AU733205B2 - Beta-sheet mimetics and use thereof as inhibitors of biologically active peptides or proteins - Google Patents

Description

AUSTRALIA

PATENTS ACT 1990 DIVISIONAL APPLICATION NAME OF APPLICANT(S): Molecumetics, Ltd.

ADDRESS FOR SERVICE: DAVIES COLLISON CAVE Patent Attorneys 1 Little Collins Street Melbourne, 3000.

*9* INVENTION TITLE: "Beta-sheet mimetics and use thereof as inhibitors of biologically active peptides or proteins" The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us: Q:\OPER\VPA\53714-96.DIV- 11/2/0 1 Description P-SHEET MIMETICS AND USE THEREOF AS INHIBITORS OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PEPTIDES OR PROTEINS Cross-Reference to Prior Application This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 08/549,006, filed October 27, 1995; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 08/410,518, filed March 24, 1995.

Technical Field This invention relates generally to P-sheet mimetics and, more specifically, to P-sheet mimetics which inhibit biologically active peptides or proteins.

Background of the Invention The 1-sheet conformation (also referred to as a P-strand conformation) is a secondary structure present in 20 many polypeptides. The P-sheet conformation is nearly fully extended, with axial distances between adjacent amino acids of approximately 3.5 A. The P-sheet is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between NH and CO groups in different polypeptides strands. Additionally, the dipoles of the peptide bonds alternate .along the strands which imparts intrinsic stability to the 3-sheet. The adjacent strands in the P-sheet can run in the same direction a parallel P-sheet) or in opposite directions an antiparallel P-sheet). Although the two forms differ slightly in dihedral angles, both are sterically favorable. The extended conformation of the P-sheet conformation results in the amino acid side chains protruding on alternating faces of the P-sheet.

The importance of P-sheets in peptides and proteins is well established Richardson, Nature 268:495-499, 1977; Halverson et al., J. Am. Chem Soc.

113:6701-6704, 1991; Zhang, J. Biol. Chem. 266:15591- 15596, 1991; Madden et al., Nature 353:321-325, 1991).

The P-sheet is important in a number of biological protein-protein recognition events, including interactions between proteases and their substrates, protein kinases and their substrates or inhibitors, the binding of SH2 domain containing proteins to their cognate phosphotyrosine containing protein targets, farnesyl transferase to its protein substrates, and MHC I and II and their antigenic peptides, and has been implicated in many disease states.

15 Inhibitors that mimic the P-sheet structure of biologically active proteins or peptides would have utility in the treatment of a wide variety of conditions.

For example, Ras, the protein product of the ras oncogene, is a membrane bound protein involved in signal transduction regulating cell division and growth.

Mutations in the ras gene are among the most common genetic abnormalities associated with human cancers (Barbacid, M. "ras genes," 56:779-827, 1987). These mutations result in a growth signal which is always "on," leading to a cancerous cell. In order to localize to the cell membrane, Ras requires prenylation of the cysteine within its C-terminal CaaX sequence by farnesyl transferase (FTase) (In the sequence CaaX is defined as an amino acid with a hydrophobic side chain and is another amino acid.) This post-translational modification is crucial to its activity. Peptidyl inhibitors of FTase with the sequence CaaX have been shown to block or slow the growth of tumors in cell culture and in whole animals (Kohl et al., "Selective inhibition of ras-dependent transformation by a farnesyltransferase inhibitor," Science 260:1934-1937, 1993; Buss, J.E. Marsters, Jr., J.C. "Farnesyl transferase inhibitors: the successes and surprises of a new class of potential cancer chemotherapeutics," Chemistry and Biology 2:787-791, 1995).

SH2 domains, originally identified in the src subfamily of PTKs, are noncatalytic sequences and consist of about 100 amino acids conserved among a variety of signal transducing proteins (Cohen et al., Cell 80:237- 248, 1995). SH2 domains function as phosphotyrosinebinding modules and mediate critical protein-protein associations (Pawson, Nature 573-580, 1995). In particular, the role of SH2 domains has been clearly 15 defined as critical signal transducers for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs such as EGF-R, PDGF, insulin Sreceptor, etc.). Phosphotyrosine-containing sites on autophosphorylated RTKs serve as binding sites for SH2proteins and thereby mediate the activation of biochemical 20 signaling pathways (Carpenter, FAESEB J. 6:3283-3289, 1992; Sierke, S. and Koland, Biochem. 32:10102-10108, 1993). The SH2 domains are responsible for coupling the activated growth-factor receptors to cellular responses which include alterations in gene expression, cell proliferation, cytoskeletal architecture and metabolism.

At least 20 cytosolic proteins have been identified that contain SH2 domains and function in intracellular signaling. The distributicn of SH2 domains is not restricted to a particular protein family, but found in several classes of proteins, protein kinases, lipid kinases, protein phosphatases, phospholipases, Rascontrolling proteins and some transcription factors. Many of the SH2-containing proteins have known enzymatic activities while others (Grb2 and Crk) function as "linkers" and "adapters" between cell surface receptors and downstream effector molecules (Marengere, et al., Nature 369:502-505, 1994). Examples of proteins containing SH2 domains with enzymatic activities that are activated in signal transduction include, but are not limited to, the src subfamily of protein tyrosine kinases (src (pp60-src) abl, Ick, fyn, fgr and others), phospholipase-C-y (PLC-y), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (P1-3-kinase), p21-ras GTPase activating protein (GAP) and SH2 containing protein tyrosine phosphatases (SH-PTPase) (Songyang et al., Cell 72:767-778, 1993). Intracellular tyrosines are phosphorylated when surface receptors are engaged by diverse ligands for growth factor receptors, cytokine receptors, insulin receptor, and antigen-mediated 15 signaling through T- or B-cell receptors. The phosphorylation of proteins at tyrosine residues is critical in the cellular signal transduction, neoplastic transformation and control of the cell cycle. Due to the central role these various SH2-proteins occupy in 20 transmitting signals from activated cell surface receptors into a cascade of additional molecular interactions that ultimately define cellular responses, inhibitors which block specific SH2-protein binding are desirable as agents for a variety of potential therapeutic applications.

Disease areas in which tyrosine phosphorylation and-inhibition of SH2 binding represent targets for drug development include the following: Cancer: SH2 domains which mediate signaling are clearly significant elements in the regulatiof of oncogene and protooncogene tyrosine kinase activity and cellular proliferation (Carpenter, Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. J.

6:3283-3289, 1992). The SH2 domains define an important set of substrates through which activated RTKs mediate signaling and through which nonreceptor tyrosine kinases associate with RTKs and are thus identify targets for anticancer drug development. The ability to block interaction of the RTK with the SH2-containing substrateusing a mimetic inhibitor provides a means to abrogate signaling and thereby eliminate oncogenic activity. The biological significance is also illustrated by the v-crk oncogene, a protein composed almost entirely of SH domains, which is able to bring about cellular transformation by interacting with phosphotyrosine containing proteins. As above, the ability of inhibitors to block v-crk binding via its SH2 domain to other proteins would be expected to be an effective as an anticancer agent.

Immune Regulation: Regulation of many immune 15 responses is mediated through receptors that transmit signals through tyrosine kinases containing SH2 domains.

T-cell activation via the antigen specific T-cell receptor (TCR) initiates a signal transduction cascade leading to lymphokine secretion and cell proliferation. One of the 20 earliest biochemical responses following TCR activation is an increase in tyrosine kinase activity. In particular, T-cell activation and proliferation is controlled through T-cell receptor mediated activation of p56ck and p59 yn tyrosine kinases, as well as ZAP-70 and Syk (Weiss and Litman, Cell 76:263-274, 1994) which contain SH2 domains.

Additional evidence indicates that several src-family kinases (lck, blk, fyn) participate in signal transduction pathways leading from B-cell antigen receptors and hence may serve to integrate stimuli received from several independent receptor structures. Thus, inhibitors that block interactions of these SH2 domain kinases with their cognate receptors could serve as immunosuppressive agents with utility in autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection

O

or as anti-inflammatory agents as well as anticancer drugs in cases of lymphocytic leukemias.

Additionally, non-transmembrane PTPase containing SH2 domains are known and nomenclature refers to them as SH-PTP1 and SH-PTP2 (Neel, Cell Biology 4:419- 432, 1993) SH-PTP1 is identical to PTP1C, HCP or SHP and SH-PTP2 is also known as PTP1D or PTP2C. SH-PTP1 is expressed at high levels in hematopoietic cells of all lineages and all stages of differentiation. Since the SH- PTP1 gene was identified as responsible for the motheaten (me) mouse phenotype, this provides a basis for predicting the effects of inhibitors that would block its interaction with its cellular substates. Thus, inhibition of SH-PTP1 function would be expected to result in impaired T-cell 15 responses to mitogenic stimulation, decreased NK cell function, and depletion of B-cell precursors with potential therapeutic applications as described above.

Diabetes: In Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes, tyrosine phosphatases (SH-PTP2) counter-balance 20 the effect of activated insulin-receptor kinases may represent important drug targets. In vitro experiments show that injection of PTPase blocks insulin stimulatedphosphorylation of tyrosyl residues on endogenous proteins. Thus, inhibitors could serve to modulate insulin action in diabetes.

Neural Regeneration: Glial growth factors are ligands that are specific activators of erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase (p 1 8 5 erbB2 to promote tyrosine phosphorylation and mitogenic responses of Schwann cells.

Consequently, regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by altering activity in Schwann cells following nerve injury could be an important therapeutic strategy. Inhibitors of erb-B2 signaling activity could have a significant role in treatment of tumors of glial cell origin.

Another class of P-sheet mimetics are inhibitors of protein kinases, which include the protein tyrosine kinases and serine/threonine kinases.

A wide variety of cellular substrates for polypeptide growth factor receptors that possess intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity have now been characterized.

Although there is a tremendous diversity among the numerous members of the receptors tyrosine-kinases (RTK) family, the signaling mechanisms used by these receptors share many common features. Biochemical and molecular genetic studies have shown that binding of the ligand to the extracellular domain of the RTK rapidly activates the intrinsic tyrosine kinase catalytic activity of the intracellular domain. The increased activity results in 15 tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of a number of intracellular substrates which contain a common sequence motif. Consequently, this causes activation of numerous downstream signaling molecules and a cascade of intracellular pathways that regulate phospholipid S 20 metabolism, arachidonate metabolism, protein phosphorylation (involving other protein kinases), calcium mobilization and transcriptional regulation. The growthfactor-dependent tyrosine kinase activity of the RTK cytoplasmic domain is the primary mechanism for generation of intracellular signals that initiate multiple cellular responses. Thus, inhibitors which would serve as alternate substrates or inhibitors of tyrosine kinase activity have the potential to block this signaling.

Many of the RTK subfamilies are recognizable on the basis of architectural similarities in the catalytic domain as well as distinctive motifs in the extracellular ligand binding regions. Based upon these structural considerations, a nomenclature defining several subfamilies of RTKs, each containing several members, has been developed (Hanks, Curr. Opin. Struc. Biol. 1:369-383, 1991; Ullrich, and Schlessinger, J. Cell 61:203-212, 1990). Examples of receptor subfamilies referred to on the basis of their prototypic members include: EGFreceptor, insulin receptor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-receptor), fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), TRK receptor and EPH/ECK receptors. Members in each of these subfamilies represent molecular targets for the development of mimetic inhibitors that would block tyrosine kinase activity and prevent intracellular signal transduction. Several therapeutic areas in which these targets have value are identified below.

Cancer: In addition to mediating normal cellular growth, members of the EGFR family of RTKs are S 15 frequently overexpressed in a variety of aggressive epithelial carcinomas and this is thought to directly contribute to malignant tumor development. A number of 44. studies have shown that the EGFR is frequently amplified in certain types of tumors, including glioblastomas, 20 squamous carcinomas, and brain tumors (Wong et al., Proc.

Pe. Natl. Acad Sci USA 84:6899-6903, 1987). Additionally,

HER

2 /pl85 erbs2 (alternatively referred to as "neu" in the rat), HER3/pl60 e r b B3 HER4/pl80 e rb

B

4 (Plowman, G. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:1746-1750 (1993) are three RTKs which have extensive amino acid sequence homology to the EGFR. HER2/pl85 er b B2 is frequently amplified and overexpressed in human breast tumors and ovarian carcinomas (Wong et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6899-6903, 1987), and this amplification i-s correlated with poor patient prognosis. Simultaneous overexpression of p185 neu and the EGFR synergistically transforms rodent fibroblasts and this condition is often observed in human cancers. Finally, HER3 expression is amplified in a variety of human adenocarcinomas. Several inhibitors are 9 known which demonstrate inhibitory activity in vitro against the EGFR and block EGF-dependent cell proliferation which indicates therapeutic potential of compounds with this activity. In addition, in human chronic myelogenous leukemia, enhanced tyrosine kinase activity underlies the disease as a consequence of activation of the cellular c-abl protooncogene.

Inhibitors would function as anticancer agents.

Angiogenesis: Currently, there are at least seven FGFR members *which mediate a diverse array of biological responses, including the capacity to induce angiogenesis. In addition, a group of RTKs with seven IgLs has been proposed to represent a separate subfamily.

Its known members, FLT1, FLK1 and FLT4 show a similarity of structure and expression. These receptors mediate the actions of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF).

Several lines of evidence indicate that this subfamily of growth factor receptors play an important role in the formation of blood vessels. Since blood vessel formation S 20 is a process reactivated by tumors in order to supply oxygen to these cells, substrates that would act as inhibitors of these growth factors kinase activities could serve as inhibitors of tumor growth through inhibition of angiogenesis.

Restenosis: The PDGF receptor is of great interest as a target for inhibition in the cardiovascular field since it is believed to play a significant role in restenosis after coronary balloon angioplasties and also in atherosclerosis. The release of PDGF by-platelets at damaged surfaces of blood vessels results in stimulation of PDGF receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells, an eventual neointimal thickening. A mimetic inhibitor of kinase activity would prevent proliferation and lead to greater successful outcomes from this surgical procedure.

Many components of signal transduction pathways involve phosphorylation of serine/threonine (ser/thr) residues of protein substrates. Some of these substrates are themselves protein kinases whose activity is modulated by phosphorylation. Two prominent ser/thr-specific protein kinases play a central role in signal transduction: cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and the protein kinase C (PKC family) Numerous other serine/threonine specific kinases, including the family of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases serve as important signal transduction proteins which are activated in either growth-factor receptor or cytokine receptor signaling.

Other protein ser/thr kinases important for intracellular S signaling are Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CaM-kinase II) and the c-raf-protooncogene.

