BG112958A - White tunnel and white street construction method - Google Patents

Abstract

This invention of the "White Tunnel and White Street “Construction Method relates to part of the procedures for construction, layout and colouring of tunnels and streets, namely colour design of the upper visible surfaces of the tunnels and street roads, curbs and sidewalks, tunnel walls and vaults, and the bicycle lanes which are close to the streets. This invention relates to tunnel and street lighting because it contributes to the creation of the light background and negative brightness contrast by appropriate colouring of the visible surfaces in tunnels and streets. In an enclosed space, which is to a large extent the interior of the road tunnel, the illuminances and brightnesses of the tunnel surfaces are the combination of the direct lighting from the installed tunnel luminaires and the multiple reflections of light from the surrounding surfaces acting implicitly as additional luminaires. The greater the reflection of light on a given surface, the greater the value of its reflection coefficient is . The white surfaces in the road tunnel will provide light reflection coefficients with value p = 0.8 and thus the contribution of implicit additional luminaires will increase and the required illuminance and brightness of the important surfaces in the tunnel - roadway, curbs, sidewalks, walls and vaults - will be achieved with reduced artificial light emitted by the tunnel luminaires, which therefore means reduced installed electrical power and reduced electricity consumption for tunnel lighting compared to the traditional tunnels, and the said are prerequisites for increasing the energy efficiency of tunnel lighting. The road surface marking of the "white tunnel" will be black in colour. On the open-space streets and road junctions, the illuminance and brightness of the illuminated surfaces are achieved only by direct lighting with the light of the installed street luminaires. The greater the reflection of light on a given surface, the greater the value of its reflection coefficient is. The greater the brightness of a given surface, the greater the value of its reflection coefficient is. The white surfaces of the roads on the streets and the adjacent areas (curbs, sidewalks, bicycle lanes) will provide light reflection coefficients with values around p = 0.8 and the necessary illuminances and brightnesses of the road lanes will be achieved with a reduced amount of artificial light emitted by the street lights, which means reduced installed electrical power and reduced electricity consumption for street lighting compared to the traditional streets, as the aforementioned are prerequisites for increasing the energy efficiency of street lighting. The road surface marking of the "white street" will be black in colour.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Goals and objectives of tunnel lighting

The tunnel lighting system is built in order to safely and conveniently approach, enter and pass the drivers of vehicles through road tunnels by providing sufficient visual conditions. Artificial lighting of road tunnels aims to create sufficient visibility for drivers through negative brightness contrast - dark objects (vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, objects), which must be safely and timely noticed by drivers on a light background (roadway, curbs, sidewalks, walls and tunnel vaults).

Construction materials and colors of the visible internal surfaces of the road tunnels in the Republic of Bulgaria

Road tunnels are built by drilling terrain soil and rock massifs and creating a pipe formed by a reinforced concrete shell by pouring concrete into a formwork with reinforcement of iron bars.

1. Construction and color layout of the interior space in the tunnel pipe

Usually the visible upper layers of the inner surfaces of the road tunnels in our country, in the Republic of Bulgaria, are made of the following materials and respectively colored:

Tunnel vault -> sprayed under pressure (shotcreting) gray concrete and small stone fraction, colored in different colors, according to the stone quarry from which it was extracted and delivered to the concrete center;

Tunnel curbs and sidewalks - * vibrated gray concrete;

Tunnel walls - »vibrated gray concrete (smooth or with decorative depressions and protrusions) at heights from 2 m to 3 m above the tunnel sidewalks, painted with a special white paint;

Tunnel roadway - »rolled dark asphalt (split-mastic) of black bitumen and small stone fraction, colored in different colors, according to the stone quarry, from which it was extracted and delivered to the asphalt center.

Goals and objectives of street lighting

Street lighting is designed to create visual conditions at night, ensuring safe movement of vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists on the streets, boulevards, intersections and road junctions of settlements and road junctions: sufficient visibility for drivers by achieving negative brightness contrast - dark objects (vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, objects), which must be safely and timely noticed by drivers on a light background (roadway, curbs and sidewalks on the streets).

Construction materials and colors of the visible surfaces of the roads on the streets and roads in the Republic of Bulgaria

The streets are built by filling and compacting stone fractions of different sizes on pre-paved terrain, laying curbs, building sidewalks, bicycle lanes, dividing strip and laying and compacting asphalt as an upper wear layer.

2. Construction and color layout of the roadway of the streets and road junctions in the settlements and of the road junctions on the roads

Usually the upper wear layer of the roadway of the streets and road junctions in the settlements and of the road junctions on the roads in our country, in the Republic of Bulgaria, is made of the following materials and respectively colored:

Roadway - * dark asphalt (split-mastic) of black bitumen and small stone fraction, colored in different colors, according to the stone quarry, from which it was extracted and delivered to the asphalt center;

Curbs - »blocks of vibrated gray concrete;

Sidewalks -> concrete slabs of different shapes, sizes and colors (usually gray).

Norms for tunnel and street lighting

In Bulgaria the following normative documents are used for tunnel and street lighting:

SD CR 14380: 2005 “Applied lighting. Tunnel lighting;

Ordinance № RD-02-20-2 of 21 December 2015 on technical rules and norms for design of road tunnels;

CD CEN / TR 13201-1: 2015 “Street lighting. Part 1: Guide for the selection of lighting classes';

BDS EN 13201-2: 2016 “Street lighting. Part 2: Technical requirements;

BDS EN 13201-3: 2016 “Street lighting. Part 3: Calculation of lighting performance;

БДС ΕΝ 13201-4: 2016 „Street lighting. Part 4: Methods for measuring the lighting performance of lighting installations;

БДС ΕΝ 13201-5: 2016 „Street lighting. Part 5: Energy efficiency indicators.

