exit of my oval paraboloid greenhouse gutter with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration to the storage tanks and from these to the heat exchangers, remembering that the thermal and volumetric success of the final flow, whether of the necessary circulating fluid or of hot water, will depend much more on its low passage speed, highly controlled, in the thermal pickup tubes more on the internal temperature actually reached in each tube and, mainly, on the quantity, length, width and thickness of the wall of each tube contained in this differentiated “greenhouse gutter” (in this project of mine with more internal thermal concentration reflection we will use up to 8 collecting tubes in central format when only with 1 insulated tube, or vertical trapezoid with more tubes, with a diameter between 5/8 and 1 , 0 inch in AISI 304 or SAE 1020 steel and between 5 cm and 10 cm from its base).

92) The best results of thermal fluid boosting are those obtained with special thermal pumps, good thermal resistant, medium to high pressure and low to medium flow velocity (perhaps, together with their special check valves, the biggest secrets the successes of each channel) - most of which are unfortunately imported - for solar collection systems and the TOPSFLO TS5-15PV type capable of pumping at least 4 liters / minute of fluid or hot water (equal to 240 liters / hour). Although more difficult, they can be obtained in special stores in Brazil or fully imported through e-bay or aliexpress. Depending on local prices and efficiencies, “Viking C32” slow impulse pumps can also be used to boost hot water at 300⍛C or “MVV Asco VL805” to drive thermal fluid at 550⍛C.

93) To control all the flow of thermal fluids in and out from the paraboloid - very hot, warm or already cold - more from the tanks, between themselves or each other to the thermal fluid heat exchanger for cold water or circulating warm (without direct contacts) - there will be a series of special thermal valves - retainers at the beginning of the collection box at least 15 bar and operating flow controllers at the end, also for the necessary retentions - in 316 steel, 304 steel or similar (resistant to high temperatures of up to 400⍛ C) and with solenoids and controllers, compensators and drivers, activated by electronically and / or by specific hardware and software with several simultaneous measurements and to adapt the storage of circulating fluids to the necessary flows, as schedules, necessary temperatures and offers and demands.

94) After being used on your first daily trip, the circulating thermal fluid, but already cold or warm (minimum 36 point C = “freezing point”), will return programmed and constant daily for immediate thermal recharge or the next day until this oval paraboloid solar “greenhouse” and greenhouse with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration now, in the back, already in copper, aluminum or similar tubes, also cheap, with% inch, now pressed by special pump with solenoid.

95) The other storage regulation systems and the exchange of hot or warm or cold water from the tanks “between themselves” and between these with my oval paraboloid channel and stove with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration by the solenoid valves more than suitable transport in special tubes from the waters above converge - while still in a closed circuit - to the same items and shapes used for transporting the previous thermal fluid. However, in this case, there is no heat exchanger necessary for the possible production of steam, energizable or not, since such water is already pressed and at these high temperatures (between 150⍛ C and 250 C) it becomes easily pressed (or pressurized) steam when released from the system and after full contact with natural air.

96) Thus, both the expected hourly offers of thermal fluid for my new “greenhouse gutter” in the form of homemade hot water for isolated residential, building, agro-industrial use or for clubs or leisure; or energetic steam (rankine electric generations in small Indian or national tesla turbines) are entirely consistent and possible, provided that the best technologies are deployed, with the best materials and many tests, step by step, bench and natural. . Both energetic steam and water heating, to be obtained only by solar capture in “greenhouse gutter” - not yet hybridized - will be produced by the circulation or storage of such thermal fluid between 45⍛ C and 370⍛ C in the parts integral, connected and dependent on the same rail (not by isolated systems).

97) Concluding this item, it is always advisable to have good stocks of hot thermal fluids to meet not only the normal demands in the night hours, but also the demands on cloudy days or with low abstraction or even the many hourly demands for sales at higher prices. At some times, consumption may increase by 50% compared to the average at peak hours from 10:00 am to 9:00 pm, including the “peak load” from 6:00 pm to 9:00 pm, but after reducing about 30% compared to the average demand-from 9:00 pm to 6:00 am the next morning.

98) As described, such reheated fluids are also used in this proposal of mine for small capture and rankine electrical generation or direct heating or reverse cooling or desalination etc., with few in the world already functioning in this double to five-fold hybrid form, whether rural or rural. periurban. As far as I researched on my current and mandatory external technological roadmap for this patent application, no project has yet been proposed or released or officially implemented in my future initial hybrid to triple hybrid format and local or group / building / condominium or micro-regional / municipal use . As already described, I propose the hourly and technical fusion in the same place or neighbors between solar thermal captures for circulating fluids up to 370 C produced in my 04 types of PTC solar gutters for daytime use, already with patents applied for, with the same fluids now produced at up to 550⍛ C for my 03 types of rapid waste singaseifiers, biomass and their processing residues, dehydrated feces, food scraps etc ... for collection and evening or night use or for 24 hours / day). The entire generation will occur by the subsequent heating of water by such fluids and to produce a lot of steam for normal and non-ORC rankine cycle.

99) In addition to liquid salt or molten salt, there are several commercial brands of thermal fluids and salts already tested in solar plants and in other forms, according to diagnoses by Kearney and Hermann in 2002. See more comparative data of the main fluids at http://pointfocus.com/images/pdfs/saltw-troughs.pdf.

100) In the case of the use of simple, cheap and old normal liquid salt (“molten salt”), its heating is at least 550⍛C (there are some for 650⍛C) and the exchange capacity at 300⍛C is good (1,495 j / kg K), but its freezing point is operationally bad, as it is very high (220⍛ C), that is, well above the boiling point of 100 ⍛ C (“boiling point”) and, thus, with few generating cycles with the same initial thermal load. The temperatures from 150⍛ C to 220 ⍛ C are the same thermal point of supply of super hot water of the Ukrainian project of prof. Sergiy, cfe. Next. With this, the use of liquid salt would allow the achievement of far fewer hours of work and fewer recurrent steam / water cycles, unless the productivity of reheating the entire system, in liters per minute of liquid salt, is high and sufficient to provide many daily changes.

101) But, in the modern and much more efficient thermal fluids, the special thermal fluid “LANLCX-500” that recently surpassed the Therminol VP - see before and after - plus the old Hitec XL and the Syltherm 800, this one slightly cheaper and with a thermal range to explore from 40 deC to 400⍛C, almost the same as Therminol.

102) As already described, Without considering final sales prices and efficiencies in thermal dragging, the most modern thermal fluids for these cases are “Eastman's Therminol VP II” for up to 400⍛C, since 2002, and “LANLCX -500 ”from“ Los Alamos National Laboratory ”this most recent since 2012 and up to 550⍛C, but even super refined soy or canola oil can be used although only up to 300⍛C.

103) In 2002, the Therminol VP-1 thermal fluid (manufactured by “Eastman Chemical Company”) was the one with the greatest capacity for immediate heat exchange at 300⍛ C (2,319 j / kg K) and also the one that held the lowest solidification point at 13⍛ C (“melting point” or “freezing point”), but its maximum working temperature, that is, its maximum heating only reaches about 400⍛ C (“boiling point”). Thus, its thermal range was high (although less than that of the “LANLCX-500”) and 387⍛ C (400⍛ C - 13⍛ C) and its minimum point (“freezing point”) was excellent, because it could pass easily and often through the water vapor point (100 ⍛ C).

104) For my cases, although more expensive, the “LANLCX-500” may be the best, since it can be used, controlled and continuously, between -40⍛ C (“freezing point” with fluid in the form of ice very 550⍛ C (“melting point” or “boiling point”). Even if we consider the ideal temperature of 45⍛ C of the already cold and circulating fluid at the entrance of this new my paraboloid solar gutter and greenhouse with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration or of my quick singaseifiers of dirty raw materials, the thermal range a exploring in the production of hot water for various purposes or energizable steam will be excellent and 505⍛ C (550⍛ C - 45⍛ C), making it possible to pass through the water vapor point at 100⍛ C several times. “LANLCX-500” at https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/01/f7/csp review meeting 0 42413 obrey.pdf.

105) The Hitec-XL (concentrated calcium nitrate and also called special and improved “molten salt”, that is, probably cheaper) from Coastal Chemical Co. has an intermediate heat exchange at 300⍛C (1,447 j / kg K) and also has a good low solidification point of 130⍛C (“melting point”) - that is, very close to the necessary 100⍛C of water for steam, that is, allowing to produce vaporisable water, but already at 130 ⍛ C (it would require less time on the heat exchanger, thus reducing generation cycles with the same initial thermal load) - but its maximum working temperature reaches 500⍛ C. Thus, in projects, it can achieve optimum thermal fluctuation (“range”) of 370⍛ C (500⍛ C -130⍛ C), which will allow its circulating use for many hours plus the reach of several steam / water cycles (using special heat exchangers for very hot or warm thermal fluid “versus” water at room temperature).

106) However, in the economical aspect of thermal storage costs, in US $ / KWh, Therminol costs about 2.5 times higher than Hitec-XL and up to 10.0 times higher than the normal liquid salt “ common molten salt ”(according to D. Kearney of Kearney & Associates plus U. Hermann of Nava Flabeg Solar International).

107) For more information on efficiencies and other fluids and other salts (such as Dowtherm, Paratherm, Marlotherm, Syltherm, Mobiltherm, Haloglass etc.) access: http://sterg.sun.ac.za/wp- content / uploads / 2011/08 / HTF TESmed Review 2013 05 311.pdf more at http://www.academia.edu/4060172/HOT OIL SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDE Also, see the excellent presentation below: https://sfera2.sollab.eu / uploads / images / networking / SFERA% 20SUMMER% 20SCHOOL% 202014% 20-% 20PRESENTATIONS / Heat% 20Transfer% 20Fluids% 20and% 20storage% 20-% 20Xavier% 20Py.pdf

108) Also, soy, sunflower, canola and other oils can be used - in some cases with good benefits / costs - as pickups and thermal stockpiles, as long as they are super refined and with good thermal controls on the equipment, this is due to their low points boiling point and high fuel power (soybean oil has a boiling point of only 300⍛ C). The heat transfer capacity of new soybean oil is twice that of used oil. Canola oil transfers even more heat. http: //www.dpi- iournals.com/index.php/JPSR/article/viewFile/979/847. Beneficially, the viscosity of soybean oil is higher than that of mineral oils, but its cooling time is much less than that of mineral oils. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1104&conte xt = mengin fac.

109) As described, the demands, offers, forms of use and storage and results of the various thermal fluids in the various capturing systems, concentrators, stockers, circulators, pressers, transferors, indirect heaters etc., involve highly complex, local and individualized calculations , etc ... for each location, equipment and brand of the fluid plus its possible thermal ranges to use (range of operational use) plus their viscosities, enthalpies involved, rapid capture and thermal transfer capacities, temperatures and pressures involved including local externals; internal pressures; speeds (in m / s) and volumes / masses of thermal fluid (in kg / s) to be offered; capabilities; speeds and forms of thermal exchange of the fluid with cold or warm water or even with condensate (water recovered from circulating steam) etc.

110) In operational terms, in my projects in Brazil, all the final production of steam for heating or partial cooling (via local absorption chiller) or energizable will occur by a “heat exchanger” system between the circulating thermal fluid and superheated with cold water or warm offered (automatic equipment, electronically controlled and in 316 steel or 304 steel or similar (resistant to high temperatures of up to 400⍛ C) - without direct contact - for the production of steam for various purposes, either in the form of a fire tube ( Fire tube) or normal heat exchanger (heat exchanger).

111) In Brazil, there are already good manufacturers, although they are still expensive compared to those that can be imported through the Alibaba or Amazon sites, as long as they are actually delivered in Brazil and within 60 days. Thus, there are some national brands on the market, some of which are even controlled by nanotechnologies or special reading and operating software.

112) There are good heat exchangers (heat exchanger) or heat transfer from thermal fluid to hot water or steam on offer (such as those from termoteck, bermo, engepra, asvotec, sondex and also the small ones from sodramar, these specifics for hot water). They allow to produce several volumes of water or hot steam under low or high pressure, through continuous thermal changes, but without direct contact of the circulating thermal fluid between 40⍛C or 90⍛C and 370⍛C or 400⍛C with cold water or warm for heating between 29⍛ degrees (swimming pools) or 60⍛ C (residential or industrial) or production of energizable steam or for other uses at 100⍛ C. The final selection of the type and volume of supply required by the exchanger will depend on good preliminary calculations of the necessary local supply and demand of hot water and / or steam.

113) In Brazil, there are also available on the market several three-way solenoid valves resistant to high temperatures (ohiogas, b2bmaquinas, boiler-house, solutioncontrols, first combustion, etc.) and with thermoregulators more controllers of supply flow and necessary demands (inlet and outlet) ) more pressure, including operated by nanotechnology or by suitable multiple reader software.

114) In the specific heat exchanger chosen, the thermal fluid such as "LANLCX-500" or Therminol VP and others described above - in daytime reheating or stored for night use when necessary or programmed - enters in a circulating manner and under pressure up to 8.5 bar (850 kpa) - natural from the reheater and / or pumped system itself - until it needs to be reheated daily in the solar chute to 370⍛C or in the 550aseC singaseifier.

115) Also, the demands, offers, the forms of uses and storage and the results of the different thermal fluids in the different capturing systems, concentrators, stockers, circulators, pressers, transferences, indirect heaters etc., involve highly complex calculations, local and individualized, etc ... for each brand of fluid plus its possible thermal ranges to be used; more its viscosities, enthalpies, temperatures and pressures involved, including local external ones; internal pressures; speeds (in m / s) and volumes of thermal fluid (in kg / s) to be offered; capabilities; speeds and forms of thermal exchange of the fluid with cold or warm water or even with condensate (water recovered from circulating steam) etc.

116) Also, in the case of the production of superheated water, there are already homemade projects or for small industries and neighborhoods - cheap, efficient and with special and scheduled storage for up to 48 hours or in a constant / circulating manner and with low losses - and for use in the same ways as above (as carried out in the project below implanted by Prof. Sergiy in Ukraine, although they are with a thermal collection box far from the reflecting base and not internal as in our order) or steam for up to 48 hours (technology from Allborg in the Netherlands ).

117) Next, we will see even more reports, data and comparisons and, mainly, the recent corroborative results (2016 and 2017) of several projects with previous PTC parabolic solar gutters (still simple and with equal radius), designed and implemented by the eminent researcher and ex-prof. Sergiy Yurko - although those with a thermal collection box far from the reflecting base and not internal as in this order - for heating and electricity production for isolated homes and / or for neighboring buildings plus laundries, swimming pools, industries etc., both in Ukraine , as in northern and northwestern Europe.

