AU736147B2 - Electrochemically active element for a high temperature fuel cell - Google Patents

Electrochemically active element for a high temperature fuel cell Download PDF

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Publication number
AU736147B2
AU736147B2 AU83220/98A AU8322098A AU736147B2 AU 736147 B2 AU736147 B2 AU 736147B2 AU 83220/98 A AU83220/98 A AU 83220/98A AU 8322098 A AU8322098 A AU 8322098A AU 736147 B2 AU736147 B2 AU 736147B2
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Prior art keywords
mixture
anode
accordance
cathode
fuel cell
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AU83220/98A
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AU8322098A (en
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Emad Dr Batawi
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Hexis AG
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Hexis AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9041—Metals or alloys
    • H01M4/905—Metals or alloys specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
    • H01M4/9066—Metals or alloys specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC of metal-ceramic composites or mixtures, e.g. cermets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
    • H01M4/9025—Oxides specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
    • H01M4/9033—Complex oxides, optionally doped, of the type M1MeO3, M1 being an alkaline earth metal or a rare earth, Me being a metal, e.g. perovskites
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
    • H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
    • H01M2300/0071—Oxides
    • H01M2300/0074—Ion conductive at high temperature
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
  • Conductive Materials (AREA)
  • Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)

Abstract

The anode (3) of an electrode/electrolyte element (1) for a high temperature fuel cell comprises a sintered powder mixture of NiO, CeO2 and optionally an A2O3 type oxide (A = Sm, Y, Gd and/or Pr), to which CoO, FeO and/or MnO is added. In an electrode/electrolyte element for a high temperature fuel cell, in which the anode comprises a powder mixture which is sintered onto a ceramic electrolyte of aluminum oxide-containing yttrium-stabilized zirconia and which contains NiO, CeO2 and optionally an A2O3 type oxide (A = Sm, Y, Gd and/or Pr), the anode mixture contains 0.5-5 mole% added CoO, FeO and/or MnO to reduce its sintering temperature. An Independent claim is also included for a fuel cell battery comprising a stack of the above elements together with planar gas and air supply elements, the individual elements being in separable contact with one another.

