BE477496A - - Google Patents

Description

       

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  "Device for transforming movement and machines (internal combustion engines, in particular) using this device"
To transform a reciprocating reotilinear motion, such as that of a piston, into continuous circular motion.,

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 such as that of a tree, we already know. various solutions: a) the member with reciprocating rectilinear motion, piston, for example, is connected by a connecting rod to a crank or crankshaft secured to the shaft. This connecting rod is articulated on the one hand on the piston, on the other hand on the crankshaft or crankshaft.



   This known means has drawbacks and in particular the following:
1) it gives rise to lateral thrusts which are transmitted by the pistons, which causes ovalization of the cylinders, a drop in efficiency due to leaks, between the cylinders and the rings, an excessive consumption of lubricant and a poor fit of the segments;
2) it does not completely balance the moving masses, in particular for single cylinders;

   b) on the basis of the known property that a point of a rolling circumference without sliding in another circumference of double diameter of the first describes a hypocycloid which, in this case, merges with a diameter of the great circumference , many devices have been produced which include a pinion in engagement with the inner toothing of a crown with a diameter double that of the pinion. The reciprocating member is connected to this pinion, while the rotary member is integral with the elements causing the pinion to roll in the ring gear.



   If some of these devices make it possible to construct motors or pumps with opposed pistons coupled by a rigid bar, comprising in its middle part a ring in which an eccentric rotates, these known devices necessarily use, like all those

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 of this type, a pinion engaged with the internal teeth of a crown.



   Now, gears, especially for high rotational speed motors, and aircraft engines where high specific power is desired, are heavy, noisy and bulky components. In addition, they are fragile because the teeth are subjected to considerable efforts.



   On the other hand, if said gear pinion were removed from one of these mechanisms, the latter would be in neutral each time a piston was in the middle of its stroke; this central dead point would be difficult to cross under these conditions and this difficulty is liable to cause serious disturbances in the operation of such a mechanism, in particular the rupture of organs.



   The object of the present invention is to remedy the aforementioned drawbacks.



   To facilitate the explanations which will follow, it seemed necessary to use terms such as "solar", "planetary", "satellite" and "sub-satellite", in order to give a generic name to certain elements; these names, justified by a resemblance existing between the movements of these elements and those of some stars, led to give the qualifier "astral" to the system which is the object of the present invention as opposed to the term "classic" by which will be referred to as the known system which comprises the essential components such as piston (or reciprocating member), connecting rod and crank.



   The object of the present invention is the new industrial product which constitutes a device for transforming a circular movement into rectilinear-reciprocating movement and vice versa, characterized by the "Cinema-specific features.
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 ticks "," balancing features ","

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 control of angular movements and velocities "," Embodiments ", !! Devices for reducing lateral pressures" and "Embodiments" described below in chapters I, II, III, IV, V and VI, respectively:
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 I - "2 kinematic features T1:
We will first present the astral system under the aspect of an ideal system, the material system being explained later.



   Figures 1 to 15 represent some schematic positions of this ideal system, but for the sake of clarity, some elements of the system have been omitted in these figures, in particular the movement control device, which will be described by the following.



   In the. analytical demonstration made in this chapter, it is assumed that the elements 0, P, S, T and others, represented in said figures, are in the same plane parallel to the drawing and that their movements are performed in this plane, the rotations being consequently carried out around axes perpendicular to the drawing. The meeting of two elements, the breaks in trajectories and other conjunctures which would seem practically impossible to achieve are due to the immateriality of this ideal system.



   The astral system is formed by the following elements: a) a so-called solar center, b) a so-called planetary system, c) a so-called satellite system, d) a so-called subsatellar system
The solar center (0) is considered to be fixed in space.



   The planetary system is made up of several so-called planetary mobiles (P and B) which are arranged around

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 of the solar center (0) in such a way that their centers of gravity maintain invariable positions between them (see, for example, fig. 15). Each planetary can be either a simple planetary, a weight planetary (B), or a master planetary (P). A planetary-weight is a balancing element, as we will see later; a planetary master is a planetary which forms the center of a satellite system.



   The satellite system is composed of several so-called satellite mobiles (for example S and A, in FIG. 15) which are arranged around the aforementioned master planetary (P) in such a way that their centers of gravity keep unchanging positions between them. Each satellite can be either a single satellite (A), a weight satellite, or a master-satellite (S). A satellite-weight is a balancing element; a master-satellite is a satellite which constitutes the center of a sub-satellite system.



   The subsatellite system is made up of several so-called subsatellite mobiles (for example T and T 'in FIG.



  15) which are arranged around the aforementioned master satellite (S) in such a way that their centers of gravity maintain invariable positions between them. Each sub-satellite can be either a single sub-satellite or a weight sub-satellite or balancing element.



   The solar center has an axis of rotation, called the solar axis, which passes through its center of gravity; each planetary (except the planetary-weight) has an axis parallel to the solar axis, called the planetary axis, and which passes through its center of gravity; each satellite (except the weight satellites) has an axis, parallel to the planetary axis, called the satellite axis, which passes through its center of

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 gravity. These axes are considered to be infinitely extended. (In fig. 15, for example, '/. 0' s are respectively the solar axis of the center 0, the planetary axis of the master planetary P and the satellite axis of the master satellite S).



   We call: solar radius (o p) the radius which, starting from the solar axis, ends in a planetary axis (p for example); planetary radius the radius which, starting from the axis of a master planetary, ends at the axis of a satellite (p s' for example); satellite radius the radius which, starting from the axis of a master satellite, ends at the center of gravity of a sub-satellite (# sT, for example).



  In an astral system, the solar rays have the same length as the planetary rays (but this equality is not obligatory for the weight elements); the length of a satellite ray is arbitrary.



   The astral system (fig. 15, for example) being set in motion, this results in the various simultaneous rotary movements described below: 1st movement: the soldier center (0) rotates on its axis of rotation (o) in one direction of rotation - and with an angular speed, o.



   2nd movement: in its rotational movement, the solar center (0) drives the entire planetary system in a rotational movement around the same solar axis (o), or conversely, all the planetary (P, B), in their movement of rotation around this axis, cause the solar center (0) in its aforementioned rotational movement. This rotational movement of the planetary system is carried out in the same direction () previously mentioned and with an angular speed (@p) equal to the solar angular speed (, o).

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   2nd movement: in its rotational movement around the solar axis (#o) the master planetary (P) drives the entire satellite system in a circular translational movement around the same solar axis (#o) or well, conversely, all the satellites, in their circular translational movement, drive the master planetary P in a rotational movement around the solar axis (#o).



  Simultaneously, a relative rotational movement occurs between these two systems (planetary and satellite), the axis of rotation of this relative movement being the axis (#p) of the master planetary (ce); considering, in this relative movement, only the displacement of the satellite system, the latter performs, with respect to the planetary system, a relative movement of rotation in a direction opposite to # and with a relative angular speed (#s), which is double the solar angular velocity (#o).



   4th movement: in its movement of rotation around the master planetary (P), the master satellite (S) drives the entire subsatellar system in a relative circular translational movement around the same master planetary (P), or, conversely, all the subsatellites drive the master satellite (S) in a rotational movement around the master planetary (P).

   Simultaneously, a relative rotational movement occurs between these two systems (satellite and sub-satellite), the axis of rotation of this relative movement being the axis (@ s) of the master-satellite (S); considering, in this relative movement, only the displacement of the sub-satellite system, this one performs with respect to the satellite system, a relative movement of rotation in the same direction of rotation (#) due to the solar center (0) and with a speed angular (@ t),

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 equal to the solar angular velocity (#o).