118) So, as we saw and will see in the excellent thermal pickup project in oval and double PTC gutters and prof. Sergiy from Ukraine, it is necessary to concentrate even more heat in the copper or steel tubes where the concentrated reflective foci will be (in addition to the high reflection and concentration coming from the bottom or bottom base), which is achieved by placing a metallic plate also painted black , except for oil paint, on the side and along the pickup tube. With this, the heat captured also in this plate, which has a slightly larger focal area (albeit with a thermal collector box far from the reflecting base and not internal as in our order and still with 3 to 6 tubes still in ¾ in. In copper, whether for water, or in thin 304 steel, if for thermal fluid and in parallel without spaces) will further heat the tubes, as long as everything is hermetically isolated from the outside environment and inside my mini the small “greenhouse gutter” unprecedented now proposed, now with up to 08 copper or 304 steel tubes and in 5/8 inch. 1.0 inches from this my new “greenhouse gutter” paraboloid oval with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration.

119) In summary, technically, environmentally and socioeconomically, my requests are for protective patents, in a way unprecedented and exclusive in the World, in which nothing is invented (who invents is only God), but only discover, minimize, add, improve, recreate or I add a new, more efficient or more economical way of manufacturing that, as far as I have investigated, no one has yet thought, not least because most of them already exist and work, perfectly, but in medium to large projects or in isolation. I believe much more, instead of 01 project from big to giant as well as several and high risks, in the sum of millions of individual and group local / building / condominium / micro regional / municipal environmental and energy solutions - isolated or, if possible, double and even five-fold hybrids , as with wind, mini and small courses and waterfalls and, mainly, with a good part of the thermal abstractions or daytime generations occurring through the solar paths (if possible non-photovoltaic "firefly", already technically outdated, expensive and with only 5 years in duration) or wind or biomass or SHPP or small falls or water courses added / hybridized with the very modern and fast singaseification (not with biogas, also already overcome and very dangerous, even environmentally) in the evening, at night or for 24 hours / day of any garbage, biomass, processing residues, leftover food, human and animal feces pre-dehydrated and well mixed / enriched etc ..

120) In future projects with my paraboloid greenhouse gutter with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration there will be its customized construction and well tested locally according to the average hourly irradiance, incidence of cold winds, dust, sands, shadows, etc., being only fixed / welded to the rods and supports after all tests are carried out for the highest local efficiencies, according to the objectives of each project. Thus, such my exclusive wide thermal collector greenhouse box with 2.0 meters to 3.0 meters in length per gutter, but with a maximum of 40 cm wide at the base - to contain up to 08 tubes internally - will have its cover built in glass special thermal or transparent and thermal acrylic with good optical exposure lower and upper and 2 mm thick and very insulating at the top and bottom (being of glass only in the last case). Thus, although with its thermal pickup tubes very close to its base (only 5 cm to 10 cm), it will be a good pickup, both of the high concentrated and lower radiation (reflection), as well as of the upper radiation from the ceiling via direct heat. from the sun and also from indirect radiation from all sides also called diffuse environmental / lateral radiation, which does not happen in PTC only parabolic and with an equal radius neither with the evacuated tubes (ET) nor in the flat plates (FP).

121) Thus, during sunny days, between 10 am and 4 pm, the loss of temperature of hot water (in copper tubes, much cheaper) and / or thermal fluid in special steel (necessarily in steel AISI 304 or or SAE 1020, both on the market, or AISI 310, if found) can be only -3.0 ° to 10 ° C per hour (in my specific cases) when not operational, that is, even during at night the thermal storage can be kept very hot until its final use.

122) Furthermore, as already described, in my case of small and medium simple projects, still non-hybrid, of solar thermal captures by my gutters - to be customized by location and uses - in some cases the ideal will be to double the size of the daytime collector field and its number of gutters, all to collect for up to 14:00 hours / day. The objective is to generate the same thermal or electrical volumes, but constant and also alternate the collecting sources daily and / or direct from 50% to 90% of the volumes reheated by the gutters in daytime catchments, but for industrial heating production and / or to neighbors and / or for normal or additional afternoon or night generations, even if not yet hybrid.

123) In my projects, also controlled by the Thermoflex System, solar hybrids with fast and efficient gasification of dirty raw materials, the situation is much better, which greatly expands the net revenues at the same plant and provides much more generating security , as well as producing heating and electricity for up to 24 hours / day, even in isolated places or with difficult access and not connected to the grid or with many outages. In my future hybrid generation (there are only a few cases proposed and still being tested in India), the production of thermal fluid, well monitored and well controlled in the singaseifier (now up to 550⍛ C, because above this thermal point the evaporation of fluid, and at its top the temperature can reach 1,100⍛ C) can occur for up to 24:00 consecutive hours. However, everything depends on having good local availability of the soiled raw materials (biomass, processing residues, animal and human feces, food scraps, factory waste, garbage of any type and humidity, etc.), provided that all are pre-dehydrated and well mixed. In the end, everything comes together due to the high production and local or group / building / condominium / municipal / business offer of a lot of reheated and circulating thermal fluid between 45ºC and 550ºC.

124) So, in my hybrid projects with fast and efficient gasification of dirty raw materials, the situation is much better, since the production of thermal fluid, now at 550⍛ C in the gasifiers, can occur for up to 24:00 hours / day in a row, as long as there is good local availability of such so-called raw materials and also much more tesla-type mini turbines - Indian or national - rankine generators (to be shared with the Thermoflex solar generation, as everything is united by the thermal fluid reheated), which would greatly increase net revenues at the same or neighboring plant and would provide much more generating security.

125) Obviously, in a technically-economical and environmental way fully possible and even recommended, in some small or medium-sized local projects with necessary hybrid sources, photovoltaic energy can be and even must be captured in local panels (although not as efficient, as for my PTC with previous patent applications or even for this my mini or small “greenhouse gutter” - 2.00 m long x 0.40 m wide x 0.25 m high - also PTC with reflections and concentrations only internal and nearby in 8 5/8 in. To 1.0 in. Collecting tubes for hot water or thermal fluid production). This can occur in several situations, such as: a) Isolated and distant places; b) Groups with or without financial resources; c) Places with many power outages; d) Socioeconomically and environmentally fundamental plants, but whose space offered or available does not include generating plants from steam turbines plus a small singaseifier for thermal fluid; e) Groups or places with low daily production of the so-called “dirty raw materials” (garbage, animal and human feces, debris, biomass, leftover food, processing waste, sewage, etc.). Also, instead of generating plants, you can have residential / group plants, industrial heaters and / or reverse refrigeration by absorption, just by exchanging the PV solar collector panels for solar thermal collector plates, also changing the fate of singas of singases (in this case , abolishing the need for standing motor-generators), which makes these specific projects much cheaper.

126) For example, in the hybrid and inexpensive PV plate system plus singasifier, detailed below, it is perfectly possible to generate - in a minimal, real, liquid and hybrid way - around 8 KWh (8,000 Watts / hour), enough to supply 25 neighboring homes for 24 hours / day (all already connected to the network, ie "grid-in" or "grid-tied") with each consuming an average of 330 W / hour (in Brazil, the average consumption varies from 70 W / hour ha 950 W / hour, depending on family income and location). However, it is important that the group / condominium PV daytime pickup system (8 real hours / day), but close / neighboring, really offers from 4 KWh to 6 KWh net (with low total costs and almost no losses with transport, since the actual photonic capture only reaches 15%), for example, and only during the day and for 8 to 10 hours / day and without storage in large batteries (in the case with only 01 small battery support). All collection will take place in 20 to 30 pickup panels of 330W each (R $ 750.00 / each in Canadian, totaling approximately R $ 33.0 thousand smaller and complete set for 4 net KWh (equal to R $ 8.3 thousand / 01 net KWh), including 2 5.300W biphasic inverters "on-grid" for R $ 11.0 thousand plus battery support and 150ah emergency for R $ 1.5 thousand more labor), except for losses, totaling about 4 net KWh in the smaller group / group.

127) Such PV System will be added in the same place plus 01 small dirty raw material generator to generate a minimum of 10 KWh (approximate cost of R $ 100.0 thousand - equal to R $ 10.0 thousand / 01 net KWh - if imported from China including taxes 35% plus 2 freight, or about R $ 30.0 thousand equal to R $ 3.0 thousand / 01 net KWh -, if our future small-scale rapid gas generator and already in Brazil without taxes , with future spare parts and provision of TA and also quick consultancies - but still in the stage of lengthy legal records). Such a small singaseifier - Chinese, Indian or ours - will need to operate for at least 16 hours / day (enabling 70% of the hybrid supply of a minimum total of 24 hybrid hours / day) and burning the singas produced for generation by stationary motor-generators domestic, imported from Manaus or imported (or gasoline with the adapted carburetor, as long as according to the Law).

128) Each singaseifier will really need to generate in the evening at night (16 real hours / day) up to 10 KWh net (average consumption of 8 kg / hour to 12 kg / hour of dirty raw materials, well dehydrated previously and very well prepared, all for a good average fuel or thermal load of 1,400 kcal / kg or civil enrichment). With this, the average hourly generation of about 10 KWh to 12 KWh is expected for at least 16 hours / day, when and if the motor-generator supports (in general, imported ones support such hours).

129) Thus, on a weighted hourly basis and by net generation, we would have 8.0 KWh for 24 hours (= 4 KWh x 8 hours + 10 KWh x 16 hours, totaling 192 KWh to offer in 24 hours). When and if there is excessive nighttime generation, instead of delivering the excess loads in the grid-in to the local electricity supplier for cheap prices, you can add 01 to 03 batteries, also for 150ah, to the System, all of which for daytime and own complementary / emergency supplies, becoming almost a “grid-off” system (100% isolated, independent, remote or outside the intentional network). On the other hand, obviously, in our hybrid system - differentiated, exclusive, much more modern and much more efficient, of small, medium and large sizes - to heat / cool or generate with my double or triple oval PTC solar gutters for small or medium local / group / building / municipal generations (from 2 KWh to 500 KWh and for up to 18 hours / day), via turbinable steam obtained by circulating or stored thermal fluids produced by such gutters at 370⍛ C, captured in up to 14 hours / day , as long as added / hybridized with the same fluids now supplied at 550⍛ C by my fast to small to medium sized singaseifiers (heating / reverse cooling / large absorption or real generations from 10 KWh up to 5,000 KWh, this with 4.0 ton. / hour of well-prepared dirty raw materials, and for total generations for 24 hours or just more evening evenings).

130) In the end, everything comes together due to the high production and local or group / building / condominium / municipal / business offer of a lot of reheated and circulating thermal fluid between 45⍛C and 550⍛C. See the end that, in April 2017, an Indian company offered steam turbines for mini projects to generate from 1.0 KWh to 8.0 KWh and with consumption of only 15 to 25 kg / steam per hour at 190⍛ C in 10 bar for the value between only $ 4, 0 thousand and Us $ 6.0 thousand CIF Brazil (sea freight to Santos included).

131) As already described, it becomes an excellent option to assemble all of the above equipment, although not as efficient (simple photovoltaics in hybridity with singaseifiers of dirty raw materials and residues / leftover food / lawns / pruning / sewage, all own and / or from urban or building neighbors, condominiums, business, government, leisure, etc.) in rural or peri-urban areas, neighboring or close and sufficient - also owned or leased or in partnerships with farmers or farmers in the region (only for the assignment of more than a few biomasses, animal faeces, etc., all complementary). They would be the same purposes as above, but for deliveries to supplier / compensating companies or only buyers, which are mandatorily close and only by the “grid-tied” system, but to receive - in part or in total - in apartments or urban buildings or condominiums - private or public - from the same owners or from Construtora etc .. - see below (clearing of accounts and values, already possible, but still in a timid way in Brazil and with promises of great near growth).

132) Thus, the potential for installing and including such hybrid systems in future residential or office buildings, airports, shopping malls, clubs, condominiums, prisons, farms, agro-industries, etc. is immense. They would be and operate as a very modern and highly efficient local / group / municipal / business environmental, energetic and socio-economic solution, etc., although cheap. Such a complete and hybrid system will aim to reheat, continuously, between small and medium volumes of thermal fluids added, that is, via my double or triple oval paraboloid gutters already with patent applications - or even this very cheap and “mini greenhouse gutter” of mine. in groups with at least 05 gutters interconnected in the same location - added with the same fluids coming from my quick singaseifiers of local and / or neighboring dirty raw materials.

133) By my conservative and realistic calculations, in a standard middle class apartment with 4 adults (or 3 adults and 2 children) there would be an average daily consumption of 88 liters of hot water / day, necessarily at 200⍛ C, just to promote a everyone's daily bath in a very comfortable situation with plenty of water, for 15 minutes and at 60 ° C (the data of 120 liters per person bath is not realistic, as it considers water already warm and at 60 ° C). If there is also a need for the same type of hot water at 60⍛C in kitchen sinks and washing machines and dishwashers, we can estimate an additional daily consumption of over 50% (44 liters / day, in this case to benefit everyone) , totaling almost 135 liters of hot water per day for standard apartment or residence.

134) Likewise, a standard building with 120 apartments would consume up to 16.2 thousand liters per day, except for concierge plus common areas, swimming pools etc ... with very hot water. Conservatively, we will adopt an average daily consumption of 20.0 thousand liters per day = 600 thousand liters per month and only water - not reusable - but reheating at 200⍛ C (my business) equal to 22% of the total consumption of building water.

135) If my oval and double PTC channel (second patent) uses my modern thermal fluid heating system (not directly from water), the fluid supply (via modern heat transfer devices without direct contact between liquids and which also manufacture) would increase at least about 120 liters / hour to the average per chute and with it we would obtain - according to the known thermal relationship in modern heat exchangers - at least 1,000 liters / hour of hot water at 200⍛ C in the heat exchangers (or 8,000 liters / day per gutter up to 8 hours of daytime solar thermal peak, even with looms or no sun, from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm).

136) With this, it would be necessary only up to 3 very modern gutters with thermal fluid (in an area with only 15 m2) to serve a building with 120 apartments with a total consumption of 20.0 thousand liters / day of water at 200⍛ C.

137) If we add the heating of the average building pool with 30 thousand liters for 14 hours / day - from 09:00 to 23:00 (then reheating from 27⍛ C to 29⍛ C, the ideal temperature for adults), the total demand by water at 200⍛ C at the direct outlet of my gutters (25% of the destination for daytime catchment) or of the metallic tank / hermetic storage fiber cement box (75% of the destination), consumption would increase to 26.0 mi liters / day of very hot water, but we would have to expand from 3 to up to 4 thermal traps / concentrators of circulating thermal fluid.