Technical essence of the invention

This invention of the White Tunnel and White Street Construction Method relates to a part of the procedures for the construction of tunnels and streets, namely the color scheme of the upper visible surfaces of tunnel and street roads, curbs and sidewalks, of tunnel walls and vault and bicycle lanes close to the streets. This invention relates to tunnel and street lighting because it contributes to the creation of a light background and negative brightness contrast through appropriate coloring.

1. Construction and color layout of the interior of the "white tunnel

I propose that the interior of the road tunnel be built, shaped and colored as described below:

1. The upper wear layer of the roadway along the entire length of the road tunnel to be made of white material and light reflectance p = 0.8;

2. The upper visible layers of the inner surfaces of the road tunnel (vault, walls, sidewalks, curbs) along the entire length of the tunnel shall be made of white materials and light reflectance p = 0.8.

In an enclosed space, which is largely the interior of the road tunnel, the illuminances and brightnesses of the tunnel surfaces are the sum of their direct irradiation with light from the installed tunnel luminaires and repeated reflections of light from the surrounding surfaces, acting implicitly as additional luminaires. The greater the reflection of light on a surface, the greater the value of its reflection coefficient. White surfaces in the road tunnel will provide light reflection coefficients with a value of p = 0.8 and so the contribution of implicit additional luminaires will increase and the required illuminance and brightness of important surfaces in the tunnel - roadway, curbs, sidewalks, walls and vaults - will be achieved with reduced emitted artificial light from tunnel luminaires, which means reduced installed electrical power and reduced energy consumption for tunnel lighting compared to traditional tunnels, and these are prerequisites for increasing the energy efficiency of tunnel lighting. The road markings on the “white tunnel roadway” will be black.

2. Construction and color layout of "white street

I propose that the roads on the streets and the adjacent areas (curbs, sidewalks, bicycle lanes) in the settlements, as well as the roads and the adjacent areas (curbs, sidewalks) of the road junctions in the settlements and on the roads, be built, shaped and colored as described below:

1. The upper wear layer of the road lanes of the streets and road junctions along their entire length shall be made of white material and light reflection coefficient р = 0,8;

2. The upper visible surfaces of the areas close to the streets and road junctions (curbs, sidewalks, bicycle lanes) along their entire length shall be made of white material and light reflectance p = 0.8.

On open streets and road junctions, the illuminance and brightness of the illuminated surfaces are achieved only by direct irradiation with light of the installed street luminaires. The greater the reflection of light on a surface, the greater the value of its reflection coefficient. The greater the brightness of a surface, the greater the value of its reflection coefficient. The white surfaces of the roads on the streets and the adjacent areas (curbs, sidewalks, bicycle lanes) will provide light reflectance coefficients with values around p = 0.8 and the necessary illuminances and brightnesses of the roads will be achieved with a reduced amount of artificial light emitted by street lamps, which means reduced installed electrical power and reduced electricity consumption for street lighting compared to traditional streets, and these are prerequisites for increasing the energy efficiency of street lighting. The road markings on “white street road” will be black.

Figures and drawings

There is no.

Examples of the invention

The invention can be practiced in the following ways:

"White tunnel" - »The upper wear layer of the roadway along the entire length of the road tunnel may be made of a white material with a light reflectance p = 0,8, for example concrete with white cement or other white colorant or be asphalted with white stone fraction and white bitumen dye or with another white material or traditional asphalt is painted white or otherwise. The upper visible layers of the inner surfaces of the road tunnel (vault, walls, sidewalks, curbs) along the entire length of the tunnel may be made of white materials and light reflectance p = 0.8, eg concrete with white cement or other white coloring or completely painted white or lined with white plates and white boards or other white material.

White street - »The upper wear layer of roadways and road junctions along their entire length can be made of white material and light reflectance p = 0.8, for example of white concrete, white cement or other material of white color or made of asphalt with white stone fraction and white dye of bitumen or traditional asphalt to be painted in white color or otherwise. The upper visible surfaces of the areas close to the streets and road junctions (curbs, sidewalks, bicycle lanes) along their entire length can be made of white material and light reflectance p = 0.8, for example painted in white or the last layer of concrete or asphalt or other material applied to them shall be white, made with white cement or other white material or traditional asphalt, curb concrete blocks and paving slabs shall be painted white or otherwise way.

Application of the invention

The invention can be applied in all existing and newly constructed road and railway tunnels on the roads of the national road and railway networks, as well as abroad. The invention can be applied in the existing and new urban road railway tunnels and subways, streets, boulevards, intersections, road junctions, squares, pedestrian zones and parks in the settlements, as well as on the road junctions and crossroads on the national road. network.

Preliminary data indicate that the application of the invention will lead to a reduction in electricity consumption for tunnel and street lighting and a corresponding reduction in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. "White streets in settlements will lower the temperature in the ground layer in summer because they reflect more sunlight than traditional roads and thus will reduce the consumption of electricity for air conditioning in homes and increase the comfort of people from traffic on the streets. and pedestrian areas and from living in public spaces.

Claims (2)

Method of building a "white tunnel" and a "white street" Patent Claims №1 The “white tunnel” construction method proposes that the upper wear layer of the roadway and the upper visible layers of the inner surfaces of the road tunnel (vault, walls, sidewalks, curbs) along the entire length of the road tunnel be made of a material characterizing with white color and light reflection coefficient p = 0.8. №2 The method of construction of a “white street” proposes that the upper wear layer of the roadways of the streets and road junctions and the upper visible surfaces of the areas close to the streets and road junctions (curbs, sidewalks, bicycle lanes) along their entire length be made of material , characterized by white color and light reflection coefficient p = 0,8.