BE646846A - - Google Patents

Description

  

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  The present invention relates to a tlierinograpiiillue device intended above all for the determination of the
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 quantity of heat ot of temperature corruopondiute characterizing the trunsforuatiuna of plmue, chemical reactions and uutrea ciitinjtti: ente of phyuitiuoa and chemical properties of metals, alliaeo, mineraic, that of oxides
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 organic combinations tiu heating, retridia; o,:. and at a constant temperature in the extended temperature rrrruna cotiprine ertre J0 # and 2hcO # C.



  A ii.-ilt that in tlser: .orrvptih the tomp4-ruture and the quantity of clwilcur that abuorbe or dbUe to analyze are coiitintinent etiru6i ,, trée danti time, directly or noua faroe differ.,% TielLe, lora of the chKm'i's,; e, of the refroi- dihde.¯eat and in rv,: ire ioother.iquu.



  The temperature is calculated from the deviation from the N'eare line,; latremr.:, 1 :. quantity do2 heat not evaluated according to a surface limited by the differential curve * We use as a known standard quality '.on theru0e.'ran: aea of substance j reeéreu whose temperature and heat of trcm9: urr .at-. tion were prior.; dnt ddteri-ind4 with precision ouf-
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 faithful.
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  'wheel leu diupoditifa therrj0b!' t'ni "uea are baade on llutgeztl.on of various: cure create the condit-ona of caauf: 'aàe and retro id4. from c: c: .antillon to ciêtae speed conatinte ... for the recording of v; .ri.tiona ae temperature and for the perception of ef''eta thpr - l-, ues on

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 Uses mostly @ thermocouple. whose welds are
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 in contact with the sample and with the refI substance! ror. ('e placed in: z3 the same thermal conditions in;
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 a raetullic diernoaitif.

   The differential entanglement is drunk on perception by the themocouples of the differential. that then..iquea flows into the sample and the substance
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 standard, when, as they absorb or debit the energy, their properties and internal structure change.



  The devices therrllo .; rl.J1I1'lue known to juati-
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 relies on different respects with regard to the determination of the rtomn1no of temperatures in which tranatormutions in temperature are observed. When the temperature exceeds the limits of 1500 - 17UOOC rucillamion of devices thern c..rap111qu ... at cunt: cot (thorlilocoupltll) aeviunt icnpordnlbla due to the uroinauritu activity of the samples. * Given to the IlIla1., And theira parameters da swear instuDleg.

   Dara the dotiaine of (tumpérutural mutated ranging from bU0 to 30UQ'OC and more we use
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 for the thermal analysis of the optical means @ for measuring the temperature, in particular for determining the
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 liqtiidue et solidune However, the sensitivity and precision
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 aion of optical devices for determining the exie-
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 tance of theniqueu effects in the 9ubet: mcel in solid state of which proved to be unaffected.
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  The most advantageous constructive solution with
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 The use of therrrocouples for quantitative thermography up to 10008CJ is that of the devices of S. Smith, in. dayke :; and L. uel ',; who have outanu pure Jifférenta means the most accurate heat and temperature nejure results (with an accuracy of 1 to + 3: ').



  However, at higher temperatures, the reception
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 tion of precise quantitative results when measuring

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 thermal values and rejl.ectve4 by: eu device mentioned enviia, curnt the use of tner '.: o- couplea, does not encounter f, ^ nr.dee difficulties of construction and sutnode.



  One of the main lnconvoniunto deu thensoraphic uiapositifa known is this, .ut ther, .o ra.nat'a do not represent by a single relation of :! quantities of the heat 'and the temperature which characterize the cnan, - # ent dei property of the 3ubat..nc; .u titi% more lu perception of the quarter of heat diiua the volume to anràlyutr n' ei'Yectue fold the aouaur in point of the ttjamocoupla * In the condition, 3 of a tiiaruiquo flow, to the removal of the inertia ther :: vitur, of the corpu and of the non-uni- orc: ra de lu temperature, the reality, itu of the #nuaurau will depend on the .OfaRtry of the place of contact with the nondure> #
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 and
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 of the tirraocouple, of the forest! te7a- di '.' n :: j.uno of the c'ctmntlllon, of3 different influences at the dch;, nye t: ron, .inuu, dei el- ± .ente conatlzutite and donation ::

  batuneoe dt.iona, of the prupridity ttieriaopîiyul-lute ut of their diap0t) it; .. one pur the contribution to the source of heating and cooling. This is why an effort is made to reduce the jciiuntillon to the ditniuium the ias-je ue in order to eliminate tiartiell # j-if: nt the inconverilente mentioned of the 'thercnor; reple. However, such a c: ductlun dea di: .ren.: Ions of the sample decreases contjid4r # tblr-i ent the uurtnce of the trierc.:,ique effect determined on the tlyerrnol; rarnrne, and therefore, the precision of its detorainucion of KNr:; s the ciaximum surface.

   On the other hand, it should be noted that the use of weak m; tjweo of the order of 0.02 to 0.5 c, ruaraes can be very protuberant, for the irritation of l '<IcfU! ntillon aoucula at l temperatures (sv <e3 and 1' obtaining the result of, ne-
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 Non-objective office *

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As the temperature level increases, a change in the constant parameters of the thermocouple is observed as a result of the interaction of its solder with the substance in contact, the physical and chinic activity of which increases considerably. This concerns, in particular, the influence of the increasing electrical conductivity with the rise in temperature and with the increase in time.



    -operating electrical insulators serving as elements
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 conntitutiia dlnlf thenno0raphiqueo devices.



  Another typical drawback for devices @
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 perfect calorimetry lui3 1,] uu, operating at high terD.érl: 1: 'ur. this laciaence of means and sure procedures allowing to appreciate and to support the different of re from said - ', pnralon of the heat to be measured as a function of the elevation of the toriperuttire and of the ch: .n ,, emdnt of the pressure and the tut-ile quantity of heat c 'l14 ... Furnace. this reason, even in the cases where one eliminates the technical imperfections of dealor1è- trea and one compensates the efCeta of writing tr, o:,. ic of the 6l- n.entu cunutltut1ta, the urfbce8 11ite3 by the deviation ie ln run differential, this relative to the thermal effect of a constant value, will continue to decrease with increasing temperature.