138) According to my diagnoses, installing the complete system above in a new modern residential building for the middle class and with a strong environmental appeal would increase the costs of each unit by only 10% to 15%, but there would be total sustainability and “zero” production of waste and possible sewage (if authorized by governments and with “zero” rates) plus certain self-sufficiency in heating, cooling, purchased electricity and up to 50% of the water to be used. It would certainly be a building of the future (whether governments want it or not) and considering the average consumption of 300 watts / hour for each middle class residence, outside peak demand hours from 6:00 pm to 9:00 pm when it even triples, but, reducing a lot at night and until 10:00 am of the following day, which requires the building or other target sites to be linked to the supply / buyer network.

139) So, such urban or peri-urban projects to be sustainable and economically very viable must, necessarily, already be connected to the supply network (as is already a common fact) and already as participants in the “grid-tied” compensating system, everything to be supported of supply - to compensate -, due to the high local demands and added to peak demand times.

140) Again, in technical-operational and comparative terms of several small and medium-sized projects, or of forms of solar capture (except photovoltaic or by large and giant heli-thermal plants already well defined and compared before), the biggest market challenge for solar heating in small size (isolated or hybrid) is the initial thermal obtaining plus its maintenance, which is often very expensive, of the small agro-industrial heating required more than residential pools or gyms or clubs (residences do not consume as much heating).

141) Obviously, initial heaters require a high flow of water heated up to 90⍛C to quickly provide the local temperature, for example, 30⍛C for children's pools (minimum temperature considered ideal for gym pools). See the following thesis about USP.

142) Even in this small and cheap “greenhouse gutter” of my patent application, differentiated and with reflection and concentration close to the base and internal, there would be a good production of hot water for different uses for 01 to 8 homes as proposed electrical. Everything, however, will depend on good overnight storage and the heated and circulating water in hermetic tanks or well covered with a special thermal layer (such as losses of only -1.94 ⍛ C in 16 hours of use in covered pools or -3.76 ° C in 8 hours in non-covered pools, equal to only -0.48⍛ C / hour, as diagnosed in 05 gyms in São Paulo in a master's thesis by USP).

143) After all, in each small “greenhouse gutter” of a well-implemented project - with very slow circulation, by means of mini pumps or by gravity plus check valves at the beginning and records of exit controls there would be the offer - except electrical and refrigeration - high 15.0 liters / hour of hot water between 160⍛ and 180⍛ C, equal to 150 liters / day in 10 hours of full sun, well above the total demand of almost 135 liters / day of hot water per apartment or standard residence (except swimming pools, common areas and concierge). This volume of hot water per gutter (15 liters / hour), however, is equivalent to the supply of high 75.0 liters / hour of hot water, per minimum set with at least 05 mini added and cheap local greenhouse gutters. Such hourly volume is equivalent to the offer of 750 liters of hot water in just 10 hours / day of solar heating collection, the 5 gutters added, sufficient, then, for total heating of 05 houses or apartments (total demand estimated at 675 liters / day ).

144) We will now start a complete diagnosis of the use of parabolic or paraboloid PTC solar gutters for water heating / reheating, especially of any swimming pool or for residential / building / condominium / industrial heating or DSG type daytime power generation. Let's start with the DSG.

145) In a good mixed project, hot water can also be obtained for direct heating and / or reverse cooling (by means of an absorption chiller) and / or electrical generations and with its desalination occurring after obtaining such electrical generations with steam produced.

146) Let us now see, in a comparative and already commercial way - preliminary and for more social-environmental and economic scientific justice - some other global results of heating systems or producers of heating by other routes and not by oval paraboloid channel and greenhouse with abstraction, reflection and internal thermal concentration, as is my proposal in this patent application. The highlights are solar catches in modern reflective discs and concentrators (“solar dish”) on the ground or through roof panels or on walls with ET (“Evacuated Tubes”, the evacuated tubes also called “hot pipe”).

147) In the USA, the small “home” plant described below, but already with solar abstraction in paraboloid gutters (as proposed in this patent application, more technically and operationally evolved) still experimental and individual for micro generation - in a domestic backyard and the common type in the USA “DIY Do It Yourself = do it yourself”, that is, in a totally different way (small reflective solar disk with micro turbine generating at the foot) - it can already produce 3.0 liters / minute of steam at 9, 6 bar and with it generate in turbines with 12 thousand RPM. It uses the Solar Tracking Disc system, considered as a good current solar system by the giant heliothermic solar plants (with individual electrical generation to collect individually and to add up as in a solar tree, although with serious water supply difficulties). In it, the solar reflective disk (as in a parabola or paraboloid of the PTC type) is only 1.8 meters in diameter and has a container for only 3 liters of water (still as a demonstration). See: httPs://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J 1 XCIqASSo & feature = youtu.be.

148) Already in Australia in 2009, in an expanded form of the same previous project in the USA, the company Solartron Energy Systems in Australia plus the USA manufactures large solar discs and reflectors capable of producing 44 thousand BTU / hour, sufficient to generate a high 13 KWh per disk. Now the super disk, also with turbine and generator at the foot, is 4.5 meters in diameter, that is, it is more suitable for local generations in large heliothermic projects, as previously mentioned. If we consider that each complete disk occupies a total area of 6.0 square meters - including free sides for movement - there would be about 1,600 disks installed in 01 hectare (100 mx 100 m), which would allow generating up to a very high 20.8 MW in one small thermo solar plant installed in just 01 hectare (1,600 discs x 13 KW), but with high demand for circulating water or even thermal fluid, idem, unless already by generation through the expensive ORC systems. The big problem with discs may be nighttime generations, as such systems do not yet store thermal fluid at the foot, although some already test storage at special batteries at the foot, but of the PV type photovoltaic.

149) In Almeria (Spain), there is a good initial project for testing by the University of Almeria installed in a rural hotel since 2012 with 32 parabolic gutters / solar concentrators for heating water at an average of 155 ° C (range: 145 ° C to 160 ° C), therefore, above the vapor point. The gutters were installed in a 2,048 m2 garden area, with 940 W / m2 radiant and under an average ambient temperature of 31⍛ C. They are non-paraboloid (non-elliptical) gutters still in aluminum and 8.0 meters long and with an opening of 1.0 meter each. Even with the still low efficiency of the previous system and low local irradiance, it was possible to guarantee 76% of the heating required for electricity in the winter and 25% of the necessary cooling in the summer. The authors concluded that the use of solar energy via PTC was already a good solution in 2012. See more at: “Dimensioning a small-sized PTC solar field for heating and cooling of a hotel in Almeria (Spain)” - VIDE EM: http : //www.r744.com/files/1313 Dimensioning a small-sized PTC.pdf.

150) The Project was for continuous heating of water for heating, steam production plus cooling, both partial, of a hotel with 278 rooms in the south of Spain (Almeria). The solar collector technology selected for the solar field was the pioneering satellite dish (PTC), in particular a small prototype specially designed for production systems of joint heating with air conditioning (this my solar capture system Oval paraboloid channel and greenhouse with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration for triple functions is also common in medical product laboratories (more than special cheeses in Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands).

151) Considering the space available for the solar collector field near the hotel and its thermal energy demand profile, the configuration of the proposed solar field consisted of 8 parallel lines, oriented in the north-south direction (different from my proposal and with fixed orientation east-west like those of Prof. Sergiy). Thus, there were 32 large parabolic gutters solar collectors / concentrators, but of the old type of PTC (installed in a garden area of 2,048 m2, with 940 W / m2 radiant at an ambient temperature of 31⍛ C), still in aluminum and 8.0 meters long each and with an opening / width of 1.0 meters.

152) The project aimed to obtain and circulate very hot water above the steam point, that is, already suitable for good direct heating and local reverse cooling (by means of absorption chiller) and even for desalination (pickup tube already in steel and with 15 mm ) with water, on average, at 155⍛ C (except in December, when it only reached 55⍛ C) and equal to the volume demanded by the hotel. As stated, the hotel above required partial heating / cooling of 278 rooms plus swimming pools, kitchens, laundries etc. .. Even with the still low efficiency mentioned above in PTC (without heating thermal fluid), it was possible to guarantee 76% of the heating required in the winter and 25% of the cooling required in the summer. Their system is mixed and exchangeable (according to the daily and monthly demand of each station) of water heating for direct thermal supply for heating and / or for cooling (being part of the modern absorption chiller that takes advantage of the unused or disposable leftovers of heating).

153) Before the system, the hotel consumed high 1,577 MWh / year (equal to the hourly average of 182 kWh real time, including night time), expanding a lot in the winter months, most of which was to promote daily cooling and part of heating. The authors and implementers of the project, on behalf of the University of Almeria, concluded that the use of solar energy, even via normal and previous PTC, and for hot water with direct thermal and / or indirect cooling was a good solution, in addition to being highly promising, cheap and competitive already in 2012 (today being much more efficient, via my short target paraboloid gutters and to reheat recurrent thermal fluid up to 370⍛ C). See more complete thesis details at http://www.r744.com/files/1313 Dimensioning a smallsized PTC.pdf.

154) Still in Almeria (Spain), a good project Installed since March 2013 at its Airport, also implemented and monitored by the University of Almeria (one of the largest specialists in the world in the capture / storage of solar, wind and biomass) of complete success. The site has very low daily irradiance (DNI of only 850 w / m2 at 2 pm). It is a large pickup / concentrator / generator system (with 8 lines of giant gutters with a width of 5.7 meters in the mouth plus 12.3 m in length each, totaling 96.0 m in length only in the line) with only capture by PTC solar gutters still in an isolated project (non - hybrid, as perfectly possible, via rapid singaseification of waste, animal and human feces, food waste etc. local and / or neighboring cfe. I propose in my patents still only for Brazil), but the new, modern and much cheaper DSG generator system (using superheated water as a circulating thermal fluid - not yet stocked - to produce steam, recoverable for water). As a result, the system generated, on average, high 3.0 MWh with a flow of 1.0 kg / s = 60 kg / minute = 3.6 ton./ hour of saturated steam at 14:00 hours (cf. master's thesis by the University of Almeria with measurements using the TRNSYS model). The abstractions, and their generations, occurred, on average, for only 12 hours / day from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm with a good peak generator constant from 8:00 am to 3:00 pm. Obviously, the best generations in such an airport in Almeria were those obtained with steam at the highest temperatures, reaching 3.9 MWh with steam at 200⍛ C at 60 bar and with a flow of 1.38 kg / s for such 3.9 MWh (72% efficiency). Note: The time flows needed for hot water, measured and tested under different temperatures and pressures for steam in this Almeria project are equal to the low flows required of only 20 grams / minute of super hot water to generate 1.0 KWh, time equal to 1.2 kg / minute and 72.0 kg / hour, and which are in full agreement with the almost same offer foreseen in my double oval solar PTC gutters, under construction and prototype approval in Brazil. SEE AT: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312024330 MODELING AND S IMULATIONS OF DIRECT STEAM GENERATION IN CONCENTRATI NG SOLAR POWER PLANTS USING PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLE CTORS.

155) In Trento (Italy) there is a good solar project for heating and generation from circulating thermal fluid, installed in an urban area and implanted and monitored by the Universities of Trento and Naples. Those responsible said that PTC gutters for thermal fluid will dominate the world solar capture market as they are already up to 80% more efficient than PV plants. See: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323137428 An innovative small-scale prototype plant integrating a solar dish concentrator with a molten salt stor age system.

156) In India (country also with high and undeniable technological advances also in alternative and sustainable energies, especially in solar and in processing biomass and its residues), as diagnosed in 2017 by the University of Madras in Project with 216 mini PTC - see after -, producing industrial steam up to 60⍛ C or internal heating up to 90⍛ C and all via hot water of the DSG type, but with only 01 collector tube, the maximum flow of steam in hours with greater daily irradiance was high 0.060 kg / s equal to only 3.6 kg / minute or 2.16 ton / hour for each mini chute (at a temperature of 100⍛ C and a pressure of 20 bar). Such offer is equal to 3.6 kg of steam per minute for each 1.0 meter PTC mini chute and only 01 absorber tube with a diameter of 2.20 cm (about ¾ inch) - converted to 7.2 kg per my planned gutter with a patent application - 2.00 meters long - is well above my maximum expected initial supply of 1.5 kg minute of steam for each of my gutters with 2.0 m length and 6 absorber tubes with 3 / 4 in. each and also the gutters of prof. Sergiy Yurko in Ukraine. See more at: https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/62318/Kumar Thermohydraulic 2017.pdf? Sequence = 1

157) Still in India there are already several small manufacturers of small simple, unitary and non-elliptical parabolic solar collector gutters, more than half-disks and complete solar discs, also good solar thermal collectors, reflectors and concentrators, for various purposes (water heating , thermal fluids, oils and steam production). However, most still only contain and operate with 01 collector tube ("hot pipe" type) very close and well above the gutter (as in the large and giant heli-thermal plants with desert PTC gutters), which only allows for very fast circulation little water at 160⍛ C or little thermal fluid with low final temperatures (the ideal is to press to circulate in a slow or semi-slow and well programmed way), all resulting in low production efficiencies for heating and / or electrical generations local or group. See: 1) https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail.php?i=4951652088; 2) https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail.php?i=17401334688.

158) Already in neighboring Pakistan (Lahore), since 2014, there is also a good solar collector project with PTC parabolic gutters for reheating thermal fluid for experimental electrical generation (already for generating 20 KWh), installed and monitored by the University of Lahore. According to scientists at the University described below in Pakistan (a country with a high tradition and results in energy research), the solar collection systems in PTC satellite dishes with continued reheating of thermal fluids (as in my 2 patents for 01 satellite dish with equal radius, double and differentiated plus 01 for oval, double and differentiated paraboloid gutter) are proven to be the best technology to convert solar energy into electricity.

159) The 2014 fieldwork in Lahore below is one of the few in the world that presents a possible ratio / correlation between the average circulating thermal fluid supply in a PTC solar gutter system and the final production of steam or hot water for various ends. Table 5 shows a vapor / fluid ratio of 12.2 kg: 1.00 kg, that is, for every 1.0 kg of Therminol VP-I thermal fluid, reheated and circulated or stored at 340⍛ C, it achieves the production of 12.2 kg of steam that can be energized at 300⍛C and with a pressure of 30 bar in the turbine. This project was implemented to determine the functionality of the PTC solar gutter field for electrical generation and with simulations by the TRNSYS system.

160) The solar irradiance in this PTC project in Lahore for generating 20 KWh was 600.0 W / m2 (low and with absorption of 458.6 W / m2, that is, local yield of 78%). Each large giant collecting trough is 2.5 meters long and 2.4 meters wide, totaling 6.0 m2; tilted at an angle of 90⍛ C and with a focal length of 0.6 meters (60 centimeters) to its collection box. The solar collector box is 2.5 meters long and has 11.1 mm diameter collecting pipes (= 7/16 in., That is, very thin). As the total field to generate 20 KW - enough to electrify 65 middle class homes and 220 poor homes in Brazil - had a total area of 580 m2, but with a collection area of 348 m2, it was necessary to install about 58 large gutters and with 6.0 m2 of collection each (each capturing and generating only 0.344 watts, equal to 1/3 of the generation that occurred in Prof. Sergiy's project in Ukraine).