   Three fundamental relationships emerge from the explanations given above; they will be designated by: @, expressing the equality between the solar and planetary rays, expressing the equality between the above-mentioned angular velocities, that is to say = @o = p = s / 2 = t and expressing the relationship between the directions of rotation as they have just been defined.



   Under the conditions explained above, if the solar center is animated with a uniform and constant angular velocity, all the mentioned rotary movements are also effected with uniform and constant angular velocities, which can be achieved. to prove.



   Under the same conditions, given that the solar center (0) drives the entire planetary system, a planetary (P) of this system drives the entire satellite system, and a satellite (S) of this system drives the whole subsatellar system, or vice versa, and if we consider only the movement of each element in relation to another element which drives it, or which is driven by it, we can say that the movements of an astral system are only rotational movements (absolute or relative) 4-
However, under the same conditions mentioned above, it can be shown that any satellite (S, SI and A, for example, in fig 11) performs, at the same time as a relative rotational movement around its planetary master ( P), a movement which,

   with respect to a fixed point in space (a fixed point of the solar axis, #o, for example) is a rectilinear-reciprocating motion, the trajectories of which intersect the solar axis (#o), each rectilinear trajectory having a length equal to the sum of four solar rays.

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  (In figs 2 and 7, L'L is the rectilinear trajectory of satellite S).



   Under the same conditions mentioned above, it can also be shown that any sub-satellite (T1, T2 and T ', for example in fig 12) performs, at the same time as a relative rotational movement around its master satellite (S), a movement which, with respect to the fixed point mentioned above, is an alternating rectilinear movement, the rectilinear trajectories of which follow directions equal or parallel to the rectilinear trajectories described by this satellite master (S). Each rectilinear trajectory of a subsatellite has a length equal to the sum of four solar rays (in fig 11, x'x, x'ix and x'2x2 are the lines which coincide with the rectilinear trajectories of the subsatellites T, T1 and T2, respectively. In Figs 2 and 7, 1'1 determines the length of the sub-satellite trajectory T).



   Freezes 1 to 10 represent the progressive positions, during a cycle, of four elements (the solar center 0, the planetary-master P, the master-satellite S and the sub-satellite T); nevertheless, it should be emphasized that the elements represented by these figures do not in themselves constitute an astral system, the removal of the elements which complete it having been made exclusively for the purpose of clarity *
On the fig II, the lines x'x. X'X and y'y represent the reotilinear trajectories described, respectively, by S, S'and A, as has been said above.

   These lines are called "initial" lines and, more generally, the initial line of a satellite will be called the line which, at a given moment, connects the solar center (0), the satellite concerned (S, for example) and the master. -planetary (P) of this satellite.

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   In fig. 13, the single satellite - (shown in fig. 11 and 12) has been transformed into a master satellite which drives two subsatellites T3 and T4.



   In fig 14, A is a weight satellite.
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  II - It? Balancing articularities ":
The astral mechanism is characterized by the fact that each of the three systems that compose it is balanced and the whole mechanism is also balanced. For example:. In the system of fig 15, it is assumed that rigid bars I, II, III, of negligible mass, respectively connect POB, SA and TT '. Bar I rotates on the solar axis (# o); the bar II is articulated on the bar I in P and on the bar III in S. It will be recalled that, in this freeze 15, the planetary system is constituted by P, 0 and B,
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 the satellite by A, 2 and S and the sub-satellite by the, S and T '.



   Are:
1 - (sub-satellite system):
Mt ': mass of T'
Mt: mass of '1 Ms: mass of S We assume that the center of gravity of all three masses is on the axis of rotation (#s) of this system, and we obtain:
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 li, mass concentrated in = txt.s We can therefore say that the mass Ms of the master satellite S has been transformed into M1 by adding the masses Mt 'and Mt.



   (satellite system):
Ma: mass of A
Mp: mass of P Ms: mass of S But we have just seen that Ms has been transformed into M1. However, the masses composing this satellite system are: M1, Mp

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 and Ma. We suppose that the center of gravity of all three masses is on the axis of rotation (#p) of this system and we obtain: 3lz, mass concentrated in P = M1 + Mp + Ma We can therefore say that the mass Mp of the crankpin P has been transformed into M2 by the addition of the masses M1 and Ma.



   3 - (planetary system):
Mb = Mass of B
Mo = Mass of 0
Mp m Mass of P But we have just seen that Mp has been transformed into M2. However, the masses that make up a planetary system are: M2, Mo and Mb. We suppose that the center of gravity of the set of these three masses is on the axis of rotation (#) of this o system, and we finally obtain:
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 - M - Id. + 10 + Mb
Now, from the point of view of balancing, everything would therefore take place as if the general set, according to 1, 2, 3, were constituted by a total mass M, concentrated on 1 \ which is, not only the axis of shaft 0, but also the main axis of the whole mechanism.



  III - "Angular movement and speed control devices":
In the first part of the description (chapter
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 I "Kinematic particularities"), it was a question of certain control devices which force the elements of the astral system to perform, in a given time, the movements described in the said chapter, one of the purposes of these devices. being to give some of these movements angular speeds of rotation determined by the relation # and directions of rotation defined by '/..1
Figs.

   16, 17 and 18 are three views (front, side and plan, respectively) of a hardware system @

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 astral equipped with these control devices and built in accordance with the relation, concerning the equality of the rays, set out in chapter I. The letters and numerals of reference indicate organs which play roles analogous to those of the elements designated by the same letters or the same numbers as in the previous figures. I is a so-called "primary" rigid organ, in the form of a crankshaft and of which 0 is the shaft (solar center); P is a crankpin (master planetary), B is a counterweight (planetary-weight). 0 and 2 are connected by a crank arm, and B is placed in the extension of this arm.

   It is a so-called "intermediate" rigid organ, articulated, on the one hand, on the primary organ (I) using the crank pin-planetary (P), and on the other hand, on the organ III; this intermediate member (II) comprises on the same face two pivots: (master-satellite) and A (single-satellite) arranged diametrically on each side of the axis (p) of the sun gear 2; A 'is a counterweight (satellite-weight); the single satellite A, shorter than the master satellite S, slides in the slide IV; the sa ..- tellite acts as a pivot of articulation of this intermediate organ (II) with the organ III.

   III is a so-called "secondary" rigid member, consisting of two members T and @ '(sub-satellites) which are connected by rods to a slider C, called "frame", in which the satellite pivot S is housed; this secondary member III slid in the slide v, which is formed by two branches, s, Gi, parallel to the initial straight line x'x of the satellite S. The slide IV is formed by two branches, @g. Gd parallel to the initial line y'y of satellite A.

   The two slides (IV and V) meet in their middle, so that the satelliteites and A cross the central axis perpendicularly.

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   (#o), extended, during their movements without the secondary organ (III) coming into contact with the satellite A.



   The movements of the organs described above are as follows: we first suppose that it is a question of transforming a rectilinear-reciprocating movement into a circular movement and, for this purpose, we admit (fig. 16) that two alternating driving forces, and f, of opposite direction, following the direction of the line x'x, are applied respectively at T and T '. We will start from the initial position in which T, S, P, 0 are found in this order on the line x'x (fig. 2 by analogy). The force F, applied in T, is transmitted to S, and these two organs, obliged to follow the slide V, perform a rectilinear movement in the direction x'x; this reotilinear movement is transformed into a circular movement of the crank pin-planetary P (therefore of the shaft 0) using the intermediate member (II) which acts, first of all, in the manner of a conventional connecting rod .

   When the satellite b and the sub-satellite T are in the middle or towards the middle of their paths, that is to say when the satellite S is on the central axis (#o) (figo 4 by analogy) or close to this axis, the intermediate member (II) plays the role of a lever of the second kind, the power being in S, the resistance in P and the fulcrum at a point of the slide IV on which the satel rests - lite A. The successive movements will be deduced from those of the ideal system shown in figs 1 to 10.