   The present invention aims to eliminate the aforementioned drawbacks *
In the box of the invention is the proclaimed tech-
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 nique of the creation of a tharsoe device: raphic allowing to determine, without contact with the substance to be studied, the c1o: a temperature of 20 iL 2OO.C with a precision of 0 # 5 to 4 the amount of heat that the surface of the "; c: .I1.r.t111l> lHI er: eaai expands or flow * as a result of the change in their physical and chemical properties *

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 ! This * problem is solved by the use of a die-j poitif decaloriTétrie t :: er: ^ o, raph1Q. 'The ccn1t t tud pnr a furnace aaaurtmt the heated and 1N rttfrl) 1dltful:' ent continued from l 1 Óchan-;

   1 t111011 to 'uno vitejec given, a device. measuring the temperature and the perception of the vuriutiona of 1'utitliallile chuntillon, surrounded by a heat-insulating envelope, of which are placed the .. c! innt11lon à., xaini ,, lur and i. the monts therm08ens1bl3, a device intended for the recording of
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 t6It! lrt & t \ .ru d: 'na le tet:; 3 .joua direct or differential on-.o, according to 1'1n \' t ':. t1on, ctlaJ: J1t1r de: r.c8Ul'e of lu tl1Ipérl1L.Jrtt and of the perception of the change of the in Lhal (..1 of the derrarr- tillon in exu: nor., is divi3l. in two unueintee é,,: leu, in one deenuulleu fiat ; l: .cv l'vct.s: nt: llor. and a-ua the other the Jourco radiation standard at l.: cl.tt111Qn;. antllycer and the source standard ae rr.yonneL.ent are eu turned from 11: I, 8nt &. weak rdeietance eh1 :: 11que noc:

   continued and all loti ..1ttIMttnt. & of each enclosure have eymtri mr..nt dl:! 'OO': 8 with respect to the chest flow and are (egg the -. "t111on) 0 \ lltll1oréa alt4i , rt-ts their property * tler :: -. Ieues and l "IY: Jl,; ue the way q..r I quantity of cnaleur * which penetrates den4 each, 1!: v1nte per unit of telAjJ8.
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 is identical.
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  It is rccof: 1,:; u.nàJ to place the sample b., Ttna, lJ'8er and the heat rce-4tlon of one of the crucibles ut to locate the 4: 'Ji', ent.1 low ti rÓII1atl \ 11CQ o, .A1ql.e back two enclosures of the ci1a ;; os1tU 'ouiv-.nt a; nrarlce cylindrical between the calorifu.je e: the crucible @ and leo protyer pilr a partition c'1301at1cn ttt.-r-1-que; the zeaure c1JOc1t1r of the temperature and the perception of the chlln.el..t; n \ of the entity must be surrounded by a screen for t: protection against the influence of the eourtß.to ..le conviction.



  It is therefore recommended, lorIS des eaure :, cno: -1 :: t- tric dr.na the domain of tt :: pirtt,: uree levies 'Vt': l t, .. t 1-

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 nation of a pure inert medium and vacuum, to realize the housing of the measuring slide, the screen and the low resistance elements of tungsten.



   For the measurement of the temperature in the teapa in direct and differential form, it is preferable to use three galvanometers, one of which is connected in the
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 diagonule of a bridge of low resistance elements and the other two in parallel with these resistors.



   For the additional control of the high temperature measurement accuracy it is useful to use an optical calibration pyrometer recording the temperature according to the modulus of a black body.



   The application of the present invention will allow
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 . to extend the temperature range when measuring with greater temperature accuracy
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 and of the quantity of heat characterizing the chaniecent of the phydi.; uen and chi, uiLd3 dao aubutancea of different masses and vol. urn on heating and cooling assuents at accelerated speeds and in re, iaotnfmic ixa.



  On the other hand, the absence of contact of the thermal element
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 taoaenaible confesses the substance, and the. compensation of the factors relating to the different conaitiona of heat exchange, 'influencing the accuracy of perception, by the system of
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 .ners.ure, the amount of heat and the temperature that.

   characterize the pnyaiciues and chemical properties of the sample, increase the objectivity of the results, facilitate the operation of the apparatus under different conditions @, on-
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 all during the unilization of jubatttricturutractaires and chemically activuu, and the use of two coupled furnaces has operated, ent alternative of which one can be used for the trcpe to the
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 nautes terpératureu, allows to specify the nature of the effects

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 the = ilquee and ae proceed during the interrupted operation of one fourra the repair of the other or the calibration of scales,

  to ensure, all these operations being possible with means and procedures making it possible to ensure
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 the aaaeoblage aana defect of the eléilenze conutitutife.



  In the description which will follow the invention is illustrated by an example of cynsia r-calination drawing the appended drawings of which; Figure 1 represents the general harshness of the device! - figure 2 - the high temperature vacuum furnace
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 for 1 third calorimetry: .joKrzphi; ue; - figure 3 - Your û vacuum at hnuto temperature for the examination of 14ii: microtitrtcture aur'ju la trerupel - la fi ,, urt 4 - section A-A (figure J); lw fi0uro 5 - the alopoultif of dlindar; v tri tune- utbne;
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 - figure 6 a, u, ood - li-j ther: xor, r :: c: or.ea of the blades;

   
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 - the fi,.,. ure 7 - the temperature scale! the figures b a, o - the tners.zv ,, r.aunes of the Cu-I1 i alloys, and Cr-Pe-iü - lu ti, .ure 9 - the state diarauLro Pe-Cr; - Figure 10 a, b - the differential perception curves of the effects of the uoureu of the thermal iopulsion; - figure 11 - the endunceo of aurfucej limited by the deviation of the differential course, with respect to the quantity of heat, @ux different temperatures and pressures;
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 ; -Figure 12 - the dependence of the tnennic f, erceNtiLility on the interper ity and the pressure.



  On the 1 1 is zwréaent the acharna ;;: Wral du diapoaitif compruliant nine eléuenta principal .ux nui Can

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 be reunited in two grouped. To the first group relate
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 leca elc-ienta creating their heating and cooling conditions. <cuntitiu deo sample :), at the given fixed speed, dnno the temperature increase from 20 'to èE300'0 in vacuum and in inert medium filter purifies.