161) It should be noted that such a 2014 project in Lahore was not yet as modern and as a thermal producer as the very modern and double PTC gutters above prof. Sergiy Yurko (2017) and as a revolutionary technological base (never by copy) and initial for my future projects in Brazil (my 3 patents already applied for and under construction and testing of prototypes, all with their own resources and never public), because in Lahore: 1) The reflective material and thermal concentrator were not the most suitable (stainless steel blade SS 316). Today the most used and approved are kitchen foil of different types; 2) There was much less thermal concentration obtained in the collection box, due to the low local average irradiance or the smaller distance used (60 cm) between the base of the channel and the collection box; 3) Only 01 (one) thermal collector tube for fluid and steel was used, but of low caliber (0.11 mm = 7/16 inch), compared to 6 (six) large caliber tubes (¾ inch) in steel and used in prof. Sergiy. With this, the thermal fluid passes very quickly through the thermal collection box, dragging little heat or producing low volumes of fluid and only a little hot or it has to pass through the system more times until reaching the ideal temperature. See more details at: http://ti.uettaxila.edu.pk/older-issues/2014/No4/10-Design%20and%20Simulation%20of%20Solar%20Parabolic%20Trough% 20with% 20TRNSYS.pdf

162) In the Arab countries more in Asia, there are some solar plants of the DSG type (for hot water) or for thermal fluid, and with daytime solar captures for water heating or reheating of thermal fluids, but which are complemented, in general, to the at night, by the reheating of thermal fluids, now by burning some oil derivatives (more by diesel) or natural gas in special heaters (“fire tubes” or fire tubes or even in special boilers). The main objectives are to obtain industrial heating plus something for electrical generation.

• 1) As produções de água quente por calha DSG em 6 projetos levantados foram elevadas e com grande fluxo (velocidade e não fluxo de massa) do vapor obtido já ao final, antes da turbina, entre 0,55 kg/s, ou seja, 33 kg/minuto (cerca de 1.900 kg/hora) e 0,62 kg/s, ou seja, de 37 kg/minuto (cerca de 2.200 kg/hora);
• 2) Quanto maior era a irradiância solar local (entre 627 w/m2 e 766 w/m2 conforme os horários diários) mais elevada era a temperatura média do vapor obtido na saída dos tubos para geração, variando entre 315⍛ C e 383⍛ C;
• 3) Cada grande calha parabólica testada para DSG tinha 4,88 m de comprimento; 1,19 m de abertura e refletia/concentrava em ângulo de 45⍛ e para apenas 0,72 m (72 cm) de distancia até o ponto focal de captação térmica acima, aonde a absorção térmica chegava a 95%, mesmo percentual de reflexão obtido na parábola. Comparativamente, Calha paraboloide oval e estufa com captação, reflexão e concentração térmica internas terá de 2,00 m a 3,00 m de comprimento; abertura de 0,40 m = 40 cm e distancia da boca até o foco de somente 5 a 10 cm, regulável e customizável por local e objetivo. Vide mais em: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.4949160 .

163) In 2015, in the United Arab Emirates, a country with high experience in the production of solar heating more than continuous electrical generation for up to 23 hours / day - thermoflex systems - through solar thermal capture (never photovoltaic “fireflies” and others, even if mixed with PV with the burning of natural gas) there are great alternative designs to the thermal fluid (as per DSG) by large and giant plants, both in Fresnel mirror or discs with central towers and, mainly, for long and large parabolic gutters mouth opening and with only 01 thermal collector tube for circulating fluids or even hot water. In 2015, a good diagnosis by the University of Sharjah of the United Arab Emirates about direct electric generations with super hot water for steam (called DSG “Direct Solar Generation” generations), did not see fluids, reached the conclusions (remembering that this country with high experience in solar generation, above all, in giant plants capturing in various ways, it is building an electric generator set in the desert near Dubai to generate 1.5 GWh, but all via reheating of circulating and / or stocking thermal fluid, these for continued generations night or on cloudy days) namely:

• 1) The hot water production per DSG channel in 6 projects raised was high and with a large flow (speed and not mass flow) of the steam obtained at the end, before the turbine, between 0.55 kg / s, that is, 33 kg / minute (about 1,900 kg / hour) and 0.62 kg / s, that is, 37 kg / minute (about 2,200 kg / hour);
• 2) The higher the local solar irradiance (between 627 w / m2 and 766 w / m2 according to daily schedules) the higher the average temperature of the steam obtained at the outlet of the tubes for generation, varying between 315 31 C and 383⍛ C ;
• 3) Each large DSG-tested dish was 4.88 m long; 1.19 m of aperture and reflected / concentrated at an angle of 45⍛ and for only 0.72 m (72 cm) of distance to the focal point of thermal capture above, where the thermal absorption reached 95%, same percentage of reflection obtained in the parable. Comparatively, oval paraboloid channel and greenhouse with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration will be 2.00 m to 3.00 m long; opening of 0.40 m = 40 cm and distance from the mouth to the focus of only 5 to 10 cm, adjustable and customizable by location and objective. See more at: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.4949160.

164) In Ukraine, however, the real and compared results in solar captures, in thermal productions and in cheap thermal storage, with lots of hot water between 150⍛C and 250⍛C, are fantastic and even more surprising, both technically and effectively. by the eminent researcher, innovator, challenger and ex-prof. Sergiy Yurko from Ukraine, described in detail below (due to the high scientific importance), in a very cold region of his city of Myrhorod in Ukraine and with experiments and units already working in several other countries. See more field details at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGJB8lO-YpQ&feature=youtu.be

165) Initially, it is necessary to see and analyze the following film in English, but then to capture and translate it to understand its many data from the initial standard project. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGJB8lO-YpQ&feature=youtu.be.

166) In this initial and standard project by Prof. Sergiy in Kiev, Ukraine (plus other homemade and industrial ones in northern Europe) - see film above - with each chute producing 0.45 liters / minute (about 27 liters / hour), still very hot water was enough to generate about 01 effective KWh per channel (each double channel of the project and with only 3.2 m2 could generate up to 5.44 gross KWeq per channel equal to about 0.91 / net KWh per channel). Thus, in 9 hours of daytime water intake at up to 250 ° C plus 4 hours of additional water intake at up to 100 ° C, approximately 351 liters were produced per chute to generate 01 KWh.

167) In 2017, the double and normal but improved parabolic gutters (2017 models) by Prof. Sergiy (not yet oval paraboloids and greenhouses with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration, as foreseen in my patent proposal and with much greater concentration power and with thermal collection in this my oval paraboloid channel and greenhouse with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration already measured 3.2 m2 and could generate up to 1.7 gross KWh per m2, thus, the gross generation in thermal KWeq was 5.44 KWeq per channel, in turn, equivalent to 5.55 real KW per channel, instead that, in this case, 5.0-7.0 thermal KWeq (average 6.0 Kweq, by the sum of high losses with local thermal captures plus losses with generation) was equivalent to only up to 0.91 real KW per channel, equal to only about 15% of the gross thermal production, according to the average daily, monthly and annual real sunshine.

168) Thus, in that small area (considering the local factor of elevated thermal equivalent 07 KWh = 01 real KWh) it was possible to generate 335 KWh (enough for 1,000 middle class and neighboring homes in Brazil's grid-in) by capturing equal to 0.66 Watts / hour per m2 and 530 KWh / year per m2, this in 330 really sunny days. The partial investment was between Us $ 15 and Us $ 40 per m2, depending on the price of labor and materials in each country. The goal of prof. Sergiy was to reduce by 30% those on the side of the catches for hot water. Thus, in countries with lower costs, the total amount to invest, only in thermal capture, was very cheap for such a level of possible total generation and only US $ 100 thousand for 335 kWh, and I estimate that it will double to just US $ 200 thousand (= US $ 597 / KWh) when adding the hot water storage systems more than rankine generation in new and small Chinese or Indian Tesla turbines plus their generators (see below).

169) Still in 2017, in another excellent study, such prof. Sergiy demonstrated that the average number of sunny days in the northern hemisphere between December and February is very low and in almost all countries (that is, they are almost zero months of solar capture and also with many difficulties - real although not disclosed or propagandized - in the too much), which is very detrimental to local solar capture, quite unlike Brazil and other equatorial and African countries, where the potential for solar capture is much higher (even using certain equipment that was already outdated, even because manufactured for realities of very different countries and with much worse thermal conditions and real and daily insolations than in Brazil, which demonstrates the immense urgent need for national equipment - appropriate, serious and, above all, honest - for real abstractions and correct uses in the Brazil and other South American neighbors).

170) Consider the low number of sunny days between December and February in some countries, in the monthly average above, and the average temperature in January of recent years: a) Germany (Munich) - 7.2 days / month average and temperature -2 ° C; b) Ukraine (Kiev) - average of 5.2 days / month and temperature of -6 ° C; c) Canada (Regina Saskatchewan) - average of 11.6 days / month and temperature of -17 ° C; d) USA (Denver -Colorado) - average of 21.3 days / month and temperature of -1 ° C; e) China (Changchun) - average of 21.0 days / month and temperature of -17 ° C; f) South Korea (Seoul) - average of 17.6 days and temperature of -3 ° C.

171) To alleviate the difficulties of real solar capture by its gutters in such places plus the very high costs of buying other sources for heating for 90 days or more in homes, prof. Sergiy Yurko proposes to build inexpensive systems just to capture rapid thermal (very hot water) through its gutters above and to stock the heaters (with total daily use of the produced hot water - including for cheap but compensatory sales to neighbors - or part cumulatively and with daily reheating), since the month of April of each year, in special tanks in each residence (external or internal). According to him, in another video to follow, the cost of capturing more than external storage (capturing in gutters in a total area with only 58 m2 plus programmed storage in simple tanks, buried and in polyethylene plastic, all well thermally insulated for 125 m3 accumulated and with a maximum temperature of 90⍛C in October, progressively decreasing to 37⍛C in February), it would be only US $ 5,400 (based on cheap materials and labor costs in Kiev - Ukraine).

172) The same system above in Kiev with storage in the internal cellar would have a total cost of US $ 6,200 (capture in 100 m2 - 10 mx 10 m - in the PTC channels of this project plus storage from September to November of 116 m3 accumulated (therefore, in three months = 90 days, that is, with an average daily production required of only 1.28 m3 day) and already with a maximum temperature of 130⍛C in October, progressively reducing to 30⍛C in February).

173) From the beginning of the capture in October in the smaller system above (with capture in 57.6 m2) until the final use in April, the total thermal losses (in thermal KWh equivalent) would be only 24.2% of the total in accumulated thermal equivalent in the period (10,376 KWh thermal equiv.), with accumulated losses of 16.8% (1,748 KWh thermal equiv.) in continuous storage more than 7.4% (767 KWh thermal equiv.) of accumulated losses in the tubes transport between the storage system to the residence. In the months in which thermal capture by the complete system occurs more than the residential demand, prof. suggests that such heating be used to heat swimming pools; sales to neighbors or clubs or businesses or laundries or governments; local electricity generation; production of local or group or condominium or building refrigeration behind the absorption chiller; pumping of groundwater or from nearby locations; cleaning water by evaporation.

174) Still according to such a professor and researcher / constant enhancer - much more concerned with fast, correct and low-cost environmental solutions for people, groups and governments - with such very low costs (in Kiev - Ukraine), his capture system in gutters Double PTC and also with differentiated storage was already up to 10 times cheaper than in the other systems widely used until today, even as “fashion” (thermal capture by ET plates = “hot pipe” or FP, as above).

175) Let us see a little bit about the compared costs of 02 field projects, very different, from prof. Sergiy in Kiev, Ukraine more about external and / or internal storage and the share of each cost item in total budgets.

176) Even with the high local cold, the large difference in project costs (amount to be invested) is due more to the type of storage required (external or internal) and the number and types of pumps used and less the necessary area of the field with gutters and ditto the necessary production / demands of very hot water and the costs (values to invest) in each project in Kiev are due

177) In a medium project with an annual thermal demand of 8,250 KWh eq. thermal / year (about R $ 1,350 KW / year) in a small collection area (20 m2), with a large external storage of 85 m3 plus special pumps for impelling water, the total amount to be invested reached US $ 12,000 (equal to US $ 8.88 / KWh). In another, for 7,500 KWh eq. thermal / year (about 1,250 real KW / year) in a small area of 58 m2, that is, more than double the previous one, and with internal storage of 125 m3 (+ 47% more than in the previous one), the total value reached only US $ 5,400 (equal to US $ 4.32 / KWh).

178) In the larger project of 8,250 KWh eq. thermal / year in a small collection area (20 m2), the total costs (US $ 12,000) were distributed as follows: 1) 28.3% with fabrication of the gutters and installation of the field “itself” with only 6 likely gutters ; 2) 25.8% with external tanks, like swimming pools, for seasonal storage of 85 m3; 3) 15.0% with complementary internal water storage in a 60 m2 tank; 4) 12.5% with 2 external steel tanks for emergency storage of 3.0 m3; 5) 12.5% with special external and internal thermal impulse pumps and 6) 8.3% with other pumps, pipes, heat exchangers from hot to warm water, etc.

179) In the smaller project (US $ 5,400 to produce 7,500 KWh thermal equipment / year in an area of 58 m2), the distribution was quite different, being: 1) 63.6% with manufacture and installation of the solar field “itself ”Larger than the previous one with possible 18 double parabolic rails; 2) 18.2% with continuous internal thermal storage; 3) 9.1% with pumps to move water; 4) 4.5% with the manufacture or purchase of the heat exchanger (from hot water stored internally at 90⍛ to warm water at 37⍛ C for various uses) and 5) 4.5% with valves, pipes and other items. See everything at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMLQ7UXSgus&feature=youtu.be

180) However, the new previous channels (2017), but double, from prof. Sergiy Yurko still had an equal radius (non-paraboloids), but they already had a base in stainless steel or carbon steel and still with low weight (before they were aluminum), but they were still built with a special mirror with leftover glass. Today, however, they have already been replaced by highly reflective acrylic or polycarbonate plates and are 2 in parallel, both focused on a capture greenhouse box 18-22 cm wide and only about 110 cm from the base of the gutter and fixed to it by 2 lateral metal claws - in “yellow” (formerly such a greenhouse box was fixed to the PTC channel) but it is already independent - although always linked - in new projects, this to facilitate the necessary directional adjustments in the north direction - and now. However, new studies prove that the best current reflective material (after some glass mirrors, but very problematic due to high losses and high costs) are kitchen foil sheets.