PKC plays a crucial role in cell-surface signal transduction for controlling a variety of physiological processes (Nishizuka, Nature 334:661-665, 1988) and represents a large family of isoenzymes which differ in 20 their structure and expression in different tissues, as well as their substrate specificity (Hug and Sarre, Biochem J. 291:329-343, 1993). Molecular cloning has demonstrated at least 8 isoenzymes. Due to this diversity and differential expression, activation of individual isoenzymes produces differing cell-specific responses: stimulation of growth, inhibition of differentiation, or induction of differentiation. Due to its ability to stimulate cellular proliferation, it represents a target for anticancer drug development (Powis, Trends in Pharm.

Sci. 12:188-194, 1991). Overexpression of PKC isoenzymes in mammalian cells is correlated with enhanced expression of early protooncogenes such as c-jun, c-fos, c-myc and one overexpressing cell line gives rise to tumors in nude mice.

11 Therapeutic applications within the area of immune regulation are evident since activation of T-cells by antigens involves activation of PKC. Activated PKC subsequently activates a branch of the signal cascade that is necessary for transcriptional activation of NF-KB, production of IL-2, and ultimately, T-cell proliferation.

Inhibitors that lock signaling through this branch pathway have been shown to prevent T-cell activation. Thus, mimetics that would function as inhibitors of PKC in Tcells would block signaling and serve as possible immunosuppressants useful in transplant rejection or as anticancer agents for lymphocytic leukemias. Activators of PKC cause edema and inflammation in mouse skin (Hennings et al., Carcinogenesis 8:1342-1346, 1987) and thus inhibitors are also expected to serve as potent antiinflammatory compounds. Such anti-inflammatory activates would find use in asthma, arthritis and other inflammatory mediated processes. In addition, staurosporine and its analogs, UCN01 and CGP4125, which have been characterized 20 as potent PKC inhibitors in vitro, have anti-tumor activity in animal models (Powis, Trends in Pharm. Sci.

12:188-194, 1991), and related compounds are being considered for clinical trials.

With regard to protease inhibition, Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine protease normally involved in proenzyme processing and protein turnover. Elevated levels of activity have been implicated in tumor metastasis (Sloane, B.F. et al., "Cathepsin B and its endogenous inhibitors: the role in tumor malignancy," Cancer Metastasis Rev. 9:333-352, 1990), rheumatoid arthritis (Werb, Z. "Proteinases and matrix degradation," in Textbook of Rheumatology, Keller, Harris, W.D.; Ruddy, Sledge, Eds., 1989, W.B. Saunder Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 300-321), and muscular dystrophy 12 (Katunuma N. Kominami "Abnormal expression of lysosomal cysteine proteinases in muscle wasting diseases," Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 108:1-20, 1987).

Calpains are cytosolic or membrane bound Ca++activated proteases which are responsible for degradation of cytoskeletal proteins in response to changing calcium levels within the cell. They contribute to tissue degradation in arthritis and muscular dystrophy (see Wang K.K. Yuen "Calpain inhibition: an overview of its therapeutic potential," Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15:412-419, 1994).

Interleukin Converting Enzyme (ICE) cleaves pro- IL-1 beta to IL-1 beta, a key mediator of inflammation, 15 and therefore inhibitors of ICE may prove useful in the treatment of arthritis (see, Miller B.E. et al., "Inhibition of mature IL-1 beta production in murine macrophages and a murine model of inflammation by WIN 67694, an inhibitor of IL-1 beta converting enzyme," J.

20 Immunol. 154:1331-1338, 1995). ICE or ICE-like proteases may also function in apoptosis (programmed cell death) and therefore play roles in cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, and other diseases in which disregulated apoptosis is involved (see Barr, Tomei, "Apoptosis and its Role in Human Disease," Biotechnol. 12:487-493, 1994).

HIV protease plays a key role in the life cycle of HIV, the AIDS virus. In the final steps of viral maturation it cleaves polyprotein precursors to the functional enzymes and structural proteins of the virion core. HIV protease inhibitors were quickly identified as an excellent therapeutic target for AIDS (see Huff, J.R., "HIV protease: a novel chemotherapeutic target for AIDS," J. Med. Chem. 34:2305-2314) and have already proven useful 13 in its treatment as evidenced by the recent FDA approval of ritonavir, Crixivan, and saquinavir.

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is part of the renin-angiotensin system which plays a central role in the regulation of blood pressure. ACE cleaves angiotensin I to the octapeptide angiotensin II, a potent pressor agent due to its vasoconstrictor activity. Inhibition of ACE has proved therapeutically useful in the treatment of hypertension (Williams, "Converting-enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension," N. Engl. J.

Med. 319:1517-1525, 1989.

Collegenases cleave collagen, the major constituent of the extracellular matrix connective tissue, skin, blood vessels). Elevated collagenase activity contributes to arthritis (Krane S.M. et al., "Mechanisms of matrix degradation in rheumatoid arthritis," Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 580:340-354, 1990.), tumor metastasis (Flug M. Kopf-Maier "The basement membrane and its involvement in carcinoma cell invasion," 20 Acta Anat. Basel 152:69-84, 1995), and other diseases involving the degradation of connective tissue.

Trypsin-like serine proteases form a large and highly selective family of enzymes involved in hemostasis/coagulation (Davie, E.W. and K. Fujikawa, "Basic mechanisms in blood coagulation," Ann. Rev. 799- 829, 1975) and complement activation (Muller-Eberhard, "Complement," Ann. Rev. Biochem. 44:697-724, 1975).

Sequencing of these proteases has shown the presence of a homologous trypsin-like core with amino acid insertions that modify specificity and which are generally responsible for interactions with other macromolecular components (Magnusson et al., "Proteolysis and Physiological Regulation," Miami Winter Symposia 11:203- 239, 1976).

14 Thrombin, a trypsin-like serine protease, acts to provide limited preoloysis, both in the generation of fibrin from fibrinogen and the activation of the platelet receptor, and thus plays a critical role in thrombosis and hemostasis (Mann, "The assembly of blood clotting complexes on membranes," Trends Biochem. Sci. 12:229-233, 1987). Thrombin exhibits remarkable specificity in the removal of fibrinopeptides A and B of fibrinogen through the selective cleavage of only two Arg-Gly bonds of the one-hundred and eighty-one Arg- or Lys-Xaa sequences in fibrinogen (Blomback, Blood Clotting Enzymology, Seeger, W.H. Academic Press, New York, 1967, pp. 143-215).

Many significant disease states are related to abnormal hemostasis, including acute coronary syndromes.

Aspirin and heparin are widely used in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes. However, these agents have several intrinsic limitations. For example, thrombosis complicating the rupture of atherosclerotic 20 plaque tends to be a thrombin-mediated, platelet-dependent process that is relatively resistant to inhibition by aspirin and heparin (Fuster et al., "The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes," N. Engl. J. Med. 326:242-50, 1992).

Thrombin inhibitors prevent thrombus formation at sites of vascular injury in vivo. Furthermore, since thrombin is also a potent growth factor which initiates smooth muscle cell proliferation at sites of mechanical injury in the coronary artery, inhibitors block this proliferative smooth muscle cell response and reduce restenosis. Thrombin inhibitors would also reduce the inflammatory response in vascular wall cells (Harker et al., Am. J. Cardiol. 75:12B-16B, 1995).

In view of the important biological role played by the p-sheet, there is a need in the art for compounds which can stabilize the intrinsic P-sheet structure of a naturally occurring or synthetic peptide, protein or molecule. There is also a need in the art for making stable P-sheet structures, as well as the use of such stabilized structures to effect or modify biological recognition events which involve p-sheet structures. The present invention fulfills these needs and provides further related advantages.

Summary of the Invention Briefly stated, the present invention is directed to achieving therapeutic affects in a warm- 15 blooded animal through one or more of protease inhibition, kinase inhibition, CAAX inhibition, interference with peptides binding to SH2 domains and inhibition of MCH-I and/or MHC II presentation of peptides to T cell receptors in the warm-blooded animal. The therapeutic effects e 20 result from administering to the warm-blooded animal a therapeutically effective amount of a p-sheet mimetic including a bicyclic ring system, wherein the p-sheet mimetic has the general structure C R2

RR

N N

H

0 R3

O

(I)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R 1

R

2 and R 3 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; A is selected from -C -(CH 2 -C (CH 2 (C 1- and -(CH 2 )1- 2 B is selected from N and CH; C is selected from

-(CH

2

-O-(CH

2 and -S(CH 2

Y

and Z represent the remainder of the molecule; and any two adjacent CH groups of the bicyclic ring may form a double bond.

In one embodiment of structure above, Psheet mimetics are disclosed having the following structure (II): R C R2 1 0 H II) 2 1-3 5 selected from ad (II) and wherein R; and R3 are independently selected from amino

H

acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; A is 15 selected from -(CH 2 1 4 and (CR 2 B is selected from N and CH; C is selected from and

-(CH

2 3 Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule and the bicyclic ring system is saturated contains no double bonds between adjacent CH groups of the bicyclic 20 ring system) In an embodiment of structure (II) where B is CH and R 3 is hydrogen, P-sheet mimetics are disclosed having the following structures (III), (IV) and o o N NRN N R2 N N Z 1 V R2 rV/< Zr

Z

(III) (IV) wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; n is an integer from 1 to 4; p is an integer from 1 to 3; and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule.

In an embodiment of structure (II) where B is N and R 3 is hydrogen, P-sheet mimetics are disclosed having the following structures (VII) and (VIII): R> nN PR R N P R R 2 SO

O

1 0I o o o (VII) (VIII) wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; n is an integer from 1 to 4; p is an integer from 1 to 3; and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule.

15 In preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention, P-sheet mimetics are disclosed having the following structures and (XI): R 2 R2) R N R N R N z ^x z I ZN1 I N N Y N N N

N

H H H r O 0 0 0 0 0 (IX)

(XI)

wherein Ri and R 2 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; n is an integer from 1 to 4; and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule.

In a further preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, a P-sheet mimetic is disclosed of structure above wherein n is 2, and having the following structure (Xa): N R2 Z ^N Y

H

0

O

(Xa) wherein RI and R 2 are independently selected from amino 10 acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule.

In another embodiment of structure above, -sheet mimetics are disclosed having the following structure (XII):

R

1 R2 N

N

H

0 R 3 0

(XII)

wherein RI, R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; A is selected from -(CH 2

-(CH

2 1-20- and (CH 2 1-2S-, C is selected from -(CH 2 )1- 3

-O(CH

2 2 and

-S(CH

2 )1- 2 Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule and the bicyclic ring system is saturated.

In an embodiment of structure (XII) where A is

(CH

2 P-sheet mimetics are disclosed having the following structure (XIII): 19 R1 Nn Z N N Y

H

O

R

3

O

(XIII)

wherein R 1

R

2 and R 3 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; n is an integer from 1 to 4; C is selected from -(CH 2 )i- 3

-O(CH

2 and -S(CH 2 and Y and Z represent the 10 remainder of the molecule.

In an embodiment of structure (XII) where A is 1-20- or -(CH 2 1 2 -sheet mimetics are disclosed having the following structures (XIV) and (XV): o s

R

1 R P R 2 N .N Y Z7 H'RR Y H O R 3 H O R 3 (XIV) (XV) wherein RI, R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; m is an integer from 1 to 2; p is an integer from 1 to 3; and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule.

In an embodiment of structure (XII) where C is

-(CH

2 1 3 P-sheet mimetics are disclosed having the following structure (XVI):

A

R1 A _R2 Z-N N R H O R3 0

(XVI)

wherein R 1

R

2 and. R 3 are independently selected from an amino acid side chain moiety and derivatives thereof; p is an integer from 1 to 3; A is selected from -(CH 2 1

-(CH

2 )1-20- and -(CH 2 1 2 and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule.

In an embodiment of structure (XII) where C is or P-sheet mimetics are disclosed having the following structures (XVII) and (XVIII): o.0 S R1 R2 R 1

P

N. y N Ny H H 0 O R3 O O R3 O (XVII)

(XVIII)

S 15 wherein RI, R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; p is an integer from 1 to 3; and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule.

In an embodiment of structure (XII) where C is 20 -O (CH 2 or -S(CH 2 P-sheet mimetics are disclosed •having the following structures (XIX) and (XX) O S

R

1 P R1 P )m Z-N R2 Z-N R2 H R rY H R Y

R

3 I

R

3 O O (XIX) (XX) wherein Ri, R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; p is an P:\OPER\VPA\53714-96.DIV 11/2/00 21 integer from 1 to 3; m is an integer from 1 to 2; and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule.

In a further aspect, the invention resides in the P-sheet mimetic as broadly described above.

In a further aspect of the present invention, P-sheet modified peptides or proteins are disclosed wherein a P-sheet mimetic of this invention is covalently attached to at least one amino acid of a naturally occurring or synthetic peptide or protein. In this embodiment, Y and/or Z in the above structures through (XX) represent one or more amino acids of the peptide or protein. In a related embodiment, a method for imparting and/or stabilizing a P-sheet structure of a natural or synthetic peptide or protein is disclosed. This method includes covalently attaching one or more P-sheet mimetics of this invention within, or to the end of, a peptide or protein.

a In yet a further embodiment, methods are disclosed for .inhibiting a protease, kinase or MHC II in a warm-blooded animal by administering to the animal an effective amount of a compound of this invention.

Other aspects of this invention will become apparent upon reference to the following detailed description.

e S"Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a plot showing the effect of various concentrations of structure (20b) on platelet deposition in a vascular graft.

Figure 2 is a plot showing the effect of various concentrations of structure (39) on platelet deposition in a vascular graft.

Figure 3 is a plot showing the effect of various concentrations of structure (29b) on platelet deposition in a vascular graft.

Detailed Description of the Invention As mentioned above, the 3-sheet is an important structural component for many biological recognition events. The P-sheet mimetics of this invention serve to impart and/or stabilize the P-sheet structure of a natural or synthetic peptide, protein or molecule, particularly with regard to conformational stability. In addition, the P-sheet mimetics of this invention are more resistant to proteolytic breakdown, thus rendering a peptide, protein or molecule containing the same more resistant to degradation.

The P-sheet mimetics of this invention are generally represented by structure above, as well as the more specific embodiments represented by structures 15 (II) through and have stereochemistries represented by structures through below: *CR2 C R2 oo**

Z

R2N H.

N Ri N o R 0 R3 9969.O R2 SR2 ZN1 Z 0 R3 0 O O wherein RI, R 2

R

3 A, B, C, Y and Z are as defined above.

In other words, all stereoconformations of structure as well as the more specific embodiments represented by structures (II) through are included within the scope of this invention. For example, the P-sheet mimetics 2 3 of this invention may be constructed to mimic the threedimensional conformation of a P-sheet comprised of naturally occurring L-amino acids, as well as the structure of a P-sheet comprised of one or more D-amino acids. In a preferred embodiment', the P-sheet mimetic has the stereoconformation of structure or As used in the context of this invention, the term "remainder of the molecule" (as represented by Y and Z in structures through (XX) above) may be any chemical moiety. For example, when the P-sheet mimetic is located within the length of a peptide or protein, Y and Z may represent amino acids of the peptide or protein.