Description

P.6829 Ehph Sulzer Hexis AG, CH-8400 Winterthur (Switzerland) Electrochemically active element for a high temperature fuel cell :The invention relates to an electrochemically active element for high temperature fuel cell in accordance with the preamble of claim 1 and to a fuel cell battery.
High temperature fuel cells are known see for example EP-A 0 714 147 P.6651) in which the electrochemically active element, the so-called PEN, is formed as a self supporting plate, which is however very thin and extremely fragile. The PEN consists of a positive electrode an electrolyte and a negative electrode The positive electrode or cathode is arranged at the air side, the S negative electrode or anode at the gas side. The PEN is a separate element which can be built into the fuel cell battery. Because of its fragility the assembly of the battery is difficult.
The electrolyte, which conducts oxygen ions at the operating temperature of about 900"C, consists of stabilised zirconium oxide (ZrO,) to which further substances have been added to improve the mobility of the oxygen ions, namely for example 3 to 12 mo"/o (mole percent) YO,. One can also add AO, (2 to 20 m°i/o) in order to obtain a greater strength of the electrolyte layer; 2 The electrodes are applied to the electrolyte layer by sintering on, first the anode at a sintering temperature of about 1250-14500C, then the cathode at a lower sintering temperature (1100-13000C). Through the influence of the high temperature during the sintering of the anode material a grain growth takes place in the electrolyte layer, through which this layer becomes more brittle and more fragile. Special care must therefore be taken when the battery is assembled.
Cracks can also form in the PEN during operation, in particular if the temperature is lowered and then raised again in repeated interruptions of the operation.
The object of the invention is to provide an electrochemically active element for a high temperature fuel cell which is less fragile than the known PENs. This object is satisfied by an anode layer, a cathode layer and an electrolyte layer which is :o arranged therebetween, with 15 the electrolyte being a ceramic material of zirconium oxide ZrO 2 stabilised with yttrium Y and which can additionally contain aluminium oxide A1 2 0 3 the anode being manufactured from a powder mixture through sintering on the electrolyte layer, and this anode mixture containing the oxides NiO and CeO 2 and it being possible for it to contain an oxide of the type A 2 0 3 with for example A=Sm, Y, Gd and/or Pr, characterised in that 0.5-5 mole percent CoO, FeO and/or MnO is or are added to the anode mixture in order to lower the sintering temperature of the mixture.
The electrochemically active element for a high temperature fuel cell is designed in layers and comprises an anode layer, a cathode layer and an electrolyte layer which is arranged therebetween. The electrolyte is a ceramic material of zirconium oxide ZrO 2 stabilised with yttrium Y which can also contain aluminium oxide A1 2 0 3 in addition. The anode is manufactured from a powder mixture through sintering on the electrolyte layer. This anode mixture contains the oxides NiO and CeO 2 and can contain an oxide of the type A 2 0 3 with for example A=Sm, Y, Gd and/or Pr. In accordance with the invention 0.5-5 mole percent CoO, FeO and/or MnO is or are to be added to the anode mixture in order to lower the sintering temperature of the mixture.
7 Y.
-C
3 Thanks to the lowering of the sintering temperature in the manufacture of the anode as a result of the measure in accordance with the invention, the crystal growth in the electrolyte is less strongly pronounced so that the original strength of the electrolyte layer is largely retained.
The dependent claims 2 to 10 relate to advantageous embodiments of the element in accordance with the oo invention. The subject of claim 11 is a fuel cell battery 0000 6: with elements in accordance with the invention.
The invention will be explained in the following with 0reference to the drawings. Shown are: '.0 S00 Fig. 1 a section of a fuel cell battery in accordance 0, with the invention and Fig. 2 a schematic illustration of a cross-section through an electrochemically active element in o. accordance with the invention.
OS@S
00 The fuel cell battery 10 which is illustrated in Fig. 1 left in a side view, right in a cross-section comprises a plurality of PENs 1 together with planar gas and air supply elements 6. The battery 10 is designed substantially centrally symmetrically with an axis 17 in the centre. The separable elements 1 and 6 are arranged stack-like in alternating order and are in electrical contact with one another, with a large number of contact locations being distributed uniformly over the entire electrode region.
A gaseous fuel 70 is supplied to the anodes 3 via a central passage 7 which extends along the stack axis 17 and via the individual gas and air supply elements 6. Air 80 is fed in 4 at the periphery of the stack into gap-shaped chambers 81.
