BE1006845A6 - Sandwich panel - Google Patents
Sandwich panel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- BE1006845A6 BE1006845A6 BE9200471A BE9200471A BE1006845A6 BE 1006845 A6 BE1006845 A6 BE 1006845A6 BE 9200471 A BE9200471 A BE 9200471A BE 9200471 A BE9200471 A BE 9200471A BE 1006845 A6 BE1006845 A6 BE 1006845A6
- Authority
- BE
- Belgium
- Prior art keywords
- sandwich panel
- panel according
- steel sheets
- steel
- thickness
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B15/08—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/18—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising iron or steel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
- B32B3/10—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material
- B32B3/12—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a discontinuous layer, i.e. formed of separate pieces of material characterised by a layer of regularly- arranged cells, e.g. a honeycomb structure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
- B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
- B32B3/266—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by an apertured layer, the apertures going through the whole thickness of the layer, e.g. expanded metal, perforated layer, slit layer regular cells B32B3/12
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
- B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
- B32B3/28—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by a layer comprising a deformed thin sheet, i.e. the layer having its entire thickness deformed out of the plane, e.g. corrugated, crumpled
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B61—RAILWAYS
- B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
- B61D17/00—Construction details of vehicle bodies
- B61D17/005—Construction details of vehicle bodies with bodies characterised by use of plastics materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D25/00—Superstructure or monocoque structure sub-units; Parts or details thereof not otherwise provided for
- B62D25/02—Side panels
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
- E04C2/26—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups
- E04C2/284—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating
- E04C2/292—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating composed of insulating material and sheet metal
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
- E04C2/34—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts
- E04C2/36—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts spaced apart by transversely-placed strip material, e.g. honeycomb panels
- E04C2/365—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts spaced apart by transversely-placed strip material, e.g. honeycomb panels by honeycomb structures
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/06—Coating on the layer surface on metal layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/20—Inorganic coating
- B32B2255/205—Metallic coating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
- B32B2305/38—Meshes, lattices or nets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/708—Isotropic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2309/00—Parameters for the laminating or treatment process; Apparatus details
- B32B2309/08—Dimensions, e.g. volume
- B32B2309/10—Dimensions, e.g. volume linear, e.g. length, distance, width
- B32B2309/105—Thickness
Abstract
Sandwich panel which is composed of two roughly parallel steel sheetsbetween which an organic resin core is arranged, wherein at least one of thesteel sheets (1; 2) comprises projecting deformations (3) with respect toits surface, which are reproduced regularly in at least two directions ofthe surface of the steel sheet. Said two directions are preferably roughlyperpendicular to each other. The steel sheets have a thickness less than 1mm. They may be provided with a coating, preferably metallic, on at leastone side. The organic resin core (4) may comprise a reinforcement (5),preferably metallic.
Description
<Desc/Clms Page number 1>
Panneau sandwich.
La présente invention concerne un panneau sandwich constitué de deux feuilles d'acier sensiblement parallèles entre lesquelles est disposée une âme en résine organique.
On connaît actuellement divers types de panneaux sandwich, qui sont utilisés essentiellement dans le bâtiment ainsi que dans la construction de véhicules, notamment ferroviaires. D'une manière générale, les panneaux connus présentent des surfaces planes ou garnies de rainures de raidissage. Dans le bâtiment, ils sont habituellement utilisés pour réaliser des parois verticales telles que des parois de remplissage dans des ossatures métalliques ou en béton, ou des parois horizontales ou inclinées telles que des plafonds.
L'utilisation de tels panneaux dans la construction de véhicules concerne la réalisation de parois ou de cloisons, d'éléments de toitures, ou d'éléments de remplissage pouvant éventuellement participer à la rigidité d'ensemble de la structure.
D'une manière générale, les panneaux sandwich connus sont destinés à résister à des efforts relativement faibles, correspondant à des sollicitations de flexion généralement peu élevées.