  These are the set 1 - two vacuum furnaces with x heating element '1 tungsten reactor set 2 -' a power source by calling out the preset speed of 'ohHUtt'ar; e and cooling down to tease9 constants} the pumping cabinet 3! ller4aerible 4 - installation of continuous helium scrubber *
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 To the second question, it reports the means of per coptlon, return and rnce; istrint the tar-p6rqture and the Quantity a-j: r. l5ur, lori du cri: jn (; e -ent des;: ropriét <î8 physical and cn :: ni luer of ochfuntillons to analyze.

   These are the enaeiable 5! armor dla.tioiii6.1t where we measure the taap6raturi and the, 1, amount of heat asaoroea or emitted by the surface of the vehicle 1:: e an axu.en \ following the ecnF-ne, heat with the: ambient light! the assembly 6 - differential thermocotre bridge 1 ritiole rGuiot..nce clioniquei the enae! zble 7 - photo-graphic pyrauetre, the enaeable ti - optical calibration pyrometer! as well as a potentionctre and watt meter which constitute the unit 9 and serve to construct the scale of perception. tnernti, ue as a function of temperature and to the determination of the chan e, - ent of the enthalpy of the lldcnantillon. The enoe # ble 9. Is used to control the oonatanta parameters of the bridge diagram of the third, octetra differential with resistance.



  The heating and cooling conditions continued from the pre-determined constant speed of the antillons in the teapératurb area between 200 and 2800 * C are adjudicated by the empty euro 10 to Ildi.ente de

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 tungsten heater 12 (Cigureu 2,3) or the narrow aspirator adorns each other, con., ItLturint soft cou- Che @ $ The 61 - heater 1 <* are connected in parallel by dea via de blocc, e 13, av4e les t6ten de oer-
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 rage don electric conductors upper 14 and lower 15 will cool, with water. The electric current osi ion 2 is ensured by a trunotr..steur - abaia-jour 16 (fi jure 1) nui is in turn connected to an autotrftnef, r:., It6, eur 17.



  A cir;: naant the position of the pie-.nonii of the reducer 1d at ts viteucud and the lmieuu: cr con¯oru; ea n: r no: .nt.jnr 19, we
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 can; establish the desired speed of the heated it -1 j rel'roi-
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 di3is4 ent, pnr dxetl:) le i 0.3 to 85 '; cia. iour the uniform distribution of the eruture in the active jinrtlo of the Court, the most advantageous eit alutiliier 3 '; 1 '.enta de chautl'.he en. epirlleu, 'i outer layer ct.mf' n: e as c.Ltnn; e, air in this case we reduce conaidar ulei..urt ltt truil.rert from the c: .nleur to the cooled conductors, ii cr which is paaue with the elements:. '. ente du chrtuf: ye tubulnirea. In the rO-% r7.e but we use (ted, - $ crâne- uup-rieura <JU (1'i'ure 2) by don the tungsten circulnirea provided with hole 21 in the center; for leu dlniouitif3 opti .ea de ueaareu de il i tuapé-
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 erasure :.

   An orifice 21 is drilled, for the same rcr :: n, in the cover of block 5 (fi / ure 5).
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  Lee side ecnne aunt t: unutttude pnr dea <ïo ': i- i> ßaueai in Koranic 22 held by a tungsten casing,'
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 by three-layer molybdenum dei-cylindrea 23 and by a subsequent cylinder 24.
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  The oven is pure un c ;; ot empty 25 cooled
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 water with a top cover 26 or * and practice an inspection hole 27 for the xejure dy the tt.-cp4.r.iture by means of a

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 . optical calibration pßr3iètre.



  . The cover 26 facilitates the exchange of sample in the oven.
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 turn thermal analysis and thermo-calorimetry
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 Grttphique is installed on the supports 28 the shielding device on tun6utene 5 with chamfers 29 at the base, surrounded by a cylindrical shell 30 in tunjate used for the
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 uniform height distribution of the temperature in the
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 cavity of the ul1ndul! device under the conditions of a convection flow of inert gas.
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  The threads connecting the devices of: adjure and enrt-
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 gistra -ent ptit, -3ent p; rr daa; Conical 31 L rubber Iointti the lower part of the oven. To avoid the appearance of an arc, ie, 1-bti ,, uu-i xi in quartz are provided. For the protection of the 1JI.hi of the oven against the heating, a copper plate 33 is used fixed on the supports of the current conductors:; tUJl'idUL'8 -1 cooled with water.



  The instruction of the iysteta of the heating element held at JC '; I1IU of the other Cuur (figure * 3) was identical to that shown in the second stage. It could be misleadingly used for the thuri.dque et li analysis, culorimetry therJloraphiQ.u8.



  It distinguishes it from the other system by the fact that it is more useful in creating the conditions so that the troop can be used at high temperatures. We place in this Lu. Plujieura sample :! auns a special container 34 in tun.-stône and we 9fipnrt! by thin plates in rufructary oxides. The container is provided with an orifice for reading the liquid quickly. The samples have HU8 "in <tits i lt> in a row in ttint,., J4wen to a special device in :: ti116 aur the support 35 (figure 4) of the screens auperif1urlt 21 (fiu.) 3). The Jc: t :: '1t1l1onu with the connector 34

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  have rejected in the refrigerator in turn the '2 nutte 37 (figure 4) fixed on the upper cover 26 of the cover 25.

   Leo
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 samples were unloaded from the bottom and therefore the bottom cover ilu .r .fri,: 3ri erator was dismantled.



  The Iou, ru to vice 1U and 11 are nlir; nca uur a common table according to the ucn'ma given on the fi, ¯-ure 1. The aont have a common supply ayateae. in current 2 with an ae co: ..: c.ut; tion, cuz;: r.nnde and cons.



  W ur lu protection of Ll, .nutitllation, on ut, .11, I cool it with water.



  The uya4.i.-ine 3 of pospa,; e dea fourj 1U and 11 atjaurant a vida of the order of 10 * no lig has a po'npe 39 of r *} - 'vidae (Iigura 1) o a pompa to airfualon 36 with iiib, e 4 a; o- te AU. The oya ': me of the tuuinute 41 aiiiure bed cou;) Ut'i6iun du previda, .e den dnu.4 furnace :, the delivery of air and inert enz, the deep pumping in the furnace and pumping the in .: tullvtion purifying the indliuca. rour to avoid 1H chitnt ,, eiie'rit de 1k ctii-il-ot; .Ltion given dee aubatrneaa u onrtlyjor and to protect lfin ûl: v: ente titurino- aen weakea hanger Ileflet duo v ..., jeure, we use an iris '.tallation of, urzttun "r.anentM helium.