   The reverse operation, that is to say the transformation of the circular motion of the shaft 0 into the rectilinear motion of the subsatellites T and T 'is easily understood: in fact, driven by a rotary motive force, 0 acts on P which acquires a circular motion; the intermediate organ (II)

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 transform this movement into a rectilinear movement of S first using the V slide;

   when passing through the #o axis, or in the vicinity of this axis, the intermediate member (II) plays the role of a lever which is then a lever of the third kind, the power being at P, the resistance in S and the fulcrum at a point of slide IV on which satellite A rests. The movements of satellite 4 in slide IV can easily be deduced from the above, A being in solidarity with S.



   Taking into account what has just been explained in the preceding paragraph, we can see that the slides IV and V, by guiding the rectilinear-reciprocating movements of the subsatellites T and T ′ and of the satellites and A, simultaneously control time their relative circular motions, in accordance with the descriptions made in chapter I, concerning the "Kinematic particularities !!. Indeed, the reotilinear-reciprocating motions of the subsatellites and of the satellites result from the circular motions as described in the said chapter 1. Now, by reversibility, these circular movements can be obtained by controlling the rectilinear movements.



   It should be noted that the astral system presents, during a cycle, two dead points, which we can call external, similar to those of a classical system, each dead point coinciding with the beginning of each reotilinear race of a secondary organ (III). When this secondary organ is in the middle of its rectilinear course, its satellite center (the satellite S, for example), is on the central axis (#o) (fig * 4 by analogy); in this position, we would find ourselves in the presence of a central dead center and if the organ

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 intermediate (II) was only a connecting rod, of length SP, for example, it could not print, under these conditions, a rotational movement to the planetary P;

   but by resting, directly or indirectly, on a solid fixed point of the frame (for example on a point of the slide IV) the intermediate member (II) is transformed into a lever and makes said central dead center disappear.



   The control devices described in this chapter are characterized in particular because they force the satellite and sub-satellite units of an astral system to perform the movements described above in chapter I and, moreover, by the fact that the unit intermediary (II), meeting, directly or indirectly, one or more support points integral with the frame of the astral system, is transformed into a lever when the satellite which serves as an articulation between this intermediate organ (II) and the secondary member (III) is located on the central axis of rotation (#o) or in the vicinity of this axis.

   These devices are also characterized because the point or fixed points mentioned above, which serve as a fulcrum for the intermediate member (II) can be either on the slides described in the present patent, or on a appropriate organ fixed in relation to the base of the astral mechanism.



  IV - "Examples of realization"
Several variations will be described in the present patent. A first embodiment is represented, by way of example, by the pins 19 to 25.



   In these figures, the intermediate member (II), shown from the front and in profile in FIGS. 19 and 20, here takes a shape different from that which it had in FIGS.



  16 to 18. Indeed, A1 and A2 are, at the same time, two

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 single satellites and two weight satellites, that is to say that one of them (A1 for example) replaces A and A 'of figs.



  16 to 180 In this example (fig. 19 and 20), it is assumed that A1, A2 and S have sufficiently large circular cross-sections for the crank pin-planetary (P) (freezes 21 and 22) to be able to pivot at the same time in the bore common to A1, A2 and S; these three elements form integrally a single rigid body, or "intermediate" member (II), reinforced by two plates b and b ', interposed between them.



   Figs. 21, 22 and 23 represent the "primary" member (I) constituted, in the case of the example, by a crankshaft in two parts joined, after assembly, by any suitable means not shown in these figures. (For example, the two parts of the crankpin being screwed or keyed one on the other.)
Figs 24 and 25 represent the whole, seen from the front and in plan: we see the adaptation of the intermediate organ II to the primary organ I and to the secondary organ III, as well as to three slides IV1, IV2 and V. These three slides do not meet as in fig. 160 The primary organ I is not represented in FIG. 24, for the sake of clarity.



   The end parts of the branches Gs and Gi of the slide v are closer to each other than in the middle part, and form guides for the subsatellites T and T '. In the case of the example shown, it has been assumed that these end parts consist of two cylinders Cy-Cy 'shown in section in FIGS. 24 and 25, and that the subsatellites T and T 'are two pistons moving inside these cylinders. For greater clarity, the slide v is not shown in fig 25.

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   On the other hand, each of the satellites A1, A2 comprises a frame Ul, C2, respectively, ul slides in the slide IV1 and C2 in the slide IV2. The secondary organ (III) is no longer here in one piece as in FIG. 16; it is formed of two halves assembled in the middle of the frame u by means of pins g, '. This frame moves in the enlarged middle part of the slide V (fig. 24).



   The dimensions of the movable members shown in FIGS. 19 to 25, as well as those of plates b and b ', allow the balancing of the assembly in accordance with chapter II (particularities of balancing). For this purpose, the masses of frames C1 and C2 must be considered to have their centers of gravity on the same axis as the satellites and A2.



   Another variant is represented by FIGS. 26, 27 and 28. In these figures, the satellites A1 and A2 are produced in a manner similar to that of the satellites A1 and A2 of FIGS. 19 to 25, while the satellite S is analogous to that of FIGS. 16 to 18; the rotations of shafts 0, 0 'are synchronized by coupling to a common shaft Y. If the mechanism shown in these figs 26 to 28 were to be applied to a motor, for example, the shaft Y could serve as a motor shaft and d 'camshaft at the same time, By removing the cylinder uy' and replacing the piston T 'and its rod with an appropriate counterweight, integral with the frame u, a balanced single cylinder would be obtained.



   Figs. 29 and 30 are two views (front and side respectively) of an eight-cylinder engine, cross-shaped, with only two crank pins set at 360. Each crankpin drives the moving parts corresponding to

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 four cylinders, which moving parts are assumed to be balanced independently of the parts driven by the other crank pin. The planetary weights fi and A2 (freeze 30), the planetary weights B1, B'1, B2, B'2 and the crankshaft 0 0 'are not shown in fig. 29 for clarity of the drawing. It should be noted that this engine can be built without the intermediate bearing, a single crank pin, instead of two, driving the eight pistons.

   Moreover, the two crankpins, in the case of the example, can be wedged at 180 instead of 360 and one can obtain an overall balancing without having recourse to the individual balancing of each. group of four pistons. This eight-cylinder engine may have only six or seven essential moving parts, including the crankshaft, depending on the embodiment of the crankpins, a single crankpin enabling the four "intermediate" members to be constructed in one piece ( eight satellites); the number of joints is thus reduced to five or six, as the case may be. A typical eight-cylinder engine typically has seventeen essential moving parts, including the crankshaft, disregarding eight piston pins, and the number of joints is sixteen.



   An alternative can be achieved by constructing a motor similar in shape to half of the mechanism shown in Figs. 29 and 30, that is to say by eliminating the part of the straight line of the freeze 30. It is thus possible to obtain a two-stroke engine, supercharged, as in FIG. 31 represents very schematically and which is organized as follows
In this two-stroke engine, the pistons housed in cylinders 1 and 2 (figo 31) divide each of these cylinders into two parts, the parts corresponding to the faces

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 external pistons (Cm1 and Cm2) constituting the engine cylinders, and the opposite parts (Cc1 and Ce.), closed by bottom walls (Z1 and Z2) which are crossed by the rods, constituting so-called "complementary cylinders ".



  In the case of the example, the cylinders 3 and 4 are so-called "auxiliary" cylinders (see chapter VI for these cylinders).



   Each of said cylinders 1 and 2 has valves not shown (one for the inlet, one for the exhaust, for example), as well as scavenging ports (not shown) which are uncovered by the piston at the end. of relaxation run.