Alternatively, if two or more P-sheet mimetics are linked, the Y moiety of a first p-sheet mimetic may represent a 15 second P-sheet mimetic while, conversely, the Z moiety of the second P-sheet mimetic represents the first P-sheet mimetic. When the p-sheet mimetic is located at the end of a peptide or protein, or when the P-sheet mimetic is not associated with a peptide or protein, Y and/or Z may represent a suitable terminating moiety. Representative terminating moieties for the Z moiety include, but are not limited to, -OH, and -SO 2 R (where R is a C1-C8 alkyl or aryl moiety), or may be a suitable protecting group for protein synthesis, such as BOC, FMOC S 25 or CBZ tert-butyloxycarbonyl, 9fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, and benzyloxycarbonyl, respectively). Similarly, representative terminating moieties for the Y moiety include, but are not limited to, -OH, -NHOH, -NHNHR, -C(=O)NHR, -CH 2 C1,

O

-CH-CHC

NHR-

-CF

3

-C

2

F

5 -C(=0)CH 2

N

2 O O -CH-CHC OR- -CH-CHC R- (were is a C-C8 alkyl or aryl moiety), or a heterocyclic moiety, such as pyridine, pyran, thiophan, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, thiazole, benzthiazole, oxazole, benzoxazole, imidazole and benzimidazole.

As used herein, the term "an amino acid side chain moiety" represents any amino acid side chain moiety present in naturally occurring proteins, including (but not limited to) the naturally occurring amino acid side chain moieties identified in Table 1 below. Other naturally occurring side chain moieties of this invention include (but are not limited to) the side chain moieties of 3,5-dibromotyrosine, 3,5-diiodotyrosine, hydroxylysine, naphthylalanine, thienylalanine, y-carboxyglutamate, phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine and glycosylated amino acids such as glycosylated serine, asparagine and threonine.

q Table 1 Amino Acid Side Chain Moiety

-H

-CH

3 -CH(CH3)2

-CH

2 CH(CH3)2

-CH(CH

3

)CH

2

CH

3 -(CH2) 4

NH

3

-(CH

2 3

NHC-(NH

2

)NH

2 -CH

NH

HN NH Amino Acid Glycine Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine Lysine Arginine Histidine

-CH

2

COO-

-CH

2

CH

2

COO-

-CH2CONH 2

-CH

2

CH

2 CONH2 Aspartic acid Glutamic acid Asparagine Glutamine Amino Acid Side Chain Moiety Amino Acid 2 Phenylalanine -CH2 CH Tyrosine -CH2 )-OH -CH2 Tryptophan

H

-CH

2 SH Cysteine

CH

2

CH

2 SCH3 Methionine

-CH

2 OH Serine

-CH(OH)CH

3 Threonine In addition to naturally occurring amino acid side chain moieties, the amino acid side chain moieties of the present invention also include various derivatives thereof. As used herein, a "derivative" of an amino acid side chain moiety includes all modifications and/or variations to naturally occurring amino acid side chain moieties. For example, the amino acid side chain moieties Sof alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine and phenylalanine 1 0 may generally be classified as lower chain alkyl, aryl or aralkyl moieties. Derivatives of amino acid side chain moieties include other straight chain or branched, cyclic or noncyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated lower chain alkyl, aryl or aralkyl moieties.

As used herein, "lower chain alkyl moieties" contain from 1-12 carbon atoms, "lower chain aryl moieties" contain from 6-12 carbon atoms, and "lower chain aralkyl moieties" contain from 7-12 carbon atoms. Thus, in one embodiment, the amino acid side chain derivative is selected from a C1- 12 alkyl, a C6- 12 aryl and a C7- 1 2 aralkyl, and in a more preferred embodiment, from a Ci-7 alkyl, a C6-10 aryl and a C7-11 aralkyl.

Amino acid side chain derivatives of this invention further include substituted derivatives of lower chain alkyl, aryl and aralkyl moieties, wherein the substituent is selected from (but are not limited to) one or more of the following chemical moieties: -OH, -OR, -COOH, -COOR, -CONH 2

-NH

2 -NHR, -NRR, -SH, -SR, -SO 2

R,

-SO

2 H, -SOR and halogen (including F, Cl, Br and I), wherein each occurrence of R is independently selected from a lower chain alkyl, aryl or aralkyl moiety.

Moreover, cyclic lower chain alkyl, aryl and aralkyl moieties of this invention include naphthalene, as well as heterocyclic compounds such as thiophene, pyrrole, furan, 15 imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, 3-pyrroline, pyrrolidine, pyridine, pyrimidine, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline and carbazole. Amino acid side chain derivatives further include heteroalkyl derivatives of the alkyl portion of the lower chain alkyl and aralkyl 20 moieties, including (but not limited to) alkyl and aralkyl phosphonates and silanes.

Bicyclic lactams are known in the art. See, Columbo, L. et al., Tet. Lett. 36(4):625-628, 1995; Baldwin, J.E. et al., Heterocycles 34(5):903-906, 1992; and Slomczynska, U. et al., J. Org. Chem. 61:1198-1204, 1996.. However, the bicyclic lactams of the invention are not disclosed in these references.

As mentioned above, the P-sheet mimetics of this invention serve to impart and/or stabilize -the P-sheet structure of a protein, peptide or molecule. The P-sheet mimetic may be positioned at either the C-terminus or Nterminus of the protein, peptide or molecle, or it may be located within the protein, peptide or molecule itself.

In addition, more than one P-sheet mimetic of the present invention may be incorporated in a protein, peptide or molecule.

The P-sheet mimetics of this invention may be synthesized by a number of reaction schemes. For example, the various embodiments of structure may be synthesized according to the following reaction schemes through (17).

Reaction Scheme (1) Structure (III) and representative compounds thereof having structure (IIIa) can be synthesized by the following reaction schemes:

X

n-1 DCC, HOBT R 2

H

V Z

N

H o

Y

X=SePh, Br n- RI N )p nBu3SnH N

Y

O

O

,otl*

(III)

OH

'-IH2

OH

0 1) BoC 2 O, TEA 2) (CH 2

O)~

p-TsOH, cat.

OH

0 Boc-N 0 Wa Cl"-

C

-H

2 0

CDI

THF

1) LHMOS, -78 0

C

2) R 1 Br -78 0 C *.-30 0

C

S.

P

0 CbZNH

OH

0 EDCI, tBuOI4

DMAP

CH2C1 2 0 P CbZNlHq 0 1) LHMDS (2.5 eq.) 2) (1) Boc.,N9 N 0 H r)

H

2 Pd/C EtOR, AcOR (IIla) Reaction Scheme (2) Structure (IV) can be synthesized by the following reaction scheme: 0 R LOH H 6 .R2 HK1Y 0 ePh R-) 1) Dcc, HOBT R1) 2) SOC1 2

H

S.

n Bu 3 SnH

(IV)

i Reaction Scheme (3) Representative compounds of structure having structure (Va) can be synthesized by the following reaction scheme, where structure (Ia) in scheme is a representative structure of the invention having a double bond in the bicyclic ring system: 1) HATU 2) [0]

R

1 R,

N

::oo .000 0. 0 TiC1 4 Ti(OiPr)4

H

2 Pd/C 44 (Va) (Ia)

I

In addition, representative compounds of structure MV having structure (Vb) may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme, and when A of structure (II) is (CH, 2 1 3 a related compound (designated (ha) below) can be synthesized by the following reaction scheme: 0 0 H 0 0 R I R 2

HCO

2 H ZR1R Z N N 'ZN Y

N

H

H

eDCH Kc 3 2) 11] c3) MeI if4) nBU 3 SnH 0 0 0

R

2 7R 1 R2

HH

(Iha) (Vb) Reaction Scheme (4) Representative compounds of structure (VI) having structures (VIa) and (VIb) below, wherein R 3 is hydrogen, can be synthesized by the following reaction scheme (see Holmes and Neel, Tet. Lett. 31:5567-70, 1990): 1) Couple NH2 F3C NH

T

R1, Boc

N'

H

2) PPh3, DEAD 3) OH R1 (NH Boc N

H

0

H

2 CO, R 2 7 Y 0 H R2 (VIa) Ri N R1 N Boc

I

N N

H

R

(VIb) Representative compounds of structure (II) wherein R 3 is an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof may also be prepared according to the above scheme Reaction Scheme Representative compounds of structure (VII) having structure (VIla) can be synthesized by the following reaction scheme:

NH

2 I I O U H

JRY

TO0 0 I I O 0 CbzN

Y

N

H 0

S

S

S S

S

S

*SS.SS

Cb:

H

Y

(VIla) R, COOH

N

H

CDI

PH

2 R, 2 Pd/C MeOH Y HC1 0 Reaction Scheme Structure (VIII) can be synthesized by the following reaction schemne: 0 CbzNHR I MeO

NH

2

Y

0 0 01HN R 2) H 2 Pci/C H 0

Z-N

H 0 2) TBAF 3) DCC, HOBT 4) PPh 3

DEAD

5

(VIII)

Reaction Scheme Representative compounds of structure (IX) having structures (IXa) and (TXb) shown below, can be 10 synthesized by the following reaction scheme: 0 2) 0 HN-' CB 1*Y 0 NHCbz BR

H

H 0 2) DCC, H0BT 3) H 2 Pd/C 0 R N BOCN

R-

H

0 0 )IXa) 0 R,.

rjJ

H

0 0 (IXb) 0

R-,

Cb N Y bI

Y

0 0 Reaction Scheme (8) Representative compounds of structure having .structures (Xb) and (Xc) can be synthesized by the following reaction scheme (see Jungheim Sigmund, J. Org.

Chemn. 52:4007-4013, 1987): Boc

NHI

H

0 Hgoc 0 (Xb) or H Ri N Boc I 0 N NY (Xc) Reaction Scheme (9) Structure (XI) may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme (see Perkin, J. Chem. Soc. Perk.

Trans. 1:155-164, 1984): 1) IPh(OAc) 2 2)

R

\C0 2

R

3) H 2 Pd/C 0

R

1 N

N

H

OR

0

(XI)

Reaction Scheme- Structur e (XIII) may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme: Ri P N 6 0 0

LDA

P-N 0 0 @0 S. S* Se S

S

S.

S* *55S

S

S

S

S..

r *5*5 *S 0

*S

S.

5 0 .SflS.

5

S

@05555

S

P-N 0 (1) Ph _1 MR 0 Ph O~e W =0 or S Mn 0, 1 or 2 4 LDA, R 3

X

H

Hcl.

Sn(N(TMS) 2),2 2) K 2

CO

3 MeOH Nd1 W R,- Ph

:NT

R

3 0

(XIII)

Reaction Scheme (11) Structures (XIV) and (XV) may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme:

LDA

Rix W Ri OXN'Y 0'1p 0 W 0 or S I R dC

WH

R 1m H 0 z x

WH

R O0H HCl HII) 0

P-N

H

0

LDA

R

3

X

P-N

R

H

0 1) 03 P Ph 3 2) (1) 1) -P 2) DcC/HOBt 0 (XIV) W= 0 (XV) W= S 38 Reaction Scheme (12)- Structure (XVI) may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme;

H

H, R 2

H.,NH

0000 .0 00 0 0 0 0 000000 0 00 0 0 0 0 x n-1 Z-N 0,p H 0 X SePh or Br 1) LDA, Rix 2) -P Al BN nBu 3 SnH x n-1 Ri rOH Z- N H 0 SHAT U R -1 N N H 0R

(XVI)

Reaction Scheme (13) Structures (XVII) and (XVIII) may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme: 1) LDA, R3X 2 H 3 0+ HO R

H

2 N O

R

3

H

0 (1a) *0 HS 1% R,

P-N

H R3 OH (1b)

K

2 CO3 SMeOR P-N

O

1) PX 0 2) ps.

PPh 3

DEAD

P-N

0 0 H P-N1

LDA

0 P- N .3 PPh 3 1) YX couple 2) -P (1a) or (lb) HW N- R, H R3yo W 0 or S 1) SnIN (Si 2 2) K 2 C0, MeOH

P-N

(XVII) W 0 (XVIII) W S a. a a a a 4 1 Reaction Scheme (14) Structures (XIX) and (XX) may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme:

HO

Ph N mR0

H

0 1) LDA, R 3

X

2) H 3 0+

H

2 N O (1ia) 0 a H S LR2 P HHR 3 O

O

K

2 C03 Aq. MeOH4 Ac S P-NR

OC

1) PX 0 2HSJL PPh 3 DEAD (1b)

.:P-N

LDA

R

1 )P-1 0

P-N

0 F P-1 R 1 Z0

P-N

PPh 3 (la) or (ib) 1) XY couple 2) -P

HW

(LR.R

2 H R3 Y W 0 or S W O or S S1) Sn[N(Si=)j] 2) K 2

CO

3 MeOH 4 4 (XIX), (XX) According to the definition of structure (I) above, the bicyclic ring system may contain adjacent CH groups the bicyclic ring system may be formed, at least in part, by a -CH-CH- group). Compounds wherein such a -CH-CH- group is replaced with a are also included within the scope of structure any two adjacent CH groups of the bicyclic ring may together form 10 a double bond).

Reaction Schemes (16) and (17) illustrate synthetic methodology for preparing representative compounds of structure wherein the bicyclic ring system is formed in part by a group.

oo Reaction Scheme 0 1. NaOEz, EtOH oc-N 2. NH,N H 0 0 0 0

N

R1 NH PhI (OAC) Boc-N H RH Boc-N NH0 0C R 2 0 Reaction Scheme (16) H1~N 0 0 NH 0 Na (OAc) 3 BH 0i 0 y 0 P. R 1 H I/ 0 fl*.