After a preheating in these chambers 81 the air likewise enters via passage openings 82 centrally to the cathode 4, where it flows back to the periphery parallel to the gas The sides of the gas and air supply elements 6 which face the electrodes 3 and 4 are provided with elevations 73 and 84 which form the electrical contact points on the electrodes. The gas and air supply elements 6 are made of a metallic material so that a current can flow in the direction of the axis of the stack 17 as a result of the 0**0 S voltages produced in the individual PENs.
S: The construction of a PEN of planar design is shown in Fig.
2: an anode 3, an electrolyte 2, a cathode 4 and an S intermediate layer 5 which need not necessarily be present.
A reduction of polarisation effects can be produced by this layer 5, which is arranged between the electrolyte layer 2 and the cathode layer 4, namely in that both an electronic and an ionic conduction are furthered. Furthermore, the "long term stability of the PEN can also be improved with S the intermediate layer since it counteracts the formation S of unfavourable phases as a diffusion barrier during the sintering of the cathode 4.
S The application of the powder mixture in the manufacture of o the electrodes can be done by means of a silk screen printing technique. In this the particles of the powder are mixed with means for binding, wetting and dissolving to form a flowable mixture. It can be advantageous if, for example to influence the viscosity, still further substances such as e.g. waxes are added.
The thickness of the electrolyte layer 2 amounts to around 100 300 m. The anode and cathode layer 3 and 4 respectively each have thicknesses of about 30 jim. A 5 thickness with a mean value between about 1 and 5 pm is provided for the intermediate layer 5. This thickness varies strongly in the micron range so that the boundary surface 45 to the cathode layer 4 is substantially larger than the boundary surface 25 to the electrolyte layer 2.
The powder mixture of the anode 3 contains oxide Nio and Ce02 as well as an oxide of the type AO 3 with for example A Sm (samarium), Y (yttrium), Gd (gadolinium) and/or Pr (praseodymium). In addition 0.5 5 m o /o CoO, FeO and/or MnO is or are to be added to this anode mixture in order to lower the sintering temperature of the mixture. This temperature can be lowered by at least 100 K with the named S substances.
SIn the anode mixture the components NiO can partially be substituted by RuO,, with the proportion of these components advantageously amounting to about 60 80 "t/o (percent by weight). This substance is then provided if a reforming of methane is to be carried out by the anode 3 (conversion of CH 4 into CO and H 2 in the absence of HO in the fuel gas).
The oxide of the type A, 2 0 is contained in the anode mixture at about 10 to 20 whereas the remainder consists, in addition to NiO and where appropriate RuO 2 of CeO 2 and CoO, FeO and/or MnO.
The substance mixture of the cathode 4 has the following composition: (Ln 1 with Ln being a lanthanide, for example Y, La or Pr, preferably Pr, E being an alkaline earth metal, for example Mg, Ca or Sr, preferably Sr, G being a transition metal, for example Cr, Mn, Fe, Co 6 or Ni, preferably Mn, and J being a second transition metal not identical to G, preferably Co, and furthermore with w being greater than 0.1 and less than 0.5, preferably 0.4, and z being greater than 0.01 and less than preferably 0.02.
The cathode mixture can be substituted in the amount of 30 w/ by partially or fully stabilised ZrO 2. The metals contained in the cathode mixture, for example Pr, Sr, Mn and Co, can be introduced into the powder mixture as salts of organic substances, in particular of acetate. A conversion of the metals into metal oxides with a simultaneous elimination of the organic matter is provided when the fuel cell is put into operation, namely in the heating up to the operating temperature and under the action of atmospheric oxygen. Salts of noble metals, in particular palladium acetate, can also be added to the cathode mixture as means for the catalytic acceleration of the cathode reaction.
*o 0 The intermediate layer consists to the greatest extent of a ceramic material which, on the one hand, contains CeO and, on the other hand, contains an oxide of the type AO, as is already the case with the anode mixture. The same substances are added to this material to lower the sintering temperature as to the anode mixture, namely CoO, FeO and/or MnO, so that a composition with the following formula is present: Ce-_xyADyO± 8 with A being one of the elements Y, Pr, Sm, and/or Gd, D being one of the elements Fe, Co, and/or Mn and furthermore with x being greater than 0.1 and less than 0.4, y being greater than 0.005 and less than 0.05 and 8 being a small number on the order of magnitude of 0.1.
A PEN with one of the above specified compositions can also be curved instead of planar, for example tubular.
"Comprises/comprising" when used in this specification is taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof.
S