   This two-stroke engine, thus constituted, functions as follows:
1 - During the expansion of the burnt gases in Cm1, for example, the air without gas mixture which is in Cc1 is compressed: (if the compression chamber is too small, compression can take place, at the same time time that in Cc1, in tanks, or in nozzles which remain in open communication with Cc1 during compression),
2 - opening of the exhaust in Cm1 (a little before the opening of the lights),
3 - opening of the ports and admission in Cm1 of compressed air in Cc1 and flushing while equicurrently of the burnt gases,
4 - closing of lights and exhaust,
5 - admission at Cm1 of the gas mixture coming from an auxiliary cylinder (3, for example) and whose compression had already started in this auxiliary cylinder,

   
6 - closing of the mixture inlet in Cm1 (closing which coincides with the end of the compression stroke

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 in 3, while the piston of. cylinder Cm1 is still at half of its stroke),
7 - end of compression of the mixture in Cm1,
8 - explosion and relaxation in Cm1, the cycle then recommencing in the same way.



   Moreover, this engine is capable of undergoing all the modifications characterized by the peculiarities of the invention, for example: the pistons of cylinders 3 and 4 can be double-acting, the air thus discharged by these cylinders being able to be used. , either to complete the expulsion of the burnt gases in Cm1 and Cm2, or to cool the outside of these engine cylinders and their combustion chambers.



   On the other hand, if the pistons of these auxiliary cylinders were connected to the frame C1 of the mechanism represented by pins 24 and 25, the frame C2 could be easily used to control the distribution and ignition members (see chapter VI concerning accessory organs); this would result in a simplification by eliminating the camshaft and other accessory components.



   Fig. 32 is a front view of a six cylinder engine, disposed in a radiant manner at 60, around the central axis of rotation. The slides of each satellite are shown in fig. 32 by the double dotted lines. Figs. 33 and 34 show in elevation and in plan the crankshaft of this engine, the two plates b, b 'and the three planet wheels S1, S2 and S3. These satellite shafts and the two plates b, b 'are made in one piece. The plates b, b 'have extensions, not shown, which complete the balancing. This engine has only five essential moving parts and four joints, while a conventional six-cylinder engine

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 has thirteen and twelve, respectively.



   Said six-cylinder engine may moreover not include guides, the opposite cylinders guiding the frames C1, C2 and C3. Under these conditions, each time an explosion force occurs in a cylinder, a lateral force will follow, which will tend to apply the piston having received the explosion, against the internal wall of its cylinder. But this lateral force will be transmitted by the rod connecting the piston concerned, first of all to the opposite piston, then, by the monobloc "intermediate" member (including the satellite! It pivots in the frame C1 supposedly corresponding to the piston. explosion) to all other pistons in the engine.

   The lateral thrust of the piston having received the explosion will thus be distributed among the other pistons, and its maximum value will be very notably lower than what it would have been if this piston had been connected to the motor shaft by a conventional system. connecting rod and crank. This is a very important advantage of the invention. The rods and frames connecting the opposed pistons will moreover be calculated to transmit, in addition to the normal forces, lateral forces.



   Figs. 35-37 are three views of an n-cylinder, four-stroke aircraft engine. In reality, this engine is an assembly of several engines with two opposed cylinders, which are arranged longitudinally in four groups 1, 2, 3, 4, two on each side of a motor shaft Y, each group possibly comprising, for example example, six opposing two-cylinder engines. Each transverse row therefore comprises eight cylinders in the case of figo 35. Each motor of group 1 is connected to a motor of group 2 of the same transverse row by appropriate means: for example bars a, a '

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 rigidly connect, or not, the frame C1 of the weight-satellite A1 and that of the weight-satellite A2, on the one hand, and the frame C'1 of the weight-satellite A'1 and that of the weight-satellite A'2, on the other hand (fig. 35 and 37).

   The connection between the engines of group 1; and those of group 4 are carried out in the same way.



   In this aircraft engine, the connection of the engines of group 2, on the one hand, and those of group 3, on the other hand, with the Y-shaft, can be done in various suitable ways, such as 'indicates further on the subject of links.



  However, it is worth remembering that, in any astral engine, the length of the crank radius of its crankshaft, or length of the solar radius, is equal to a quarter of the length of the stroke of a piston (and not halfway, as in a conventional engine).



   As a result, it is possible to transform the crank arm of an astral crankshaft into gear E gear (see fig. 36 and 37); the tangential speed of this pinion is, because of its short diameter, much smaller than that of a similar pinion of a conventional engine.



   In addition, the parallel arrangement of the various cylinders which form the aircraft engine in question allows a considerable approximation of the crankshafts and, therefore, gives the possibility of connecting the crankshafts of groups 2 and 3 to a common shaft Y to using a system of gears of suitable dimensions, constituted by pinions E and by gear wheels S 'carried by the shaft Y, the force to be provided by each tooth of E being lowered by the rap - wearing of spokes of 1; and E 'which is, in the case of the example, about 0.7. The Y-shaft can thus be, at the same time, a motor shaft and a speed reducer.



   The aircraft engine in question may include, for example

 <Desc / Clms Page number 23>

 example, six transverse rows of eight cylinders, ie 48 cylinders, with a power of 5000 hp and, proportional to the master torque, a power of 3000 hp per square meter. By properly wedging the crankpins, it is possible to obtain twenty-four explosions per revolution of the crankshaft, evenly distributed.



   It has been pointed out that each motor of group 1 (fig. 37) is individually balanced by planetary-weights B1, while each motor of group 2 is only partially balanced by planetary-weights B2. However, considering that the engines of each group comprise a common and continuous crankshaft, it is possible to obtain an overall balancing of each group, without having recourse to the individual balancing of each of the engines of these groups. However, the four crankshafts (groups 1, 2, 3, 4) may not be continuous, each engine of a transverse row being able to be connected, directly or indirectly, to the motor shaft Y independently of those in the other rows, and each motor can be individually balanced.



  V - "Reduction of lateral pressures" in an astral system:
Fig. 38 represents, schematically, an astral mechanism; to facilitate the explanations which follow, the secondary organ III has been omitted in this figure, that is to say the organ which comprises the subsatellites T and T ', the rods and the frame C, represented in figa 16.

   We are considering this mechanism right now! , i.e. when the satellite is near the central axis (# o), and we will assume that:
1 - the force F, shown in figure 16, is applied directly to the satellite S (which will not change the principle of the device which will be described);

 <Desc / Clms Page number 24>

 
2 - the satellites S and A have equal circular sections and that the diameter of each of these sections is less than the distance which separates the two branches of each slide IV and V between them, this distance being equal for the two slides ;
3 - at the considered instant, the centers of symmetry of S and A lie, respectively, on the lines x'x and y'y.



   The force F, being therefore applied in 5 at the instant @, S must transmit the force thereof to the planetary P, in accordance with. what was said in chapter III ("control devices"). If, at the instant @, S was in contact with the branch Gi and took support on this one to transmit said force to P, the decomposition of the force F would give rise to a normal component N, perpendicular to the interior face of Gi and, under these conditions N would reach very high values, compared to F, when S would be near the central axis (o). The immediate consequence would be a strong lateral pressure that S would exert on Gi (in a complete material system this pressure would be transmitted by the intermediary of the organs interposed between 3 and Gi, for example the frame C of fig 16).