   The helium of a y4 .urate,! tb; r (it 2 - U, U25, P: = 0, UFü :, 02 - 0, UU2'i, il 2 0 - 4U m (/ 1) of bottle 42 (flower 1) * is transferred purely 'inwr: .sEdi: read from one eou ;; Upe 43 dmiu the aoutrille 44. 11-tiae of a special pump 45 one rCaiise the circulation darhdliua u a given speed ditn3 a freight circuit;, ur 1 <. tube ckà , iillire 46, The reservoir t. 3iiicn,: el 47, the aerpeutin 4H, leu itiux reti-trviiru 49 u active ctthruon, cools pure Ilii.-ate Lmuid and leo foura 1U and 11.

   L'ncliutj purifia urri-VL- duna Le .; '' bears 1U and 11, from summer read uor bottle 7t. 3cn louru 1U and 11 lu taz ae directs the pump again 45 duna leu purification roaorvira 47

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 and 49; the speed of the circulation of the gas is regulated by the variation of the load applied to the electric motor of the stern to the circulation, Lea pressure gauges 51 ensure the control of the constant pressure. Using the system
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 Iodine was removed as its activity was quickly restored after the cllt1u.rfare of tanks 47 and 49 in the vacuum oven .52 li at a temperature of 1 ° C. for 6-8 hours.

   
The main cell used to determine the amount of heat absorbed or emitted by the surface
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 water samples, during a time interval (leterIJJ1nt: depending on the temperature and the internal structure of the sample is the bliaud block in tungsten 5 which is placed in the supports 28 (fi,; ure 2) in the active part of the oven
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 10 so that the heat from the block 5 cavity is kept to a minimum at night.
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  We have it quo in system 8; Ii1Ótr1'pa of block 5 surrounded by the surface of the heating element 12, all the pruceauus connected to cl1an ::, er, ltfnh of the physical properties and
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 At the end of the thermal inertia, only one torus for heating and cooling will start on the surface of the en8ntillQn to be analyzed 53 (figure 5).



  For the temperature I..03uro that characterizes the process l.-T. After sample 53, the mean integral temperature of the volume 1r: 1 tJ is directly measured and recorded on the surface of the sample 53 and the walls. internal isolation of uloc 5, by thormononsible elements on a surface auf.'isan: 3ent important (thermometer with low tungsten 54) located around the sample 539 According to the tests, it was established than the absolute error
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 of temperature measurement by low re-3iotance tnexuometers and lower than that of ther-ocouplea, especially in the range of nautical temperatures.

   Oven that the temperature me-

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 suri e differs at least from tec: peruture. r1 the ourfétce of. 'Ectrantillpn, on; rrialie a 5 tungsten mussive slide
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 prote, e, by the case 3U (figure 5). For the same purpose, a heat-insulating shell 55 made of refractory oxides is used. For
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 ensure 'differential registration fully reflect the.
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 variation of the enthalpy of the iîch; intillon 53 ut to avoid
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 Ilini: struggle of; the chnnye of ohuleur between the elc: mnt j not being the object of the enuly.a, we have:> o3o all the vluaenta of block 5 ay-.triquenent with respect to the surface of the heating eleinent 1'2 from oven 10.

   Duna the tiny goal we divide the ca -, -.
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 dia.; ot: itif 5 in two encaintes "Hlnes or de :) heat-insulating partitions! 56 s the 5'T enclosure of the sample cnctlejur and the enclosure 56 d heat exchange nelltrt (rt-'fc- rance). In the active water of the furnace block 5 would have been placed so that the same quantity of chitiuur pc-uit.ruaitni leo enclosure 57 and 5b pi.r unit of tdr "ps.

   This titi condition checks during heating and d ,. rel'roidiouet.ent (ila, res the equilibrium of the arms at the bridge of the killing unctre diftéreat: el r: .. iatunca at the moment when the initiation has not yet erected in the enclosure 5T. inside et.alue enclosure an identical number of 4 slow thercophyoiques prur.rtvtée teuolaclaet! dea oreusata 59 with cover, eler.enta to
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 low resistance obeique 54, a bulkhead 60
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 for the protection of the thermosensitive element 54 of the enclosure
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 57 against the values of the sample. The partition 60 'in the child 58 serves to compensate for the trcr.:oph;:- niques properties. In the same or *. an additional mass of tungsten 61 all fo: # ¯- is used in the enclosure 57.

    from one to; port this crucible in order to coapcnser the sur, read a1 IF vents eu tu.-iC- atana in the enclosure 5b.

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   -The elements of resistance 54 in the enclosure @
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 57 and 58 cunatituent with the rheostat7ni of measurement 62 an electric bridge where the eçalvanomer 63 connects to my diagonal andure 11 in: eegltstre:, ient tlier: -ot; differential raph on the rotating drum 64 to tape of photographic paper to enter.



    Thus, if the quantity of heat which penetrates into each enclosure (57 and 58) is equal, the system of the device at each instant can be characterized by the following ratio
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 mcp A v 1I1.P. v1 where P - is the ratio of the MOCPO capnoity
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 calorific of the sample to that of all the elements i corll't1tuUl'B of the C1uu1ntc 57 or 5dt
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 d v '- ejt ld ratio of 1 diPterwce of speed <' vf averaged integrates of the variation of the temperature in the
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 cavity @ 57 and 5ti at the average speed of Chl:

  U1,8r.utnt of the ton- peruture in the cavity 57.
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 The characteristic temperature retention read in one, e @ent physical and chemical properties on top. face of the sample 53 is carried out on a belt drum 64
 EMI14.7
 of paper by a g, 'lvnorn'tre 65 connected in parallel with the rs1HtAlce 54 of the enclosure 57. Similarly, we connect to. the receiver 54 dat'in the enclosure 5b- the galvanometer 66 which registers on the drum 64 the teupcruture determining the reforence conditions in which the element is in the eliant; ei.ent des phyainuea and chiniauea properties at the uurtece of, é, Cl!: W tl110n en MXmnen.