181) In Prof. Sergiy each greenhouse box contains 6 AISI 430 steel tubes only in e inch, in parallel and all painted black with insulating metallized paint, except for oil paint, more with superior thermal insulation and with a lot of circulating hot water, 2 tubes with inlet plus 2 centrals for circulation / heating plus 2 with outlet (depending on demand it can be increased to up to 12 tubes in parallel, but in ½ inch).

182) Previous, normal and double parabolic gutters (not yet advanced like oval paraboloid gutters, as in this my patent application), according to researcher Sergiy, have always been chosen, as they have a capture efficiency of 60% and are much more cheap, with much less problems with breaks and cleaning - necessary and constant - and reach much higher temperatures at the top (which heat up to 400⍛C) than in ET - "hot pipe" evacuated tubes that heat up to 250⍛C, or in “Flate Plate” FP with protective cover, which only heat up to 100⍛ C (both with an average efficiency of 80%) - see proof video in item 13. Also, in 2011, the comparative studies carried out in the USA by the researcher / inventor / author, Mr. George Pihak, demonstrated that their PTC gutters also in a slow / closed circuit, had much more efficiency in thermal capture (water with a thermal range of 336 ⍛ C at the solar peak, at the point of its glow) and volumetric water hotter than the solar plates (“fl ate plate ”) with a range of only 93⍛C on the solar peak, these are so common and in“ fashion ”in Brazil. See: https://georgesworkshop.blogspot.com/2011/12/conclusions.html

183) The type of the normal and anterior parabolic trough of prof. Sergiy has a length of 2.00 m and a height / width of 0.80 m and an interval of 40 cm between them (since there are two on the same support, that is, one above and one below). Thus, the integral vertical section from the useful area of the channel reaches 2.00 m, as in its length.

184) The only parabolic gutters, normal and anterior, are all oriented in the EAST-WEST direction, exactly in the solar line (not necessarily in the equatorial, but also in parallel, as in the project location) and not in the NORTH direction, as if more neighboring countries in South America do much in Brazil.

185) Although the normal and anterior, but double, track of prof. Sergiy is partial stationary, to lower costs, it is re-fixed towards the sun in the new east-west direction, preferably at 12:00 h at least weekly (special screws and easily movable) between 50 and 100 times / year depending on the location, that is, with an average of approximately 4 to 8 hits per month (thus, easy and cheap to do and, better, without daily electrical costs, also absorbing local labor). In contrast, in my patent application for Paraboloid Gutter and oven with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration, it also includes as an exclusive differential and in replacement / improvement to that of prof. Sergiy, the daily electronic fixation, slow, compensated and continued, but commanded by a computer, that is, by something much more sensitive and modern.

186) The average internal temperature of the water captured in the previous normal parabolic channel of prof. Sergiy (for steam at 15 bar) was 150⍛C to 220⍛C depending on the location (well above the maximum 160⍛C you can get from ET tubes), but reached 250⍛C at the peak thermal capture hour ( remembering that in other projects this temperature in the collecting pipes of the greenhouse box was much higher than in the gutter floor at those times - see the video proof in item 13).

187) As in the place (Ukraine) it is very cold (daily average of 25⍛ C in autumn) and with average insolation in some periods of the year (in the autumn irradiance of up to 1,000w / m2, more than in Brazil), only occurred good daily thermal captures only for 7 hours / day and in only 330 clean and minimally sunny days per year, but with rapid hourly reduction (in the photovoltaic and heating systems in Brazil it reaches 10 hours / day in some places) and in from 9.00 am (200⍛ C) to 15:00 h (219⍛ C), but between 8:00 am and 9:00 am 125⍛ C was reached and between 15:00 h and 16:00 h was 135⍛ ( therefore, both also vaporisable). At other times, it was not worth it to capture.

• a) Plantas indianas da SLT Energy Ltd para geração solar por vapor a partir de diversas calhas somadas (note que a movimentação das calhas ocorre pela captura fotovoltaica diurna e para acionar, gratuitamente, alguns motores) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AX0IBl mR-w&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FC tylX9Y8&feature=youtu.be
• b) Fabricação caseira, rápida e barata de calha parabólica nos EUA e com 01 tubo de 5/8 polegadas em cobre próximo para água em apenas 100⍛ C https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaBdsks41A4&t=102s&app=desk top
• c) Parabólicas caseiras e grupais em pequeno projeto aquecedor de campo nos EUA em papel alumínio mais circuito interno fechado conforme necessário (vide descritivo acima) e com tubo coletor térmico já em 1,0 pol. e para o alcance de água a 336 ° C em pleno sol, conforme teste no segundo link abaixo em que ele compara as eficientes elevadas da sua PTC com as baixas eficiências de captura térmica da água (apensa 93⍛ em pleno sol) por em painéis ou placas planas (“flate plate”), aliás como já citados por diversos, mas muito em “moda” no Brasil) - httPs://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1 MBzW62oOB0&feature=youtu.b e Vide diversos comparativos em 2011 das calhas PTC em circuito lento/fechado com as placas solares tão comuns (“flat plate”) pelo mesmo autor/pesquisador, Sr. George Pihak, em: https://qeorqesworkshop.bloqspot.com/2011/12/conclusions.html
• d) idem de calha parabólica na China com tubo coletor próximo de 01 polegada - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iF44TIUxlvE&feature=youtu.be
• e) Parabólica paquistanesa simples e caseira, feita em alumínio e tubo coletor já em ¾ pol. e com 04 sensores térmicos apenas para operar o tracker (não por timer); https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rm50cSzPNBq
• f) Sistema de calhas parabólicas duplas especiais do prof. Sergiy Yurko ucraniano (com injeção lenta por bomba especial TOPSFLO TS5-15PV mais válvulas retenção na entrada e válvulas-registro de controle de pressão na saída, tudo para aumentar a pressão interna e, assim, as temperaturas obtidas) para produção de água quente, sob pressão, em até 220⍛ C (média 200⍛ C) -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGJB8lO-YpQ&feature=youtu.be
• g) calha parabólica especifica do prof. Sergiv Yurko na Ucrânia para produção de ar condicionado pela captura solar, mediante chiller de absorção - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apn-Hz3COk4&feature=youtu.be

188) Comparing and demonstrating how easy, simple and inexpensive are the constructions of small parabolic gutters with collector tubes close to the gutter mouth (not “greenhouse gutter”) of different diameters for heating, electrical generations (not PV captures) and refrigeration of air by absorption chiller, see, in the links, below some examples of plant fields in operation or in tests:
(Observations and constructive analyzes 01: As they still do not have slow circulation - possible by the TPSFlo pump and other special ones that we recommend - and because it is not slow and semi-closed by a check valve at the special steel inlet to support up to 400⍛ C and 15 bar plus for special registers and flow and thermal controllers for water or fluid at the outlet, same as Prof. Sergiy Yurko's revolutionaries below (circulating or stock water between 150⍛ C and 220⍛ C = average 200⍛ C at full sun), plus one of the Universities of Trento and Naples (circulating / stocking thermal fluid at up to 400⍛ C in some moments, being at 370⍛ C, the most common) and all mine, they, at the time, couldn’t heat up water above 110⍛ C, although it is already above the vapor point.
Observations and constructive analyzes 02: Such gutters are good, but my 03 previous double or triple PTC paraboloids, adjustable and customizable by location and purposes - patents already required - with slow thrust by the imported TOPSFLO pump plus all check valves and registers flow and thermality retainers / controllers, in special steel, as needed, and with a special “greenhouse box” with up to 12 em-inch tubes, located between 80 and 110 cm above and in front of the mouth of your highly concentrating gutter thermal or my mini or small (0.80 m2 to 1.20 m2 / each) in this my protective order, but already in the “greenhouse gutter” format, also with good thermal reflection / concentration and to be captured in up to 8 trapezoidal / vertical tubes with 5/8 in. to 1.0 in. and only internal, will be much more efficient, cheaper and more secure).

• a) Indian plants of SLT Energy Ltd for solar steam generation from several gutters added (note that the gutters move by daytime photovoltaic capture and to start some engines for free) - https://www.youtube.com / watch? v = AX0IBl mR-w & feature = youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FC tylX9Y8 & feature = youtu.be
• b) Home made, fast and inexpensive parabolic gutter in the USA and with 1 5/8 inch copper tube close to water in just 100⍛ C https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaBdsks41A4&t=102s&app= desk top
• c) Home and group dishes in a small field heater project in the USA in aluminum foil plus closed internal circuit as needed (see description above) and with a thermal collector tube already in 1.0 in. and for reaching water at 336 ° C in full sun, as tested in the second link below where it compares the high efficiency of its PTC with the low thermal capture efficiency of water (only 93⍛ in full sun) by panels or flat plates (“flate plate”), as already mentioned by several, but very much in “fashion” in Brazil) - httPs://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1 MBzW62oOB0 & feature = youtu.be See several comparisons in 2011 of the PTC gutters in a slow / closed circuit with such common solar plates (“flat plate”) by the same author / researcher, Mr. George Pihak, at: https://qeorqesworkshop.bloqspot.com/2011/12/conclusions .html
• d) ditto of parabolic gutter in China with collector tube close to 01 inch - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iF44TIUxlvE&feature=youtu.be
• e) Simple and homemade Pakistani dish, made of aluminum and tubo in. and with 04 thermal sensors only to operate the tracker (not by timer); https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rm50cSzPNBq
• f) Special double parabolic gutters system from prof. Ukrainian Sergiy Yurko (with slow injection by special TOPSFLO TS5-15PV pump plus inlet check valves and outlet pressure control check valves, all to increase the internal pressure and thus the temperatures obtained) for hot water production, under pressure, up to 220⍛C (average 200⍛C) -https: //www.youtube.com/watch? v = RGJB8lO-YpQ & feature = youtu.be
• g) specific parabolic channel of prof. Sergiv Yurko in Ukraine for the production of air conditioning by solar capture, using an absorption chiller - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apn-Hz3COk4&feature=youtu.be

189) Returning to my purpose of this protective patent application, unlike the normal and anterior parabolic gutters and also double ones like those of Prof. Sergiv (with equal radius), in my oval paraboloids and greenhouses, previously with patent applications, and with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration (ovoid or semi-elliptical ray), the solar reflections plus their thermal concentrations coming from the focal point of the necessary thermal collector box, greenhouse and airtight (where the collector tubes pass and what I call the special thermal greenhouse box) with 6 to 12 tubes in 304 steel and with ¾ inch flow - will be even greater than in the normal satellite dish and previous, but double, by prof. Sergiy.

190) In this current, even more special case, of patent application for mini or small “greenhouse gutter”, I introduced some changes and inexpensive technological improvements that can result in better results for small home generations, if possible with 5 small gutters added . Each chute has the small dimension, already described, from 2.00 to 3.00 m in length by 0.40 meter in width and only 0.25 meter in height. The biggest difference is that, internally, the entire gutter wall is covered with special aluminum foil to reflect and intensely concentrate the solar thermality received at the base or curved sides for up to 8 copper or steel tubes and with 5/8 inch to 1 , 0 inch, strategically located very close to the base of the same rail (only 5 cm to 10 cm depending on the curvature). Such tubes to be blackened for greater thermal capture, when above 04, will be superimposed in a vertical trapezoidal shape and in pairs (2 x 2 in 5/8 in. Or ¾ in.), But without shading, and when unique (in 1 Inch) in the center. Also, in the upper part, this gutter is covered by glass or special acrylic, very transparent, for total thermal insulation (hence the name “greenhouse box”), but without preventing the thermal entry of the sun's rays to be direct, reflecting and concentrating at aluminum foil on the bottom and sides; or direct to capture at the top of the tubes or in a diffuse way from the sides or from the environment, even when the hourly solar irradiance or thermality is low and even zero (only the light also heats up). With this, we will have a closed system and highly concentrating solar thermal and to reheat, in a slow way, good volumes of hot water up to 200 ⍛ C or of thermal fluid between 200 ⍛ C and 370 ⍛ C (see before and below, volume reports expected).

191) However, when using thermal fluid reheated for local or group electrical generations, even for my single and previous PTC dishes (not yet paraboloids and doubles), a maximum demand of 0.17 to 0 can be estimated, 45 liters per minute of thermal fluid circulating and heated quickly up to 370⍛ C to generate 01 KWh with steam at 100⍛ C. This is not about supply, but about demand, and in this current paraboloid “greenhouse gutter” and with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration, the average combined supply of thermal fluid for 6 to 8 special thermal pickup tubes - internal, close and with a minimum diameter of 5/8 in. (can reach 1.0 in.) - can reach between a minimum of 0.25 liter / minute and a maximum of 0.40 liter / minute, depending on the time and place, of hot water (minimum of 0.20 liter / minute) minute = 12 liters / hour of thermal fluid, same), equal to the minimum of 15 liters / hour of hot water for each mini / small greenhouse. However, an ideal minimum sum of 5 greenhouse gutters in the same location can offer up to 75 liters / hour of hot water (or 60 liters / hour of reheating, circulating or stocking hot fluid and at least 200 em C) in good heating projects. PTC solar gutters, such as those of prof. Sergiy Yurko in which 0.27 liters / minute = 17 liters / hour was reached, but with super hot water between 150⍛C and 220⍛C in a slow and semi-closed circuit (the most technically recommended and which we also adopt) and in place with low solar irradiance and very cold (Ukraine).
In the case of experimental projects, researched by the Universities of Trento and Naples with the final thermal fluid supplied in an excellent volume of 125 liters / hour and reaching 370⍛ C, this high volume being twice our expectation above with this new “ greenhouse gutter ”and showing its high potential (the Naples projects also have slow and adequate booster pumps as in the projects of Prof. Sergiy Yurko, more of ours, - perhaps the biggest secret of such projects - even if it starts by gravity, more special steel check valve to withstand up to 370⍛ C and allow high pressures of up to 15 bar plus final registration (ditto, to retain the outlet). It is worth remembering that in the previously well-described projects in Trento and Naples, an average hourly supply of 1.8 to 2.4 liters / minute (average of 125 liters / hour) of thermal fluid at 370⍛ C was achieved .

192) Let us see, now, a little about the mini and medium electric generating turbines in rankine form and their demand for steam to be produced by the previous PTC gutters with the same, but double radius, from prof. Sergiy and to collect only by the lower part of the common thermal collector box, more by my future PTC gutters, both parabolic with equal radius and now triple or in my current oval paraboloid gutter and stove with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration, all capable of collecting irradiance from 3 directions.

193) So, in a further differentiated and fundamental analysis, let's look at the data, efficiencies and offers for electric generating turbines and their demands for vapors or gases, comparing the demands for hot gases or for hot and pressured steam, for the mini turbines electric generators.

194) Also, let us analyze the steam demands, results, requirements and prices of Chinese and Indian micro and small generating turbines, even better and cheaper than those of other countries, and also before some national ones (unfortunately, still a lot expensive, cartelized, with possible profit margins of up to 1,000% more for public or state sales and, most, only for generations above 300 KWh - such as those from Siemens, WEG, GE and small Solidda turbinas, Engecrol , TGM etc ... - or, cheap, but with high steam consumption to generate only 01 KWh, as in the case of BR Mini).