P (OEt) 3 Ri

R

0 Z- N /R2 0 0 Y Reaction Scheme (17) Z-N

NH

2 H 0 1) 03, DMS 2) AC 2 O, AcOH

R

1

Z-NW

H

OSiMe 3 1)LR TiCI1 4 Ti(iOPr) 4 0 0 RR2 Z-N> N0

H

P (OEt) 3 In P-sheet ruimetics of the invention, preferred Y groups have the structure: H 0 FN 44 where a preferred stereochemistry is: H 0 R N11 R4 H Preferred R 4 groups are organoamine moieties having from about 2 to about 10 carbon atoms and at least one nitrogen atom. Suitable organoamine moieties have the chemical formula C2-10H 4 -20N1- 6 00-2; and preferably have the chemical formula C3- 7 H7- 14 Ni- 4 0 0 1 Exemplary organoamine moieties of the invention are:

I

NH NH _NH d H NH NH I and NH

N

J N NH H,1 NH HN NH NH, NH,

H

In the above structure, R 5 is selected from (a) alkyl of 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, optionally substituted with 1-4 of halide, Ci- 5 alkoxy and nitro, (b) -C(=O)NH-Ci-5alkyl, wherein the alkyl group is optionally substituted with halide or Ci- 5 alkoxy, -C(=0)NH-Ci- :oaralkyl where the aryl group may be optionally substituted with up to five groups independently selected from nitro, halide, -NH- (C=O)C 1 -5alkyl, -NH-(C=O)C 6

C

1 -salkyl and C 1 -salkoxy, and monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl of 4 to about 11 ring atoms, where the ring atoms are selected from carbon and the heteroatoms oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, and where the heteroaryl ring may be optionally substituted with up to about 4 of halide,

C

1 -5alkyl, C 1 -salkoxy, -C (=0)NHC 1 -salkyl, -C (=0)NHC 6 -1oaryl, amino, -C(=0)OC 1 -salkyl and -C(=0)OC 6 Preferred R 5 groups are: 0 R 6

CNH-(CH

2 13 R6 wherein R 6 is hydrogen, nitro, halide, NH-C(=O)-Cl-salkyl, NH-C(=0)-C6-oaryl, C 1

-C

5 alkyl and Ci-Cs alkoxy; (CH2) _-3 x wherein X is halide; N R7 Rg

*R

wherein E is -NH- or and R 7 and Rs are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-salkyl, 10 -C OC 1 -5alkyl, -C OC6-10aryl, -C NHC 1 -salkyl and e S* -C NHC6-ioaryl; and N R6 wherein E and R 6 are as defined previously.

The P-sheet mimetics of the present invention may be used in standard peptide synthesis protocols, including automated solid phase peptide synthesis.

Peptide synthesis is a stepwise process where a peptide is formed by elongation of the peptide chain through the stepwise addition of single amino acids. Amino acids are linked to the peptide chain through the formation of a peptide (amide) bond. The peptide link is formed by coupling the amino group of the peptide to the carboxylic acid group of the amino acid. The peptide is thus synthesized from the carboxyl terminus to the amino terminus. The individual steps of amino acid addition are repeated until a peptide (or protein) of desired length and amino acid sequence is synthesized.

r- To accomplish peptide (or protein or molecule) synthesis as described above, the amino group of the amino acid to be added to the peptide should not interfere with peptide bond formation between the amino acid and the peptide the coupling of the amino acid's carboxyl group to the amino group of the peptide). To prevent such interference, the amino groups of the amino acids used in peptide synthesis are protected with suitable protecting groups. Typical amino protecting groups include, for example, BOC and FMOC groups. Accordingly, in one embodiment of the present invention, the P-sheet mimetics of the present invention bear a free carboxylic acid group and a protected amino group, and are thus suitable for incorporation into a peptide by standard synthetic 15 techniques.

The P-sheet mimetics of this invention have broad utility in naturally occurring or synthetic peptides, proteins and molecules. For example, the Psheet mimetics disclosed herein have activity as 20 inhibitors of kinases and proteases, as well as having utility as MHC II inhibitors. For example, the P-sheet mimetics of this invention have activity as inhibitors of the large family of trypsin-like serine proteases, including those preferring arginine or lysine as a P' substituent. These enzymes are involved in blood coagulation, and include (but are not limited to) Factor VIIa, Factor IXa, Factor Xa, thrombin, kallikrein, urokinase (which is also involved in cancer metastasis) and plasmin. Thus, the ability to selectively inhibit these enzymes has wide utility in therapeutic applications involving cardiovascular disease and oncology.

For example, the following p-sheet mimetics can be synthesized on solid support PAM resin): 47 z "II N N H Y- L PA 00

H

-L T A a. a N R2 Ri

I

Z- N>N Y-L

PA

H

0

R

1

H

0 R2 N Y-L PA H 0 R 3 02 S R2 Ri ZIN>C N Y-LSPAM R c'Y I

Y--L

0 R3 0 0O

R

1 NN Y-L PAM H R3 aRl R2

O

In the above 1-sheet mimetics, L is an optional linker.

the solid support by, for example, aminolysis, and screened as competitive substrates against appropriate agents, such as the chromogenic substrate BAPNA (benzyoylarginine paranitroanalide) (see Eichler and Houghten, Biochemistry 32:11035-11041, 1993) (incorporated herein by reference) Alternatively, by employing a suitable linker moiety, such screening may be performed while the P-sheet mimetics are still attached to the solid support.

Once a substrate is selected by the above kinetic analysis, the P-sheet mimetic may be converted into an inhibitor by modifications to the C-terminal that is, by modification to the Y moiety. For example, the terminal Y moiety may be replaced with -CH 2 C1, -CF3, H, or -C(O)NHR. Appropriate R moieties may be selected using a library of substrates, or using a library of inhibitors generated using a modification of the procedure 49 of Wasserman and Ho Org. Chem. 59:4364-4366, 1994) (incorporated herein by reference).

Libraries of compounds containing P-strand templates may be constructed to determine the optimal sequence for substrate recognition or binding.

Representative strategies to use such libraries are discussed below.

A representative P-sheet mimetic substrate library may be constructed as follows. It should be understood that the following is exemplary of methodology that may be used to prepare a P-sheet mimetic substrate library, and that other libraries may be prepared in an analogous manner.

In a first step, a library of the following S* 15 type: R R• H 0 H

R

H o -o H o

R

1

R

3 R amino acid side chain moieities or derivatives thereof; Y H, Ac, SO 2 R; and the circled "P" 20 represents a solid support.

may be constructed on a solid support (PEGA resin, Meldal, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 33:3077-80, 1992; controlled pore glass, Singh et al., J. Med. Chem. 38:217-19, 1995). The solid support may then be placed in a dialysis bag (Bednarski et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109:1283-5, 1987) with the enzyme a protease) in an appropriate buffer. The bag is then placed in a beaker with bulk buffer. The enzymatic reaction is monitored as a function of time by HPLC and materials cleaved from the polymer are analyzed by MS/MS. This strategy provides information concerning the best substrates for a particular target.

The synthesis of the P-sheet mimetic is illustrated by the retrosynthetic procedure shown next:

CHO

R

1 R3 H 0 R Ph

OH

P-N 0 0 R yo-o o *The complexity of the library generated by this technique is (R3) Assuming R, R3 and R are selected from naturally occurring amino acid side chains n is constant, and Y is R as defined above, a library having on the order of 24,000 members target enzyme), the library may then recovered and screened with a second target, andPh so on.

P-N 0 For The complexity of the library generated by this technique is (Ri) (R 3 Assuming R 1

R

3 and R are whselected from naturally occurring amino acid side chains moieties, n is constant, and Y is H, Ac or -SO 2 R as defined above, a library having on the order of 24,000 members (20) (20) is generated.

After screening the library against a specific target enzyme), the library may then recovered and screened with a second target, and so on.

In addition, a library of inhibitors can be constructed and screened in a standard chromogenic assay.

For example, the library may be constructed as follows, where the following example is merely representative of the inhibitor libraries that may be prepared in an analogous manner to the specific example provided below.

1) 03 2) HNRaRb or HORa 0 R3 H 0 N N NRaR R1NHP o *<ORa inhibitors of serine or cysteinyl proteases 0 0000.

406 *4 (See Wasserman et al., J. Org. Chem. 59:4364-6, 1994.) A further alternative strategy is to link the library through the sidechain R group as shown below.

0 HN

O

0 (b, 0 6 for Asp or Glu

C

N

X CF3, NHOH,

Y

H 0 zO

H

H OH 0 Z OR, NHR, or amino acids A library of aspartic protease inhibitors may be constructed having the following exemplary structure, and then cleaved from the resin and screened: 0 H 0

N

o H OH 0 R Ri NHP Similarly, for metalloproteases, a library having the exemplary structure shown below may be constructed and then cleaved from the resin to provide a library of hydroxamic acids: O R H S N, N u' VN H

O

RI NHP The activity of the P-sheet mimetics of this invention may be further illustrated by reference to Table 2 which lists a number of biologically active peptides.

In particular, the peptides of Table 2 are known to have biological activity as substrates or inhibitors.

Table 2 Biologically Active Peptides Protease Inhibitors: (D)FPR (Thrombin) Enzyme 40:144-48, 1988 15 (D)IEGR (Factor X) Handbook of Synthetic Substrates for the Coagulation and Fibronlytic Systems, H.C.

Hemker, pp. 1-175, 1983, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague.

Protein Kinase Substrates and Inhibitors: LRRASLG (Serine Kinase) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 61:559, 1974 LPYA (Tyrosine Kinase) J. Bio. Chem. 263:5024, 1988 PKI (Serine Kinase) Science 253:1414-20, 1991 CAAX Inhibitors: (if) -CVIM- (OH) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:732-36, 1991 -CVFM- (OH) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Letters 4:887-92, 1994 (H)-CIT-(homoserine lactone) 15 Science 260:1934-37, 1993 SH2 Peptide Analogs: 'YZPZS YZPZS (IRS 1 analogue) Biochemistry 33:9376-81, 1994 EPQ'YEEIPIYL (Src SH 2 binding motif) Cell 72:767-68, 1993 Py Y phosphorylated

Y

Z =norleucine Class MHC I Peptides: TYQRTRALV (Influenza nucleoprotein) J. Exp. Med. 175:481-87, 1991 RGYVYQGL (VSV) Ann. Rev. Imm. 11:211-44, 1993 In view of the above biologically active peptides, f-sheet mimetics of this invention may be substituted for one or more amino acids thereof. For example, the following f-sheet modified peptides may be synthesized: 0 0 I H

NN

N

(N0PT N0 H0 N Z HN HN ZHN 0 Id H N N

:DZOH

0 (a

H

2

N

IHD

(if')

H

H

57

N

N N

N

H IN N s u y H 0 0 0 C0 2

H

N

N N pYE

N

H QjE 0 0- N IN Y L 000 N H N H N H 2 N N N R H" 'N N Ol 0H 0 HI 0 0 0 O H

RGY.

More generally, the P-sheet mimetics of this invention can be synthesized to mimic any number of biologically active peptides by appropriate choice of the R R 2

R

3 Y and Z moieties (as well as the A, B and C moieties of structure itself). This is further illustrated by Table 3 which discloses various modifications which may be made to the P-sheet mimetics of structure to yield biologically active compounds. In Table 3, R 2 and R 3 are independently chosen from among the atoms or groups shown under the "R?/R 3 column.

Table 3 15 Modifications to Structure to Yield Biological Active Compounds

R

1 A C R 2

H

O

(I)

*ee

Y

0 I. PROTEASE INHIBIT A. Serine 1. Thrombin

ORS

C,-Clo aromatic phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl) CI-C 10 aliphatic or cycloaliphatic, substituted C 6

-CI

1

I

aromatic, -SiR 4

-CO.:H,

CO? R hydrogen 0 N0 0 hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, 0

OH

0 nr O R oNH>

NH

O NH

NH

2 R=aliphatic

N

N

H

H H ~N N <N H- 0 NH 0*

S

S

S S 5 0

S

0** S S S S S S S 5,.

55 S @5 S S S

S

RlR 2

/R

3 Y z

H

X CH 2

NH

H 0

NN

NH

0 CH2CI

CF'

3 0 A Ncycloaliphatic

H

0 ANO)n=1-2 SO2R, COCF'3

S

Y

N

x -t X0O, S, NH R=CO2H, SO2R, C02 R R=CO2H, SO2R, C02 COC F3 CI-CIO aliphatic 2. Elastase hydrogen or Cl-Cl 0 heterocycl ic 0 acyl H CF 3 0Q -Cl1 3 -CR (CR 3 2 or 0 aromatic I H 0 or aliphatic V 3. Factor X carboxylic aromatic carboxylate

C

1

-CI

0 acidic heterocyclic

R

2

/R

3 z nycirogen U lie) hydrogen 0

H

0 2 N NH 2

HY

O H

NH

2

NH

N

H

o H N NH 2

N

H

X CH 2

NH

H 0 N

NH

2

NH

0 Acyl Dansyl Rl R2 R

SS

NH

=-CH

2 C1 -CF 3 0 0 KNJ )n=1-2M X=0, S, NH R=CO2H, CO2R, SO2R, COCF3 x X=OS, NH R=CO2H, SO2R, C02 R R=CO2K, C02 S02R, COCF3 9 9 9 9* 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 O =aliphatic cycloaliphatic peptide R1R/3Y

Z

B. A pric 1. HIi

C

1 -Cl 0 aliphatic or a rqin ine Cl-C 10 aliphatic or

YNH

2 0 acyl 0(- NHAc (D =C 1

-C

10 aliphatic arginine or OH 0

NH-®

H

(O C 1

-C

10 aliphatic

C

1

-C

10 aromatic O=amino acid

C

1

-C

10 alkyl Cl-Cl 0 aryl acyl hydrogen r

S

C. Cysteirie 1. Cathepsin B C 6

-CI

0 aromatic Cl-CI 0 aliphatic hydrogen Cl-Clo basic aromatic hydrophobic 0 H

NH

H

2 N ',NH benzyl acyl 0 -CH, O( Ar

-CH

2 OAc

-CH

2

N,+

-H

0 0 N H- 0 Cl aliphatic 2. Calpain C 6

-CI

0 aromatic, CI-CIO C 1

-GI

0 aliphatic, aliphatic hydrophobic 0

H

be~nzyl acyl 0 =C 1

-C

10 aromatic, hydrophobic

=-CI'

2

F

-CH

2

N

2 -CH, GAc 4 4 4.

*4 4 4 4.

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 444 4 44 4 RlR/3Y z 3. ACE CI-Clo aliphatic hydrogen 0 H (D CO2H dihydro-cinnami c, aromatic, aliphatic, acetyl

-CH

2

E'

-C H, N., -CHOK Ar -CH- OAc 0 -y0 F F 0=Cl-ClO aliphatic Cl-ClO aromatic S S S S *S* S S S S S 55

Y

I D. Metallo 1. ACE

C

1 -CIO aliphatic indoyl CI-Cj aromatic -OH 0 0 11

"P-OH

OH

2. CollagenaSe CI-CIO alkyl hydrogen aromatic,

CI-C

10 aliphatic,

CI-CI

0 basic

N

~H 1Q alkyl o=Cl-C 1 0 aly

CI-C

1 0 aryl hydroxyl 0

II

0 hydrogen Cl-Cl 0 alkyl 0

II

OH

0% SS 555 *5 5 S S S S S .5.

S S S S *5 Y 7.