   But, in reality, under the impulse of il, S is forced to pivot on P, assumed to be fixed by reaction of the shaft 0, with a rotational movement following the direction of the arc SQ (since there is a play between the satellite S and the branch Gi); A, integral with S, driven by the latter, also pivots on P along the. direction of arc AQ '; but in these two simultaneous movements, A meets Q ', possible fulcrum on branch Gg, before S has encountered Q, possible fulcrum on branch Gi;

   in other words, S will remain between

 <Desc / Clms Page number 25>

 two branches Gs and Gi of the slide V, without contact with these branches, while Q 'will be the fulcrum of the force F @ This results immediately from the fact that the arc 4Q' is smaller than the arc AQ when S is near the central axis (#o), which can be demonstrated.

   It can also be shown that the reactions which result from the meeting of A with Gg or 'are, under these conditions, much less harmful, from several points of view, than those which would result from the support of S on the slide v ',
Under the conditions explained above, satellite A will not come into contact with its slide IV either when it is in the vicinity of the oentral axis (#o), which results by symmetry from the same reasoning than that developed for the S.

   Moreover, supposing that F is a rotary motive force applied to the shaft 0, one could develop analogous reasonings and it would be possible to demonstrate also the reduction of the lateral pressures.
The device described above therefore consists of an appropriate means which prevents each satellite from taking support, either directly or by means of one or more interposed members, on the guide member such as the slide in which moves said satellite or the "secondary" organ which it connects, while this satellite is on the central axis of rotation of the astral system or in the vicinity of this axis.

   This device can be produced in several suitable ways, for example: a) by leaving sufficient clearance between the guide member, such as each slide, on the one hand, and the member, on the other hand, which must rest on this slide, the opposite inner faces of this slide

 <Desc / Clms Page number 26>

 remaining parallel to each other; b) by giving suitable contours or profiles to the branches of each slideway to obtain, in the middle parts of each slideway, the clearance mentioned above in a).



   It should be noted that the device in question does not prevent each satellite from resting directly or indirectly on its own slide when it is sufficiently far from the central axis (o); but, at this instant, the lateral pressures exerted by this satellite on its slide are no longer of great value in relation to the force .1: 'or f, whether these forces are rectilinear or rotary driving forces.



   Furthermore, the lateral pressures exerted on their slides or cylinders by the subsatellites (T and T 'for example in fig. 25) can be appreciably reduced for the following reasons:
1 - the forces (F or f) which act on a sub-satellite always follow a constant direction with respect to the rectilinear direction practically followed by the "secondary" organ connected to this sub-satellite; consequently, the obliquity not existing between these two directions, the lateral thrust of the sub-satellite against the internal walls of its slide or its cylinder is practically zero or negligible;

   
2 - the frame (u, for example, in fig. 24) coming into contact with the branches of the slide v, in the middle parts of the latter, can prevent a subsatelite (T, for example) comes into contact with the extreme parts of the same slide (or cylinders), provided that the clearance given to said sub-satellite in these extreme parts

 <Desc / Clms Page number 27>

 is sufficiently greater than the clearance given to the frame in question in the middle parts of the slide.



  VI - "Modes of realization" of certain elements used in an astral system:
Each of the organs which make up the mechanisms relating to the present invention can take on various shapes and sizes, provided that it adapts to the fundamental conditions of this invention; each of these components can also consist of one or more parts, in particular so that assembly and assembly in the machines they form are facilitated.



   For example, Figs. 39 to 41 are three views of a variant of the so-called intermediate member (II) shown in FIGS. 19 and 20. In the embodiment of FIGS.



  39 to 41, said intermediate member is formed of two parts assembled by suitable means, for example using studs gj whose nuts are housed in cavities of the parts to be assembled. As a result, the planetary crank pin P, which was formed from two parts in the case of the pins 21 and 22, can be formed by a single part.



   Complementary cylinders: In an astral engine, the part Cc (fig. 42) of a cylinder Uy between the piston T, the walls of the cylinder uy and a wall 3 which serves as the bottom of the cylinder and which is placed between the piston It! and its satellite S. The rod t passes through the bottom wall Z and the sealing of the complementary cylinder is obtained using segments housed in a packing box K, or by any other appropriate means, the wall being fixed to the cylinder Cy in a sealed manner and by any suitable means.



   The stuffing box k can be fixed to the wall

 <Desc / Clms Page number 28>

 bottom Z by any suitable means and be held either by this wall or by the walls of the cylinder, or by one and the other. This stuffing box k can also form an integral part of the bottom wall Z. A single complementary cylinder can include several stuffing boxes k.



   Such a complementary cylinder Cc can be used for various purposes, for example:
1 - cooling of the piston T, its rod and the interior of the cylinder Cy. For this purpose, suitable orifices e and e '(fig. 42) in sufficient number, made in the walls of the cylinder uy and / or in the bottom wall Z, make it possible to establish in the complementary cylinder Cc a circulation of air or an appropriate fluid, laouelle can be produced by the sole movements of the piston inside Cc. The passage of fluid through said ports e, e 'can be regulated by valves, spools and other suitable means.

   However, when the circulation of fluid in uc has no other purpose than to renew the air, or the hot fluid which would be in Cc, and it is not necessary to rigorously dose the quantity of fluid. circulating in DC, one can use vacuum cleaners and rotary blowers, free or controlled; if it is desired that the hot fluid be expelled from Cc in the great majority in order to avoid in particular zones of stagnation near the piston T, this piston T and the bottom Z can be constructed in such a way that their surfaces are almost coupled when T approaches the bottom Z, thus reducing the dead space that separates these two surfaces.

   It is even possible to create a turbulence of the fluid inside the complementary cylinder Cc using fluid guiding elements, such as

 <Desc / Clms Page number 29>

 deflectors, and by any appropriate means.



   2 - feeding and supercharging of the engine cylinders (the part (Cm) of a Cy cylinder, for example (fig. 42), included between the walls of the cylinder and the underside of the piston) will be called the engine cylinder; for this purpose, the fluid admitted into a complementary cylinder (Cc) can be transferred to any driving cylinder (um), either by direct channel, or by passing through a reservoir placed in the circuit traversed between the cylinders.



   It should be noted that, in a four-stroke astral engine, the piston T can perform in Ce two compression, or work, strokes per cycle, while it only performs one driving stroke in um during the same cycle; the two working strokes in Cc can be used for the admission and the delivery sometimes of air, sometimes of gas mixture. The fluid admitted into a complementary cylinder can be cooled before, during or after its passage through a complementary cylinder, by any suitable means.



   Auxiliary cylinders: It is useful to remember that all the satellites of an astral mechanism (and not all the weight satellites) describe straight-alternating trajectories. It is therefore possible to connect certain satellites (A1 and A2, for example, in Figs. 19 to 25), to pistons which, housed in their respective cylinders, can be used for appropriate purposes, for example as compressors.



   The complementary and auxiliary cylinders which have just been mentioned can be used as a brake on the very astral mechanism of which they are a part, if the fluid passages through their inlet and discharge ports are properly adjusted.

 <Desc / Clms Page number 30>

 



   Frames: Each frame, for example C1 of the pin 32, can have rectangular, circular or other profiles, in particular when these frames do not exert strong lateral pressures on the slides in which they move, or else when the slides of the frames do not exist, for example when the so-called secondary organs forming part of these frames, are guided by their subsatellites which move in guides formed by cylinders, for example.



   Slide rails: Each slide can be an integral part of the casing or frame of an astral mechanism or else be fixed to it by an appropriate means; its branches can have various profiles and contours. In certain machines, and in particular in those which are not subjected to great forces, it is possible to eliminate the slides intended to guide the frames, leaving the slides (or members playing a similar role, such as cylinders) in which the subsatellites connected to these frames move. On the other hand, in other machines where the subsatellites do not need sliders (for example when these subsatellites are not pistons), these sliders can be eliminated while leaving those intended to guide the frames of the subsatellites in question.