  For Ru, ut-inter the precision of measurement, one ensures a suppi: nen read of l, te ::., Ps-tré2 Lure uans the enclosure 57 according to the 'nodule of a black body by means of 'an optical pyrometer 8' calibration. The sworn temperature is recorded on

 <Desc / Clms Page number 15>

 
 EMI15.1
 the taiabour 64 by an indicat.ur'L re i2., e luminous 67. The tracing of the temperature scale for .eu alvanoinetree 65 and 6b and for the pyrometer 8 is carried out using thff '.o-r'maee differentials of heating and cooling of the reference materials, especially according to the temperature of the onset of fuulon and crystallization of the nurd metrux.



  We start the reading of the temperature, determined by bed deviation of two direct recordings of the galvano
 EMI15.2
 
 EMI15.3
 -.eters 5j and 66, on 1 6her0t, r: ':: ne, dt prti.r dets two zero lines curreaponding to the terperature of the n * rrull Isaement with the water of the conruct: rc 14, 15 and of the ci- pot 25 of tuurc 10 and 11 before the br;, rc! ui: ent of the etaufrat; e.



  The peculiarity of the 1st method ae, nu contact for the deterud.-ation of the temperature douuine corrnapunlnnt to the appearance of ao chune enta as uhuae especially for the: u alloys (solutions crystalliaea, rutectinuue, uutectoldu: j, pdritec- tick <) conotâte aunc in that the decut of :! tritnirurniations is detarnated according to the thuruobruiiiuea of ciiauffit6e tundie that the end of the tr.msfor1 nU ona to the pure dvturrrsine him th'ir <t.o <rmatea
 EMI15.4
 cooling.
 EMI15.5
 



  4-1111. The elimination of different structural faults and the effect of the heat exchanging will destroy it on the record ttierrao, rrptiitucr, when the conditions m.cp.v # M.0p.4v are reached, remains at all times given uni / sondi - tion inditijienodùla, r.-titis in 'ut'1'iuant', for a determination of the quantity of, heat after the Hurface limited by the deviation of the, therroc; differential ramme, because we do not eliminate the factors related to the de.ré ae viriaule dispersion of the heat to be measured1 according to the cititn ,, e ent of the temperature and the preoeion. kour be able to determine from upr:

  .u the record says-

 <Desc / Clms Page number 16>

   ferential, with satisfactory precision, the quantity of
 EMI16.1
 heat tirtorbde by the sample in extunijne provision is made in the apparatus, in addition to the temperature scale, the construction of a caliber of the thermal perception of the atom of measurement and measurement connected to increase in temperature.



   The thermal perception q is a function q - P (t) with p, v = const.,
 EMI16.2
 where '. -1 Zal / M 7, Q.- had the known quantity of heat in ulories introduced into the enclosure 58 for exchanging the calibration value! ,.



  3 - the surince in mm2 linked to the deviation of the curve
 EMI16.3
 differential correniondrint 14 heat 4 at specified temperatures and pressure.



   The construction of the thermal perception scale of the measuring system during heating and cooling and
 EMI16.4
 at a con. teupéruture, jtzinte 8 'performs rs using thermo:; r & m :: 11!' di'f6rentiols representing 141. ae ::: ent of a quantity diter- r, .1n.: e of cimlaur z ouncein.te 5f3 by the standard heat source 6b placed in the empty bowl 59 before the 'sample 53 is placed in cavity 57:
The quantity of heat de @ ited by the source 66 is
 EMI16.5
 determines the coneosame power by uprèe entering a tetzge interval determined by potentiometric montade 69 or direc-;

     te ::: ent by the wattmeter 70 .. As of the oranche ::. ent of the source 68, the indicator with luminous mark 67 carries on the thermograame the
 EMI16.6
 indic itianu lw1neu ...



  The amount of heat relating to the transforma-
 EMI16.7
 : ion of; ha3e of the oucetance ye determines from the planimetry of the surface the maximum of the differential curve at the coyen of the formula

 <Desc / Clms Page number 17>

 
 EMI17.1
 4H. 1.8 m S (calA),
 EMI17.2
 where what is the thermal perception corresponding to a temperature which relates to the mean area of the thermal effect? requrt-r, limited by the deviation of In curve
 EMI17.3
 differential.
 EMI17.4
 



  Seen att, ians lt: device of cniorimetry tuermoE; ra, phic likes contnct, surfing. this of the dl. ent then-touenaible surrounding the real sample, it tiruiLt) rei..unt at the onset of the thor.iiues effects, 'the 1 V sample surface to be analyzed, the construction of the temperature scale of <5 heel of nprèc
 EMI17.5
 
 EMI17.6
 spotted them with ink, .iatre.vnt air'jct and; iyror;,. optical being, so that the detersinntion after c: rulle of the temperature miner don liniteu deu trunafonnutlonu do E.hicea don allia- t; t3 Do not perform a,: re the deduction of the mnxirnun of the differential curve with decl; 27 ± ra ,: obligatory. den i, err.o, heating and cooling rtammol3a'3: nt; nt.



  The beginning of the fusion and of 1 criatallisvtlon dos éldlenta ori.aqueu puru which does not auuirment pitu uurcoolie- ne-.otite is at as ::. Th level of tef.-pc ratura of ller.ru,; 18- tre -ient airuct, incvrends: .ment of the llace..luration of the speed of c .-, an,; e, .ient of the teiipéruture aane les li:.: teo from 4 to ti5 '/ cin.



  In FIG. 6 are represented, by way of example, the thermo, heating and cooling rams. 4 are silver, the amount "*, iron and the heat. ao, çrià, = e differential of criatal-
 EMI17.7
 ae - '' Hure
 EMI17.8
 f lization of moiybaene, where the temperature rieultat5 / 'ac lra coincide with a known precision with 1Pn data.



  The ti: erir.obru; ¯2 <e of 1'tir.em. (figure tira) was brought on heating to 6C * / <ain quickooe and when reirgiale ent 4 1U '/ vin. The detriment of the liquid is the surface with the heating and crilting of the primary case permitting the cooling a: -ent is a level of temperature,

 <Desc / Clms Page number 18>

 
 EMI18.1
 The ther: -Oo.raE: e of manganese (Figure 6b) is brought a vited-i of uhbufx * aba na 5ù- / m1n and cooling ne 3o * / 'ain! the transformations in solid phase during the chaut-, atJe corresponding with a precision of + 8. to the known data, furnace 1: .1 tr: ln1'or; .. üt1on polyworphiquc f} # # a we find a . ;; su J: re1'roid 1 ..>. H !! .. CW of 100.