R

2

/R

3 NHOH hydroxyl

C

6 -Clo aromatic CI-Clo alkyl cl-c 1 0 aliphatic

.NHOH

hydroxyl 0 11 -P-0-0 0-0 0=hydrogen Cl-Cl 0 alkyl, or 0 It NuP-0 RR/3Y z II. KINASE

INHIBITORS

A. Serine! amino acid Threonifle side chain B. 11yrOsifne C. Histidine amino acid side chain amino acid side chain amino acid side chain amino acid side chain amino acid side chain Serine, Threonine Tyros ine Histidine amino acid amino acid 4.

4 4** *4 4.4 S. S 4 4* 4 4 44 V ~F b1t.1 mr~~ a A. Class I 1. HIIV gp120 hydr ogen hydrogen B. Class II 1. HA (306-18) hydrogen NH 2 hydrogen

-YVKQNTLKLAT

hydrogen 2. HSP 65 (3-13) Clhydrophobic

-YDEEARR

-TK

When the P-sheet mimetics of this invention are substituted for one or more amino acids of a biologically active peptide, the structure of the resulting P-sheet modified peptide (prior to cleavage from the solid support, such as PAM) may be represented by the following diagram, where AA 1 through AA3 represent the same or different amino acids: AA3- BETA-SHEET MIMETIC -AA2-AAI PAM The precise P-sheet mimetic may be chosen by any of a variety of techniques, including computer modeling, randomization techniques and/or by utilizing natural substrate selection assays. The p-sheet mimetic may also be generated by synthesizing a library of P-sheet mimetics, and screening such library members to identify active members as disclosed above.

Once the optimized p-sheet mimetic is chosen, modification may then be made to the various amino acids attached thereto. A series of p-sheet modified peptides having a variety of amino acid substitutions are then cleaved from the solid support and assayed to identify a preferred substrate. It should be understood that the generation of such substrates may involve the synthesis and screening of a number of P-sheet modified peptides, wherein each P-sheet modified peptide has a variety of amino acid substitutions in combination with a variety of different P-sheet mimetics. In addition, it should also be recognized that, following cleavage of the P-sheet modified peptide from the solid support, the Z moiety is

AA

3 and the Y moiety is AA 2 and AA 1 in the above diagram.

(While this diagram is presented for illustration, additional or fewer amino acids may be linked to the Psheet mimetic that is, AA 3 may be absent or additional amino acids my be joined thereto; and AA 2 and/or AA 1 may be omitted or additional amino acids may be joined thereto).

Once a preferred substrate is identified by the procedures disclosed above, the substrate may be readily converted to an inhibitor by known techniques. For example, the C-terminal amino acid (in this case AA 1 may be modified by addition of a number of moieties known to impart inhibitor activity to a substrate, including (but not limited to) -CF3 (a known reversible serine protease t inhibitor) -CH 2 Cl (a known irreversible serine protease Sinhibitor), -CH 2 N2 and -CH 2

S(CH

3 2 (known cysteinyl S 15 protease inhibitors), -NHOH (a known metalloprotease inhibitor),

CH

2

CH(CH

3 2 20 (a known cysteinyl protease inhibitor) and e OH 0 T -NH NH

R

R' CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3 R CH2CH(CH3)2 or or CH2CH2 O CH2 (a known aspartyl protease inhibitor).

While the utility of the P-sheet mimetics of this invention have been disclosed with regard to certain embodiments, it will be understood that a wide variety and, type of compounds can be made which includes the P-sheet mimetics of the present invention. For example, a P-sheet mimetic of this invention may be substituted for two or more amino acids of a peptide or protein. In addition to improving and/or modifying the P-sheet structure of 'a peptide or protein, especially with regard to conformational stability, the 1-sheet mimetics of this invention also serve to inhibit proteolytic breakdown.

This results in the added advantage of peptides or proteins which are less prone to proteolytic breakdown due to incorporation of the P-sheet mimetics of this 15 invention.

In another aspect, the present invention encompasses pharmaceutical compositions prepared for storage or administration which comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a P-sheet mimetic or compound of the present invention in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Anticoagulant therapy is indicated for the treatment and prevention of a variety of thrombotic conditions, particularly coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. Those experienced in this field are readily aware of the circumstances requiring anticoagulant therapy.

The "therapeutically effective amount" of a compound of the present invention will depend on the route of administration, the type of warm-blooded animal being treated, and the physical characteristics of the specific animal under consideration. These factors and their relationship to determining this amount are well known to skilled practitioners in the medical arts. This amount and the method of administration can be tailored to achieve optimal efficacy but will depend on such factors as weight, diet, concurrent medication and other factors which as noted hose skilled in the medical arts will recognize.

The "therapeutically effective amount" of the compound of the present invention can range broadly depending upon the desired affects and the therapeutic indication. Typically, dosages will be between about 0.01 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight, preferably between about 0.01 and 10 mg/kg, body weight.

"Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers" for therapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical art, and are described, for example, in Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co. Gennaro 15 edit. 1985) For example, sterile saline and phosphate-buffered saline at physiological pH may be used.

Preservatives, stabilizers, dyes and even flavoring agents may be provided in the pharmaceutical composition. For example, sodium benzoate, sorbic acid and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid may be added as preservatives. In addition, antioxidants and suspending agents may be used.

Thrombin inhibition is useful not only in the anticoagulant therapy of individuals having thrombotic conditions, but is useful whenever inhibition of blood 25 coagulation is required such as to prevent coagulation of stored whole blood and to prevent coagulation in other biological samples for testing or storage. Thus, the thrombin inhibitors can be added to or contacted with any medium containing or suspected of containing thrombin and in which it is desired that blood coagulation be inhibited when contacting the mammal's blood with material selected from the group consisting of vascular grafts, stems, orthopedic prosthesis, cardiac prosthesis, and extracorporeal circulation systems).

The thrombin inhibitors can be co-administered with suitable anti-coagulation agents or thrombolytic agents such as plasminogen activators or streptokinase to achieve synergistic effects in the treatment of various ascular pathologies. For example, thrombin inhibitors enhance the efficiency of tissue plasminogen activatormediated thrombolytic reperfusion. Thrombin inhibitors may be administered first following thrombus formation, and tissue plasminogen activator or other plasminogen activator is administered thereafter. They may also be combined with heparin, aspirin, or warfarin.

The thrombin inhibitors of the invention can be administered in such oral forms as tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release :oo 15 formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixers, tinctures, suspensions, syrups, and emulsions. Likewise, they may be administered in intravenous (bolus or infusion), intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular form, all using forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts. An effective but non-toxic amount of the compound desired can be employed as an anti-aggregation agent or treating ocular build up of fibrin. The compounds may be administered intraocularly or topically as well as orally or 25 parenterally.

The thrombin inhibitors can be administered in the form of a depot injection or implant preparation which may be formulated in such a manner as to permit a sustained release of the active ingredient. The active ingredient can be compressed into pellets or small cylinders and implanted subcutaneously or intramuscularly as depot injections or implants. Implants may employ inert materials such as biodegradable polymers or synthetic silicones, for example, Silastic, silicone rubber or other polymers manufactured by the Dow-Corning Corporation.

The thrombin inhibitors can also be administered in the form of lipcsome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines.

The thrombin inhibitors may also be delivered by the use of monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compound molecules are coupled. The thrombin inhibitors may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers. Such polymers can include polyvinlypyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxy-propyl- 15 methacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxyethyl-aspartarnide-phenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, the thrombin inhibitors may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydibydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and 25 cross linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.

*.ooS0 The dose and method of administration can be tailored to achieve optimal efficacy but will depend on such factors as weight, diet, concurrent medication and other factors which those skilled in the medical arts will recognize. When administration is to be parenteral, such as intravenous on a daily basis, injectable pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions.

Tablets suitable for oral administration of active compounds of the invention, structures (47), (20b), (29a), (29b), (41) and (13b), can be prepared as follows: Amount-mg Active Compound 25.0 50.0 100.0 Microcrystalline 37.25 100.0 200.0 cellulose Modified food corn 37.25 4.25 starch Magnesium stearate 0.50 0.75 All of the active compound, cellulose, and a 10 portion of the corn starch are mixed and granulated to corn starch paste. The resulting granulation is sieved, dried and blended with the remainder of the corn starch and the magnesium stearate. The resulting granulation is then compressed into tablets containing 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0 mg, respectively, of active ingredient per tablet.

An intravenous dosage form of the above-indicated active compounds may be prepared as follows: i Active Compound 0.5-10.0mg Sodium Citrate 5-50mg Citric Acid 1-15mg Sodium Chloride 1-8mg Water for q.s. to 1 ml Injection (USP) Utilizing the above quantities, the active compound is dissolved at room temperature in a previously prepared solution of sodium chloride, citric acid, and 78 sodium citrate in Water for Injection (USP, see page 1636 of United States Pharmacopoeia/National Formulary for 1995, published by United States Pharmacopoeia Convention, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, copyright 1994).

Compounds of the present invention when made and selected as disclosed are useful as potent inhibitors of thrombin in vitro and in vivo. As such, these compounds are useful as in vitro diagnostic reagents to prevent the clotting of blood and as in vivo pharmaceutical agents to prevent thrombosis in mammals suspected of having a condition characterized by abnormal thrombosis.

The compounds of the present invention are useful as in vitro diagnostic reagents for inhibiting clotting in blood drawing tubes. The use of stoppered test tubes having a vacuum therein as a means to draw blood obtained by venipuncture into the tube is well known in the medical arts (Kasten, "Specimen Collection," Laboratory Test Handbook, 2nd Edition, Lexi-Comp Inc., Cleveland pp. 16-17, Edits. Jacobs, D.S. et al. 1990) Such vacuum tubes may be free of clot-inhibiting additives, in which case, they are useful for the isolation of mammalian serum from the blood they may alternatively contain clot-inhibiting additives (such as heparin salts, EDTA salts, citrate salts or oxalate 25 salts), in which case, they are useful for the isolation of mammalian plasma from the blood. The compounds of the present invention are potent inhibitors of factor Xa or thrombin, and as such, can be incorporated into blood collection tubes to prevent clotting of the mammalian blood drawn into them.

The compounds of the present invention are used alone, in combination of other compounds of the present invention, or in combination with other known inhibitors of clotting, in the blood collection tubes. The amount to be added to such tubes is that amount sufficient to inhibit the formation of a clot when mammalian blood is drawn into the tube. The addition of the compounds to such tubes may be accomplished by methods well known in the art, such as by introduction of a liquid composition thereof, as a solid composition thereof, or liquid composition which is lyophilized to a solid. The compounds of the present invention are added to blood collection tubes in such amounts that, when combined with 2 to 10 mL of mammalian blood, the concentration of such compounds will be sufficient to inhibit clot formation.

Typically, the required concentration will be about 1 to 10,000 nM, with 10 to 1000 nM being preferred.

The following examples are offered by way of 15 illustration, not limitation.

.o.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 Synthesis of Representative _-Sheet Mimetic This example illustrates the synthesis of a representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

Synthesis of Structure 25 Ph N C02Me (1) Phenylalanine benzaldimine, structure was synthesized as follows. To a mixture of L-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride (7.19 g, 33.3 mmol) and benzaldehyde (3.4 ml, 33.5 mmol) stirred in CH2C12 (150 ml) at room temperature was added triethylamine (7.0 ml, mmol). Anhydrous magnesium sulfate (2 g) was added to the resulting solution and the mixture was stirred for 14 h then filtered through a 1 inch pad of Celite with CH2C12. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to ca. one half of its initial volume then diluted with an equal volume of hexanes. The mixture was extracted twice with saturated aqueous NaHCO3, H20 and brine then dried over anhydrous Na2SO 4 and filtered.

Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded 8.32 g (93% yield) of colorless oil. H NMR analysis indicated nearly pure phenylalanine benzaldimine. The crude product was used without further purification.

15 Synthesis of Structure Ph N CO 2 Me (2) a-Allylphenylalanine benzaldimine, structure was synthesized as follows. To a solution of diisopropylamine (4.3 ml, 33 mmol) stirred in THF (150 ml) at -78 0 C was added dropwise a solution of n-butyllithium 0 (13 ml of a 2.5 M hexane solution, 33 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 20 min. then a solution of phenylalanine benzaldimine (7.97 g, 29.8 mmol) in THF (30 ml) was slowly added. The resulting dark red-orange solution was stirred for 15 min. then allyl bromide (3.1 ml, 36 mmol) was added. The pale yellow solution was stirred for 30 min. at -78 0 C then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred an additional 1 h. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride was added and the mixture was 81 poured into ethyl acetate. The organic phase was separated and washed with water and brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded 8.54 g of a viscous yellow oil. Purification by column chromatography yielded 7.93 g of a-allylphenylalanine benzaldimine as a viscous colorless oil.

Synthesis of Structure ClH 3 N C0 2 Me 10 (3) a-Allylphenylalanine hydrochloride, structure was synthesized as follows. To a solution of aallylphenylalanine benzaldimine (5.94 g, 19.3 mmol) stirred in methanol (50 ml) was added 5% aqueous .hydrochloric acid (10 ml) The solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h then concentrated under vacuum to an orange-brown caramel. The crude product was dissolved S* in CHC13 (10 ml) and the solution was heated to boiling.

S 20 Hexanes (-150 ml) were added and the slightly cloudy mixture was allowed to cool. The liquid was decanted away from the crystallized solid then the solid was rinsed with hexanes and collected. Removal of residual solvents under vacuum yielded 3.56 g of pure a-allylphenylalanine hydrochloride as a white crystalline solid.

H NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) 6 8.86 (3 H, br 7.32- 7.26 (5H, 6.06 (1 H, dddd, J 17.5, 10.5, 7.6, 7.3 Hz), 5.33 (1H, d, J 17.5 Hz), 5.30 (1 H, d, J 10.5 Hz), 3.70 (3 H, 3.41 (1 H, d, J 14.1 Hz), 3.35 (1 H, d, J 14.1 Hz), 2.98 (1 H, dd, J 14.5, 7.3 Hz), 2.88 (1 H, dd, J 14.5, 7.6 Hz).

Synthesis of Structure BocHN

CO

2 Me (4) N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-a-allylphenylalanine, structure was synthesized as follows. To a solution of D,L a-allylphenylalanine hydrochloride (565 mg, 2.21 10 mmol) stirred in a mixture of THF (15 ml) and water (5 ml) was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate followed by careful addition of solid sodium bicarbonate in small portions.

The resulting two phase mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 2 days then diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was separated and washed with water and brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate S. and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded a colorless oil that was purified by column chromatography (5 to 10% EtOAc in hexanes gradient 20 elution) to yield 596 mg of N-tert-butyloxycarbonyla-allylphenylalanine.