La présente invention a pour objet de proposer un panneau sandwich qui offre une résistance accrue à la flexion ainsi qu'une excellente résistance aux efforts normaux et aux efforts tranchants, et qui est dès lors utilisable dans des applications plus variées. Le panneau sandwich de l'invention est conçu pour résister à des efforts perpendiculaires à son plan, ou éventuellement exercés dans son plan ;
à ce titre, il peut être utilisé notamment comme élément de structure dans des véhicules automobiles ou ferroviaires.
<Desc/Clms Page number 2>
Conformément à la présente invention, un panneau sandwich, qui se compose de deux feuilles d'acier sensiblement parallèles entre lesquelles est disposée une âme en résine organique, est caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une desdites feuilles d'acier présente des déformations, saillantes par rapport à son plan, qui sont reproduites régulièrement suivant au moins deux directions du plan de ladite feuille d'acier.
Les déformations de ladite feuille d'acier présentent des dimensions limitées ; dans le plan de la feuille d'acier, elles peuvent de préférence être contenues dans des carrés ayant au maximum 5 cm de côté.
Dans le panneau sandwich de l'invention, les deux directions précitées sont de préférence sensiblement perpendiculaires l'une à l'autre.
Les feuilles d'acier ont, en général, une épaisseur inférieure à 1 mm, afin de limiter le poids des panneaux.
Ces feuilles d'acier sont, par exemple, des tôles laminées à froid dont l'épaisseur est avantageusement comprise entre 0,4 mm et 1 mm, cette épaisseur étant de préférence de l'ordre de 0,7 mm.
Elles peuvent également être constituées par un feuil d'acier ou de fer d'une épaisseur de 20 Am à 100 Am, obtenu de préférence par voie électrolytique.
Les feuilles d'acier peuvent également être pourvues d'un revêtement sur au moins une face ; en particulier, elles peuvent être constituées par des tôles de fer blanc ou de fer-chrome dont les épaisseurs sont comprises entre 0,15 mm et 0,8 mm. La face revêtue est avantageusement la face extérieure du panneau sandwich, afin d'améliorer sa résistance à la corrosion.
Les déformations présentes dans lesdites feuilles d'acier peuvent être de formes diverses ; il s'agira de préférence de plages embouties par exemple en forme de calottes sphériques, de troncs de cônes, de troncs de pyramides ou de portions de parallélépipèdes. D'une manière générale, ces déformations peuvent avoir une forme quelconque, les caractéristiques
<Desc/Clms Page number 3>
importantes étant leur caractère saillant par rapport au plan de la feuille d'acier et la régularité de leur distribution dans cette feuille d'acier.
A cet égard, il peut être intéressant de choisir la forme de ces déformations ainsi que leurs directions de distribution de façon à donner aux feuilles d'acier une structure isotrope.
Les déformations peuvent d'ailleurs être différentes dans les deux feuilles d'acier d'un même panneau sandwich, par exemple rentrantes dans une feuille et saillantes dans l'autre feuille d'un panneau.
De manière connue en soi, le panneau sandwich de l'invention comporte une âme en résine organique, disposée entre les deux feuilles d'acier précitées.
Cette âme est habituellement réalisée en mousse de polyuréthane.
Suivant une caractéristique particulière du panneau sandwich de l'invention, l'âme en résine organique comporte une armature, de préférence métallique, destinée à améliorer la résistance mécanique du panneau, en particulier à la traction dans son plan et à la compression selon son épaisseur.
Cette armature de l'âme peut être constituée par une feuille métallique, soit plane soit pourvue de déformations ou de perforations, par un treillis métallique, par des éléments en nid d'abeilles, par de la paille ou des fibres métalliques, ou en général par tout élément de nature à améliorer la résistance de l'âme aux sollicitations précitées.
Le panneau sandwich de l'invention peut avoir une épaisseur comprise entre 5 mm et 100 mm, et de préférence comprise entre 10 mm et 30 mm.
La figure unique annexée représente, en perspective, un exemple de panneau sandwich conforme à la présente invention. Ce panneau est constitué de deux feuilles d'acier 1 et 2, d'une épaisseur de 0, 5 mm, qui présentent des calottes sphériques 3 embouties réparties suivant deux direc-
<Desc/Clms Page number 4>
tions perpendiculaires dans les deux feuilles d'acier. Les plages embouties sont saillantes vers l'extérieur du panneau dans la feuille 1 ; elles sont rentrantes, vers l'intérieur du panneau, dans la feuille 2.