   Shock absorbers and noise, The shocks which would occur between the slides and the parts which move therein, and the noises which would follow, can be damped using suitable absorbers, for example:
1 - each frame (C, for example, of fig. 43), or another suitable part of a "secondary" member may comprise one or more members such as pads U1 interposed between the frame and the slide G, the U1 skate

 <Desc / Clms Page number 31>

 preferably being maintained longitudinally by the frame C. Appropriate springs, such as coil springs, such as Ur and Or *, leaf springs or the like, can be interposed between the frame U and the pad U1; these springs are used as shock absorbers and keep the pad Ul in contact with the slide G.

   A suitable material, such as rubber, leather or the like, can be interposed between the pad U1 and the frame C; the pads U1 can be leaf springs or parts capable of playing a similar role, held by the "secondary" member;
2 - the damping member (s) are sliding paths, U2, which are interposed between the guide member, such as the slide G and a part of the "secondary" member, such as the frame C (fig. 44), U2 being preferably held longitudinally by the slide G.

   Springs similar to those indicated above, for example those shown in Cr, can be interposed between the sliding path U2 and the slide; they are used as shock absorbers and keep the sliding path U2 in contact with the frame U. A suitable material, similar to that mentioned above, can be interposed between Uz and the slide G. The paths U2 can be leaf springs , or parts capable of playing a similar role, held by the guide member. Each path U2 can be formed from one part or from several parts which may or may not be connected to each other.



   In the first case, U1 can play the role of interchangeable pad and in the second case, U2 can play the role of interchangeable sliding path of the slide.



   Subsatellites-pistons: each subsatellite can be an integral part of the secondary organ or linked

 <Desc / Clms Page number 32>

 to the frame of this secondary member by means of one or more rods; each sub-satellite can thus be connected to several frames; each sub-satellite can be connected to each of its rods, either by an appropriate fixing means or by articulation and, in the latter case, if the center of gravity of the subsatellite thus connected is on the latter's pivot axis, good balancing of the subsatellite system will be obtained. The pivot axis of the piston, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of its cylinder, can be arranged in any direction.

   Any piston of an astral mechanism can be ribbed, these ribs being able to join on the one hand the sides of the piston and on the other hand each of its rods; it can be closed on the side of its outer face in order to form a reservoir for refrigerant materials or for another suitable purpose. All the subsatellites and pistons of the same astral mechanism can have equal or different dimensions between them, while maintaining the fundamental conditions of the astral system, in particular with regard to balancing.



     Ties: each rod can be an integral part of its frame or be fixed to it by any suitable means of fixing. Each rod can even be connected to its frame by articulation, but, in this case, the obliquity of each rod relative to its frame is limited by stops or other members integral with this frame so that a good balance of the subsatellite system is kept.



   Articulations: route articulation in an astral mechanism can be achieved in any way and by any appropriate means, for example: by describing the mechanism shown in figs. 16 to 18, it has been said that the planetary crankpin P, integral with the primary organ I,

 <Desc / Clms Page number 33>

 rotates inside the intermediate member II, and that the satellite pivot S, integral with said member II, rotates inside the secondary member III, These joints can also be obtained in reverse, as follows: sun gear 2 is integral with the intermediate member II and rotates inside the primary member 1; the satellite S is integral with the secondary member III and rotates inside the intermediate member II.



   Bindings: The binding of one astral mechanism with another astral mechanism can be achieved by any suitable means, for example: a) the crankshaft of one astral mechanism is linked to that of another astral mechanism using one or more connecting rods or using one or more gear systems; b) one or more organs of one astral mechanism are connected to one or more organs of the other (for example, in Figs. 35 to 37, the frames of the "secondary" organs of one motor are connected to the frames of another engine).



   Distribution bodies and accessories: The movements of the organs of an astral mechanism can be used to control, by means of suitable devices, such as gears, the movements of other accessory and distribution organs, such as than valves, for example.

   For this purpose, one can use in particular the rectilinear movements of certain elements of the astral mechanism, such as the frames, for example: to this end, these elements of the astral mechanism can be provided with a suitable device to control the movements of said accessory and distribution members, for example: profiles, grooves, bosses, made in a frame, or else

 <Desc / Clms Page number 34>

 parts attached to these frames are used, in the manner of cams, to push, during rectilinear movements of the frame in question, the stem of a valve, for example.



   The device which is the subject of the invention makes it possible to transform a reciprocating rectilinear movement into a circular movement, and vice versa, without the use of heavy gears, bulky and subjected to considerable forces, but by means of often few members. and always easy to balance. An engine produced in accordance with the invention generally does not require a flywheel, which makes it possible to reduce the weight of such an engine.



   This device is capable of a great many applications, in particular in the field of mechanics, the construction of machine tools, pumps, steam machines, compressors and engines.

** ATTENTION ** end of DESC field can contain start of CLMS **.


    

Claims (1)

