AU8719098A - Novel nucleic acid molecules and uses therefor - Google Patents

Description

WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 NOVEL NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES AND USES THEREFOR FIELD OF THE INVENTION 5 The present invention relates generally to a novel nucleic acid molecule. More particularly, the present invention relates to a male germ line cell specific genetic sequence in plants. Male germ line cells include generative cells and sperm cells. Even more particularly, the present invention provides a male germ line specific gene or functional equivalent thereof and to the promoter of said gene or its functional derivatives and there use in generating a range of mutant plants 10 including male sterile plants and transposon tagged plants. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Bibliographic details of the publications numerically referred to in this specification are collected 15 at the end of the description. The increasing sophistication of recombinant DNA technology is greatly facilitating research and development in a range of industries and is particularly beneficial for the agricultural and horticultural industries. The ability to manipulate plants and plant products by recombinant 20 means offers great potential to generate relatively quickly new varieties of plants, plants with beneficial genetic alterations and modified plant products, such as grains and fruits. One important area of the plant industry is the production of hybrid plants. The production of hybrid plants from essentially homozygous parents permits the introduction of a range of 25 beneficial traits including disease resistance, higher seed yield, frost resistance and altered nutritional characteristics. Due to the importance of hybrid plants to the agricultural and horticultural industries in general, much research has been undertaken to finding improved, more efficacious ways of producing 30 heterozygotic plants. The production of hybrid plants requires that a female parent does not self fertilize. A range of physical, chemical and genetic techniques have been used or have been WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -2 proposed in order to prevent self-fertilization. Although some of these techniques have been partially successful, there is still a need to develop alternative, more broadly applicable methods of preventing self-fertilization. 5 Another important area of the agricultural and horticultural industries is the generation of mutants. Mutant plants may in themselves be useful in removing unwanted traits or may be useful as recipients for further genetic manipulation such as the introduction of new genetic material. Mutant plants have been obtained by a range of procedures including chemical and genetic manipulation as well as physical manipulation and classical breeding. One particularly 10 useful mutant generating mechanism is "transposon tagging". Transposons are distinct genetic elements capable of inserting into different sites of the genome within the same cell. Two broad categories of transposons are known comprising the DNA based transposon which transpose via DNA intermediates and retrotransposons or retroelements, 15 which transpose via RNA intermediates. Transposons are useful tools for transposon tagging which relies upon a recognizable phenotype being caused by the insertion into a gene of a transposon. Transposon tagging has found particular application in the cloning of genes. One system of transposon tagging uses the Activator/Dissociation (Ac/Ds) elements from maize 20 (1). This system comprises a trans-activator, Acst, which provides a transposase and a cis responsive Ds element. The transposase promotes high frequency germinal excision of Ds which then reintegrates frequently into new genomic sites after excision. However, despite the need for male sterile plants and the availability of mutagenic techniques 25 such as transposon tagging, progress has been hampered by the inability to target germ line cells. In work leading up to the present invention, the inventors have identified cDNA clones exhibiting strict generative cell specific expression. The development of male gametes is one of the most important events in the life cycle of 30 flowering plants. The generative cell, the progenitor of male gametes, plays a central role in this process. This role is to produce two male gametes, the sperm cells, which participate in WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -3 fertilization. The generative cell residues within the cytoplasm of another cell, the vegetative cell and, until now, was thought to be transcriptionally inactive. In work leading up to the present invention, the inventors have identified genes which are male 5 gamete specific. The genes and their corresponding promoters of the present invention will enable specific genetic manipulation of the male germ line including generating male sterile plants and facilitating male gamete specific transposon tagging. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 10 Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element or integer or group of elements or integers but not the exclusion of any other element or integer or group of elements or integers. 15 Sequence Identity Numbers (SEQ ID NOs.) for the nucleotide and amino acid sequences referred to in the specification are defined following the bibliography. One aspect of the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a 20 nucleotide sequence or a complementary sequence corresponding to a gene or derivative thereof or a region of said gene facilitating its expression wherein said gene is specifically expressed in a male gamete of a plant. Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a nucleic molecule comprising a nucleotide 25 sequence or complementary sequence encoding an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6 and SEQ ID NO:8 or an amino acid sequence having at least 40% similarity to any one of SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:8 wherein said nucleic acid molecule exhibits male gamete specific expression in plants. 30 Another aspect of the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -4 of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:7 or a nucleotide sequence having at least 50% similarity to any one of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:7 or is a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing to any one of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:7 under low stringency conditions at 42oC. 5 Still yet another aspect of the present invention provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a promoter or functional derivative thereof which directs plant male gamete specific expression in a nucleotide sequence operably linked thereto. 10 Even still another aspect of the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence which is capable of hybridizing under low stringency conditions at 42oC to a genomic region encompassing at least about 2kbp upstream of the nucleotide sequence corresponding to any one of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:7 and wherein said nucleic acid molecule is capable of directing 15 plant male gamete specific expression of a nucleotide sequence operably linked thereto. Another aspect of the present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 or a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing thereto under low 20 stringency conditions at 42oC or a nucleotide sequence having at least 50% similarity to SEQ ID NO:9 and wherein said molecule is capable of directing plant male gamete specific expression of a nucleotide sequence operably linked thereto. A further aspect of the present invention contemplates a method of inducing or otherwise 25 facilitating male sterility in a plant, said method comprising operably linking a cytotoxic nucleic acid molecule to a promoter which directs male gamete specific expression in said plant such that upon expression of said promoter, the cytotoxic nucleic acid molecule is expressed to produce a product which inactivates, kills or otherwise renders substantially non-functional male gametes in said plant. 30 Another aspect of the present invention provides a genetic construct comprising a male gamete WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -5 specific promoter, as hereinbefore described, operably linked to a transposase gene, said transposase gene capable of inducing transposition of a transposable element, such that upon expression of said promoter, the transposase gene is expressed facilitating transposition of said transposable element. 5 Reference herein to "male gamete" includes reference to generative cells and sperm cells. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 10 Figure 1 is a representation of the nucleotide [SEQ ID NO:3] and predicted amino acid [SEQ ID NO:4] sequence of LGC1. Figure 2 is a photographic representation showing expression of LGC1 mRNA in different tissues of lily. (A) Northern blot of the indicated tissues probed with 3 2 P-labelled LGC1 probe. 15 GCs, generative cells. (B) RT-PCR of different tissues. Pollen mRNA includes contribution of both generative cell and vegetative cell. Numbers 16, 31, 64 represent 1/16, 1/32, and 1/64 of the mRNA input respectively and so forth. Molecular sizes are indicated on the left. Figure 3 is a photographic representation showing in situ hybridization of LGC1 mRNA to 20 whole mount lily pollen. Dark staining in the generative cell (arrowhead) represents hybridization signals detected by an alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-DIG antibody. The outer wall of pollen, exine appears as a sculptured pattern. (A) Pollen probed with a DIG-UTP labelled LGC1 antisense riboprobe. (B) Control pollen probed with a sense riboprobe. 25 Figure 4 is a photographic representation showing in situ hybridization of LGC1 mRNA to whole mount lily pollen at different developmental stages. For a better resolution, protoplasts of developing pollen were released from sculptured exine, the outer wall of pollen (9). Developing pollen (A-E) and pollen tube (K) probed with a DIG-UTP labelled riboprobe and then counter-stained with 4', 6'-diamidino-2-phenyl indole (DAPI) to visualize the vegetative 30 and generative nuclei within pollen (F-J) and sperm nuclei in pollen tube (L). Arrowheads indicate the generative cell at early developmental stages. GN, generative nucleus; VN, WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -6 vegetative nucleus; SC, sperm cell; SN, sperm nucleus. Figure 5 is a representation showing nucleotide [SEQ ID NO:5] and deduced amino acid [SEQ ID NO:6] sequences of the gcH2A cDNA. The predicted amino acid sequence (numbered at 5 right) is given below the corresponding nucleic acid sequence (numbered at left). Figure 6 is a representation showing nucleotide [SEQ ID NO:7] and deduced amino acid [SEQ ID NO:8] sequences of the Full Length gcH3 cDNA. Numbers at left indicate base positions of the nucleotide sequence, numbers at right residue positions of the derived amino acid sequence. 10 Figure 7 is a photographic representation showing expression pattern of gcH2A and gcH3. Figure 8 is a photographic representation showing in situ hybridization of gcH2A and gcH3 in pollen. Pollen exine was removed for a better visualising of signal. 15 (A) Pollen probed with showing strong hybridization signal in the generative cell. (B) Control pollen probed with DIG-labelled sense gcH2A. (C) Pollen probed showing strong hybridization signal in the generative cell. (D) Control pollen probed with DIG-labelled sense gcH3. 20 Figure 9 is a photographic representation showing expression of gcH2A and gcH3 during pollen development. In situ hybridization of microspores immediately after formation of generative cell (A, D, G), nearly mature pollen (B, E, H) and mature pollen (C, F, I). Arrow heads indicate nearly formed generative cell, VN, vegetative nucleus, GN, generative cell nucleus. Pollen exine was removed for a better visualising of signal. 25 (A), (B), (C) samples probed with DIG-labelled antisense gcH2A showing strong hybridization signal only in mature pollen. (G), (H), (I) samples probed with DIG-labelled antisense gcH3 showing hybridization signal only in mature pollen. (D), (E), (F) DAPI staining of corresponding developmental stages. 30 Figure 10 is a representation of the nucleotide sequence of the LGC1 promoter. The WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -7 transcription start site (nucleotide position 817) and the translation start site (nucleotide position 894) are shown bold and are underlined. Figure 11 is a diagrammatic representation showing various constructs comprising the LGC1 5 promoter, a DNA sequence operably linked thereto and a selectable marker gene (reporter genetic sequence). Figure 12(A) is a diagrammatic representation of a genetic construct comprising the LGC1 promoter operably linked to a Gus reporter gene. The genetic construct further comprises a 10 gene conferring a selectable marker. Figure 12(B) is a photographic representation showing Gus gene expression using the genetic construct of Figure 12(A) in mature pollen counterstained with 4', 6'-diamindino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The observed activity of the LGC1 5'-flanking region thus reflects expression of 15 endogenous LGC1 in lily pollen.

WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -8 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or a complementary sequence corresponding to a gene or derivative thereof or a region 5 of said gene facilitating its expression wherein said gene is specifically expressed in a male gamete of a plant. A male gamete is considered to include a vegetative cell and a sperm cell. The nucleic acid molecule of the present invention extends to a genomic or cDNA molecule corresponding to a gene or its derivative or a promoter of said gene or a functional derivative 10 of said promoter, provided the promoter permits male gamete specific expression of the gene or its derivative. The plant may be a monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plant. Preferred plants include but are not limited to legumes, crop, cereal and native grasses, fruiting plants, flowering plants amongst 15 many others. One particularly preferred plant is a lily plant. In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a nucleic molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary sequence encoding an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6 and SEQ ID NO:8 or an amino acid sequence having at least 40% 20 similarity to any one of SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:8 wherein said nucleic acid molecule exhibits male gamete specific expression in plants. The preferred gene of this aspect of the present invention is referred to as the "LGC1" gene. Preferably, the percentage similarity is at least about 50%, more preferably at least about 60%, 25 still more preferably at least about 70%, yet even more preferably at least about 80-90% or greater to any one of SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:8. Another aspect of the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting 30 of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:7 or a nucleotide sequence having at least 50% similarity to any one of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:7 or is a nucleotide WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -9 sequence capable of hybridizing to any one of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:7 under low stringency conditions at 42oC. Preferably, the percentage level of nucleotide similarity is at least about 60%, more preferably 5 at least about 70%, still more preferably at least about 80%, yet still more preferably at least about 90% or greater to any one of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:7. Reference herein to a low stringency at 42oC includes and encompasses from at least about 1% v/v to at least about 15% v/v formamide and from at least about 1M to at least about 2M salt for 10 hybridisation, and at least about 1M to at least about 2M salt for washing conditions. Alternative stringency conditions may be applied where necessary, such as medium stringency, which includes and encompasses from at least about 16% v/v to at least about 30% v/v formamide and from at least about 0.5M to at least about 0.9M salt for hybridisation, and at least about 0.5M to at least about 0.9M salt for washing conditions, or high stringency, which includes and 15 encompasses from at least about 31% v/v to at least about 50% v/v formamide and from at least about 0.01M to at least about 0.15M salt for hybridisation, and at least about 0.01M to at least about 0.15M salt for washing conditions. In general, washing is carried out Tm = 69.3 + 0.41 (G+C)% [19]. However, the Tm of a duplex DNA decreases by loC with every increase of 1% in the number of mismatch base pairs (20). 20 The term "similarity" as used herein includes exact identity between compared sequences at the nucleotide or amino acid level. Where there is non-identity at the nucleotide level, "similarity" includes differences between sequences which result in different amino acids that are nevertheless related to each other at the structural, functional, biochemical and/or conformational levels. 25 Where there is non-identity at the amino acid level, "similarity" includes amino acids that are nevertheless related to each other at the structural, functional, biochemical and/or conformational levels. Preferably, comparisons of nucleotide and amino acid sequences are in terms of percentage 30 identity and this includes the number of exact nucleotide or amino acid matches having regard to an appropriate alignment using a standard algorithm, such as but not limited to the Geneworks WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 - 10 programme (Intelligenetics). Reference to a "derivative" herein includes single or multiple nucleotide or amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or additions as well as parts, fragments, portions, homologues and 5 analogues of the nucleotide or amino acid sequence. The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are specifically expressed in male gametes of plants, ie. in the generative cells. The male gamete specific expression is determined in part by the male gamete specific promoter. 10 Accordingly, another aspect of the present invention provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a promoter or functional derivative thereof which directs plant male gamete specific expression in a nucleotide sequence operably linked thereto. 15 More particularly, this aspect of the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence which is capable of hybridizing under low stringency conditions at 42oC to a genomic region encompassing at least about 2kbp upstream of the nucleotide sequence corresponding to any one of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:7 and wherein said nucleic acid molecule is capable of directing 20 plant male gamete specific expression of a nucleotide sequence operably linked thereto. Even more particularly, this aspect of the present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 or a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing thereto under low 25 stringency conditions at 42oC or a nucleotide sequence having at least 50% similarity to SEQ ID NO:9 and wherein said molecule is capable of directing plant male gamete specific expression of a nucleotide sequence operably linked thereto. The nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 represents the promoter of the LGC1 gene and is 30 referred to herein as the LGC1 promoter. The present invention encompasses the LGC1 promoter comprising a nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 or any WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -11 derivative thereof which includes mutants, fragments, homologues and analogues thereof. Such derivatives are conveniently further defined by being able to hybridize under low stringency conditions at 42oC to SEQ ID NO:9 and/or have a nucleotide sequence of about 50% similarity to SEQ ID NO:9. Generally, the derivatives retain at least partial promoter activity and, hence, 5 are "functional" derivatives. However, non-functional derivatives are also encompassed by the present invention since these have utility, for example, in inhibiting promoter activity and as probes for other similar promoters. In SEQ ID NO:9, the transcription start site is at nucleotide position 817 and the translation start 10 site (ATG) is at nucleotide position 894. The present invention further extends to a variety of genetic constructs comprising the LGC 1 promoter or its derivatives together with a nucleotide sequence operably linked to the promoter and optionally a report molecule. Examples of nucleotide sequences operably linked to the 15 promoter include, but are not limited to, those encoding GUS, GFP, ribonuclease, DTA, antisense molecules, transposons, ribozymes and lethal genes amongst many others. The identification of a male gamete specific promoter and gene permits the generation of a range of male sterile plants as well as male gamete specific transposon tagging. 20 In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method of inducing or otherwise facilitating male sterility in a plant, said method comprising operably linking a cytotoxic nucleic acid molecule to a promoter which directs male gamete specific expression in said plant such that upon expression of said promoter, the cytotoxic nucleic acid molecule is expressed to produce 25 a product which inactivates, kills or otherwise renders substantially non-functional male gametes in said plant. The cytotoxic nucleic acid molecule may encode or comprise a cytotoxic protein, an antisense molecule to a particular gene, a ribozyme or a plantabody amongst many other molecules. 30 Preferably, the promoter corresponds to a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under low WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 - 12 stringency conditions to a genomic region comprising at least about 2kbp upstream of a gene corresponding to any one of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:7. More particularly, the promoter is the LGC 1 promoter or its derivatives. 5 Alternatively, the cytotoxic nucleic acid molecule is fused to the gene naturally operably linked to said promoter such that upon expression of said gene, the cytotoxic nucleic acid molecule inactivates, kills or otherwise renders substantially non-function a male gamete in said plant. In another embodiment, the male gamete specific promoter and/or gene is used to facilitate male 10 gamete specific transposon tagging. This facilitates the product of pollen grains in a plant carrying a transponson tag. Offspring can then be screened for a range of phenotypes of interest and then, in turn, the transponson tagged plants used to clone particular genes. Accordingly, another aspect of the present invention provides a genetic construct comprising a 15 male gamete specific promoter, as hereinbefore described, operably linked to a transposase gene, said transposase gene capable of inducing transposition of a transposable element, such that upon expression of said promoter, the transposase gene is expressed facilitating transposition of said transposable element. 20 A particularly useful transposon system is the DsALS system (1, 5) where the activator (Ac) transposase would be under the control of the promoter of the present invention to facilitate transposition of the dissociation (Ds) element. In accordance with the present invention a plant is selected such as a crop plant, legume, grass 25 plant or flowering plant amongst other monocots and dicots and a callus culture prepared. A genetic construct comprising the male gamete specific promoter and optionally male gene specific gene naturally associated with said promoter operably linked to a cytotoxis nucleic acid molecule or a transposase gene is introduced into callus cells. A plant is then regenerated. The male gamete specific construct may be under additional control mechanisms such as 30 environmental, developmental, physiological or nutritional control mechanisms such that upon provision of these mechanisms, the male gamete specific promoter is activated. In any event, WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -13 upon expression of the male gamete specific promoter, transposon tagging will occur or the cytotoxic nucleic acid will be expressed. This will result in tagged pollen or male sterility. Male sterile plants containing a range of transposon insertions and genetic constructs useful of 5 the practice of the present invention are all encompassed by the present invention as are all offspring or progeny, new plant varieties and mutant plants. The present invention extends to the promoter as herein described as well as functional mutants thereof. A functional mutant includes promoter fusions to other promoters, as well as single or 10 multiple nucleotides, deletions, additions and/or substitutions including parts, fragments, portions, homologues and analogues thereof. Although not intending to limit the present invention to any one type of male gamete specific gene or promoter, genes and their promoters encoding histones are particularly useful. 15 Another benefit of the present invention provides the potential to develop seedless fruit or fruit with reduced seed content. This is particularly applicable where pollination stimulates fruit development and where the lack of fertilization results in seedless fruit. 20 The present invention extends to any transposable element such as but not limited to Ac, Ds, En/Spm, dspm, Tam3, dTam3, Mul, Tatl, Tag1, dTphl, Tntl, Ttol, Tto2, Ac-like, dTnp and Tosl 17. These elements are conveniently reviewed in the reference (16). The present invention is further described by the following non-limiting Examples. 25 WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 - 14 EXAMPLE 1 ISOLATION OF LGC1 Generative cells from lily (Lilium longiflorum) were isolated and mRNA isolated therefrom. 5 Generative cells were isolated from fresh pollen of lily as previously described (6) and stored at -70oC until use. mRNA was extracted directly from approximately 1 x 10' of stored generative cells using a mRNA purification kit (Pharmacia-LKB). Purified generative cell mRNA was reverse transcribed and the resultant cDNA was amplified by PCR, size fractionated and cloned into Xgt 11 expression vector. 10 A differential hybridization approach was used to obtain a cDNA clone corresponding to a gene specifically expressed in generative cells. The clone was designated LGC1. In the differential hybridization approach, a number of cDNA clones were randomly picked from a generative cell cDNA library and cDNA inserts obtained by PCR with Xgt 1 forward and reverse primers. PCR 15 conditions were 30 cycles of 1 min at 94oC, 2 min at 60oC and 3 min at 72oC with a final extension at 72oC for 10 min. The amplified cDNA inserts were purified, labelled with 32 P by random priming (Bresatec Ltd, South Australia) and used for probing of RNA slot blots containing approximately 300 ng of mRNAs from various tissues including leaf, stem, petal, stigmalstyle, ovary, pollen and generative cells. Hybridization and washing was performed as 20 previously described (18). cDNA clones showing preferential or specific hybridization to generative cell mRNA were selected for further analysis. The cDNA insert of one clone, LGC1, was subcloned into pBluescript(SK)+(Stratagene) and sequenced with ABI PRISM (trademark) dye terminator cycle sequencing kit (Perkin-Elmer). 25 The LGC1 cDNA insert was shown to be 618 bp in length encoding a predicted gene product of 128 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 13.8 kDa (Figure 1). LGC1 corresponds to a 0.6 kbp transcript which is present at a high level in generative cells as revealed by Northern blot analysis (Figure 2A). 30 No signal was detectable in the two vegetative tissues tested, leaf and stem, while a faint signal was visible in pollen containing generative cells. The tissue specificity of LGC1 was further WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 - 15 examined by RT-PCR using gene specific PCR primers that amplify a 0.3 kbp portion of the coding region. For RT-PCR, mRNAs from generative cells and various tissues were reverse transcribed and amplified by PCR with a pair of sequence specific primers (L13A: 5' GTACTCTTAAGCATACAACATGAG -3' [SEQ ID NO:1]; L13B: 5' 5 CAGGCATACTTGAATGCTACAAGA-3' [SEQ ID NO:2]) using the Access RT-PCR System (Promega). For each tissue, mRNA was subjected to a serial two-fold dilutions. Based on the signal intensity of the amplified products, the relative amount of LGC1 mRNA in each tissue was estimated. 10 RT-PCR amplifications were performed using controlled amount of RNA input from various tissues of lily plant. A PCR product of expected size (0.3 kbp) was obtained in generative cells and pollen but not in all the other tissues tested including vegetative parts such as leaf, stem as well as reproductive parts such as petal, female stigmalstyle and ovary (Figure 2B). Based on the signal intensity, the inventors estimated that approximately 20 fold more PCR product was 15 obtained when generative cell mRNA was used as compared to pollen mRNA. Since the generative cell constitutes a small portion of pollen, the inventors considered that the amplified LGC1 product obtained using pollen mRNA input may represent the contribution of generative cell only. Generative cell specificity of LGC1 was further confirmed by in situ hybridization as hereinafter described. 20 Non-radioactive whole mount in situ hybridization was performed in both developing and mature pollen based on the protocols previously described (3, 4, 5). Fresh pollen at various developmental stages was fixed (1% v/v glutaraldehyde in 50 mM PIPES buffer, pH 7.4) for 2 hours at room temperature. The fixed pollen was then washed in buffer and stored in 70% v/v 25 ethanol at 4oC until use. Both sense and antisense riboprobes labelled with DIG-UTP were generated from linearized DNA templates. The hybridization signal was detected with an alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti-DIG antibody using a DIG nucleic acid detection kit (Boehringer Mannheim). To obtain a better resolution, protoplasts of developing pollen were released from exine (the outer wall of pollen) by treatment with enzyme solution (1% w/v 30 Macerozyme, 0.5% w/v Cellulase and 0.5% w/v BSA) as previously described (6). Vegetative and generative nuclei within pollen were visualized by counter-staining with 4', 6'-diamindino-2- WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -16 phenyl indole (DAPI). The results clearly showed that LGC1 mRNA is confined to the generative cell in mature pollen (Figure 3). LGC1 mRNA in pollen as detected by Northern blot and RT-PCR own their origin 5 to the generative cell. To determine whether LGC1 mRNA present in the generative cell is the product of generative cell specific gene activity or the result of asymmetric RNA localization and partitioning prior to generative cell formation in developing pollen, the inventors monitored LGC1 mRNA 10 accumulation during this process. The inventors examined six different developmental stages of generative cells. At the early stage, the newly formed generative cell is attached at one pole of pollen with the vegetative nucleus located in its vicinity (Figures 4A, F). As the development progresses, the generative cell starts to detach itself from the intine (inner cell wall of pollen) while the vegetative nucleus moves towards the centre of pollen (Figures 4B, G). No detectable 15 signal was observed in these two early developmental stages (Figures 4A, B). With rapid size expansion of pollen, the generative cell separates completely from the intine and suspends freely within the vegetative cell cytoplasm. At this stage, its shape becomes elongated with a large nucleus in the centre and most of cytoplasm at both ends of the cell (Figures 4C, H). A weak signal was detected at both ends of the generative cell, indicating the initiation of LGC1 mRNA 20 transcription (Figures 4C). As the development continues, the generative cell becomes spindle shaped (Figures 4D, I) and accumulation of LGC1 mRNA in the generative cell becomes more evident (Figures 4D). At the time of pollen maturity, a very high level of LGC1 mRNA were observed in the generative cell (Figure 3A, Figures 4E, J). Next, pollen germination occurs on female stigma and pollen tubes grow inside the female stylar tissue. The generative cell then 25 moves into pollen tube and undergoes a mitotic division producing two male gametes, the sperm cells (Figures 4K, L). LGC1 mRNA was clearly detectable in the two sperm cells inside the pollen tubes (Fig. 4K) as described more fully below. In lily, generative cell division occurs in the pollen tube during its growth in the female stylar 30 tissue. In situ hybridization of mRNA in sperm cells, therefore, can only be performed in pollen tube. Pollen tubes were grown in vivo by hand pollinating pistils with freshly collected pollen.

WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -17 After 48 hours, a 1 cm long segment was taken from the base of the style and cut into two symmetrical halves. Pollen tubes growing in the hollow stylar canal were teased out, fixed and then used for in situ hybridization as described above. 5 No signal was detected in the vegetative cell at any stage of pollen development. These results show that the generative cell specific accumulation of LGC1 mRNA is due to differential gene activation of generative cell. Male germ line specific gene expression represents a new aspect of fundamental importance in 10 flowering plants. LGC1 is the first male germ line specific gene to be identified in flowering plants and thus, the present study of generative cell specific gene expression has important implications in understanding the molecular bases of male gamete development. Several aspects of research can immediately benefit from the availability of this gene and its promoter. For example, selective ablation of the male gametes can be achieved using generative cell specific 15 promoter- cytotoxin fusions. The availability of LGC1 gene promoter will make it possible to introduce marker genes for monitoring the process of sperm-egg recognition and fusion at molecular level. Furthermore, the male gamete specific promoter may be used to generate a range of transposos to specify tagged pollen genes. 20 EXAMPLE 2 MALE GAMETE CELL SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF H2A AND H3 HISTONE GENES The following Examples shows the identification of two cDNA clones, gcH2A and gcH3, which 25 encode male gamete-specific variants of histones H2A and H3, respectively. The inventors show that both gcH2A and gcH3 mRNAs accumulate exclusively within the male germ line cell, the generative cell. An examination of the spatial distribution of gcH2A and gcH3 transcripts during pollen development show that initiation of expression of these genes occurs in generative cell at the later stages of pollen maturation. The results indicate that these histone variants are the 30 products of generative cell transcriptional activity. This example provides the first insight of male germ line cell specific histone gene expression in flowering plants.

WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 - 18 1. INTRODUCTION Histones are the major protein constituents of the chromatin of eukaryotic cell nuclei. Histone proteins include five major classes: four core histones, H2A, H2B, H3, H4 and one linker histone 5 H1. The core histones are small, basic proteins (11-15 kDa) that contain a high proportion of positively charged amino acids, mainly lysine and arginine. Histones are highly conserved throughout evolution and are encoded by multigene families. Genes encoding major classes of histones are usually expressed in a cell cycle-dependent fashion at the beginning of the S (DNA synthesis) phase and are co-ordinately regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional 10 level through the cell cycle (7). 2. METHODS 15 (a) Construction and screening of cDNA library Generative cells were isolated from mature pollen of lily (Lilium longiflorum) as previously described (8) and stored at -70oC until use. Poly(A)+ RNA was isolated from approximately 1 x 10' of stored generative cells using oligo (dT)-cellulose affinity column (Pharmacia) 20 according to the manufacture's instruction. First-strand cDNA was synthesized with an oligo (dT) primer. A Capswitch primer was also used to ensure the synthesis of full length clones. The resultant cDNA was amplified by PCR using the following conditions: 35 cycles of 94 0 C for 1 min, 42oC for 2 min and 72oC for 2 min. The PCR products were size-fractionated through a Sephadex-50 column and cDNAs of appropriate size were cloned into Xgt 11 expression vector. 25 For screening, a number of cDNA clones was randomly picked and cDNA inserts were obtained by PCR with Xgtl 1 forward and reverse primers. Differential screening was conducted by probing RNA slot blots of various tissues with the amplified cDNA inserts. cDNA clones showing strong hybridization to generative cell RNA, weak hybridization to pollen RNA and no 30 hybridization to other tissues were considered to be putative generative cell-specific clones.

WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 - 19 (b) Sequencing analysis The putative generative cell cDNA clones were subcloned into pBluescript II SK+ (Stratagene). Sequencing was performed on both strands by the dideoxy chain-termination method (9) using 5 ABI PRISM (trademark) dye terminator cycle sequencing kit (Perkin-Elmer) with an automated DNA sequencer. Sequence-specific primers were used to generate overlapping sequence information. DNA and protein sequence analysis was performed using BLAST search tools. (c) RNA gel blot analyses 10 Total RNA was prepared from various tissues (10). Generative cell RNA was isolated using SNAP RNA extraction kit (Invitro Gene) according to the manufacture's procedure. For gel blot analysis, 20 zg of total RNA was separated by denatured agarose gel electrophoresis, blotted onto Hybond N+ nylon membrane (Amersham) and probed with 32 P-labelled gcH2A and gcH3 15 cDNA inserts. Hybridization of probes with RNA blots was performed in 50% v/v deionised formamide, 2 x SSPE (1 x SSPE is 0.15 M NaC1, 0.01 M NaH 2