L'âme 4 est en mousse de polyuréthane, dans laquelle sont noyées des fibres en acier 5. Dans le panneau représenté, l'âme 4 n'est illustrée que dans une partie du panneau, pour laisser apparaître la feuille inférieure 2 avec ses plages embouties vers l'intérieur du panneau.
Un tel panneau présente une rigidité accrue en flexion suivant un axe quelconque de son plan. De plus, il possède une excellente résistance à l'indentation et au flambement, ainsi qu'une grande capacité d'absorption des chocs ; cette dernière propriété est très intéressante en cas de collision ou de chocs de véhicules. Il présente également d'excellentes propriétés d'isolation thermique et acoustique. Enfin, il permet de réduire dans des proportions considérables, le poids des panneaux ainsi construits par rapport à des panneaux de même résistance entièrement en acier.
Ces propriétés le rendent particulièrement intéressant pour la construction de planchers et de parois de véhicules. Sa rigidité multidirectionnelle permet en outre de l'utiliser comme élément de construction participant à la rigidité et à la stabilité des structures métalliques ou autres.
<Desc / Clms Page number 1>
Sandwich panel.
The present invention relates to a sandwich panel consisting of two substantially parallel sheets of steel between which is disposed an organic resin core.
Various types of sandwich panels are currently known, which are mainly used in construction as well as in the construction of vehicles, in particular railways. In general, the known panels have flat surfaces or lined with stiffening grooves. In buildings, they are usually used to make vertical walls such as filler walls in metal or concrete frames, or horizontal or inclined walls such as ceilings.
The use of such panels in vehicle construction relates to the production of walls or partitions, roofing elements, or filling elements which may possibly contribute to the overall rigidity of the structure.
In general, known sandwich panels are intended to withstand relatively low forces, corresponding to generally low bending stresses.
The object of the present invention is to provide a sandwich panel which offers increased resistance to bending as well as excellent resistance to normal forces and to cutting forces, and which is therefore usable in more varied applications. The sandwich panel of the invention is designed to withstand forces perpendicular to its plane, or possibly exerted in its plane;
as such, it can be used in particular as a structural element in motor or rail vehicles.
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According to the present invention, a sandwich panel, which consists of two substantially parallel steel sheets between which is disposed an organic resin core, is characterized in that at least one of said steel sheets has protruding deformations with respect to its plane, which are regularly reproduced in at least two directions of the plane of said steel sheet.
The deformations of said steel sheet have limited dimensions; in the plane of the steel sheet, they may preferably be contained in squares having a maximum of 5 cm in side.
In the sandwich panel of the invention, the two aforementioned directions are preferably substantially perpendicular to each other.
The steel sheets are generally less than 1 mm thick in order to limit the weight of the panels.
These steel sheets are, for example, cold-rolled sheets whose thickness is advantageously between 0.4 mm and 1 mm, this thickness preferably being of the order of 0.7 mm.
They can also consist of a steel or iron film with a thickness of 20 Am to 100 Am, preferably obtained by electrolytic means.
The steel sheets can also be provided with a coating on at least one side; in particular, they may consist of sheets of tinplate or iron-chromium, the thicknesses of which are between 0.15 mm and 0.8 mm. The coated face is advantageously the outside face of the sandwich panel, in order to improve its resistance to corrosion.
The deformations present in said steel sheets can be of various shapes; it will preferably be stamped areas, for example in the form of spherical caps, trunks of cones, trunks of pyramids or portions of parallelepipeds. In general, these deformations can have any shape, the characteristics
<Desc / Clms Page number 3>
important being their salient nature with respect to the plane of the steel sheet and the regularity of their distribution in this steel sheet.
In this regard, it may be interesting to choose the shape of these deformations as well as their distribution directions so as to give the steel sheets an isotropic structure.
The deformations can also be different in the two steel sheets of the same sandwich panel, for example re-entering in one sheet and projecting in the other sheet of a panel.
In a manner known per se, the sandwich panel of the invention comprises an organic resin core, placed between the two aforementioned steel sheets.
This core is usually made of polyurethane foam.