ABSTRACT The subject of the invention is the new industrial products which constitute a device for transforming circular motion into reciprocating rectilinear motion, and vice versa, characterized by a so-called "astral" system, and machines and apparatus comprising the application of the device in question, said invention relating to the characteristics described below and their various possible combinations: 1 - the so-called "astral" system is itself made up of the elements specified below and presents the particularities which will be defined: a1) a so-called planetary system, the elm by several so-called planetary mobiles which are arranged around a so-called solar center in such a way that their centers of gravity keep invariable positions between them. Each <Desc / Clms Page number 35> planetary can be a simple planetary, a planetary-weight or balancing element or a master-planetary or element which constitutes the center of a satellite system; b1) a so-called satellite system, formed by several mobile devices called satellites which are arranged around the aforementioned planetary marten, in such a way that their centers of gravity maintain invariable positions between them. Each satellite may be a single satellite, a weight satellite or balancing element, or a master satellite or element which forms the center of a sub-satellite system; cl) a so-called sub-satellite system, formed by several so-called sub-satellite mobiles which are arranged around the aforementioned master-satellite in such a way that their centers of gravity keep invariable positions between them o Each sub-satellite can be a single sub-satellite, or a weight sub-satellite which is a balancing element; d1) an axis, called the solar axis, passes through the center of gravity of the solar center. An axis, called planetary, passes through the center of gravity of each single planetary and each master planetary. An axis, called satellite, passes, respectively, through the center of gravity of each single satellite and each master-satellite. All of these axes are considered to be infinitely extended. The distance which separates a solar axis from one of said planetary axes is called solar radius; the distance which separates the axis of a master planetary from the axis of one of the satellites placed around it is called the planetary radius. In the same astral system, all solar rays and all planetary rays are of equal length, the solar axis is parallel to the planetary axes and the axis of a master-planetary is parallel to the satellite axes; <Desc / Clms Page number 36> e1) the solar center turns on its axis of rotation in a direction of rotation @ and with an angular speed o: it drives the entire planetary system in a rotational movement around the same axis, at the same angular speed and in the same direction of rotation. In this movement, the planetary master drives the entire satellite system and, simultaneously, a relative rotational movement occurs between the planetary and satellite systems, the axis of rotation of this relative movement being the axis to the master. -planetary; in this relative movement, the satellite system moves, with respect to the planetary system, in a direction of rotation opposite to that (#) of the solar center and with a relative angular speed which is twice the solar angular speed (o). At the same time, the master-satellite drives the entire sub-satellite system, and, simultaneously, a second relative rotational movement occurs between the satellite and sub-satellite systems, the axis of rotation of this relative movement being the axis of the master-satellite ; in this second relative movement, the subsatellar system moves, with respect to the satellite system, in the same direction of rotation (') as the solar center and with an angular velocity equal to the solar angular velocity ( @o). Conversely, the elements which drive other elements can be driven by them, the relations between the angular speeds on the one hand and the directions of rotation, on the other hand, in accordance with the definitions which have just been made, remaining unchanged; fl) under the conditions set out in el and at the same time, the angular speeds indicated being assumed to be constant, each single satellite and each master-satellite as well as each sub-satellite described, with respect to a point <Desc / Clms Page number 37> fixed of the solar axis, rectilinear-alternating trajectories, the length of each of these rectilinear trajectories being equal to the sum of four solar rays; g10 appropriate control devices are adapted to the astral system, one of the aims of these devices being to obtain the realization of the rotary movements, the directions of rotation and the angular speeds, described above in el. These devices are characterized by the fact that they guide, directly or indirectly, the satellite, as well as the subsatellites connected to these satellites, in their rectilinear-reciprocating movements described above in f1, this yes provokes, as Consequently, the realization of the rotary movements as described above in ei. These control devices consist, in particular, in the use of appropriate elements, such as slides and / or cylinders, for example, fixed with respect to the solar axis; hl) the set of masses participating in the movements of a sub-satellite system, added to the mass of its master satellite, represents a total mass of value M1, whose center of gravity is on the axis of the master satellite, which is the center of this sub-satellite system, the latter being thus balanced. The set of masses participating in the movements of a satellite system comprises said mass M1; this set, added to the mass of the master planetary of the same system, represents a total mass of value M2, the center of which is gravity is on the axis of this master planetary, the satellite system being thus balanced. The set of masses which participate in the movements of a planetary system comprises said mass M2; this set, added to the mass of the solar center of the same <Desc / Clms Page number 38> EMI38.1 / tro..I1: \ S ai'notq.-a, + 89 11:. ., zd eaq.-ag4p: 2u 'ne appendix?' + 7 B T14no "'ÇSU1B .I1Bü11.xd aui9Io, T q') .j: '8d 9un.l? 91n01q..IB 9, se 11!. Ia1A81 ap la aTlazq ad se- [gj sai seou8 ++ 1ü1.I9, + U-: j-sd ensor TB.Iq.8B aü11-8Âs np aT5 ± 5 '0:11 ,? sJno5 na 1no 8l? -: 1.I 9'cc-a3j: o un, + SB A 0: BI "j: 'Hl? 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Essum aun aq.uea9.Ia: e' emq.s.Âs <Desc / Clms Page number 39> so-called secondary member, by appropriate means (for example, by means of a material axis or pivot which, integral with this intermediate member, is housed in an appropriate bore of said secondary member); furthermore, this intermediate organ includes another satellite organ, at least, for example a second pivot. The elements of the astral system, materialized by this intermediate organ, are as follows: the first aforementioned pivot materializes a marten-satellite and the second pivot a single-satellite; c20 so-called "secondary" organ. it is an organ which comprises elements with rectilinear-reciprocating movement, known as subsatellites; secondary member is constituted either by a single member, called a "frame", in which one of the satellites (pivots) mentioned in b2 rotates, or by this frame which is connected, by means of rods for example, to the sub-satellite organs , such as pistons, for example. These pistons materialize the sub-satellite elements of the astral system; d2) the control devices described above under 1, g1 are materialized by appropriate control devices such as slides, cylinders or others, which guide the elements with rectilinear movement, such as pistons and satellite pivots indicated above in b2 and c2, and force these elements to follow their own rectilinear-alternating trajectories defined above under 1, f1. These control devices consist of suitable members, fixed relative to the central axis such as, for example, cylinders in which the pistons slide, or slides, each of these generally being formed by two branches between which slide, either a satellite (pivot, for example), or the <Desc / Clms Page number 40> "frame" mentioned in c2, either the entire so-called secondary organ, or only part of this secondary organ; e2) the. material realization of the ideal elements of the astral system, as described under 1 (for example, a sub-satellite, a planetary-weight) does not require that each of these ideal elements be materialized by a material organ exclusively, because, indeed, a only one material organ, a single part, can materialize several ideal elements at the same time: for example, when a simple satellite (pivot described in b) has only one "frame" (described in c2), without the addition of other member or part such as rod or piston, this "frame" however materializes all the subsatellites that the aforementioned satellite could include, which has been transformed into a master satellite by the fact of driving the frame, which is an organ sub-satellite; f2 the rectilinear movement of the so-called secondary organ, and in particular that of its subsatellites (for example the pistons mentioned in c20 is transmitted to the master-satellite (pivot) of the so-called intermediate organ and the latter, pre - bearing directly or indirectly sometimes on a control member (slide, for example), sometimes on another control member (another slide, for example) acts, sometimes in the manner of a conventional connecting rod, sometimes in the manner of a lever of the second kind, and transforms said rectilinear movement into circular movement of the primary organ. Conversely, the circular movement of the primary organ is transmitted by a master planetary (or crank pin) to the intermediate organ, and the latter, taking support, directly or indirectly, sometimes on a control organ ( slide, for example), sometimes on another control member (another slide, for example), acts, <Desc / Clms Page number 41> sometimes in the manner of a conventional connecting rod, sometimes in the manner of a lever of the third kind, and transforms said circular movement of the primary member into straight-line movement of the secondary member; g) the balancing of the astral system, in accordance with the particularities described under 1, is obtained by all appropriate means, for example: 1) by compensating for the masses inherent in the mobile organs of an astral system, the centers of gravity of these masses being suitably arranged with respect to the axes of rotation and articulation; 2) by adding, to certain moving parts, counterweights or balancing masses, attached or not, arranged suitably around said axes; 3) by hollowing out certain moving parts; 4) by overall balancing or compensation between several astral systems which are linked, in particular, on the same line of trees; 3 - The invention is further characterized by the following features: a3) each control or guide member, such as slide or cylinder for example, can be an integral part of the casing or frame of an astral mechanism, or else be fixed to this casing or frame by any appropriate fixing means. The guide faces of the two branches of the same slideway may be parallel or not parallel to each other. By methods such as the use of stops or sliders, grooves or profiles made on the slides or on the members which move therein, and, in general, by any appropriate means, it is possible to prevent the moving members from moving in directions other than those set out under 1, in particular following directions axial; <Desc / Clms Page number 42> b3) an appropriate device can be adapted to any astral mechanism in order to avoid that the lateral thrusts have excessive values. This device is characterized by the fact that an appropriate means prevents each so-called satellite member from resting, directly or indirectly, on the guide member which controls it, for example a slide, while this satellite is in the middle. or towards the middle of its rectilinear course. This device consists in particular of a sufficient clearance which exists between the two internal walls of