TLC Rf 0.70 (silica, 20% EtOAc in hexanes); H NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) 6 7.26-7.21 (3 H, 7.05 (2 H, d, J 6.1 Hz), 5.64 (1 H, dddd, J 14.8, 7.6, 7.2, 7.2 Hz), 5.33 (1 H, br 5.12-5.08 (2 H, 3.75 (3 H, 3.61 (1 H, d, J 13.5 Hz), 3.21 (1 H, dd, J 13.7, 7.2 Hz), 3.11 (1 H, d, J 13.5 Hz), 2.59 (1 H, dd, J 13.7, 7.6 Hz), 1.47 (9 H, s).

83 Synthesis of Structure

O

BocHN CO 2 Me An aldehyde of structure was synthesized as follows. Ozone was bubbled through a solution of 2.10 g (6.57 mmol) of the structure olefin stirred at -780C in a mixture of CH2C12 (50 ml) and methanol (15 ml) until the solution was distinctly blue in color. The solution was stirred an additional 15 min. then dimethyl sulfide was 10 slowly added. The resulting colorless solution was stirred at -78 0 C for 10 min. then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 6 h. The solution was S. concentrated under vacuum to 2.72 g of viscous pale yellow oil which was purified by column chromatography (10 to EtOAc in hexanes gradient elution) to yield 1.63 g of pure .i aldehyde as a viscous colorless oil.

TLC Rf 0.3 (silica, 20% EtOAc in hexanes); H NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) 6 9.69 (1 H, br 7.30-7.25 (3 H, 7.02 (2 H, 5.56 (1 H, br 3.87 (1 H, d, J 17.7 3.75 (3 H, 3.63 (1 H, d, J 13.2 Hz), 3.08 (1 H, d, J 17.7 Hz), 2.98 (1 H, d, J 13.2 Hz,), 1.46 (9 H, Synthesis of Structure Ph s

NH

BocHN

O

84 A hydrazone of structure was synthesized as follows. To a solution of the aldehyde of structure (1.62 g, 5.03 mmol) stirred in THF (50 ml) at room temperature was added hydrazine hydrate (0.32 ml, mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. then heated to reflux for 3 days.

The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature then concentrated under vacuum to 1.59 g (105% crude yield) of colorless foam. The crude hydrazone product, structure was used without purification.

TLC Rf 0.7 (50% EtOAc in hexanes); H NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) 6 8.55 (1 H, br 7.32-7.26 (3 H, m), 7.17 (1 H, br 7.09 (2H, 5.55 (1 H, br 3.45 (1 H, d, J 17.7 Hz), 3.29 (1 H, d, J 13.5 Hz), 2.90 (1 H, d, J 13.5 Hz), 2.88 (1 H, dd, J 17.7, 1.3 Hz), 1.46 (9 H, MS NH3) m/z 304.1 (M H) Synthesis of Structure Ph N H

NH

BocHN (7) A cyclic hydrazide of structure was synthesized as follows. The crude hydrazone of structure (55 mg, 0.18 mmol) and platinum oxide (5 mg, 0.02 mmol) were taken up in methanol and the flask was fitted with a three-way stopcock attached to a rubber balloon.

The flask was flushed with hydrogen gas three times, the balloon was inflated with hydrogen, and the mixture was stirred vigorously under a hydrogen atmosphere for 17 hours. The mixture was filtered through Celite with ethyl acetate and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to a white form. Purification of the white foam by flash chromatography yielded 44 mg of the pure cyclic hydrazide of structure H NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) 6 7.34-7.28 (3 H, m) 7.21 (2 H, 6.95 (1 H, br 5.29 (1 H, br 3.91 (1 H, br 3.35 (1 H, d, J 12.9 Hz), 3.00 (1 H, ddd, J 13.9, 5.3, 5.0 Hz), 2.96 (1 H, d, J 12.9 Hz), 2.67 (1 H, br 2.38 (1 H, br 2.30 (1 H, ddd, J 13.9, 5.4, Hz), 1.45 (9 H, MS NH3) m/z 306.2 (M Synthesis of Structure Ph BocHN O CO 2 Et (8) Structure was synthesized as follows. To a solution of the cyclic hydrazide of structure (4.07 g, 15 13.32 mmol) stirred in ethyl acrylate (200 ml) at 90 0 C was added formaldehyde (1.2 mL of a 37% aqueous solution). .e The mixture was heated to reflux for 15 h then allowed to cool to room temperature and concentrated under vacuum to a white foam. The products were separated by column 20 chromatography then 10% acetone/chloroform) to yield 0.851 g of the least polar diastereomer of the bicyclic ester, structure and a more polar diastereomer (8a).

The impure fractions were subjected to a second chromatography to afford more pure structure combined yield.

H NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) 6 7.27-7.21 (3 H, m), 7.09 (2 H, d, J 6.5 Hz), 5.59 (1 H, br 4.52 (1 H, dd, J 9.1, 3.4 Hz), 4.21 (2 H, m) 3.40 (1 H, d, J 12.5 Hz), 3.32 (1 H, d, J 12.5 Hz), 3.10 (2 H, 2.79 (1 H, br 2.66 (1 H, br m),2.79 (1 H, br 2.66 (1 H, br 2.54 (1 H, br 2.46 (1 H, 2.18 (1 H, m), 1.44 (9 H, 1.28 (3 H, t, J 7.0 Hz); MS NH3) 418.4 (M Ph N Ph N BocN H H Boc-NH 0 C02Et 0 C02Et (8b) (8a) Synthesis of Structure (9b): Ph .BocHN

COH

10(9b) Structure (9b) was synthesized as follows. To a solution of the least polar ethyl ester structure (31 mg, 0.074 mmol) stirred in THF (1 ml) was added 15 aqueous lithium hydroxide (1 M, 0.15 ml). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h then the reaction was quenched with 5% aqueous citric acid. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x) then the combined extracts were washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a colorless glass. The crude acid, structure was used in subsequent experiments without further purification.

87 Synthesis of Structure Ph N NO 2 O 0 H

N

BocHN I 'AN^ a 0 0 H

NH

S I

H

5 Structure (10b) was synthesized as follows. The crude acid of structure (9b) (30 mg, 0.074 mmol), HArg(PMC)pNA (41 mg, 0.074 mmol), and HOBt (15 mg, 0.098 mmol) were dissolved in THF (1 ml) then diisopropylethylamine (0.026 ml, 0.15 mmol) was added followed by EDC (16 mg, 0.084 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h then diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted with 5% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous 15 sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to 54 mg of pale yellow glass. The products were separated by column chromatography to yield 33 mg of a mixture of diastereomers of the coupled protected) product, structure (10b). MS NH3) m/z 566.6 (M H 88 Synthesis of Structure (l1b): Ph Ph N

NO

2 1 0

H

2 N

N

0 H

NH

H

2 N H (lib) A P-sheet mimetic of structure (11b) was "synthesized as follows. A solution of 0.25 ml of o 0.125 ml of 1,2-ethanedithiol and 360 mg of phenol in 5 ml of TFA was prepared and the protected product of structure (10b) (33 mg, 0.035 mmol) was dissolved in 2 ml of this solution. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 h then concentrated under reduced pressure. Ether was added to the concentrate and the resulting precipitate was collected by centrifugation.

The precipitate was triturated with ether and centrifuged 15 two more times then dried in a vacuum desiccator for 14 h.

The crude product (14 mg) was purified by HPLC chromatography to yield the P-sheet mimetic of structure (11b). MS NH3) m/z 954.8 (M Na).

89 Synthesis of Structure (12b): Ph 0 o N H NH BocHN N Cl O 0

H

MeO *(12b) S 5 Structure (12b) was synthesized as follows. To a solution of the crude acid of structure (9b) (24 mg, 0.062 mmol) and N-methylmorpholine (0.008 ml), stirred in THF (1 ml) at -50 0 C was added isobutyl chloroformate. The resulting cloudy mixture was stirred for 10 min. then 0.016 ml (0.14 mmol) of N-methylmorpholine was added followed by a solution of HArg(Mtr)CH2C1 (50 mg, 0.068 mmol) in THF (0.5 ml). The mixture was kept at -50 0 C for min. then was allowed to warm to room temperature during 1 h. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted with 5% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to yield 49 mg of colorless glass, structure Separation by column chromatography yielded 12 mg of a less polar diastereomer and 16 mg of a more polar diastereomer.

H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 3 6 7.93 (1 H, br 7.39- 7.31 (3 H, 7.16 (2 H, d, J 6.9 Hz), 6.52 (1 H, s), 6.30 (1 H, br 5.27 (1 H, 4.74 (1 H, dd, J 9.1, 6.9 Hz), 4.42 (1 H, br d, J 6.8 Hz), 4.33 (1 H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 3.82 (3 H, 3.28 (1 H, d, J 13.3 Hz), 3.26- 3.12 (4 H, 2.98 (1 H, d, J 13.3 Hz), 2.69 (3 H, s), 2.60 (3 H, 2.59-2'.33 (4 H, 2.25- 2.10 (3 H, m), 2.11 (3 H, 1.77 (1 H, br 1.70-1.55 (3 H, br m), 1.32 (9 H, s).

Synthesis of Structure (13b): Ph

CN

H

2 N N H

C

0 o N H S• H 2 N NH 0 (13b) A P-sheet mimetic of structure (13b) was synthesized as follows. The more polar diastereomer of structure (12b) (16 mg, 0.021 mmol) was dissolved in

TFA/H

2 0 (1 ml) and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 6 h then concentrated under vacuum to :i 11 mg of crude material. The crude product was triturated with ether and the precipitate was washed twice with ether then dried under high vacuum for 14 h. H NMR analysis indicated a 1:1 mixture of fully deprotected product and product containing the Mtr protecting group. The mixture was dissolved in 95% TFA/H20 and stirred for 2 days and the product was recovered as above. Purification of the product by HPLC yielded 5 mg of the pure compound of structure (13b). MS m/z 477.9 (M Example 2 Synthesis of Representative a-Sheet Mimetic This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

Synthesis of Structure (14): >oYN 0o H

IN

o O2'N NH

H

(14) N,O-Dimethyl hydroxamate, structure was synthesized as follows. To a mixture of Boc-Ng-4-methoxy- 2,3,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonyl-L-arginine (8.26 g, 14.38 mmol), N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride e. 15 (2.78 g, 28.5 mmol) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (2.45 g, 16.0 mmol) stirred in THF (150 ml) at ambient temperature was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (7.5 ml, 43 mmol) followed by solid EDC (3.01 g, 15.7 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 16h then diluted with ethyl acetate (200 ml) and extracted sequentially with aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded 7.412 g of white foam.

H NMR (500Mhz, CDCl 3 6 6.52 (1 H, 6.17 (1 H, br 5.49 (1 H, d, J=8.8Hz), 4.64 (1 H, br 3.82 (3H, 3.72 (3H, 3.36 (1 H, br m) 3.18 (3H, s), 3.17 (1 H, br 2.69 (3H, 2.61 (3H, 2.12 (3H, 92 1.85-1.55 (5 H, 1.41 (9 H, MS m/z 530.5 Synthesis of Structure o NH 0

SO

2 N

O

j H Structure (15) was synthesized as follows. To a solution of the arginine amide (7.412 g, 13.99 mmol) stirred in dichloromethane (150 ml) at room temperature was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (2.9 ml, 17 mmol) followed by di-tert-butyldicarbonate (3.5 ml, 15.4 mmol) and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (0.175 g, 1.43 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 1.5h then poured into water. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with two 100ml portions of dichloromethane. The combine extracts were shaken with brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded a white foam that was purified by flash chromatography to yield 8.372 g of white foam.

1 H NMR (500MHz, CDC1 3 9.79 (1 H, 8.30 (1 H, t, J=4.96), 6.54 (1 H, 5.18 (1 H, d, 'J=9.16 Hz), 4.64 (1 H, 3.83 (3 H, 3.74 (3 H, 3.28 (2 H, dd, J=12.6, 6.9 Hz), 3.18 (3 H, 2.70 (3 H, 2.62 (3 H, 2.14 (3 H, 1.73-1.50 (5 H, m) 1.48 (9H, s), 1.42 (9 H, MS m/z 630.6 Synthesis of Structure (16): 0 0 SO *NI~ N~0

H

S0 (16) The arginal, structure was synthesized as follows. To a solution of the arginine amide structure (15) stirred in toluene at -780C under a dry argon atmosphere was added a solution of diisobutylaluminum 10 hydride in toluene (1.0 M, 7.3mi) dropwise over a period of 15 minutes. The resulting solution was stirred for oe minutes then a second portion of diisobutylaluminum hydride (3.5mi) was added and stirring was continued for 15 minutes. Methanol (3ml) was added dropwise and the •000 15 solution was stirred at -78'C for 10 minutes then allowed to warm to room temperature. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (100ml) and stirred vigorously with 50 ml of eo saturated aqueous potassium sodium tartrate for 2.5h. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 100ml). The extracts were combined with the original organic solution and shaken with brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded a white foam that was separated by flash chromatography to yield 1.617g of the aldehyde as a white foam.

IH NMR (500MHz, CDCl 3 5 9.82 (1 H, 9.47 (1 H, s) 8.35 (1 H, br 6.55 (1 H, 5.07 (1 H, d, J=6.9 Hz) 4.18 (1 H, br m) 3.84 (3 H, s) 3.25 (2 H, m) 2.70 (3 H, 2.62 (3 H, 2.14 (3 H, 1.89 (1 H, 1.63- 1.55 (4 H, 1.49 (9H, 1.44 (9 H, MS m/z 571.6 (M+H Synthesis of Structure (17):

OH

TFA

H

2

N

NH

o H2 NH (17) Hydroxybenzothiazole, structure was 10 synthesized as follows. To a solution of benzothiazole (1.55 ml, 14 mmol) stirred in anhydrous diethyl ether ml) at -78 0 C under a dry argon atmosphere was added a solution of n-butyllithium (2.5 M in hexane, 5.6 ml, 14 mmol) dropwise over a period of 10 minutes. The resulting orange solution was stirred for 45 minutes then a solution of the arginal structure (16) (1.609 g, S:2.819 mmol) in diethyl ether (5ml) was slowly added. The solution was stirred for 1.5 h then saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 100 ml) and the combined extracts were extracted with water and brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. C6ncentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded a yellow oil that was purified by flash chromatography (30% then 40% ethyl acetate/hexanes eluent) to yield 1.22 g of the hydroxybenzothiazoles (ca. 2:1 mixture of diastereomers) as a white foam.

The mixture of hydroxybenzothiazoles (1.003 g, 1.414 mmol) was stirred in CH 2 C1 2 (12 ml) at room temperature and trifluoroacetic acid (3 ml) was added.

The resulting solution was stirred for 1.5h then concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 1.22 g of the benzothiazolylarginol trifluoroacetic acid salt as a yellow foam.

MS m/z 506.2 (M H).