PO

4 , and 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4), 1% w/v PEG, 0.5% w/v BLOTTO, 7% w/v SDS and 0.5mg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA at 42 0 C overnight. The blots were washed with 2 x SSC (1 X SSC is 0.15 M NaCl and 15 mM sodium citrate, pH 7.0), 0.1% w/v SDS at room temperature for 15 min and with 0.2 x SSC, 20 0.1% w/v SDS at 65 0 C for 15 min, followed by a brief wash in 0.2 x SSC. The blots were re probed with lily ribosome RNA to verify the relative amount of RNAs loaded. (d) In situ hybridization 25 Non-radioactive whole mount in situ hybridization was performed based on the protocols described (11, 12, 13). Developmental stages of pollen were determined using 4', 6'-diamidino 2-phenyl indole (DAPI) staining. Mature and developing pollen was treated with an enzyme solution (1% w/v macerozyme, 0.5% w/v cellulase and 0.5% w/v BSA) for 1 hour to remove the exine (the outer wall of pollen). Pollen protoplasts were then washed in 50 mM PIPES 30 buffer and fixed in 1% v/v glutaraldehyde in 50 mM PIPES buffer, pH 7.4, for 2 hours at room temperature. The fixed pollen was then washed in 50 mM PIPES buffer and stored in 70% v/v WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 - 20 ethanol at 4oC. Prior to hybridization, pollen samples were first dehydrated through an ethanol series up to 100% v/v ethanol. Samples were then treated with xylene (2 x 10 min) followed by rehydration 5 through an ethanol series. Proteinase K (lg/ml) treatment was carried out in 100 mM Tris HC1, pH 8 and 50 mM EDTA for 40 min at 37oC. Digoxigenin-labelled riboprobes were synthesized by in vitro transcription (Promega). Hybridization was performed in 50% v/v formamide, 6 x SSC, 3% w/v SDS, 100 ~g/ml tRNA at 55oC overnight. Samples were then washed in 1 x SSC, 0.1% w/v SDS at room temperature followed by 2 x 10 min washes in 0.2 10 SSC, 0.1% w/v SDS at 55oC. RNase A (10 yg/ml) treatment was performed in 2 x SSC for 1 hour at 37oC. Hybridization signal was detected using a DIG detection kit (Boehringer Mannheim) according to the manufacture's specification. Vegetative and generative cell nuclei were visualized by counter-staining with DAPI. 15 RESULTS Isolation and Characterisation of histone gcH2A and gcH3 cDNA clones Lily (Lilum longiflorum) was used as an experimental system in accordance with the present 20 Example. Within the pollen grain, the male germ line cell (generative cell) is enclosed in the much larger vegetative cell. To maximize the chance of obtaining genes specifically expressed in the generative cell, the inventors prepared a cDNA library using polyA(+) RNA from isolated generative cells. The cDNA library was screened by differential hybridization using probes from generative cells, pollen, leaf, stem, pistil and ovary. cDNA clones that gave strong positive 25 hybridization signal with generative cell mRNA, weak signal with pollen mRNA and no signal with mRNA from other tissues were considered as putative generative cell specific clones. These cDNA clones were subjected to further analysis. Two of these clones were found to encode proteins which were identified as variants of histone H2A and H3, respectively. The two clones were designated "gcH2A" and "gcH3". 30 gcH2A cDNA is 581 bp long and contains an open reading frame of 333 bp starting from the first WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -21 ATG at position 49 to a stop codon TAA at position 379 (Figure 1). The derived amino acid sequence of gcH2A is composed of 111 amino acids and encodes a protein with a calculated molecular mass of 12.1 kDa. gcH2A polypeptide contains 10.8% arginine and 5.4 % lysine. The deduced amino acid sequence of gcH2A shows high levels of sequence similarity as well as 5 variability when compared to somatic H2A histones from other organisms. The N-terminal region of the protein appeared to be more conserved than the C-terminal region. In addition, gcH2A polypeptide is 30-35 amino acids shorter at the C-terminus than somatic H2A histone. It has been reported that the C-terminal variable regions of wheat somatic histones can be of two structural different types (14). Type 1 H2A proteins have one or two copies of a SPKK motif 10 which is known to interact with the minor groove of the DNA, whereas type 2 H2A proteins have a shorter C-terminal variable region and no SPKK motif. Using these criteria, the lily generative cell specific H2A (gcH2A) histone can be classified as type 2 since the C-terminal region of gcH2A does not contain a SPKK motif. 15 The complete sequence of the gcH3 cDNA clone is shown in Figure 6. The gcH3 cDNA is of 485 nucleotides and contains a putative open reading frame of 336 bp encoding a protein of 112 amino acids. The predicted gcH3 polypeptide, containing 8% arginine and 12.5% lysine, has a calculated molecular mass of 12.5 kDa. When compared to somatic histone H3, the deduced amino acid sequence of gcH3 exhibits two highly conserved regions located near both terminus 20 of the polypeptide and a variable region of 14 amino acids (position 50 to 64) in the centre region. Both gcH2A and gcH3 histone clones were transcribed as polyadenylated mRNAs. Sequencing analysis revealed A/T rich regions resembling the polyadenylation consensus signal and 25 polyadenylated tract bases at their 3' ends (Figures 5 and 6). To determine the expression patterns of gcH2A and gcH3, RNA blot analysis was performed with RNA samples from various organs including generative cells, pollen grain, young expanding leaf, stem, pistil and ovary. Considering the highly conserved nature of the histone coding 30 region, hybridization and washing were conducted at high stringency to avoid cross hybridizations with other somatic histone mRNAs. mRNAs corresponding to both gcH2A and WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 - 22 gcH3 were detected in generative cells (Fig. 7). A weak hybridization signal was also detected in pollen whereas neither vegetative nor other floral tissues tested showed detectable levels of gcH2A and gcH3 mRNAs. Since pollen grains contain both vegetative and generative cells, it was apparent that the fainter signal detected in pollen RNA was due to the contribution of 5 generative cell only. The inventors tested young leaf and stem tissues from seedlings which have a large number of dividing cells by RNA gel blot as well as RT-PCR analyses. No expression, neither of gcH2A nor of gcH3 was detected. Since the tissues tested represent a broad spectrum of plant organs, it was concluded that both gcH2A and gcH3 are expressed in generative cells only. From the intensity of the hybridization signal, it can be assumed that gcH2A is a highly 10 abundant gene, whereas gcH3 represents a lowly expressed transcript. The inventors examined the spatial distribution of gcH2A and gcH3 mRNAs within pollen by in situ hybridization. Digoxigenin (DIG) labelled gcH2A and gcH3 were used to probe whole mount pollen grains. Accumulation of both gcH2A and gcH3 mRNAs were clearly confined to 15 the generative cell of pollen whereas no hybridization signal was detected in the vegetative cells of pollen (Figures 8a, c). No signal was observed in pollen grain probed with control sense probes (Figures 8b, d). The accumulation of gcH2A in the generative cell appeared much higher than that of gcH3. The results obtained by in situ hybridization correspond to those of RNA gel blot analysis and clearly demonstrate the generative cell specificity of both gcH2A and gcH3. 20 To determine the temporal expression of gcH2A and gcH3, the inventors examined five developmental stages of male gametogenesis. It is well established that three DNA replications occur during male gametogenesis of flowering plants. The first replication occurs prior to 25 meiosis in the microsporocyte or pollen mother cell which produces a tetrad of four haploid microspores. The second replication occurs in the microspore before the first mitotic division (pollen mitosis I) which produces a large vegetative cell and a small generative cell. The third replication takes place in the generative cell before the second mitosis (pollen mitosis II) which results in the formation of two male gametes (sperm cells). To determine whether gcH2A and 30 gcH3 are associated with any of these three DNA replications during male gametogenesis, the inventors performed in situ hybridization in microsporocyte, microspore and three stages of WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 - 23 generative cell development. No hybridization signal was observed in pre-meiotic microsporocytes and pre-mitotic microspores. Further, no gcH2A and gcH3 mRNAs were detected in the newly formed generative cell soon after pollen mitosis I (Figures 9a, d, g). As development progresses into pollen maturation, the generative cell completely separates from 5 the intine wall of pollen and suspends freely within the vegetative cell cytoplasm. At this stage, the generative cell becomes elongated and spindle-shaped with a large nucleus in the centre and most of its cytoplasm at both ends (Figures 9b, e, h). A weak signal was observed at both ends of the generative cell when probing with gcH2A, indicating the initiation of gcH2A mRNA transcription (Figure 9b). At the time of pollen maturity, the accumulation of gcH2A mRNA in 10 the generative cell reached a very high level as indicated by the strong hybridization signal (Figure 7c). In comparison to this, the signal obtained with gcH3 probe appeared much weaker (Figure 7i), and mRNA corresponding to the gcH3 clone could only be detected at the mature stage of pollen development. 15 EXAMPLE 3 CLONING OF PROMOTER REGION OF LGC1 The promoter region of LGC1 was obtained by using the method of Uneven PCR [18]. A gene specific primer and an arbitrary primer were used to generate fragments directly from genomic 20 DNA of lily. Two rounds of PCR amplification were performed. For the first round of Uneven PCR, a LGC1 gene specific primer (5' CAGGCATACTTGAATGCTACAAGA-3' [SEQ ID NO: 10]) and an arbitrary 10-mer primer were used. 0.05 gM 10-mer primer, 0.25 gM gene specific primer, 20 ng lily genomic DNA, 25 200 tM dNTP and 2 units AmpliTaq were added in the 40 kl reaction mix. Cycling conditions of Uneven PCR were 94oC for 1 min, then for cycle 1, 94oC for 30 sec, 55oC for 1 min, 72oC for 1 min, for cycle 2, 94oC for 30 sec, 42oC for 1 min, 72oC for 1 min; cycle 1 and 2 were repeated 3 times. Then for cycle 7, 94 0 C for 15 sec, 57oC for 30 sec, 72 0 C for 30 sec; for cycle 8, 94oC for 15 sec, 45oC for 30 sec, 72oC for 30 sec, cycle 7 and 8 were repeated 20 times. Finally, the 30 sample was held at 72oC for 5 min. A portion (0.5 p1l) of the products from the first round were used as templates for the second round of Uneven PCR. All the components were the same as WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 - 24 in the first round except that a nested specific primers (5' TGTGAACCATACAGAAGAGAACGC-3' [SEQ ID NO: 11]) were used to replace the first specific primer. The cycling conditions were: 94oC for 1 min; then for cycle 1, 94oC for 15 sec, 57oC for 30 sec, 72oC for 30 sec; for cycle 2, 94oC for 15 sec, 45oC for 30 sec, 72oC for 30 sec, 5 cycle 1 and 2 were repeated 20 times; Finally, 72oC for 5 min. The samples were size fractionated on 1% w/v agarose gel and blotted on a nylon membrane. The blot was probed with 3 2 P labelled-LGC1 cDNA. The bands hybridized to LGC1 cDNA were then subcloned into pGEM T-vector. DNA sequencing was performed on both strands by the 10 dideoxy chain-termination method using ABI PRISM TM dye terminator cycle sequencing kit with an automated DNA sequencer. The nucleotide sequence for the LGC1 promoter is shown in SEQ ID NO:9 and in Figure 10. The transcription start site is nucleotide position 817 and the translation start site (ATG) is 15 nucleotide position 894. EXAMPLE 4 CONSTRUCTS COMPRISING THE LGC1 PROMOTER 20 A variety of genetic constructs are made comprising the LGC 1 promoter, a nucleotide sequence operably linked thereto and a reporter genetic sequence. Some of these constructs are shown in Figure 11. EXAMPLE 5 25 GENERATIVE CELL SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF LGC1 IN TRANSGENIC TOBACCO To ascertain that the 5' non-coding region of LGC1 represents an active promoter and to study its expression pattern, 894 bp of LGC1 upstream sequence were fused to the Escherichia coli 30 -glucuronidase (Gus) reporter gene (Fig. 12A). The chimaeric fusion construct was introduced into Nicotiana tabacum by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Several independent WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 - 25 transformants were obtained. Histochemical and fluorimetrical analysis of the transgenic plants for GUS enzyme activity demonstrated that 894 bp flanking region of LGC1 were sufficient to direct gene expression in a generative cell specific manner. None of the transformants showed blue staining in vegetative tissues, like stem, leaf and root, or in different parts of the flower, such 5 as petals, sepals, pistils and ovaries. Counterstaining of mature pollen with DAPI confirmed that Gus gene expression was clearly restricted to the generative cell. The observed activity of the LGC1 5'-flanking region thus reflects the expression of endogenous LGC1 in lily pollen. The results are shown in Figure 12B. 10 Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention described herein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than those specifically described. It is to be understood that the invention includes all such variations and modifications. The invention also includes all of the steps, features, compositions and compounds referred to or indicated in this specification, individually or collectively, and any and all combinations of any two or more of said steps or 15 features.

WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 - 26 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Honma, M.A. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 6242-6246, 1993. 2. Xu, H. et al. Gene 164: 255-259, 1995. 3. Bouget, F. et al. J. Phycol. 31: 1027-1030, 1995. 4. Bouget, F. et al. Plant Cell 8: 189-201, 1996. 5. Torres, Met al. Plant J. 8: 317-321, 1995. 6. Blomstedt, C.K. et al. Plant Mol. Biol. 31: 1083-1086, 1996. 7. Osley, M.A. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 60: 827- , 1991. 8. Tanaka, I. Protoplasma 142: 68-73, (1988) 9. Sanger, F. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 5463-5467, 1977. 10. Chomczynski, P. et al. Anal. Biochem. 162: 156-159, 1987. 11. Bouget, F. etal. J. Phycol. 31: 1027-1030, 1995. 12. Terres, M.A. et al. Plant J. 8: 317-321, 1995. 13. Bouget, F. et al. Plant Cell 8: 189-201, 1996. 14. Huh, H.G. etal. Plant Mol. Biol. 33: 791-802, 1997. 15. Rommens, C.M.T. et al. Mol. Gene. Genet. 231: 433-441, 1992. 16. Roberts, M. In Plant Gene Isolation: Principles and Practice, Ed. by C.D. Foster and D. Twell, pp 301-328, 1996, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 17. McCormick, S. Plant Cell 5: 1265-1275, 1993. 18. Chen, X and Wu, R Gene 185: 195-199, 1997. 19. Marmur, J and Doty, P. J. Mol. Biol. 5: 109, 1962. 20. Bonner, W. M. and Laskey, R. A. Eur. J. Biochem. 46: 83, 1974.

WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 - 27 SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (i) APPLICANT: (OTHER THAN US): THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE (US ONLY): SINGH Mohan, BHALLA Prem, HUI-LING Xu and SWOBODA Ines (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: NOVEL NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES AND USES THEREFOR (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 9 (iv) CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: (A) ADDRESSEE: DAVIES COLLISON CAVE (B) STREET: 1 LITTLE COLLINS STREET (C) CITY: MELBOURNE (D) STATE: VICTORIA (E) COUNTRY: AUSTRALIA (F) ZIP: 3000 (v) COMPUTER READABLE FORM: (A) MEDIUM TYPE: Floppy disk (B) COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DOS (D) SOFTWARE: PatentIn Release #1.0, Version #1.25 (vi) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: PCT INTERNATIONAL (B) FILING DATE: 24-JUL-1998 (C) CLASSIFICATION: (vii) PRIOR APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: PO8233 (B) FILING DATE: 25-JUL-1997 (C) CLASSIFICATION: (vii) PRIOR APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: PP 1184 (B) FILING DATE: 31-DEC-1997 (C) CLASSIFICATION: (viii) ATTORNEY/AGENT INFORMATION: (A) NAME: HUGHES, DR E JOHN L (C) REFERENCE/DOCKET NUMBER: EJH/AF WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 - 28 (ix) TELECOMMUNICATION INFORMATION: (A) TELEPHONE: +61 3 9254 2777 (B) TELEFAX: +61 3 9254 2770 (C) TELEX: AA 31787 WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -29 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 14 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1: GTACTCTTAA GCATACAACA TGAG 14 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 14 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2: CAGGCATACT TGAATGCTAC AAGA 14 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 625 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 82..468 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3: GCCATCCCAT CAACAGAAGG TTTAAGTGGA AATCCATTTC ATTAGAAAAG ATCGGACAAA 60 GGGTACTCTT AAGCATACAA C ATG AGG GCG GTG GCG GTT TTC TTT GCT TGC 111 Met Arg Ala Val Ala Val Phe Phe Ala Cys 1 5 10 GTT CTC TTC TGT ATG GTT CAC AAA GCC GCA CTT GCG GAT GAT AAA ACG 159 Val Leu Phe Cys Met Val His Lys Ala Ala Leu Ala Asp Asp Lys Thr 15 20 25 TGC AAC CCT ACA GAT TTT ATG GTT ACC CAA ACC ATA ACT GGA TTG ACA 207 WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -30 Cys Asn Pro Thr Asp Phe Met Val Thr Gln Thr Ile Thr Gly Leu Thr 30 35 40 ATC GGC GGT AAA CAA GAG TTC GAG GTC AAT TTA ATA AAC AAT TTG TAT 255 Ile Gly Gly Lys Gln Glu Phe Glu Val Asn Leu Ile Asn Asn Leu Tyr 45 50 55 TGT GCA CAA TCT AAT GTC AAA GTT TCA TGT GAC GGG CTT CAT ACC ACC 303 Cys Ala Gln Ser Asn Val Lys Val Ser Cys Asp Gly Leu His Thr Thr 60 65 70 GAA CCA ATA GAT CCT CAC ATT ATC AGA CCA CTT AGT GAC GGA ACG AAC 351 Glu Pro Ile Asp Pro His Ile Ile Arg Pro Leu Ser Asp Gly Thr Asn 75 80 85 90 AAC TGC CTT GTC AAC AAT GGA GCG CCT ATT TCT CAT GCT ACT CTT GTA 399 Asn Cys Leu Val Asn Asn Gly Ala Pro Ile Ser His Ala Thr Leu Val 95 100 105 GCA TTC AAG TAT GCC TGG GAT GTT CCT CCA TCT TTC AGC ATC ATC AGC 447 Ala Phe Lys Tyr Ala Trp Asp Val Pro Pro Ser Phe Ser Ile Ile Ser 110 115 120 TCT GAT ATA AAT TGC TCC TAA GGAGAAA ATTCTAGTTG GCAGAGAATA 495 Ser Asp Ile Asn Cys Ser OCH 125 ATCATATAGT CTTTTTTACT GAGCTATTTA ATTTTTTCAA TTTTCACCAA TAAGATTATT 555 TTAATGGAAT GTTAATGTAT TAGAATTGAA AAATAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA 615 AAAAAAAAAA 625 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 128 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4: Met Arg Ala Val Ala Val Phe Phe Ala Cys Val Leu Phe Cys Met Val 1 5 10 15 His Lys Ala Ala Leu Ala Asp Asp Lys Thr Cys Asn Pro Thr Asp Phe 20 25 30 Met Val Thr Gln Thr Ile Thr Gly Leu Thr Ile Gly Gly Lys Gln Glu 35 40 45 Phe Glu Val Asn Leu Ile Asn Asn Leu Tyr Cys Ala Gln Ser Asn Val 50 55 60 Lys Val Ser Cys Asp Gly Leu His Thr Thr Glu Pro Ile Asp Pro His 65 70 75 80 Ile Ile Arg Pro Leu Ser Asp Gly Thr Asn Asn Cys Leu Val Asn Asn 85 90 95 Gly Ala Pro Ile Ser His Ala Thr Leu Val Ala Phe Lys Tyr Ala Trp 100 105 110 Asp Val Pro Pro Ser Phe Ser Ile Ile Ser Ser Asp Ile Asn Cys Ser OCH WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -31 115 120 125 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 587 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 49..378 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5: GAAAGTTGAA ACATCTCCAT CAAACTCTAG AGTCAGATTT CCCACAAG ATG ATT TCA 57 Met Ile Ser 1 TCG GCA AAT AAC AAA GGC GCC GGC ACA AGC CGC CGC AAG CTC CGT TCT 105 Ser Ala Asn Asn Lys Gly Ala Gly Thr Ser Arg Arg Lys Leu Arg Ser 5 10 15 GAG AAG GCT GCA CTC CAG TTC TCC GTC AGT CGC GTC GAA TAC TCC CTC 153 Glu Lys Ala Ala Leu Gln Phe Ser Val Ser Arg Val Glu Tyr Ser Leu 20 25 30 35 AAG AAG GGG CGC TAT TGC AGG CGC TTA GGC GCT ACG GCC CCC GTC TAC 201 Lys Lys Gly Arg Tyr Cys Arg Arg Leu Gly Ala Thr Ala Pro Val Tyr 40 45 50 CTA GCC GCC GTC CTT GAA AAC CTC GTG GCC GAA GTG TTG GAC ATG GCG 249 Leu Ala Ala Val Leu Glu Asn Leu Val Ala Glu Val Leu Asp Met Ala 55 60 65 GCG AAC GTG ACA GAA GAA ACA TCC CCC ATT GTT ATC AAA CCG AGG CAT 297 Ala Asn Val Thr Glu Glu Thr Ser Pro Ile Val Ile Lys Pro Arg His 70 75 80 ATT ATG CTT GCC CCC AGG AAT GAT GTA GAA GTT GAA CAA GCT GTT TCA 345 Ile Met Leu Ala Pro Arg Asn Asp Val Glu Val Glu Gln Ala Val Ser 85 90 95 CGG TGT CAC CAT CTC GGC ATC AGG TGT CGT CCC TAAAACACGC AAAGAGCTGG 398 Arg Cys His His Leu Gly Ile Arg Cys Arg Pro 100 105 110 ACCGTCGCAA ACGCCGTTCC ACCTTTCAGC CGGATTAGTT CTTGATATTT CATTCTATCA 458 ATCTTGGTTA TGTGACTGTG ATTTTTCGTT TTGTGTTGAA CTAAGCCCCC TAATCTGGAT 518 TTCTCGTTTT ATGTTGAACT AAGTCTGTGC ACTCTTGAAG TAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA 578 AAAAAAAAA 587 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6: WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -32 (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 110 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6: Met Ile Ser Ser Ala Asn Asn Lys Gly Ala Gly Thr Ser Arg Arg Lys 1 5 10 15 Leu Arg Ser Glu Lys Ala Ala Leu Gln Phe Ser Val Ser Arg Val Glu 20 25 30 Tyr Ser Leu Lys Lys Gly Arg Tyr Cys Arg Arg Leu Gly Ala Thr Ala 35 40 45 Pro Val Tyr Leu Ala Ala Val Leu Glu Asn Leu Val Ala Glu Val Leu 50 55 60 Asp Met Ala Ala Asn Val Thr Glu Glu Thr Ser Pro Ile Val Ile Lys 65 70 75 80 Pro Arg His Ile Met Leu Ala Pro Arg Asn Asp Val Glu Val Glu Gln 85 90 95 Ala Val Ser Arg Cys His His Leu Gly Ile Arg Cys Arg Pro 100 105 110 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 485 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 16..348 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7: GATCCCAAAT CATCA ATG ACG ATC CCC GAA AAG AAA TCC GTC GCT CCG ATG 51 Met Thr Ile Pro Glu Lys Lys Ser Val Ala Pro Met 1 5 10 GCC CGT ATG AAG CAT ACA GCC CGC ATG TCT ACC GGC GGT AAG GCT CCA 99 Ala Arg Met Lys His Thr Ala Arg Met Ser Thr Gly Gly Lys Ala Pro 15 20 25 CGC AAG CAG CTC GCC TCT AAG GCT CTT CGC AAG GCG CCA CCA CCA CCG 147 Arg Lys Gln Leu Ala Ser Lys Ala Leu Arg Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro Pro 30 35 40 ACC AAA GGA GTG AAG CAG CCC ACC ACT ACC ACC TCC GGA AAA TGG CGC 195 Thr Lys Gly Val Lys Gln Pro Thr Thr Thr Thr Ser Gly Lys Trp Arg 45 50 55 60 TTC GCG AGA TTT CAC AGG AAA CTG CCA TTC CAA GGG CTG GTG AGG AAA 243 Phe Ala Arg Phe His Arg Lys Leu Pro Phe Gln Gly Leu Val Arg Lys 65 70 75 WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -33 ATC TGG CAG GAC TTG AAG ACA CAT CTG CGC TTC AAG AAC CAC TCG GTT 291 Ile Trp Gln Asp Leu Lys Thr His Leu Arg Phe Lys Asn His Ser Val 80 85 90 CCT CCA CTT GAG GAG GTA ACT GAG GTT TAT CCT TGC CAA ACT ATT GGA 339 Pro Pro Leu Glu Glu Val Thr Glu Val Tyr Pro Cys Gln Thr Ile Gly 95 100 105 GGA TGC TAT TAGGATATTG AATTTGGATA ATGGTTTAAT TATCTGTTCT 388 Gly Cys Tyr 110 ACCTTTATGA TCAAATTTCT GTGGCTCAGC GTTGTGTAAT TTGGGCAATC GAATTCTTAG 448 CTATATTGCC TCAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAA 485 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 11iii amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8: Met Thr Ile Pro Glu Lys Lys Ser Val Ala Pro Met Ala Arg Met Lys 1 5 10 15 His Thr Ala Arg Met Ser Thr Gly Gly Lys Ala Pro Arg Lys Gln Leu 20 25 30 Ala Ser Lys Ala Leu Arg Lys Ala Pro Pro Pro Pro Thr Lys Gly Val 35 40 45 Lys Gln Pro Thr Thr Thr Thr Ser Gly Lys Trp Arg Phe Ala Arg Phe 50 55 60 His Arg Lys Leu Pro Phe Gln Gly Leu Val Arg Lys Ile Trp Gln Asp 65 70 75 80 Leu Lys Thr His Leu Arg Phe Lys Asn His Ser Val Pro Pro Leu Glu 85 90 95 Glu Val Thr Glu Val Tyr Pro Cys Gln Thr Ile Gly Gly Cys Tyr 100 105 110 WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -34 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 945 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9: GGAGGGTGTT GGAATTAGGT TTGCCTAGGG TTTGCCTAGG TTTAGAGAAA TAGTCAAAAT 60 TGTCCTATTC TATAGGCATG ATTTAGTAGT GAGTTAATTA TCCTATAATT TCTCTTCTTG 120 TATGCTCAAA TAACTGGTTC TTTAATGAAT AGATAATTAA GTTTTGTAGC AATTTCTTCC 180 TCAAATTGAG TATCAACAAT TGTTAGATTG CTTTGGTGAT TATATTTGAT ATAATTGTTT 240 GTAAGAATGT GTAGTGAAAA GATTGTGATT ATTCATTTCG TTGTTGGACG AATTGTTAGA 300 GCCCCATCGC TAATGCCTTA TAGTACTCGA AATATGTTGG GAATAGAAGA TGAAAAATCC 360 CATTCTTTGT AGTAGGAGTA AAAATTTGTC TTTTCATTAT TCCATTGAAT GTTAACCACT 420 TGCCATTCAT CTGACGGGGA TGGCAGAGTT CCGACCATCT AGTGATCCGT GGGATATTGA 480 TTTTGGTGTG TCAATGAAAT TGTGAGAACG GGCTTCTGGG AGAGAAAAGC CCTCTTGCCT 540 CTGATATGAA CACTGAGGCT GATTATGTTA ACGGATGGAG ATTTATCAGT GGCTGAATTT 600 GGGTGCTGTA GAGACAGAAT TTGAAAGTTC TAACAATAAA CCCTAATTCT GAACTTGGGC 660 GGGGCTGGGA TTTTACTCTT AACGTGAAGA GAGGCAAGAT GAATTGACAG CTTGGAAGTC 720 GATCCAGTAT TTGCAGCAGT CGTGACGAAT TGGTTGGACA GTTACATCGG TCAGAGAATG 780 CGTTCTATAA ATTCCCCCAA TGCGGCAGTG AAAATCCCAT CCCATCAACA GAAGTTTTAA 840 GTGGAAACCC ATTCCAATAG AGAAGATCGA ACAAAGGGTA TTTAAACATA CAAATGGGGG 900 CAGTGGTGTT TCTTTTTGCT TGCGTTCTCT TCTGTATGGT TCACA 945 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 14 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10: CAGGCATACT TGAATGCTAC AAGA 14 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 24 base pairs WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -35 (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11: TGTGAACCAT ACAGAAGAGA ACGC 24