  The ttiar:. ^. O; ra ^: me with iron (fi, ure oc) H was brought to an average speed ae cti.tuffa, .. e and this cooled by 42 /, nin and the tr:> n. ; far j1 t ona en rhaaa oli .: coincide with the theoretical # uuri.-e; with an accuracy of 5 *. The supercooling of the fluid during crystallization is 95.



  The t.tJr :, 10t (r: u: u. Du c ...-: 3tI11118: .t10n of molybdenum (i'i urrr or) must ..ort. :: J. A speed of bJ./rn1n after a quick t¯c story: ur, aurc,; wn; u '; ¯ ¯ :: v¯rcr ..: bu0. The temperature htCJur'Je p..r le uyruriJ tr opt 1,'! UI :! ut recorded by verticuux Luminous receipts.



  1.CO J: rcal: ao de: ec:; prratūau: ev: a., Your l'enceini t.:un ',,, I1: ":!: L' ctiuntilion Q #? (1) ' and for 11.nce1nte of the T # standard: (1) (i "i.,; ur 7), for ink. id: re:.: ent direct, rep- reseiitwnt t¯ 5iic: 'ale-: erit the dz: .r: Ca :: linear cavity which correspond with jmtiaunte precision to the three /l,Rr.1meS of teupé -! '. tlle8 du ;; ^ run; tra optical 5 - f (J) (I filter 600-U00 # C, II filter 14UÙ-UU ..

   It filters UUO-jvOU.) Where 1 em the deviation (in "un) of 1 'e: .r * j / .i3tre :: ent direct of the temperature: v: king J - l'z: ct: : i: t de cJur'tut tl ': Jv' :: - a: 1t le fl1,: "t :: lt de la l: p au ui iu: n: 1 ti e When I I.1Jtel ': iwtti \ J! I '.1- li..ite- of ter-perature of 1' at. {iari: i'jn l1l: 0 t = ": 131.sior.j 'ie w. ^. F13e3 de :;!: 1111a. Es of type solution .roi: ac;: ur xec: j¯c, ie.; U-.1 (..:; - e, () is ..1) (fi u- re t :. ot ce 'u1llL1; I' - "'9 -., l (C: - 1t: / -.,." tt-i4; .. .1-c;,) (t: ure or) , lu v: e: lW .t1 i '-. jijn CJ ::: W v: 3 L'! t '. "': 'I1, J d0irca known with 11 li ru. *, le:; 011U3, and 1. 'l ;; u ,; ii la cr :: Jt;' \: l1 !! 'lt:' J! L
 EMI18.2
 

 <Desc / Clms Page number 19>

 
 EMI19.1
 with the 1 1-1-i-ne of linuidus.

   Leu th6r - .. or..uea have vt :: recorded at a speed of 42 '/ min. e lu -Ome way, t'rBr! Tl0 (jrUlr ^.! ::: a 3 C11.W'fa ,, R 8t 'le rtfrui.lutt.-jnt, Oll rl, rr¯pr0- duit R9S1? itrci9: 'leflt 1 "a irt.r; ##.:. a: e state 13; \ - Cr' luna le (le ooucl ---, af! = ': (fi; jur 9) where d 'z; c.: t 1 ra t1: r; .o- r :: TT9' tu Griaaf i '"- i (0 on u aét9.": i.in.' la Liu Ip: ^.:,! 1, fleux llwt3ea of 1: 1 (plays!. *, T.:. L: lfi t3t 1: lt., - ne '* 3o'.t: ua. La iirite .ill; tES. ^ IWlZ'G' 'riti rlc) t': lliTlt3 7t two tatu of the ûouolri! u.n ') a: 1-1 11: 1 e 1 "..: UU J (1;:.::: C:':: ty , t't! .. 1 ':: l vJ ttlt :: f'! 0- r, r &:.: jie8 1 rijrroii1i3 ". ntfti '. (#).



  Leu f; ;>.! !: '. t: j'! e # ". <- #,: ur'î.j ooc: 1! .- .. ci.t: moon ') .u''t ILu a 0-rl rt: t.-.: rt t (11 t (. '"' p ''." r '-: 3 U ..uy nnfi ti intr: .I, t d'upr o de.! vj1u:;.' < o 1 initia.: ar la sur: ':: c lu l: r: t; trvt': t 1., l: uro9: i '! n! t :::. r: nt inLrrL'urva .tu UIt :, i1 / iC lu t,: wp: rlltt: r ,,: rna la li -, -. ite ilf error nt- .ii! 'l'r: yr, :: jpue lias, le ilelle i) . 1-t :: urt'uc1 Iti i1 'chant 1.1 Lon.



  Avoc au, vcautr.tiun tte la (. # Rnpi'.T'tuure ': t da la p'M- uion, the' law of heat ', He dirrt (! Cor..idtrv; .l ,: 'have: t, ;; ar' .nuqnunt 1 dl.T) 'jrinn' io la ch-ilrtur .. .wat: rvr :: b.jor- b, e or prompted pnr lt aUrfRCt3 des .C: IILttltiL10n9 tt , t <i7.f'3 '. increases 4 the suicei as 1' tChnn <'the heat rsv'sc the .vilinu: t.rûL :: nt.



  All the reason why we dreamed left him. nrau,: t dlaf) 0.iMf la cons .: trijutttin d'une cnulla de clllbrn,; a te Lei ye.rr: H, tlon ttrnr'l'Ltw for 1 mi (: elnil 1.irinfi cont: r t '.; j 1 r4 L t ,, tiz-; uo f.-t 1 g; .ara- # u'jtraa du uyst?: i (> d'enr' iatrm.ont and de: 5r.e. ijU : 1 i; t fleura 10 (a, b) i title u'exH.:. Le ire la construction (,. 'Un (: tr, 1 #ichu J lu ant r' .. r'-o ' ; nt'a! .-: 3 thor.io rautrnea, tee i.:flu1 'ionc fiux t: I: .tltrr'tt lrt1 -i *' -0 (fL't-'e 1 - u) and ltUOO (fi ure 1G'D) where the d''Lut tie 3rmtctT?: ':'! nt ': t de deritan- der, i.liul iorui'. :: #:; '.-: i iuom d' uno v '[l "! ur' jroL3n: tn t ') a'H le creuaot (law .'h'nc' * '. n (.o' te 1''tu; nn, dctn3 Icu 11. '. he has

 <Desc / Clms Page number 20>

 
 EMI20.1
 288 to 127 calorieo coincided with the luminous vertical mark
 EMI20.2
 uur tuti thermo .; rwnlnes.