the aforementioned guide member, on the one hand, and the members which move therein, on the other hand, this clearance taking place, in particular, when the said satellite is in the middle or towards the middle of its rectilinear course; c) In any astral mechanism which has one or more pistons, an appropriate device can prevent each piston from rubbing against the internal walls of its cylinder. This device is characterized by the fact that sufficient play is left between the piston and the cylinder considered, the piston being guided in its rectilinear movements, not by the cylinder, but by the so-called secondary organ. , in particular by its frame, which connects the piston, this secondary member itself being guided by appropriate guide members, such as slides; any so-called sub-satellite member, for example a piston, may form an integral part of the so-called secondary member or be connected to this secondary member, in particular to its frame, by means of one or more rods; each sub-satellite can thus be connected to several frames, each sub-satellite can be connected to each of its rods, either by an appropriate means of fixing or assembly, or by articulation. Any piston of an astral mechanism can be <Desc / Clms Page number 43> ribbed, its ribs being able to join on the one hand the sides of the piston and, on the other hand, each of its rods; it can be closed by its two bottoms in order to form a reservoir for refrigerant materials or for another suitable purpose; e3) each rod can form an integral part of its frame or be connected to the latter by any appropriate means of fixing or assembly, or be connected to this frame by an appropriate articulation but, in the latter case, the obliquity of each rod will be suitably limited by stops or other members integral with this frame if we want to keep the balance of the subsatellar system; f) any articulation in an astral mechanism can be achieved by any suitable means; g3) shock and noise damping elements can be interposed between the guide members, such as slides, for example, and the movable members which move therein; these dampings can be obtained by any suitable means, for example: 1) runners, which are preferably held longitudinally by said movable members (frames, for example) may include springs, such as coil springs and leaves spring, as well as suitable cushioning materials, such as rubber and leather; these springs, these materials, are generally placed between said movable members and said pads, so that the latter remain applied against the slides; 2) sliding paths, which are preferably held longitudinally by the guide members, such as slides, may include the springs and the materials just mentioned, which are placed, generally, between the slides and said slides. sliding paths, so that the latter remain applied against said movable members, for example the <Desc / Clms Page number 44> executives; ) said guide members and / or said movable members comprise leaf springs, or parts capable of playing a similar role, and hold these leaves, or these parts, between said movable and guide members; h3) each cylinder of an astral mechanism can comprise two parts, one of them, called "complementary cylinder" being included between the external face of the piston, the side walls of the cylinder and a wall which closes the bottom of the cylinder, placed between the piston and the shaft, which wall is crossed by each piston rod. The sealing of this additional cylinder is obtained by any suitable means and in particular by segments which surround each rod and which are housed in a stuffing box held by said bottom wall, this wall itself being fixed, so as to tightly, to the side walls of the cylinder by any suitable means. The stuffing box can be an integral part of the bottom wall or be held by the side walls of the cylinder; i3) so-called complementary cylinders, as described above in h3, can be used for any suitable purpose, for example: for cooling components, such as pistons, rods and internal walls of a cylinder , for feeding and supercharging cylinders, for compressing fluids. The circulation of fluids in the complementary cylinders can be obtained and regulated by any suitable means, such as valves, drawers, vacuum cleaners or blowers, for example, these fluids passing through suitable orifices made in the side walls of the cylinders, and / or in the back walls. Baffles can be used to guide these fluids, which can cause turbulence <Desc / Clms Page number 45> using appropriate means. The transfer of fluid from any cylinder to any other cylinder can be effected by any suitable means, for example: 1) by passing the fluid through at least one direct channel which connects the two cylinders concerned; 2) by bringing this fluid through at least one reservoir placed on the path traveled between these two cylinders. The fluid circulating in a complementary cylinder can be cooled before, during or after its passage through this cylinder, by any suitable means; j3) any cylinder, complementary or otherwise, of an astral mechanism can be used, alone or in combination with another cylinder, for any appropriate purpose, such as suction and delivery of fluids with or without simple compression and / or by stage ; to effect the single and / or multiple combustion and expansion therein of gaseous mixtures and to obtain the braking of the movements of this mechanism by compression of fluids; the astral engine can be used as a generator to supply fluid to a gas turbine; in an astral medanism, the organs of distribution, ignition and other accessories can be controlled by the movements of the organs called primary, intermediate and secondary; in particular, the rectilinear movements of certain members, such as frames, for example, can be used, by any suitable means, to operate said distribution, ignition and other accessories members, for example using profiles or grooves suitably made in these frames; by means of cams carried by the latter it is also possible to control the valve stems, for example; <Desc / Clms Page number 46> 13) the crank arms of the shafts of an astral mechanism can be used as pinions or gear wheels, either by fixing toothed rings on these arms, by a suitable method of fixing, or by giving to these arms the shapes of the pinions or the gear wheels; m3 it is possible to obtain the connection between them of several astral mechanisms by an appropriate method and in particular by connecting one or more movable members of one of said mechanisms to one or more movable members of the other mechanism, for example , by connecting the frames rigidly or not; n3) each primary, intermediate, secondary organ, each slide, pad, sliding path and, in general, each of the organs which enter into the formation of an astral mechanism, can be formed in one piece or else of several parts assembled together by an appropriate assembly process, for example by means of bolts or keys. Each of these organs can have various shapes and sizes; o) any astral mechanism may include appropriate components intended to facilitate its operation, such as anti-friction rings, bearings (ball, needle and other) and other similar components; 4 - The particularities described below characterize three embodiments of the astral system, presented by way of example: a4) one embodiment is characterized by a counterweighted crankshaft, consisting of two rigidly assembled parts and comprising a single crank pin which passes through a so-called intermediate member, which rotates on this <Desc / Clms Page number 47> crank pin, the intermediate member being constituted by three discs and two interposed plates forming a single piece, the central disc being eccentric at 1800 with respect to the two lateral discs and the central disc being housed, as an articulation member, in a so-called organ secondary which is constituted by two opposed pistons rigidly connected by two rods to the frame of this secondary member, which is formed in two rigidly assembled parts, said frame sliding in a first slideway, the side discs being housed in two respective frames which slide, one in a second slide, the other in a third slide, the generatrices of these last two slideways, perpendicular to the extended axis of rotation of the shaft, being in a plane which perpendicularly intersects the plane of the first slide, said axis of rotation of the shaft passing through the points of intersection of these two planes, the set of all the components which have just been described constituting the basic elements of a two-cylinder engine opposites; b4) another embodiment is characterized by the mechanism described above in a4, to which have been added two compressor cylinders in which two opposed pistons move which are rigidly connected by two rods to the frame of one of the side discs mentioned above -above in a4, each of the two cylinders of the mechanism described in a4 having been closed by a bottom before the rod of the respective piston passes through, which gives rise to the creation of two so-called complementary cylinders, all of which make up the basic elements of '' a two-stroke engine which comprises two compression cylinders and two engine cylinders, each of the latter two being divided into a driving cylinder and a cylinder <Desc / Clms Page number 48> complementary, this two-stroke engine having the particularity of being supercharged by the air discharged from the compression cylinders, the air from the complementary cylinders being used in particular for purging the burnt gases from the engine cylinders; c4) another embodiment is characterized by a crankshaft formed of two rigidly assembled parts and comprising a single crank pin which passes through a so-called intermediate member rotating on this crank pin, the intermediate member being constituted by three discs and two plates interposed forming a single piece, these three discs, regularly eccentric with respect to each other, being housed, as articulation members, in three frames, respectively, of three so-called secondary organs, of which the central organ is made in two rigidly assembled parts, each of these secondary members comprising two opposed pistons and two rods which rigidly connect these two pistons to the respective frame, each secondary member being guided, in a direction perpendicular to the extended axis of rotation of the shaft, or by slides, either by two of the six cylinders in which the six pistons move, which six cylinders are arranged in planes radiating around said extended axis of rotation, at 60 from each other, the whole constituting the basic elements of a six-cylinder engine which has only five essential moving parts, two of which are made up of two rigidly assembled parts; d4) the three embodiments set out above in a4, b4 and c4 are considered to be constituted and balanced in accordance with the characteristics of the invention and, also in accordance with these characteristics, <Desc / Clms Page number 49> the three embodiments in question are subject to various modifications; 5 - The so-called astral system, which is the object of the present invention, is further characterized by the feature that it allows the transformation of rectilinear-reciprocating motion into circular motion, and vice versa, without use, to this effect, devices such as gears, but with the aid, in particular, of a so-called intermediate member which plays intermittently during a cycle the role of connecting rod and that of lever, and which connects one or more rectilinear-reciprocating motion organs with one or more circular motion organs, all the essential moving organs being constantly balanced on the central axis of rotation of the system; 6 - The movement transformation system and the peculiarities which are specific to it, in accordance with the characteristics described above in 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are capable of numerous applications, in particular in the fields of mechanics, construction of machine tools, pumps, steam engines, compressors, motors and other mechanisms, the examples given above relating to this invention not being limiting.