Synthesis of Structure (18b): o

SOH

.o 0 0 (71 mg, 0.46 mmol) were dissolved in THF (5 ml) and diisopropylethylamine (0.34 ml, 1.9 mmol) was added followed by EDC (89 mg, 0.46 mmol). After stirring for ten minutes a solution of the benzothiazolylarginol trifluoroacetic acid salt (structure (17) 273 mg, 0.372 mmol) in THF (1 ml) was added along with a THF (0.5 ml) rinse. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for h then diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted sequentially with 5% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to 297 mg of a yellow glass.

H NMR analysis indicated a mixture of four diastereomeric amides which included structure (18b).

MS m/z 877 (M Synthesis of Structure (19b):

O

H N NH 0 0 H1 1 H 02" N NH

H

(19b) Structure (19b) was synthesized as follows. The crude hydroxybenzothiazole (247 mg, 0.282 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 C1 2 (5 ml) and Dess-Martin periodinane (241 mg, 0.588 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at 15 room temperature for 6h then diluted with ethyl acetate and stirred vigorously with 10% aqueous sodium thiosulfate for 10 minutes. The organic solution was separated and extracted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded 252 mg of yellow glass. H NMR analysis indicated a mixture of two diastereomeric ketobenzothiazoles which included structure (19b).

Synthesis of Structure 2 H

N

9, 0

NH

H

2 N kNH 5 The ketobenzothiazole, structure was synthesized as follows. Ketobenzothiazole (19) (41 mg, 0.047 mmol) was dissolved in 95% aqueous trifluoroacetic (0.95 ml) acid and thioanisole (0.05 ml) was added. The resulting dark solution was stirred for 30 hours at room temperature then concentrated under vacuum to a dark brown gum. The gum was triturated with diethyl ether and centrifuged. The solution was removed and the solid remaining was triturated and collected as above two more times. The yellow solid was dried in a vacuum desiccator 15 for 2 hours then purified by HPLC (Vydac reverse phase C-4 column (22 x 250 mm ID). Mobile phase: A 0.05% TFA in water; B 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile. The flow rate was 10.0 mL/min. The gradient used was 8% B to 22% B over min, and isochratic at 22% thereafter. The peak of interest (structure (20b)) eluted at 42 minutes) to give mg of the deprotected product, structure MS 563.5 (M H) 98 Example 3 Activity of a Representative Q-Sheet Mimetic as a Proteolytic Substrate This example illustrates the ability of a representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention to selectively serve as a substrate for thrombin and Factor VII. The P-sheet mimetic of structure (l1b) above was synthesized according the procedures disclosed in Example 1, and used in this experiment without further modification.

Both the thrombin and Factor VII assays of this experiment were carried out at 37 0 C using a Hitachi UV/Vis S. spectrophotometer (model U-3000). Structure (lib) was dissolved in deionized water. The concentration was determined from the absorbance at 342 nm. Extinction coefficient of 8270 liters/mol/cm was employed. The rate of structure (llb) hydrolysis was determined from the change in absorbance at 405 nm using an extinction 20 coefficient for p-nitroaniline of 9920 liters/mol/cm for reaction buffers. Initial velocities were calculated from the initial linear portion of the reaction progress curve.

S"Kinetic parameters were determined by unweighted nonlinear least-squares fitting of the simple Michaelis-Menten equation to the experimental data using GraFit (Version Erithacus Software Limited).

For the thrombin assay, experiments were performed in pH 8.4 Tris buffer (Tris, 0.05M; NaC1, 0.15M). 6.4 NIH units of bovine thrombin (from Sigma) were dissolved into 10 ml of the assay buffer to yield nM thrombin solution. In a UV cuvette, 130 to 148 tl of the buffer and 100 pl of the thrombin solutions were added, preincubated at 37 0 C for 2 minutes, and finally 2 to microliters (to make the final volume at 250 l) of 0.24 mM structure (lib) solution was added to initiate the reaction. The first two minutes of the reactions were recorded for initial velocity determination. Eight structure (lib) concentration points were collected to obtain the kinetic parameters. kcat and KM were -i calculated to be 50 s and 3 pM, respectively. kcat/KM 7 -1 -1 was found to be 1.67x10 M s For the Factor VII assay, pH 8.0 Tris buffer (0.05 M Tris, 5 mM CaCl2, 0.15 M NaC1, 0.1% TWEEN 20, 0.1% BSA) was used. 10 pl of 20 pM human Factor VIIa (FVIIa) and 22 pM of human tissue factor (TF) was brought to assay buffer to make 160 nM FVIIa and TF solutions, respectively. 40 to 48 p. of buffer, 25 p. of FVIIa and il TF solution were added to a cuvette, and incubated 15 at 37 0 C for 5 minutes, then 2 to 10 pl of 2.4 mM structure (lib) solution was added to the cuvette to initiate reaction (final volume was 100 ml). The initial 3 minutes reaction progress curves were recorded. Five structure (11b) concentration points were collected. The initial S. 20 rates were linear least-square fitted against the concentrations of structure (lib) with GraFit. The kcat/KM was calculated from the slope and found to be -1 -1 17,500 M s In both the thrombin and Factor VII assay of this experiment, (D)FPR-PNA was run as a control.

Activity of structure (llb) compared to the control was 0.76 and 1.38 for thrombin and Factor VII, respectively (Factor VII: Kcat/KM 1.27 x 10 4 M 1 S- 1 thrombin: Kcat/KM 2.20 x 107 M- 1

S-

1 100 Example 4 Activity of a Representative D-Sheet Mimetic as a Protease Inhibitor This example illustrates the ability of a representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention to function as a protease inhibitor for thrombin, Factor VII, Factor X, urokinase, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), protein C, plasmin and trypsin. The P-sheet mimetic of structure (13b) above was synthesized according to the procedures disclosed in Example 1, and used in this "experiment.

All inhibition assays of this experiment were Sperformed at room temperature in 96 well microplates using a Bio-Rad microplate reader (Model 3550). 0.29 mg of structure (13b) was dissolved into 200 ml of 0.02 N hydrochloric acid deionized water solution. This solution (2.05 mM) served as the stock solution for all the inhibition assays. The hydrolysis of chromogenic 20 substrates was monitored at 405 nm. The reaction progress curves were recorded by reading the plates typically times with 30 seconds to 2 minute intervals. The initial rate were determined by unweighted nonlinear least-squares fitting to a first order reaction in GraFit. The determined initial velocities were then nonlinear leastsquare fitted against the concentrations of structure (13b) using GraFit to obtain IC50. Typically, eight structure (13b) concentration points were employed for 0 determination.

For the thrombin assay, N-p-tosyl-Gly-Pro-ArgpNA (from Sigma) was used at 0.5 mM concentration in 1% DMSO pH 8.4 Tris buffer as substrate. From structure (13b) stock solution two steps of dilution were made. First, 1:2000 dilution into 0.02 N hydrochloride 101 solution, then 1:100 dilution into pH 8.4 Tris buffer.

The final dilution of structure (13b) served as the first point (10 nM). Seven sequential dilutions were made from the first point with a dilution factor of 2. Into each reaction well, 100 pg of 10 nM thrombin solution and 50 pl of structure (13b) solution was added. The mixture of the enzyme and inhibitor was incubated for 20 minutes, then 100 p1 of 0.5 mM substrate solution was added to initiate the reaction. The IC50 of structure (13b) against thrombin was found to be 1.2±0.2 nM.

In the Factor VII assay, S-2288 (from Pharmacia), D-Ile-Pro-Arg-pNA was used at 20 pM in deionized water as substrate. From the stock of structure (13b), a 1:100 dilution was made into pH 8.0 Tris buffer.

15 This dilution served as the first point of the inhibitor (20 pM). From this concentration point 6 more sequential dilutions were made with a dilution factor of 2. 50 p1 of 16 nM FVIIa and TF complex solution and 40 pg of the inhibitor solutions were added into each well, the 20 mixtures were incubated for 20 minutes before 10 pl of mM S-2288 was added. IC50 of structure (13b) against factor VII was found to be 140±3 nM.

In the Factor X assay, buffer and substrate are the same as used for thrombin assay. A 1:100 dilution was made into pH 8.4 Tris buffer to serve as the first point.

Seven dilutions with a dilution factor of 2 were made.

The assay protocol is the same as for thrombin except nM of bovine factor Xa (from Sigma) in pH 8.4 Tris buffer was used instead of thrombin. IC50 of structure (13b) against factor X was found to be 385±17 nM.

In the urokinase assay, buffer was pH 8.8 0.05 M Tris and 0.05 M NaCl in deionized water. S-2444 (from Sigma), pyroGlu-Gly-Arg-pNA at 0.5 mM in water was utilized as substrate. The same dilution procedure was used as for Factor VII and Factor X. Assay protocol is the same as for thrombin except 18.5 nM of human urokinase (from Sigma) was utilized. IC50 was found to be 927±138 nM.

Tissue Plasminogen Activator Buffer, substrate and the dilution scheme of structure (13b) were the same as utilized for Factor VII assay.

Activated Protein C (aPC) Buffer was the same as used in thrombin assay. 1.25 mM S-2366 in the assay buffer was utilized as substrate. Dilutions of structure (13b) were the same as in urokinase assay.

:i Plasmin: Buffer (see thrombin assay); S-2551 (from Pharmacia), D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA at 1.25 mM in assay :*buffer was utilized as substrate. For dilutions of 15 structure (13b) (see urokinase assay).

S* In the trypsin assay, pH 7.8 Tris (0.10 M Tris and 0.02 M CaCl2) was utilized as the buffer. BAPNA (from Sigma) was used at 1 mg/ml in 1% DMSO deionized water solution as substrate. The same dilutions of 20 structure (13b) were made as for Factor VII assay. 40 pl of 50 pg/ml bovine trypsin (from Sigma) and 20 p1 of structure (13b) solution were added to a reaction well, i the mixture was incubated for 5 minutes before 40 pil of 1 mg/ml BAPNA was added to initiate the reaction. The of structure (13b) against trypsin was found to be 160±8 nM.

In the above assays, (D)FPR-CH 2 C1 ("PPACK") was run as a control. Activity of structure (13b) compared to the control was enhanced (see Table 4).

103 Table 4 ICso (nM) Enzymes PPACK Structure (13b) Thrombin 1.5 1.2 Factor VII 200 140 Factor X 165 385 Protein C 281 528 Plasmin 699 978 Trypsin 212 16 Urokinase 508 927 t-PA 106 632 With respect to prothrombin time this was determined by incubating (30 minutes at 37 0 C) 100 1p of control plasma (from Sigma) with 1-5 1p of buffer (0.05 M Tris, 0.15 M NaC1, pH=8.4) or test compound PPACK or structure (13b)) in buffer. Then 200 pl of prewarmed (at 37 0 C for -10 minutes) thromboplastin with calcium (from 10 Sigma) was rapidly added into the plasma sample. The time required to form clot was manually recorded with a stop watch (see Table and was found to be comparable with

PPACK.

Table PT (second) Concentration PPACK Structure (13b) 0 (Control) 13 13 1 pM 13 pM 17 pM 18 100 pM -23 200 pM 24 500 pM 15 27 1 nM 18 nM 22 31 nM 25 nM 31 nM 28 104 PT (second) Concentration PPACK Structure (13b) nM nM 30 nM 31 33 Example Activity of a Representative e-Sheet Mimetic as a Protease Inhibitor This example illustrates the ability of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention to function as an inhibitor for thrombin, Factor VII, S 10 Factor X, urokinase, Tissue Plasminogen Activator, Activated Protein C, plasmin, tryptase and trypsin. The 3 -sheet mimetic of structure (20b) above was synthesized according to the procedures disclosed in Example 2, and used in this experiment.

All inhibition assays were performed at room temperature in 96 well microplates using Bio-Rad microplate reader (Model 3550). A 1 mM solution of structure (20b) in water served as the stock solution for all the inhibition assays. The hydrolysis of chromogenic substrates was monitored at 405 nm. The reaction progress curves were recorded by reading the plates, typically times with 30 second to 2 minute intervals. Initial rates were determined by unweighted nonlinear least-squares fitting to a first order reaction in GraFit (Erithacus Software Limited, London, England). The. determined initial velocities were then nonlinear least-square fitted against the concentrations of structure (20b) using GraFit to obtain Ki. The general format of these assays are: 100 ml of a substrate solution and 100 ml of structure (20b) solution were added in a microplate well, then 50 ml 105 of enzyme solution was added to initiate the reaction.

Typically, eight structure (20b) concentration points were employed for Ki determination. The values of Ki of structure (20b) against nine serine proteases are tabulated in Table 6.

Thrombin: N-p-tosyl-Gly-Pro-Arg-pNA (from Sigma) was used at 0.5 mM concentration in 1% DMSO tris buffer (tris, 50 mM, TWEEN 20, BSA, NaC1, 0.15 M, CaC1 2 5 mM) as substrate. From structure stock solution two steps of dilution were made, first, 1:100 dilution in water, then 1:50 dilution in the tris buffer to serve as the first point (200 nM) Seven sequential dilutions were made from the first point for S the assay.

Factor VII: S-2288 (from Pharmacia), D-Ile-Pro- Arg-pNA was used at 2.05 mM in the pH 8.0 tris buffer (see thrombin assay). From the stock of structure (20b) a 1:100 dilution was made in the tris buffer. From this concentration point seven more sequential dilutions were 20 made for the assay.

Factor X: Buffer and substrate were the same as used for thrombin assay. A 1:100 dilution was made in the pH8.0 tris buffer to serve as the first point. Seven more dilutions from the first were made for the assay.

Urokinase: Buffer, 50 mM tris, 50 mM NaC1, pH=8.8. S-2444 (from Sigma), pyroGlu-Gly-Arg-pNA at 0.25 mM in buffer was utilized as substrate. 1:10 dilution in buffer was made from the stock of structure (20b) as the first point, then seven more dilutions from the first point were made for the assay.

Tissue Plasminogen Activator Buffer, substrate and the dilution scheme of structure (20b) were the same as utilized for Factor VII assay.

106 Activated Protein C (aPC): Buffer was the same as used in thrombin assay. 1.25 mM S-2366 in the assay buffer was utilized as substrate. Dilutions of structure were the same as in urokinase assay.

Plasmin: Buffer (see thrombin assay); S-2251 (from Pharmacia), D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA at 1.25 mM in assay buffer was utilized as substrate. For dilutions of structure (20b) (see urokinase assay).

Tryptase: 0.1 M tris, 0.2 M NaC1, 0.1 mg/ml heparin, pH=8.0 was utilized as buffer. 0.5 mM S-2366 (from Pharmacia), L-pyroGlu-Pro-Arg-pNA in buffer was used as substrate. From the 1 mM stock of structure (20b), mM solution was made in water, then 1 mM solution was made in buffer from the 10 mM solution to serve as the first 15 concentration point. From this point seven more dilutions were made for the assay.