  On the ther'110, rli.l1UlIeS of figure 10 (a, b) one volt netteti4ont aurfucia of an identical vuleur relating to
 EMI20.3
 the portion of dragee heat absorbed by the empty crucible
 EMI20.4
 and by the constituent elements. This is why the planiltr1e 'dea. surfaces includes the measurement of the d13tanc8S between the marks; lw: t1nF! ux and ln height of "maximum 11 Lupulaion of heat.



  Lee ther; .-. O, -ram: ies relevas for the different pres- .J1 ') Bone of helium (P a 1.1u -5 Hg (a), 30 inin ILL; (b) and 660 ma.



  'lI (c) therefore indicate that r, oi-ir temperatures and pressures dt6r1n8, lea aUrrli.C3 limited by the differential curve- le' are direct one hundred l, ruac: t: onnellas lUX ttffettt thermiques (fi ur.y 11 ). uur fi, ure 12: are: eo: 3senten the 4chellea of perception ', lIer:' type of system "h -e: ur-j relating to 1-i ..; ud" 'Ic .:' 1: .1t: a by the curve alf! 'T'tf;: 111., We function by t If ": p': -,} ': 1J rff.



  The scales (a), (b), (c) relate to them regimes tuea OR: va 0 * / Lin and uux pre.;: Ji3n3 already mentioned for ri urP 11. Lea lîoheilea (d) and (e) have ' it> 5 constructed i a 'rlj,! d: .on of 660 nu H and a speed ae; measurement of the tem-; "1" "ïur <* - re.I ,,' 1ct1.ve of 21 and # v2 / min loura of the introduction dan .: 1'awe.ae of the u talon in the empty space of a spray of C: I, He "': - of 1vU iJ. 1, W cal. It should be noted that the load of the Tontaee in bridge of the differential resistance eroceter and by C3ns, 'q'er.t, ara 3ensioilit, - relating to the scale (d) were uouol: eo in: o: pa : -loa with all scales represents:; tps .: over 1h daily. '. ure 1. The general taerirsue perception is one; ,, - = a..CfJI.1: l, lu ..; i: 1 "Clrtillte that cella the scales a, b, c, e.



  From the calibration scale recorded @@ we have determined

 <Desc / Clms Page number 21>

 
 EMI21.1
 mined the heat of rain fuulon, urtJ elaent9 chi ',. 1 The data in the table gives in appendix.



  From fi ..; ur 12, it can be seen that with the decrease in the heating and cooling speed and with the increase (te.: Them times of the load of the '.Jnt'Lt: e in i, we see a coincidence of cu.'actéri3tl = 1ue, of the thermal perception raised in d 1 (, the i :: othtlJ '.., the control point f) and 1 a speed from 21 /; n.

   The error of: the: ure in this case does not exceed 0.5; . ae referring to the known dunnétlu :) 4ur Lr: c results of dJtdrr.:if1'.tlon of the heat of -.4al3nf in connl11UIJ / Hlt the maeae ut la tlu: "f'1CIt respective oe 1 \ :. 11. r "tt> ilf will do connect.; ax1l; 1U1: 1 corra:.!: IH'hll \ nt; t la te :: l.wru: ue '.: 0j'nn <, we have po: 4t j on figure 1J lea .ttWltCanltt! : n: .., ueg -le the inolun. te unti- ': groin, tin, silver, gold, copper, lu 1'.r, tn - 1. i' .: t: 7 1d. * .. ** i'j rk:,; i.1 ". ::: 3.¯ ..;.: ^;,: J..Jt: - due to the givieu Game icbellea .lt per '.: un t; .er .. ::; uo, a and d of the fi.ure e 1 "will draw to:" l10 the lu :: u:.: cv ';:', ll.Jn of chu-
 EMI21.2
 their.

 <Desc / Clms Page number 22>

 
 EMI22.1
 



  ! cf-alc-r ac i-or. d8 CebUX UC8
 EMI22.2
 - ########## "" {; U.iitrc1tÜ.> ;: ..a: tr ..;. S-, t .-, cur, i! <<.3i. ri ... as5e de, 1 \ .eeS8 of the writing, e: Slow ¯.1 ctl: O¯'¯., tl, ....... '.; ¯.¯ vs. te.7p- .-: 14 .n. ; -; 1 ..::) #. Ès 7GrlnEEb ¯..m'lofe. tillon, .e la te., péconnu'2S;. 16.I.r8 known e; '1.r, ..: n-40al / c-at t; cross out the 'es- kcal / pillowcases a / min jaia r-at kcl / -a; 1 2 3 4 5 6? d 9 1 Cuivra 1b;

   1Lb3 + 5 3, 1 + fi, 4?, B2 3, GJ 2.cl7 42 2 Hrtent 960 5ôut2 2,? + U, 1 23.76 2.56 2.96 42 3 Or 1063 tU63 * t 3.05 * 0 , 1 16.75 3.29 4.8 42 4 ¯, er 1540 t535i5 3.7iU, é 66.0-66.3 3.66-3.7 1.1 21 42 7 # 1410 1405l5 0.35-0.207 5.065 0.263 2.05 42 ay 10 5GG-! t G 0.27-0.32 3, ka2 0.214 2.05 42 'raf.iii'ODaa- tio ....!. b, .U..4- 768? fl8tU - - - - 42 nickel tick 1453 145 ( JI5 422 * 0.6 66.0 3.39-4.43 1.76 42 6 Cooalt 1495 14 5 3.751.0.3 67.79 3.9'i 1.7 42 CT5 '* a - p 450 363! 5 - 1.506 0.088 1.7 42 C-. Cc Transfor..m- .10 tion: Qt1Ln- 1125 113U¯ + 5 - - - t.? 42 p tic