195) Initially, see that in the USA, in September / 2017, GE Research surprised everyone in the generator world, showing behavioral and strategic changes, by presenting a new and fantastic turbine with a weight of only 65 kg and a price of only 150 pounds (= R $ 750.00; only for the turbine, that is, without the CO2 producer and storage system), still powered only by carbon dioxide pressed under high temperature - perhaps also steam in the future - and capable of electrifying 10,000 residences (see https://youtu.be/ZDNADjH6NlY).

196) In Canada - also cheaply, although still not very efficient - there was a special turbine powered by steam at 250º C and pressed at 9 or 10 bar and with a consumption of only 6.8 ton./ hour/1.0 MW equal to only 6.8 kg / hour / 01 KW and 0.11 kg per minute / KW) with water recovery (condensate). When possible at high pressure (30-50 bar) and at 400º C, steam consumption reduces to just an incredible 4.6 ton./hour steam to generate 1.0 MWh (equal to just an incredible 4.6 kg of steam hot and pressed / 01 KWh). See http://www.vengeancepower.com.

197) In the Netherlands, the small company Greenturbine (http://www.greenturbine.eu/GT15.html) manufactures and sells small steam turbines to generate from 1.5 KWh to 15.0 KWh. The small turbine, weighing only 25 kg, rotates at 26,000 RPM to generate 15.0 KWh and consumes only 9.8 kg per hour / KW (0.04 kg / second) of steam with a pressure of 10-12 bar and in up to 220º C.

198) In China, manufacturer Jiahegroup of Shandong manufactures and sells, still cheaply (between $ 20,000 and $ 50,000 FOB CHINA, except for about 35% more total taxes and 2 freight up to Brazil, equal to about US $ 28,000 to US $ 68,000 / ud placed in Brazil) 8 models of steam turbines including their generators from 01 KWh to 500 KWh.

199) Obviously in such Jiahegroup turbines, the consumption, pressure and temperature of the steam vary according to the desired average generation. For example, to generate only 01 KWh in micro projects, steam consumption is high and around 80.0 kg / 01 KWh (equal to 0.4 ton. Hour / 01 KWh or 80 ton. Hour / 01 MWh) and with steam at 180⍛ C and under pressure of 01 bar (0.98 mpa). As for generating 20 KWh in small projects to really electrify for up to 24 hours / day up to 70 middle class homes or with similar average consumption, the steam consumption lowers and is around 53.0 kg / 01 KWh (equal to 0, 5 t / hour / 20 KWh or 25 ton / hour / 01 MWh) and with steam at 180⍛ C and under pressure of 01 bar (0.98 mpa).

200) In India, NSF Groups' Nsterbo manufactures and sells mini steam turbines, 100% recoverable, to generate just 3.75 KWh, but with a high consumption of 230 kg / hour of steam at 250 ° C and only 0, 5 bar, that is, the steam consumption of this Indian of 61.3 kg hour / KWh is practically equal to that of the Brazilian BR Mini of high 70.0 kg hour / KW, as follows.

201) Still in India, let's look at the good, customized and inexpensive and Indian steam generating turbines from Mizun Enginiers (the most suitable for my electricity generation projects - isolated or condominium / building / rural / agro-industrial or hybrid groups (sun + biomass) / debris // garbage / feces etc ...), with or without thermal fluid - in Brazil). In April 2017, the Indian Mizun Group offered turbines for mini projects to generate from 1.0 KWh to 8.0 KWh, they manufacture the mini VAMAN "Le Petit" (Model VD01) with consumption of only 15 to 25 kg / steam per hour at 190⍛ C in 10 bar and with slightly higher proportional costs and around Us $ 4.0 thousand - Us $ 6.0 thousand, CIF Brazil value (sea freight to Santos included).

202) For small projects to generate from 16 KWh to 50 KWh, they sell VAMAN “The Midget" (Model VG16) with an approximate price of US $ 22 thousand to US $ 30 thousand (equal to US $ 1.4 thousand / KWh minimum = 16 KWh - and with steam consumption only 300 kg / hour = 0.3 ton / hour of steam at 190⍛ C and in 10 bar (16 KWh) or 20 bar (50 KWh).

203) For medium generations, they manufacture the steam turbine 'BHEEM capable of generating from 100 KWh to 900 KWh (with steam between 10 bar and 45 bar) for between Us $ 80 thousand (100 KWh) equal to Us $ 0, 80 thousand / KWh - and US $ 190 thousand (900 KWh) CIF Santos (as long as the volume of steam and the required pressure is achieved).

204) For large generations from 1,000 KWh to 3,500 KWh, they manufacture the turbine "HANUMAN The Mighty" (Model HG1500) with steam between 32 and 45 bar and which would arrive in Brazil for about US $ 170 thousand CIF Santos and equal to about of US $ 0.12 thousand / KWh (also equal to approximately US $ 60 thousand for 200 KWh, as long as the volume of steam and the necessary pressure is achieved). See more details and data at https://www.gmdu.net/product-56381 .html.

205) In Brazil, in 2008, in a doctoral thesis by UNESP Guaratinguetá (SP) by Julio Cesar Batista - about micro generation of electric energy in his new Tesla steam turbine (generation of 100 KW) - the following presented field results (page 80): a) At a necessary, constant and maximum steam flow rate from the boiler used (m = 220 kg / h), the demand was equal to high 4 kg / minute of steam or compressed air or gas ; b) There was a constant and absolute pressure at the turbine inlet to a constant 100 KWh of 8.3 bar (830 kpa) at a temperature of 172o C (dry saturated steam = title 1); c) The pressure at the turbine outlet reduced to 1.0 bar (100 kpa) and already at a temperature of 100o C (state of vapor saturation for liquid or condensed water). See https://repositorio.unesp.br/bitstream/handle/11449/106422/batista jc dr guara.pdf? Sequence = 1.

206) In Brazil, the mini turbines generating hot pressed steam manufactured by BR mini, but which still demand very high volumes of hot steam of 70.0 kg hour / 01 KWh (equal to 1.2 kg or 1.2 liters / minute ) of steam at 6.9 bar and to generate 1.0 KWh. Still in the BR mini, the demands for steam heated to just 172⍛C in small boilers (low steam supply of less than 4 kg / minute) even at low pressure (only 8.5 bar) for micro generations were high and only allowed generations of up to 100 KWh, with high consumption, in the new Tesla turbines (see above).

207) So, based on the various demands and offers of hot and pressurized steam, described above, the hourly steam offers for my modern parabolic gutters, double or triple, and now with my oval paraboloid gutter and greenhouse with capture, reflection and internal thermal concentration to supply and drive steam generating turbines, will need to reach a maximum of about 6.0 ton./hour of steam pressed to generate 01 MWh (equal to only low 6.0 kg / hour for 01 KWh and the 100 grams per minute to generate 01 KWh).

208) In Brazil, currently, the biggest technological and market challenges of solar heating and / or singaseifier of any size are obtaining, transmitting, using immediately or storing the high thermal production necessary and initial in the projects and, afterwards, providing the necessary thermal maintenance , much smaller since well managed.

209) In Brazil, for the generation of 300 KWh in medium-sized projects to actually electrify for up to 24 hours / day about 1,000 middle class homes or buildings / offices / condominiums // agro-industries / clubs / hospital / airports / prison etc .., the proportional consumption of steam lowers and is only 13.0 kg / 01 KWh (now equal to 2.2 tonnes / 300 KWh or 7.3 tonnes / hour / 01 MWh) now with steam at 330⍛ C and under pressure of 16 bar = 1.60 mpa (so it is now possible to generate efficiently and cheaply, via simple / isolated projects and with circulating thermal fluid and reheated up to 370⍛ C, in my parabolic gutters or solar parabolic gutters), being that in this my new mini solar gutter oval type, with reflection and internal and close concentration, the production can reach 0.40 liters / minute of thermal fluid in each specific mini or small gutter and already of the type greenhouse as already described, same at 15 liters / hour for each mini / small greenhouse trough with internal reflection and concentration only , equal to 75 liters / hour of hot water (or 60 liters of fluid) in a set with a set of only 5 mini gutters added (enough to produce possible up to 1.4 ton / hour = at least 20.0 ton./ hot water day at 60⍛ C or 1.0 ton./hour of energetic or industrial steam at 105⍛ (sufficient for such generations as seen in the previous item), both via thermal fluid, 50% circulating and for immediate use plus 50% stocked for night use).

210) Also, we may have in the same location or neighbors the sum of the thermal fluids produced / reheated, continuously at 370⍛ C and for up to 14 hours / day even if cloudy or with shadows, dust etc., by such mini solar gutters, now of the greenhouse type and of internal capture / concentration, etc., added in a solar hybrid form plus the same type of thermal fluid, now more nocturnal in the afternoon up to 550⍛C and coming from my small or medium-sized rapid singaseifiers to process any biomass , waste, all garbage, animal and human feces, all well pre-dehydrated, etc ... - already with my patent applications in Brazil.

211) For the maximum generation of 500 KWh, also in medium projects to really electrify for 24 hours / day about 1,000 middle class homes or buildings / offices / condominiums // agro-industries / clubs / hospital / airports / prison etc., consumption proportion of steam drops even further and is only around 9.8 kg / 01 KWh (equal to 3.2 ton. hour / 500 KWh or 6.4 ton. hour / 01 MWh), but the required temperature greatly increases to 390⍛ C and under pressure of 24 bar = 2.35 mpa, obtained directly from the original source - by my future double or triple paraboloid gutters or my singaseifiers, isolated or hybrids - or by means of appropriate compressors (now more possible via projects with circulating thermal fluid and reheated up to 370⍛ C in my future parabolic gutters or solar paraboloid gutters or in my mini and small “greenhouse gutter”, with internal reflection / concentration.

212) As described, the production of fluid for each mini or small chute (2.0 m to 3.0 m in length plus width at the base of 40 cm and 30 cm in the mouth plus height of 25 cm and with up to 8 internal tubes non-overlapping, non-shaded pickups with 5/8 in. to 1.0 in., copper or steel) can reach 0.40 liters / minute of thermal fluid between 200⍛ C to 370⍛ C in each mini or specific greenhouse gutter as already described, equal to 15 liters / hour for each mini / small greenhouse gutter, equal to 75 liters / hour of hot water (or 60 liters / hour of fluid) in a set with only 5 added mini gutters (enough to produce possible up to 1.4 ton./hours of hot water = at least 20.0 ton./hours of hot water at 60⍛ C; or 1.0 ton./hours of energetic steam or industrial at 105⍛, both via thermal fluid, 10% to 50% circulating and for immediate use plus 50% to 90% stock for night use).

213) Now, let's see some successful worldwide projects and thermal pickups, just via PTC parabolic solar gutters or paraboloids for the production of hot water or circulating thermal fluid, already working, more examples of my future isolated pool heating projects, of any size and location, with my parabolic or paraboloid and / or insulated solar gutters, or hybrids with the solar source, in my fast singaseifiers to directly produce hot water in small volumes or, indirectly, via large circulating thermal fluid volumes of hot water. As already described, on the top of my fast singaseifiers of dirty raw materials, the temperature of the singas being processed can reach very high 1,100⍛ C, before being expelled for various uses. In the cases, of the uses of my singaseifiers to also reheat circulating thermal fluid (I have 2 patents in this way), it will be necessary good controls of height and with its thermal range of the serpentine and the chamber with fluid and local pressures, in each equipment, because most fluids evaporate from 550⍛ C, that is, they would not serve after this.

214) Both my future PTC oval and double solar parabolic gutter, and this one my future paraboloid paraboloid gutter and greenhouse with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration plus my fast singaseifiers of dirty raw materials can, and should, be used a lot , in an isolated or hybrid way (rural, urban or peri-urban) in the initial heating and in the reheating of any types and sizes of swimming pools (both via hot water produced directly at 220⍛ C but only for 10 to 14 hours / day, as mainly, via thermal fluid reheatable between 200⍛ C to 370⍛ C quickly in my equipment under patenting phase (these double or triple oval PTC solar gutters and now in the shape of this my new “greenhouse gutter” with internal capture / reflection / concentration and closer by my quick waste, biomass, debris, residues, feces etc ..) circulating or stored up to 550⍛ C and for producing the same hot water up to 220⍛C for various uses or even a lot of industrial or energetic steam at 105⍛C, but for up to 24 hours / day). Also, they will serve for many industrial and home reheating, local or neighbors, as adopted and suggested by prof. Sergiy Yurko in his various solar capture projects in Ukraine and in northern Europe - see before -, all in a much cheaper and environmentally much more correct way than electric forms or by firewood / coal or by natural gas or by-products. oil, today the most used.

215) In the USA, in places with much less sunshine than in Brazil, several parabolic gutters of the PTC type on offer, but expensive (E-bay, Amazon etc.), can already produce up to 4.0 liters / minute, equal to 240 liters / hour, hot water at 75⍛C during peak thermal hours - great situation for home or industrial heating at 60⍛C and swimming pools at 29⍛C, but only for 10 to 14 hours / day although above of the offer in the project of prof. Sergiy in Ukraine, but being the one with water between 150⍛C and 220⍛C.

216) Still comparatively, on the e-bay website there is a small solar roof or wall heater with minimum dimensions of only 37 cm long x 24 cm wide x 90 cm deep (in thermosiphon and with evacuated tube - ET), but already capable of heating, theoretically and according to the advertisement, up to 40 liters / minute of hot water at 50⍛ C during peak thermal hours, so, even when stocking, it will only be for 10 to 14 hours / day (still good for small pools, as they require 200-400 liters per hour, but at least at 90⍛C and to start heating the water to the ideal 30⍛C, but reducing a lot and to only about 120 liters / hour (2 liters / minute) when only for its thermal maintenance (losses only 0.48⍛ C / hour), especially if the pool is well covered (losses only 0.12⍛ C / hour) and with the minimum demand, in this case, only about 70 liters / hour equal to 1.2 liters / minute - see diagnosis above by USP). See offer at: https://www.ebay.com/itm/Solar-Hot-Water-Heater-Kit-with-15-20-or-30-Evacuated-Tube-Collectors-/331878211226? ul = BR.

217) In England, let us see the results of a demonstrative and simple system of the following video (“DIY Do It Yourself = do it yourself”), assembled by an English researcher and inventor (see film in English in the link below) in a wooden trough more mirrored aluminum foil plus suitable connections and only 31 cm long by 15 cm wide. As a demonstrative test, it heated a minimum of 228 ml of circulating water (half a glass in English measure) from 30⍛ C for 4 hours / day (local ambient temperature) to 100⍛ degrees C (vapor point) in just 420 seconds (6 seconds for 01 degree) and equal to 7 minutes. Altogether, the system fit more than 2 liters of water. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvaObFjOuWQ&feature=youtube.