Claims (20)

1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or a complementary nucleotide sequence corresponding to a gene or derivative thereof or a region of said gene facilitating its expression wherein said gene is specifically expressed in generative cells and sperm cells of a plant.

2. An isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1 wherein said plant is selected from a legume, crop plant, cereal plant, a grass, a fruiting plant and a flowering plant.

3. An isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 2 wherein the plant is a lily or a related plant.

4. An isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 3 comprising a nucleotide sequence which encodes an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6 and SEQ ID NO:8 or an amino acid sequence having at least 40% identity to any one of SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:8.

5. An isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 4 comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:7 or a nucleotide sequence having at least 50% identity to any one of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:7 or is a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing to any one of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:7 under low stringency conditions at 42oC.

6. An isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 1 or 3 wherein said nucleic acid molecule is a promoter or a functional derivative which directs plant generative cell and sperm cell specific expression.

7. An isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 6 comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence which is capable of hybridizing under low stringency conditions at 42oC to a genomic region encompassing at least about 2 kbp upstream of the WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 - 37 genomic nucleotide sequence corresponding to any one of SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:7.

8. An isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 6 comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 or a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing thereto under low stringency conditions at 42oC or a nucleotide sequence having at least 50% identity to SEQ ID NO:9.

9. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 or a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing thereto under low stringency conditions at 42oC or a nucleotide sequence having at least 50% identity to SEQ ID NO:9 and wherein said nucleic acid molecule is capable of directing plant generative cell and sperm cell specific expression of a nucleotide sequence operably linked thereto.

10. An isolated nucleic acid molecule according to claim 9 wherein the nucleotide sequence operably linked to the nucleic acid molecule encodes or defines GUS, GFP, a ribonuclease, DTA, an antisense molecule, a transposon or a lethal gene.

11. A method of inducing or otherwise facilitating male sterility in a plant, said method comprising operably linking a cytotoxic nucleic acid molecule to a promoter which directs plant generative cell and sperm cell specific expression in said plant such that upon direction by said promoter, the cytotoxic nucleic acid molecule is expressed to produce a product which inactivates, kills or otherwise renders substantially non-functional generative cells and/or sperm cells in said plant.

12. A method according to claim 11 wherein said plant is a legume, crop plant, cereal plant, a grass, a fruiting plant and a flowering plant.

13. A method according to claim 11 wherein the cytotoxic nucleic acid molecule encodes or comprise a cytotoxic protein, an antisense molecule to a particular gene, a ribozyme or a WO 99/05281 PCT/AU98/00587 -38 plantabody.

14. A method according to claim 11 wherein the promoter corresponds to a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under low stringency conditions to a genomic region comprising at least about 2kbp upstream of a gene corresponding to any one of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:7.

15. A method according to claim 14 wherein the promoter comprises a nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 or a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing thereto under low stringency conditions at 42oC or a nucleotide sequence having at least 50% identity to SEQ ID NO:9.

16. A genetic construct comprising a generative cell and sperm cell specific promoter operably linked to a transposase gene, said transposase gene capable of inducing transposition of a transposable element such that upon expression of said promoter, the transposase gene is expressed facilitating transposition of said transposable element.

17. A genetic construct according to claim 16 wherein where the promoter comprises a nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 or a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing thereto under low stringency conditions at 42oC or a nucleotide sequence having at least 50% identity to SEQ ID NO:9.

18. A genetic construct according to claim 16 or 17 wherein the transposase gene is the activator (Ac) transposase.

19. A male sterile plant generated by the method of any one of claims 11 to 15.

20. A male sterile plant according to claim 19 which provides seedless fruit or fruit with reduced seed content.