Claims (9)

1. Electrochemically active element for a high temperature fuel cell which is designed in layers and comprises an anode layer a cathode layer and an electrolyte layer which is arranged therebetween, with the electrolyte being a ceramic material of zirconium oxide ZrO 2 stabilised with yttrium Y and which can additionally contain aluminium oxide AO 2 0 3 the anode being manufactured from a powder mixture through sintering on the electrolyte layer, and this anode mixture containing the oxides NiO and CeO 2 and it being S* and/or Pr, characterised in that 0.5-5 mole percent CoO, FeO and/or MnO is or are added to the anode mixture in order to lower the sintering temperature of the mixture.
2. Element in accordance with claim 1 characterised in that in the anode mixture the component NiO can be partially substituted by RuO 2 and that the proportion of this component amounts to about 60-80 percent by weight.
3. Element in accordance with claim 2 characterised in that the oxide of the type A 2 0 3 is contained in the anode mixture with at most 20 mole percent, whereas the remainder consists of CeO and CoO, FeO and/or MnO in addition to NiO and where appropriate RuO
4. Element in accordance with any one of the claims 1 to 3 characterised in that the cathode is manufactured from a powder mixture through sintering; and in that this cathode mixture has the following composition: (LnlE) (G 1 AJz)O 3 with V ZLn being a lanthanide, for example Y, La or Pr, preferably Pr, 9 E being an alkaline earth metal, for example Mg, Ca or Sr, preferably Sr, G being a transitional metal, for example Cr, Mn, Fe, Co or Ni, preferably Mn, and J being a second transition metal not identical to G, preferably Co, and furthermore with w being greater than 0.1 and less than 0.5, preferably 0.4, and z being greater than 0.01 and less than 0.5, preferably 0.02. Element in accordance with claim 4 characterised in that 10-30 percent by weight of the cathode mixture is substituted by partially or fully stabilized ZrO 2 .o
6. Element in accordance with claim 4 or 5 characterised in that the metals contained in the cathode mixture, for example Pr, Sr, Mn and Co, are introduced into the powder mixture as salts of organic substances, in particular of acetate; and in that a conversion of the metals into metal oxides under the action of atmospheric oxygen with a simultaneous elimination of the organic matter is provided when the fuel cell is put into operation.
7. Element in accordance with any one of the claims 4 to 6 characterised in that an intermediate layer o••o •oo 10 through which a reduction of the polarisation effects can be produced is arranged between the electrolyte layer and the cathode layer
8. Element in accordance with claim 7 characterised in that the intermediate layer consists to the greatest extent of a ceramic material which contains, on the one hand, CeO and, on the other hand, an oxide of the A20, type such as was already the case for the anode mixture, to which material the same substances are added as to the anode mixture for lowering the sintering temperature, namely CoO, FeO and/or MnO, so that a composition with the following formula is present: A being one of the elements Y, Pr, Sm, and/or Gd, *0 D being one of the elements Fe, Co, and/or Mn and furthermore with x being greater than 0.1 and less than 0.4, y being greater than 0.005 and less than 0.05 and 6 being a small number on the order of magnitude of 0.1.
9. Element in accordance with claim 8 characterised in that the intermediate layer has a thickness with an average value between about 1 and 5u; and in that this thickness varies strongly in the micron range so that the boundary surface of the cathode layer is substantially larger than the boundary surface of the electrolyte layer. Element in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 9 characterised in that it is designed to be planar; in that the thickness of the electrolyte layer is 11 about 100 300 pm; and in that the anode and cathode layers 4) each have thicknesses of about 30 pum.
11. Fuel cell battery (10) with electrochemically active elements in accordance with claim 10 characterised in that a majority of the named elements are arranged together with planar gas and air supply elements (6) in the form of a stack, with the individual elements 6) being separably in contact with one another. DATED this 9th day of September 1998. SULZER HEXIS AG 0* 6 WATERMARK PATENT TRADEMARK ATTORNEYS S 290 BURWOOD ROAD HAWTHORN. VIC. 3122. 0 6 o
AU83220/98A 1997-09-11 1998-09-09 Electrochemically active element for a high temperature fuel cell Ceased AU736147B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP97810647A EP0902493B1 (en) 1997-09-11 1997-09-11 Elektrochemical active element for a solid oxide fuel cell
EP97810647 1997-09-11

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AU736147B2 true AU736147B2 (en) 2001-07-26

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US (1) US6232009B1 (en)
EP (1) EP0902493B1 (en)
KR (1) KR100499651B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1183620C (en)
AT (1) ATE198519T1 (en)
AU (1) AU736147B2 (en)
DE (1) DE59702857D1 (en)
DK (1) DK0902493T3 (en)

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ATE198519T1 (en) 2001-01-15
AU8322098A (en) 1999-03-25
JP4371385B2 (en) 2009-11-25
US6232009B1 (en) 2001-05-15
EP0902493B1 (en) 2001-01-03
DE59702857D1 (en) 2001-02-08
CN1183620C (en) 2005-01-05
JPH11111323A (en) 1999-04-23
EP0902493A1 (en) 1999-03-17
KR100499651B1 (en) 2005-09-30
DK0902493T3 (en) 2001-02-05
CN1211088A (en) 1999-03-17
KR19990029690A (en) 1999-04-26

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