218) In Italy, at the beginning of 2018, the Universities of Naples and Trento (see diagnosis and graphs before) developed and manufactured a small solar collector system for rapid heating of molten salt in a place with low sun exposure (still using capture by copper solar pancake - “rodilhas” - and with excessive distance between the capturing and concentrating solar disk and the focal point in the pancake). At the analyzed daily thermal peak of just 30 minutes, the system offered 0.48 liters / minute of molten salt at 390⍛ C and 8.5 bar between 12:39 h and 12:42 h, but reduced it to 0.19 liters / minute of thermal fluid at 370⍛ C between 13:06 h and 13:09 h. (see “An innovative small-scale prototype plant integrating a solar dish concentrator with a molten salt storage system” at https://www.unitn.it/alfresco/download/workspace/SpacesStore/2ffa7d3c- e76c-4b1a-9849- 3538caca0f18 / Final% 20Published% 20Paper% 20RENE2018.pdf.

219) In Brazil, the biggest technological and market challenge of solar heating or singaseifier of any size is to obtain, transmit, use immediately or store the high thermal production necessary and initial in the projects and, afterwards, provide the necessary thermal maintenance, much lower since that well handled.

220) Here, comparing and demonstrating the high possibilities of good and cheap heating projects for any swimming pools (not yet in Brazil, although already used in hotels in Europe - see the example of the hotel in Almeria - Spain before), it is good to remember that the thermal supply through my gutters can be hot water up to 220⍛C with daytime solar capture for 6 to 10 hours / day open, or better, modern and highly efficient thermal fluid up to 370⍛C and for uses for up to 15 hours / day even on cloudy or rainy days, even being able to be stored in the place or close to it, provided that there is enough and safe area. Such daily use in hybrid solar projects with singaseification of local, condominium, building or micro-regional raw materials can reach 24 hours / day, with everything adding up to the thermal fluid produced in a different way.

221) In Brazil, according to Agência FAPESP, it has already been possible to heat water (not thermal fluid) to 180 ° C still in a normal and previous PTC channel system with serpentine, according to a 2005 survey by UNESP Guaratinguetá (Prof. Teófilo and Prof Gilberto). In similar normal systems, the water can only heat up to 60⍛ C. See the article “Brazilian researchers create more efficient solar heaters” - Agência FAPESP - 09/27/2005 https://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/ noticia.php? article = 0101 15050927 & id = 010115050927 # .W3snuFRKjIU.

222) Also, my future previous parabolic gutters, double or triple or in this my oval paraboloid gutter and oven with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration can be used in the same ways as above and with higher yields (with or without additional thermal fluid) to heat swimming pools and industries or to generate electricity, and subsequently, to desalinate large volumes of salt water, provided that the tubes are resistant to salinity, corrosion and pressure.

223) In general, in Brazil and a good part of the other countries with advanced technologies, there are very expensive forms of small agro-industrial heating systems, more than residential pools or gyms or clubs, all with high heating consumption in autumn and winter, most of them still with high hourly consumption of dirty or clean / renewable energy, but not sustainable. In general, most use a high initial flow of water heated up to 90⍛C (below the vapor point) to quickly provide the initial temperature, for example, 30⍛C and then reduce and maintain it at 28⍛C (much below the steam point, that is, with much less possible thermal demand for my gutters - with hot water for 6 to 10 hours / day and, better, with circulating thermal fluid for up to 15 hours for swimming pools. - see below - the minimum temperature of 28⍛ C was researched and considered as the ideal one for gym pools.

224) When the daily thermal maintenance is well done, especially if programmed pool coverings are provided by a good thermal layer (or by a good insulating system in the case of industrial demand), the requirements, only maintaining volumetric flow of hot water for swimming pools at only 28⍛ C through the solar gutters are not raised. In general, the demand for industrial heating / steam varies from 45⍛C to 60⍛C and that for local internal heating from 30⍛C to 90⍛C.

225) Thus, according to a detailed diagnosis by USP (page 5 of the link below) in 2010, only comparatively, there was an average daily thermal loss of only -3.76o C in 8 hours in non-covered pools (equal to only -0 , 48⍛ C / hour) from 05 gyms diagnosed in São Paulo and, incredibly, from only -1.94⍛ C in 16 hours in an indoor swimming pool in the unused period, especially at night (equal to -0.12⍛ C / hour). See more details and many details about the dissertation by USP at http://www.tese.usp.br/tese/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-20082010-150300/publico/Dissertacao Claudio Azer Maluf.pdf. In general, aqua aerobics pools require + 42% more heating than the others.

226) Based on the data above and according to the simple heat transfer formula (Q = mcΔt) to reheat every 1,000 liters of non-covered thermal pool and for swimming or leisure (not for water aerobics) and with high losses considered up to -1, 00⍛ C per hour (conservative rounding up and considering the thermal losses of -3.76 ⍛, occurring in 8 hours, these equal to 0.50 ° C per hour (according to the above thesis).

227) Thus, on the demand side, it would be necessary that each of my double or triple paraboloid trough, or my oval paraboloid trough and greenhouse with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration (all also producing hot water at 200o C as already occurs in several field projects, including Prof. Sergiy Yurko in Ukraine) offer a minimum of only 5.8 kg / hour or 6.0 liters / hour of circulating water, or not, at 200⍛ C to keep warm every 1,000 liters of water at 28⍛ C (minimum 27⍛ C), considered as the ideal temperature of the pools. However, it will be necessary to have a good control of offers and maintenance of such pools, if possible covered.

228) On the supply side, we remind you that in each of my new oval elliptical paraboloid trough this patent application (oval paraboloid trough and greenhouse with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration, containing 6 to 8 internal thermal collection tubes with 5/8 in. to 1.0 in.) provision is made in each channel for continuous supply and up to 10 hours / day full of at least 15.0 liters / hour of hot water between 160⍛ and 180⍛ C or circulating fluid at 370⍛ C, equal to high 75 liters / hour of water per set (or 60 liters / hour of fluid) with, at least, 05 added and inexpensive local mini-greenhouses (enough to produce possible up to 1.4 ton. / hour = at least 20.0 ton./day of hot water at 60⍛C to 150⍛C or 1.0 ton./hour of energetic or industrial steam at 105⍛, also, if necessary and economically feasible, via thermal fluid, 50% circulating and for immediate use plus 50% stock for night use). In the parabolic channels (equal radius) previous, but already double, from the projects of prof. Sergiy Yurko in Ukraine and Northern Europe was able to produce - on site and on very cold days and with low sunshine - just 0.45 liters / minute = 27 liters / hour of hot water between 150⍛C and 200⍛C in its 06 tubes in% in., distant from 0.7 m to 1.0 m from its base (equal to about 27.0 liters / hour).

229) Based on the data above and according to the simple heat transfer formula (Q = mcΔt) to reheat every 1,000 liters of non-covered thermal pool and for swimming or leisure (not for water aerobics) and with high losses considered up to -1, 00⍛ C per hour (conservative rounding up and considering the thermal losses of -3.76 ⍛, occurring in 8 hours, these equal to 0.50 ° C per hour (according to the above thesis).

230) Thus, on the demand side, it would be necessary that each of our double oval paraboloid gutters or our previous double parabolic gutters (both producing hot water, at least at 150 ° C, as already occurs in several field projects, including the Prof. Sergiy Yurko in Ukraine) offer a minimum of only 17.0 kg / hour or circulating water, or not, at least at 150⍛C to keep each 1,000 liters of water warm at 29⍛C (minimum 27⍛ C), considered as the ideal temperature of swimming pools for adults. However, it will be necessary to have a good control of offers and maintenance of such pools, if possible covered.

231) On the supply side, we remind you that in each of our oval and double paraboloid troughs, the continuous supply is expected from 60 kg / hour to 80.0 kg / hour of hot water, at least at 150 ou C or circulating fluid at 370⍛ C, these, on average, equal to 1.2 kg / minute. In the previous and double parabolic channels (equal radius), from Prof. Sergiy Yurko in Ukraine and Northern Europe (very cold places and with low real sunstroke) it is possible to produce 0.45 liters / minute of hot water between 150⍛C and 220⍛C (equal to about 27.0 liters / hour).
See: Calculation of the amount of water needed to raise the average temperature of a swimming pool from 27⍛ C to 29⍛ C directly with hot water still at 150 (C (or indirectly and continuously heated via heat exchange with thermal fluid circulating between 110⍛ C and 370⍛ C until it needs to be reheated in my thermal producing systems - solar gutters or singaseifier) in a small pool with 1,000 liters (considering density of 1.0 liter = 01 kg):
Formula Heat transferred Q = mcΔt or (mc .Δt) = - (mcΔt)
(1000.1. (29-27) = -m.1. (28-150)
1000.1.2 = -m. (- 122)
2000 = 122 m
Result: m = 16.4 liters or 17.0 kg per hour to reheat 1,000 liters of water at 29⍛ C, the ideal temperature for most adult pools (up to 30⍛ C for children), provided that with maximum thermal losses of -1.0⍛ C per hour (conservatively maximized losses based on detected losses and -3.76 ⍛C in 8 hours as above diagnosed) and in non-covered pools, with such losses being possible only -0.5⍛ C per hour in well-covered pools and without water aerobics, which will reduce - conservatively - the demand above by half (about 8.2 liters per hour to reheat 1,000 liters equal to ratio of 60.9).

232) Thus, in a homemade pool - little covered and not well managed daily - with only 6,000 liters - it would be necessary to offer only 96.0 liters / hour of hot water, at least at 150⍛C to maintain its heating at 29⍛ C and for at least 18 hours / day and even with some thermal losses at night and on rainy days. Considering the production of 1.5 liters / minute equal to 60 liters / hour of hot water, at least 150⍛ C (parabolic gutters by Prof. Sergiy) at 80 liters / hour (our future double parabolic gutters), with possible average of 70 liters / hour (1.2 liters = 1,200 ml / minute, of a mix of trough water at least 150⍛C with pool water at 27⍛C), equal to the demand above. However, to operate for an additional 4 hours a day - totaling 18 hours / day of use, especially on Saturdays and Sundays - it would be necessary to install a second chute of the same size, also for daytime solar thermal collection for at least 8 hours / day at peak thermal irradiation times (for example: from 7:00 am to 3:00 pm, in general, even a little outside the normal hours of use of the pool) and also to strategically store etc. in more than one isothermal and very safe storage system to store at least about 400 liters of very hot water (70% of 560 liters collected in 8 hours / day) for additional use up to 8 hours / day, possibly in boxes of buried fiber cement or in thermal polyethylene more involved by thermal cover with a lot of kitchen foil or by Styrofoam plates. As each 01 of these gutters, still only for hot water, has an estimated cost of R $ 3.0 thousand, it would be necessary to invest, in a good project and with good maintenance, only about R $ 6,000.00 and for such heating and for many hours /day.

233) In an Olympic swimming pool with 490,000 liters, - well covered and well managed daily - it would offer up to 8,100 liters / hour (8.1 m3) of hot water at least 150⍛ C (490,000 / 60.9 ), which would involve capturing and storing hot water from at least 115 gutters in an area with only about 350 m2 and with an average production of at least 70 liters / hour (according to Prof. Sergiy's projects above, but which can reach 125 liters / hour in this new, more modern and efficient paraboloid, thus reducing it to 80 gutters, but all after many custom measurements). Anyway, everything is very cheap and still takes up little space, but it depends a lot on good hourly, real catches, with good daily sun exposure and, mainly, on good projects for storing very hot water (possibly not used in same time by the pool). Prof. Sergiy Yurko also has good and cheap projects for storing hot water for a short time, including in airtight thermal tanks parked in basements.

234) However, in this case of great localized thermal demand (Olympic swimming pool), it would be better to install a reheating project, INDIRECT and not direct, with a lot of hot water, via circulating thermal fluid for 4 hours at 16 hours / day and at 370⍛ C, to be obtained by our isolated solar gutters and / or in a hybrid way with my quick singaseifiers of dirty raw materials, local and / or from neighbors. The use of modern thermal fluids circulating at high temperatures to heat water for many hours / day, or to be stored for night use or on days without sunshine, until they need to be reheated in the same initial system, isolated or hybrid, are configured as a future great advance in the production of a lot of home heating, sports, industrial and for other demands.

235) It is good to remember that only 1 liter / minute of circulating thermal fluid, on average at 450⍛ C, and reheatable during the day on my medium-sized solar gutter system at up to 370⍛ C and / or for 24 hours / day up to 600⍛C when hybridized with my fast biomass, waste, feces singaseifiers etc. can produce between 8 and 12 liters / minute of hot water at 150⍛C or steam at 105⍛C in modern heat exchangers ( “Hot exchanger” or “hot transfer”). Thus, considering a minimum production of 08 liters / minute of hot water at least 150⍛ C for each 01 liter of circulating thermal fluid and continuously reheated in my double PTC channels at 370⍛ C (08:01 ratio) and also well stored for several programmed uses and for up to 22 hours / day (thermosystem standard) it would be necessary, for correlation and reason, to install only 14 double PTC channels (115/08), specifically for the continuous production of thermal fluid for heating , via indirect hot water at 150 ⍛ C, from such a large swimming pool of 490,000 liters. As each 01 of these thermal fluid gutters has an estimated cost of R $ 5.0 thousand, it would be necessary to invest, in a good project and with good maintenance, only about R $ 70,000.00 and for such great heating and for many hours / day. In general, the thermal demand for swimming pools is low and only up to 29⍛ C, while that of industrial heating / steam varies from 45⍛ C to 60⍛ C and that for local internal heating from 30⍛ C to 90⍛ C.

236) Comparatively, currently, most of the current solar concentrating gutters only for hot water already offer about 2.0 to 4.0 liters / minute (average of 180 liters / hour) of hot water between 100⍛ C and 180⍛ C (above the vapor point). In our double, oval and modified / improved / recreated PTC solar gutter, we will reach a minimum of 150⍛ C, as we will operate with an internal pressure of 15 bar in the tubes and in a highly heated environment in the tubes by simple and direct solar capture, but greatly enlarged thermally due to the high reflection and local concentration in the thermal collector greenhouse of each of our oval and double PTC channels (up to about 2,000⍛ C).

237) Comparatively, currently, most solar concentrating gutters only for hot water already offer about 2.0 to 4.0 liters / minute of hot water between 100⍛ C and 180⍛ C (above the vapor point).