According to a particular characteristic of the sandwich panel of the invention, the core of organic resin comprises a reinforcement, preferably metallic, intended to improve the mechanical resistance of the panel, in particular to tensile in its plane and to compression according to its thickness. .
This reinforcement of the core may be constituted by a metallic sheet, either flat or provided with deformations or perforations, by a metallic mesh, by honeycomb elements, by straw or metallic fibers, or in general by any element likely to improve the resistance of the core to the aforementioned stresses.
The sandwich panel of the invention can have a thickness between 5 mm and 100 mm, and preferably between 10 mm and 30 mm.
The single appended figure represents, in perspective, an example of a sandwich panel in accordance with the present invention. This panel is made up of two sheets of steel 1 and 2, with a thickness of 0.5 mm, which have pressed 3 spherical caps distributed in two directions.
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perpendicular positions in the two steel sheets. The stamped areas project outwards from the panel in sheet 1; they are inward, towards the inside of the panel, in sheet 2.
The core 4 is made of polyurethane foam, in which steel fibers are embedded 5. In the panel shown, the core 4 is only illustrated in part of the panel, to reveal the bottom sheet 2 with its areas stamped towards the inside of the panel.
Such a panel has increased rigidity in bending along any axis of its plane. In addition, it has excellent resistance to indentation and buckling, as well as a great capacity for absorbing shocks; this latter property is very advantageous in the event of a collision or vehicle impact. It also has excellent thermal and acoustic insulation properties. Finally, it makes it possible to reduce in considerable proportions, the weight of the panels thus constructed compared to panels of the same resistance made entirely of steel.
These properties make it particularly interesting for the construction of floors and vehicle walls. Its multidirectional rigidity also allows it to be used as a building element contributing to the rigidity and stability of metallic or other structures.
Claims (10)
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BE9200471A BE1006845A6 (en) | 1992-05-21 | 1992-05-21 | Sandwich panel |
LU88264A LU88264A1 (en) | 1992-05-21 | 1993-05-13 | SANDWICH PANEL |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BE9200471A BE1006845A6 (en) | 1992-05-21 | 1992-05-21 | Sandwich panel |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
BE1006845A6 true BE1006845A6 (en) | 1995-01-03 |
Family
ID=3886275
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
BE9200471A BE1006845A6 (en) | 1992-05-21 | 1992-05-21 | Sandwich panel |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
BE (1) | BE1006845A6 (en) |
LU (1) | LU88264A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6063507A (en) * | 1997-08-15 | 2000-05-16 | Thyssen Stahl Ag | Double-layered sheet metal; process for its production and use of such double-layered sheet metal |
FR2839330A1 (en) * | 2002-03-26 | 2003-11-07 | Piero Vignali | SANDWICH SHAPED COVER ELEMENT |
GB2408016A (en) * | 2003-11-14 | 2005-05-18 | Intelligent Engineering | Structural sandwich member |
WO2006058907A1 (en) * | 2004-12-02 | 2006-06-08 | Solvay (Societe Anonyme) | Insulating angle panel |
-
1992
- 1992-05-21 BE BE9200471A patent/BE1006845A6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1993
- 1993-05-13 LU LU88264A patent/LU88264A1/en unknown
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6063507A (en) * | 1997-08-15 | 2000-05-16 | Thyssen Stahl Ag | Double-layered sheet metal; process for its production and use of such double-layered sheet metal |
FR2839330A1 (en) * | 2002-03-26 | 2003-11-07 | Piero Vignali | SANDWICH SHAPED COVER ELEMENT |
GB2408016A (en) * | 2003-11-14 | 2005-05-18 | Intelligent Engineering | Structural sandwich member |
WO2006058907A1 (en) * | 2004-12-02 | 2006-06-08 | Solvay (Societe Anonyme) | Insulating angle panel |
FR2878874A1 (en) * | 2004-12-02 | 2006-06-09 | Solvay | INSULATING ANGLE PANEL |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
LU88264A1 (en) | 1994-01-05 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
RE | Patent lapsed |
Owner name: CENTRE DE RECHERCHES METALLURGIQUES - CENTRUM VOO Effective date: 19970531 |