 <Desc / Clms Page number 23>

 
 EMI23.1
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 lalladium 1555 "', 5 4.0 J': 1, On 4.21 3.925 42 ti Chromium 1ÙO. 193J8 3.3 #, b ..J'I.79 5, Oc 1,1 42 ..year, a: èse 1243 t? 43 = 5 3,:> - - 2.954 42 o # - 727 1; l '.! 5 - - 2.954 42 fi - y 1U951.5 1v'j) '2.954 42 T # # - 1133 11, j;

   - - - 2.954 42 10 lier.l'n1um 937 3'It5 7.0-'f "iO, '' 1.11d 7.05 1.48 21 11 iliciuQ 1412 H1l - '.!.' 11.1 3o5.75 10, bi 0.568 42 12 Ltaia 23 '::' ': 1.' 13.0 t1.'Ib 1.75 2,) éj 42 13 Antimony 63J 6 1 3j, ui 43, - '5.20 1.7ù7 42 14 Indiuu 156 15ù.!.' Ó.3'J 6, b 0.779 1.200 42

 

Claims (1)

EMI24.1 :: wi / .. ilI (: A1'I (Jl7â. 1.- Di: 901tJ.rm cal,: i'TI '; r: 1 tnr' .. 0fruphique com! Jl'tJnhnt a furnace for the chaut'rr:,; e and lu cooling ';. Continued to the sample at a good speed, ut a diauouit of measurement of the tc: np .r Ltu: e and of the pierce: ion of the change of EMI24.2 the enthalpy of the sample provided with a heat-insulating envelope, EMI24.3 diinj l ': l.4ul yunt jjl.-icéa 1 * ôcnantillon to lnalyaer and the elurnenta t:, f: rllooen ;;. b1'1: 11 a ":> Pf1r11 kS :: lu:" 1nt l'9nfI ... 1f: St: 'e; lIent de la L, o: (rr., t, rd artnd le testas in 1. '0:' l..e 2ir'ict or differential, ¯uruct: r: .r: you os 'read the cn.s03tf around the;', "! 3ure of the tern- '.: Rlltur'1' / t do reads ierc: a; :: on of U: ltfli.:. 8 ::, tlnt of I: nthulp1e of 1''i ': t; L t il Lem el, 1i.c'lH.cr. ea: di viaû by a heat-insulating partition in uoux 'H: <.: u1nte3 identiluea duno one of3ouell where is placed the, fcO.1n.tUlon it eXl' .. l1nr and in the other - lci aource standard ' the rnyonnin nt, the ca.n1; 111on lJ. 9onI: 11Y :: II "r ut the standard source 't: w;, - onr.:::.n: 6': '. Nt r: n,;') url9 1o: 'r.' :: Il03S ré31atance3 ohcaiquee tif) n C'Jr. ', l UftO; i7'K:' Jrllt 4:,. nri: il: nit \ -nuroe italon; laa c1 .ntu (the pregnant Cna'1U8 are: JYr.14tr1que ' ,,, nt arranged by r'1pr: Q rt. 1. u: .r.> 1: c> i -le the day cniuf: * a; e (retro131sea: ent) ei dm.t, 'l " i: Jt ': J their: p: -' .. 1r: tee t ..: ": o-ph:! J1q'.aa (qauf l" c18 -tillon), ';' I,.: .. The gold "where: 'a, one that dîna CCll1.qU" t onceinte penetrates a quantity lr1fJOtl'! ue of (; Ht11eu :, yar unit of tecpa. 2.- i.oa: ..: i! according to claim 1, characterized in that kills the tc: .an: illon to be inalyaer and the standard source of cha- 1; 1..r 3on: j.lac.3 d; ir.a des craujeta. 3.- ..... sp,;, jtut one or the other of the claims 1 and r, charac: ôri3é '.? ce: use the: Weak play a réaiatan- cea ohniouea d-na the two ends of the device are diapo- I ,, juivunt uni GY: d: cylindrical rim between the envelope c.¯o: :: uee: the c:: ue t9 and scn:; : takes away. by a calirifu e partition. 4.- 1: o1 ::. if we claim 1, characterize <Desc / Clms Page number 25> EMI25.1 in that as an apparatus for the interest of the tauperuture of my time in Covua aireot or "iffÓrI1.i (Jlle one uses three (Qlvul \ ol.lùtr Jùnt one is connected dnria La J1u .; on,: the of no you I have it I * jj aiûiuu r>: ¯ im {,. # ncea ot whose other games joined cuunl3s had 1u: 'nllM 3VC 1 e:, Jl.:' t :! resitance. 5.- Disuouitif according to lu returned Ion 1f u.rflvtri.ci in that the \ 1i:; o ::: itit 'for 111I.le:, ul e of Lu te'nt' "r! Ttur <* and of the perception of the c: u: n,: e ents of the e: lt, hul1 is surrounded by an ecr; iu our d <i protect-oa against the ei '.' ut duo.; "lux .a oonvoction. 6.- Dinf. \ OIJ1ti! telon lu rtfvcn, ic: \ t1 \ Jn 1, .nrscctriari en ce qi.e turn 1 - .. j.; mures cjiloriir.ft.'i .'- ea He .. !! a Le .1u: 1. ^ .L te hautea te!: 2perl \ ture with LIi9L: '10n of a pure 1ryt.te medium and a vacuum, the casing of the floc, the' ';:' lu1 ut leu t;., Mla d: J1s - tanoej oont ': .. it.6 & en tuu a ne. 7.- ¯1 '; "0.'11.11' ualun the unit or The other j * ji: ,,; vl! R1'11c: '\ -': :::. 1 and .i, ct: : ': cWr: aé en et: \ ..' 1 'Our Lu wr: tr: eu: yl: - :: efl': .. 1.rl! ue the pressure '1 "> jh: k * of the # mu'.e ta. ^ ci-: tur, on;, l "us: Y: J :: t :: 'J. :: l1'.l ..1'aOLna. aa., ... :: 1.' '!: - .i'.w 'C: 1 ...'.! t 2 (\ t: r.llérittur, 4 \ 1 ', t: ##' i L. #: o.: m1 l'm, ; '):', '0 black.