238) Detailing my patent application a little better for the development and manufacture of this my gutter proposal Oval paraboloid gutter and stove with internal capture, reflection and thermal concentration for continuous reheating of circulating thermal fluid or water, see the main explanatory notes for each Arabic type “numeric marker” shown in the drawing also attached:
a) Marker 01 - Paraboloid “greenhouse gutter” with 0.10 m = 10 cm straight base, thus decompensated for better reflection and thermal concentration from the base towards its up to 08 trapezoidal pickup tubes verticalized above. With this there will be intense capture, reflection and thermal concentration inside and near. Such trough, or its sum, will always be fixed in the longitudinal direction (length) on the east-west axis (also differentials and exclusives of this project) and with up to 4 minimum holes in the bottom to drain rain, moisture, dust, sand and mini debris, accumulated, and to be regulated and customized by location (according to calculations and numerous tests to be carried out in the field). Each trough - very resistant and covered at the top, at the top, by special glass or acrylic or similar, ditto, since it is very transparent but almost fully thermal insulating and non-retaining moisture or cold - will have, in a vertical optical cut, a curved and ascending base in flexible zinc sheet 0.40 m wide, including 0.10 m totally straight in its middle, plus curved and ascending sides up to 0.25 m high. Such trough should be constructed in an ideal way that allows to receive, reflect and expand all types of thermal solar rays received at the site, be it direct and reflect / concentrate indirectly at its base and towards the bottom of its collecting tubes, blackened, located above most of the direct and penetrating real rays on the top of such collector tubes or even the diffuse lateral and environmental rays that will affect the pickup tubes and on all sides and daytime moments, even if there is not enough light, but always thermally reflective and positive from different accumulating and reflective surfaces near or far (stones, buildings, hot air, machines, etc.). This format, advanced and differentiated from my greenhouse gutter (looking like a loaf of bread), in addition to little thermally losing after capture, will allow you to obtain from 0.80 m2 - most likely - to 1.20 m2 of surface total individual collection or even a little more, depending on local customization (possible from 2.00 m to 3.00 m long x 0.40 m wide x 0.25 m to 0.40 m high, all to enable and confirm the larger and better opening in the "mouth" of 0.20 m to 0.40 m, ditto, of the necessary angular curvatures in the curved and near side walls, all to capture the greatest and best proven solar thermality - in your mouth more in its interior. especially in its base but in its pickup tubes. Such thermal radiation will be the one coming from all directions - miscible and customizable before final welds. It will also be fundamental to observe and measure the ideal reflective / concentrator angles on the sides and in the internal curvatures of the “Greenhouse gutter”, everything to obtain the term maximum efficiency, according to the required lateral depth and to test / customize between 15 cm and 20 cm to its real center). The whole “greenhouse gutter” will be built in a curved zinc sheet, but resistant to impacts / winds / rains / hail / fire / high heat, etc., or similar, also cheap, since it is also slightly reflective (except in acrylic or plastics or wood or heavy metal plates), but also flexible (depending on the width). On this zinc base, and with the same dimensions, several sheets of highly reflective kitchen aluminum foil (the best, according to recent tests) or special mirrored steel sheet, as long as they are very reflective and light (there are special weights for both in specialized stores). Here it is essential to establish and test, also beforehand, the correct angles of photonic capture and to obtain their internal reflections only, so as not to reflect to the sky or environment, harming air navigation and leading to problems with their controlling bodies. Also, it is very important to understand that, although fixed longitudinally in the direction of the daily east-west solar path, each trough should have its position in the trapezoidal / vertical curvature - that is, of the entire trough -. re-fixed / inclined centimetrically, weekly or monthly, only in the north-south direction for much greater abstractions, even when translating the earth in the sun, this until obtaining a maximum angle of up to 23⍛ degrees / year in each direction . Thus, each gutter - or its welded and unique set, with a minimum of 05 parallel or horizontal, summable gutters - will also have in its longitudinal, vertical or horizontal center, a small external lateral tail every 2.0 m linear. This special tail will be movable at both ends, and with a regulatory / re-fixing screw with 5 holes in the chosen / necessary time slot - such as a sword in a sheath or a belt - and in the middle interspersed with the moving parts, one of which is well welded / fixed on the body of the gutter above and the other part well fixed on the surface of the roof or similar below, even to also stop the oscillations or vibrations of the gutter (s) by the winds.
All field tests will be carried out and well noted up to 6 times at different times of peak and solar thermal valley on the initial day (after each year in the necessary adjustments or when with high incidence of winds and / or heavy rains and / or hail all before welding and fixing / re-fixing, and via laser beam emission plus measurements by infrared photo-thermometer (digital thermal meter gun) from the thermality transmitted between the reflector / concentrator face from the base of the rail to each 01 of up to 08 trapezoidal and verticalized thermal collector tubes near and / or central.
b) Marker 02 - Details of the longitudinal support of each 01 of the up to 8 collecting tubes, blackened but not thermally insulated ”among themselves”, in the form of a vertical trapezoid (almost one over the other) without real overlap or shading. , between them. This will occur, necessarily, both to collect the high thermal concentrations reflected in high temperatures coming from the base more on the sides of the “greenhouse gutter”, very close surfaces, as well as by capturing the thermal radiation at the top of the tube coming directly from the sun above and also diffuse and environmental thermal radiation from all sides. With the transparent seals on its roof, we create a true and highly efficient thermally “greenhouse gutter” (a “greenhouse oven” highly capturing and thermal preservative as in a gas stove or oven, but in this case, receiving joint and many directions). Each 01 of the up to 08 tubes will also have a circuit and internal longitudinal direction and with 2.0 m to 3.0 m in length and to be fixed at the side entrance of each vertical beginning of the channel, in the form of a vertical mouth in half moon (cut closed) or vertical cut in the initial and final breadcrumb type (also in resistant and well-welded zinc even to give shape and resistance to each gutter). Also in the longitudinal center of each chute located between 1.0 m and 1.5 meters from its beginning, there will be 01 fixing claw in AISI 304 or SAE 1020 steel (or rebar), very thin, very resistant and well welded from each tube on the surface internal “greenhouse gutter”. Note that each tube has an open and unobstructed distance between 3 and 5 cm from the other, according to its predicted or projected thermal demand (08 tubes added 5/8 inches each = about 1.6 cm / each, that is, almost 13.0 cm as a whole, equal to 6.5 cm for each side with 04 tubes and with a maximum gap of 3.0 cm at the top and 10 cm at the base; or 01 to 02 large central tubes, parallel in the center, and with 1.0 inch each = 3.14 cm, equal 6.28 cm in 02 tubes plus up to 3.7 cm central gap between them, keeping the base with a maximum of 10 cm). In the upper part of the trapezoid with up to 8 tubes, it will have, according to each project and its necessary local conclusive tests and for expected functions, a width of 0.03 m = 3.0 to 0.05 m = 5.0 cm, everything for not allow overlapping and shading of photonic capture and, mainly, solar thermal and coming from many positions.
b) Marker 03 - Details of the non-overlapping or shaded pickup tubes of each channel, all to receive maximum thermal exposure from different directions and in an isolated or joint way. Although they can be built in copper in some smaller copper designs (if for hot water up to 190⍛ C), ideally they should be made of AISI 304 or AISI 316 or SAE 1020 steel.
Such tubes will have a very thin wall and will also be painted black with metallic insulating paint (not with oil paint or spray). Currently, it is not recommended to use copper or aluminum tubes in the catches for reheating of circulating thermal fluids, however light and more pickups they may be, because at temperatures above 200⍛ C, their welds may loosen. Necessarily, the slower and higher in volume the thermal capture going through such tubes, the better the volumes supplied at high temperatures and, thus, the recurrent uses of the circulating or stocking thermal fluid and the greater the hours of daily service, whether in the form of heating and / or local or micro-regional electrical generation
Thus, such types of special tubes allow to pass in the case of water or pass through in the case of circulating thermal fluid - very slowly or slowly according to the demand, the location and the objectives - both the cold water to be heated (collapsible or not, being that to recover and re-operate with the so-called “condensate” = recovered / recycled hot water, the price of the sets triples) or the circulating thermal fluids to be reheated continuously. For this purpose, both will be driven very slowly (fundamental) using special TOPSFLO TS5-15PV mini pumps, most imported, capable of pumping at least 4 liters / minute of fluid or hot water (equal to 240 liters / hour) and to withstand temperatures up to 400⍛ C and pressures of 15 bar. Thus, each pump can press hot water from a little more than 15 gutters equal to 03 sets (03 x 75 liters) or 20 gutters with thermal fluid (04 x 60 liters), since each set with 5 gutters can produce 75 liters / hour of hot water or 60 liters / hour of super hot thermal fluid). Also, in the same way and in order to reach such high temperatures and good volumes produced during the hours of actual solar capture (up to 14 hours / day), it will be essential to install at the beginning of each set above (that is, of each group with 15 gutters in a row and added / interconnected in the case of water or 20 chutes, ditto, in the case of thermal fluid) a special check valve in AISI 310 steel plus a check and control valve well installed at the end of the circuit, all in AISI 310 steel also for withstand high temperatures and pressures as with their impeller pumps. These technical-operational / manufacturing details plus the good DAILY controls of each set or system are the great secrets of obtaining good volumes and under high temperatures, both - see good descriptions before - in the gutters in prof. Sergiy Yurko in Ukraine (water up to 220⍛C), as in the experimental project by the Universities of Trento and Naples (thermal fluid up to 370⍛C) plus by the American inventor, Mr. George Pihak (water up to 336⍛ C, the point of its brightness), as in this simple, cheap and very efficient ours.
After receiving their thermal loads requested for each project, the hot water or thermal fluid is quickly transported to the following processing or storage equipment, depending on the temperature reached (aluminum or 304 steel tubes). The ideal, in good field projects, individual or neighbors, for good heating (including swimming pools of any size or residential / building / total or industrial condominiums) or local or group electrical generations, ditto above, which about 25% of all heated water or reheated fluid every minute (as indicated and very well calculated by the excellent “thermosytem” projects, the technical basis of the large heliotérmic solar plants of high thermal efficiency and proven generators - see at the beginning) be destined for immediate missions or only daytime (even in full sun), all operating via the so-called heat exchangers already manufactured in Brazil (“heat exchanges” or “heat transfers”) see full texts at the beginning. In these, in large, well-sealed and even airtight steel tanks or tanks (or even in inexpensive fiber cement boxes), water enters the circulation below (now pressed by the special pump of the final system, such as swimming pool pumps, etc.) demand) and comes out on top already hot or in the form of steam and passes through central coils where - without having direct contacts - hot water or the circulating thermal fluid still presses through the mini pump.
According to each project, about 75% of the water production will be well stocked (see before) and even without the active sun for thermal and generator uses, in the evening and at night (water for up to 16 hours / day and thermal fluid for producing too much). reverse heating / cooling absorbed in chiller or energetic steam and for up to 22 hours / day total, according to the “thermosystem” system). More details of these good stocks - including their shapes and their volumetric potentials, heaters, reverse coolers and electric generating systems - local or group and for almost lossless uses and for very low costs or for sales in cheap turbines in India - can be searched and read before.
END

Claims (5)

Reflective paraboloid greenhouse trough and large internal solar thermal concentrator from small to medium, but summable / interconnectable (or described as semi-elliptical or oval solar concentrating trough or semi-elliptical or oval internal solar concentrating system or semi-elliptical or oval internal solar concentrating chute or capturing chute semi-elliptical or oval inner solar reflector or semi-elliptical or oval inner solar reflecting trough or semi-elliptical or oval inner solar heating trough), characterized by a semi-elliptical shape, that is, almost oval, but with a straight base and with lateral wings, forming the set of a Greenhouse gutter, all to obtain greater thermal production, via slow heating in internal and near water capturing tubes up to 105 degrees C or with a lot of circulating and stocking thermal fluid up to 370 degrees for various heating or electric generation by steam and / or cooling by absorption in small to medium residential, group, condominium, business, industrial projects public, etc., for their own uses or for sales, not yet hybridized or already hybridized daily and locally with my biomass, feces, waste, waste, debris etc. projects and / or other thermal / electrical sources as well sustainable; Reflective paraboloid greenhouse trough and large oval semi-elliptical internal solar thermal concentrator with straight base and small to medium-sized side wings, but summable / interconnectable (or described as semi-elliptical or oval internal solar concentrating trough with the items described above or concentrator system semi-elliptical or oval inner solar more with the items described above or semi-elliptical or oval internal solar concentrating nozzle more with the items described above or semi-elliptical or oval internal solar collector chute or semi-elliptical or oval internal solar reflecting trough more with the items described above or heating chute semi-elliptical or oval internal solar with the items described above), characterized by reflecting and internally concentrating indirect solar thermal radiation and concentrated by its lower base, more direct from the sun above, more diffuse environmental and lateral, all for the purposes described at the beginning; Reflective paraboloid greenhouse trough and large internal solar thermal concentrator - indirect, direct and diffuse - oval semi-elliptical and with a straight base and small to medium-sized side wings, but summable / interconnectable (or described as semi-elliptical or oval internal solar concentrating trough more with the items described above or semi-elliptical or oval internal solar concentrating system more with the items described above or semi-elliptical or oval internal solar concentrating nozzle more with the above-described items or semi-elliptical or oval internal solar catching trough or semi-elliptical or oval internal solar reflecting trough more with the items described above or semi-elliptical or oval internal solar heating channel more with the items described above), characterized by being adjustable and customizable by location and function, all for the purposes described at the beginning; Reflective paraboloid greenhouse gutter and large internal solar thermal concentrator - indirect, direct and diffuse - oval semi-elliptical and with a straight base and lateral wings, adjustable and customizable by location and function, from small to medium size, but addable / interconnectable (or described as semi-elliptical or oval inner solar concentrating channel plus with the items described above or semi-elliptical or oval internal solar concentrating system plus with the items described above or semi-elliptical or oval inner solar concentrating system plus with the items described above or semi-elliptical inner solar collecting system or oval or semi-elliptical or oval inner solar reflective trough with the items described above or semi-elliptical or oval inner solar heating trough with the items described above), characterized by having a resistant, insulating and transparent top cover, forming a near and internal greenhouse trough , all for the purposes described at the beginning; Reflective paraboloid greenhouse gutter and large internal solar thermal concentrator - indirectly, directly and diffuse - oval semi-elliptical and with a straight base, side wings and an insulating and transparent top cover, adjustable and customizable by location and function, from small to medium size, but summable / interconnectable (or described as semi-elliptical or oval internal solar concentrating channel plus with the items described above or semi-elliptical or oval internal solar concentrating system more with the items described above or semi-elliptical or oval internal solar concentrating system more with the items described above or Semi-elliptical or oval internal solar collector trough or Semi-elliptical or oval internal solar reflector trough with the items described above or Semi-elliptical or oval internal solar heating trough more with the items described above), characterized by thermally collecting in up to 8 internal tubes and close to the base in steel or copper, central or trapezoidal vertical, separate and non-overlapping stos, also contributing to form a nearby and internal greenhouse gutter, all for the purposes described at the beginning.

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