Trypsin: Buffer, substrate and the dilution scheme of structure (20b) were the same as used for thrombin.

Table 6 __Ki (nM) Enzyme Source Assay Structure Conc.(nM) thrombin bovine plasma 2 0.66 factor VII human 4 270 factor X bovine plasma 8 966 urokinase human kidney 3.7 600 t-PA human 10 495 APC human plasma 1 3320 plasmin bovine plasma 4 415 tryptase human lung 2 12.4 107 Ki (nM) Enzyme Source Assay Structure Conc.(nM) trypsin bovine 5 0.64 pancreas As illustrated by the data presented in Table 6 above, structure (20b) functioned as a good thrombin inhibitor, with good specificity against fibrinolytic enzymes.

Example 6 Synthesis of Representative Q-Sheet Mimetic This example illustrates the synthesis of a representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention having the following structure (21):

S

0 (rvo Structure (21) was synthesized as follows. A solution of 48 mg (0.859 mmol) Na-FMOC-Ne-Cbz-aethanal-Lys-Ome [synthesized from Ne-Cbz-Lys-OMe by the same method used for the preparation of structure from Phe-OMe], 15.9 mg (0.0859 mmol) Cys-OEt.HC1, and 13.2 4L (0.0945 mmol) TEA were in 0.43 mL CH 2 C1 2 were 108 stirred under Ar for 2 hr at room temperature.

Bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amino)tin(II) (39.8 gL) was added and the reaction stirred overnight. The reaction solution was diluted with 10 mL EtOAc and washed with 6 mL each citrate, water, and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na 2 S0 4 filtered, and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 40% EtOAc/hexanes to give, after drying in vacuo, 12.9 mg of colorless oil as a mixture of diastereomers by 'H NMR (CDC1 3 MS m/z 658.2 (MH', 675.3 (M Na', 100), 696.1 (M K, Example 7 15 Synthesis of Representative b-Sheet Mimetic This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

20 Synthesis of Structure (22):

COOCH

2 Ph CbzNH COOMe (22) Structure (22) was synthesized as follows. To a stirred solution of Cbz-Glu(OBn)-OH (5 g, 13.5 mmol) with DMAP (270 mg) and methanol (3 ml) in dichloromethane (100 ml) was added EDCI (3g) at 0°C. After stirring at 0°C for 3h, the solution was stirred at room temperature (rt) overnight. After concentration, the residue was taken up into EtOAc (100 ml) and 1N HC1 (100 ml). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with EtOAc (100 ml). The

I

109 combined organic extracts were washed with sat. NaHCO 3 (100 ml), brine (100 dried (MgSO 4 passed through a short pad of silica gel, and concentrated to provide 4.95 g an oil The product was pure enough to use for the next reaction without any further purification. 1 H NMR (CDC1 3 6 2.00 1H), 2.25 1H) 2.50 2H), 3.74 3H,

OCH

3 4.42 1H, CHNH), 5.10 and 5.11 (two s, 4H,

CH

2 Ph), 5.40 1H, NH), 7.35 10H, phenyls); MS CI(isobutane) m/z 386 (M+H Synthesis of Structure (23):

COOH

.Boc

N

C

0 (23) Structure (23) was synthesized as follows: To a stirred solution of L-Glu-OH (4.41g, 30 mmol) with triethylamine (8.4 ml, 60 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (40 ml) and

H

2 0 (20 ml) was added Boc20 (7 g, 32 mmol) at rt. After stirring for 1.5h, the solution was acidified with 6N HC1 20 (pH and extracted with EtOAc (3x100 ml). The combined organic extracts were washed with H 2 0 (100 ml), brine ml), dried (Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated to provide an oil Without further purification, the oil was used in the next reaction.

A mixture of above oil (9.5 g) with paraformaldehyde (5 g) and p-TsOH-H 2 0 (400 mg) in 1,2dichloroethane (200 ml) was heated at reflux with a Dean- Stark condenser, which was filled with molecular sieve 4A, for 6h. After addition of EtOAc (100 ml) and sat. NaHCO 3 (50 ml), the solution was extracted with sat. NaHCO 3 (3x50 ml) The combined aqueous extracts were acidified with 6N 110 HC1 (pH and extracted with EtOAc (3x100 ml) The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (100 ml), dried (Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated to provide an oil. The crude oil was purified by flash chromatography (hexane:EtOAc 80:20 to 70:30 to 60:40) to provide an oil (4.04 g, 52%) which solidified slowly upon standing. 'H NMR (CDCl 3 6 1.49 9H, C(CH3)3), 2.18 1H, -CH 2

CH

2 2.29 1H, CH 2

CH

2 2.52 2H, -CH 2

CH

2 4.33 1H,

NHCHCH

2 5.16 1H, J 4.5 Hz, NCH 2 5.50 (br, 1H, NCH20); 3C NMR (CDCl 3 6 25.85, 28.29, 29.33, 54.16, 79.10, 82.69, 152.47, 172.37, 178.13; MS m/z 260 (M+H 282 (M+Na) 298 (M+K Synthesis of Structure (24): Boc 0 (24) o Structure (24) was synthesized as follows. To a stirred solution of 1,1,1, 3 ,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (2.1 20 ml, 10 mmol) in THF (10 ml) was added n-BuLi (4 ml of in hexane, 10 mmol) at 0°C. The resulting solution was stirred at the same temperature for 30 min. After cooling to -78 0 C, to this stirred solution was added a solution of carboxylic acid (23) (1.02 g, 3.94 mmol) in THF (10 ml) followed by rinsings of the addition syringe with 5 ml THF. The resulting solution was stirred at -78 0 C for 1h, and PhCH 2 Br (0.46 ml, 3.9 mmol) was added. After stirring at -30 0 C for 3h, to this solution was added IN HC1 (50 ml) and the resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc (100 ml). The organic extract was washed with brine (50 ml), dried (Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated to provide an oil. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (hexane:EtOAc 80:20 to 60:40 to 50:50) to provide a foamy solid (1.35 g, H NMR (CDC1 3 5 1.55 and 1.63 (two s, 9H, ratio 1.5:1 by rotamer, OC(CH 3 3 2.2-2.4 (m, 3H, -CH 2

CH

2 2.6-2.9 (set of m, 1H, -CH 2

CH

2 3.04 (d, 1H, J 13.5Hz, -CH 2 Ph), 3.33 and 3.58 (two d, 1H, J 13 Hz, ratio 2:1, -CH 2 Ph), 4.03 (two d, 1H, J 4Hz, A of ABq, 4.96 (two d, 1H, J 4Hz, B of ABq, -NCH 2

MS

m/z 348 (M-H Synthesis of Structure 0 Ph COOCH Ph Ph Boc COOMe NHCbz 0 0 (2 5 Synthesis of structure (25) was carried out as S. follows. To a stirred solution of carboxylic acid (24) (1.05 g, 3.0 mmol) in dry THF (5 ml) was added 1,1'carbonyldiimidazole (500 mg, 3.1 mmol) at rt. The resulting solution was stirred at rt for 30 min. The solution of acyl imidazole was used for the next reaction without purification.

Meanwhile, to a stirred solution of 1,1,1,3,3,3hexamethyldisilazane (1.6 ml, 7.5 mmol) in THF (5 ml) was added n-BuLi (3 ml of 2.5 M solution in hexane, 7.5 mmol) at 0°C. After stirring at the same temperature for 30 min, the solution was cooled to -78°C. To the stirred solution was added a solution of Cbz-Glu(OBn)-OMe (1.16 g, 3 mmol) in THF (5 ml) followed by rinsings of the addition syringe with 2 ml THF. The resulting solution was stirred at the 112 same temperature for 15 min. To this stirred solution was added the above acyl imidazole in 3 ml THF. After stirring 30 min. at -78 0 C, to this solution was added sat.

NH

4 Cl (50 ml) and extracted with EtOAc (2x75 ml) The combined organic extracts were washed with sat. NaHCO 3 ml), brine (50 ml), dried (Na 2

SO

4 passed through a short pad of silica gel, and concentrated to provide an oil.

The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (hexane: EtOAc 90:10 to 80:20 to 70:30 to 60:40) to provide an oil (1.48 g, MS m/z 734.4 (M+NH4).

Synthesis of Structure (26a):

H

H

Ph

N

BocNH COOMe 0 .ooe (26a) Structure (26a) was synthesized as follows. A stirred solution of above starting keto ester (25) (530 mg, 0.7mmol) in EtOH/AcOH (10/1 ml) was treated with Pd/C (ca. 100 mg) under 20 atm pressure of H 2 for 2 days.

20 After filtration through a short pad of Celite, the filtrate was concentrated and dissolved in EtOAc (50 ml) The solution was washed with IN HC1 (30 ml), sat. NaHCO 3 ml), brine (30 ml), dried (Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated to provide an oil. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (hexane: EtOAc 80:20 to 60:40 to 50:50 to 20:80 to 0:100) to provide a foamy solid (95 mg, 34%).

TLC (EtOAc) Rf 0.68; NMR (CDC1 3 6 1.38 (two s, 9H,

OC(CH

3 3 1.63 1H) 1.75 2H), 2.05 5H), 2.1- 2.3 (set of m, 1H), 3.00 1H, J 14 Hz, CH 2 Ph), 3.21 1H, J 13.5 Hz, CH 2 Ph), 3.74 (collapsed two s, 4H, OCH3 and NCH), 4.53 1H, J 9.5 Hz), 5.01 (br, 1H, NH); 113 MS m/z 403 425 Stereochemistry was assigned by 2D NMR.

Synthesis of Structure (27a):

N

H

2 N

OH

0

H

O

0 (27a) Structure (27a) was synthesized as follows. To a solution of 28 mg (0.070 mmol) of the bicyclic ester 10 (26a) stirred in 1 ml THF at room temperature was added 0.14 ml 1.0 M aqueous lithium hydroxide solution. The mixture was stirred vigorously for 20 h then quenched with aqueous citric acid (1 ml). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 25 ml) then the combined extracts were washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Filtration and concentration of the filtrate under vacuum gave 26 mg of white foam, used without further purification.

114 Synthesis of Structure (28a):

N

OH

0 0

NH

(28a) 5 Structure (28a) was synthesized as follows. The bicyclic acid (27a) (26 mg, 0.067 mmol), benzothiazolylarginol trifluoroacetic acid salt (structure (17) 61 mg, 0.083 mmol) EDC (21 mg, 0.11 mmol) and HOBt hydrate (16 mg, 0.10 mmol) were dissolved in THF (5 ml) 10 and diisopropylethylamine (0.34 ml, 1.9 mmol) was added.

The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15h then diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted sequentially with aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine. The organic solution was 15 dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to 60 mg of a yellow glass. 1H NMR analysis indicated a mixture of four diastereomeric amides. MS m/z 898 (M Na) 115 Synthesis of Structure (29a): 0 H N

O

H oN H N N

NH

H

2 N NH (29a) 5 A P-sheet mimetic of structure (29a) was synthesized as follows. The crude hydroxybenzothiazole S(28a) (60 mg, 0.068 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 C1 2 (2 ml) and Dess-Martin periodinane (58 mg, 0.14 mmol) was added.

The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6h then 10 diluted with ethyl acetate and stirred vigorously with aqueous sodium thiosulfate for 10 minutes. The organic solution was separated and extracted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded 42 mg of yellow glass. 1 H NMR analysis indicated a mixture of two diastereomeric ketobenzothiazoles.

The ketobenzothiazole (42 mg, 0.048 mmol) was dissolved in 95% aqueous trifluoroacetic (0.95 ml) acid and thioanisole (0.05 ml) was added. The resulting dark solution was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature then concentrated under vacuum to a dark brown gum. The gum was triturated with diethyl ether and centrifuged. The solution was removed and the solid remaining was triturated and collected as above two more times. The yellow solid was dried in a vacuum desiccator for 2 hours 116 then purified by HPLC to give 1.4 mg of the deprotected product. MS 562.4 (M H) HPLC: (tR= 2 1.17 min.) Synthesis of Structure (26b):

H

Ph

N

BocNH O COOMe (26b) Structure (26b) was synthesized as follows. A 10 stirred solution of above starting keto ester (25) (615 mg, 0.86 mmol) in MeOH/AcOH (10/1 ml) was treated with Pd/C (ca. 60 mg) under 20 atm pressure of H 2 for 3 days.

After filtration through a short pad of Celite, the filtrate was concentrated to provide an oil. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (hexane EtOAc =80 20 to 60 :40 to 50:50 to 0:100) to collect the more polar fraction (50 mg). Rf 0.12 (hexane: EtOAc=60:40); MS m/z 433 Above oil was treated with p-TsOH-H 2 0 (5 mg) in 20 1,2-dichloroethane (10 ml) at reflux temperature for 2 days. After concentration, the oily product was purified by preparative TLC (hexane: EtOAc 80:20 to 60:40) to give an oil (10 mg). TLC Rf 0.36 (hexane EtOAc =60:40); 1 H NMR (CDC1 3 6 1.43 9H), 1.66 3H), 1.89 3H), 2.14 1H) 2.75 1H) 2.98 1H, CHN), 3.72 (s, 3H, Me) 4.30 1H), 5.59 1H, NH), 7.1--7.3 phenyl); MS CI(NH 3 403.2 Stereochemistry was assigned by 2D NMR.

117 Synthesis of Structure (28b):

H

Ph

NH

BocN B N

OH

O

0 (28b) Structure (28b) was synthesized as follows. To a solution of 12 mg (0.030 mmol) of the bicyclic ester (26b) stirred in THF 1 ml at room temperature was added 0.060 ml 1.0 M aqueous lithium hydroxide solution. The mixture was stirred vigorously for 25h then quenched with 10 5% aqueous citric acid (1 ml). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 25 ml) then the combined extracts were washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Filtration and concentration of the filtrate under vacuum gave 19 mg of white foam.

15 The foam, benzothiazolylarginol trifluoroacetic acid salt (30 mg, 0.041 mmol) EDC (10 mg, 0.052 mmol) and HOBt hydrate (9 mg, 0.059 mmol) were dissolved in THF (2 ml) and diisopropylethylamine (0.026 ml, 0.15 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30h then diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted sequentially with 5% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to 28 mg of a yellow glass.

1 H NMR analysis indicated a mixture of four diastereomeric amides. MS m/z 898 (M Na) 118 Synthesis of Structure (29b):

N

0

N

H2N H O 0 O :O

NH

H

2 N NH (29b) Structure (29b) was synthesized as follows. The crude hydroxybenzothiazole (28b) (28 mg) was dissolved in

CH

2 C12 (2 ml) and Dess-Martin periodinane (29 mg, 0.071 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18h then diluted with ethyl acetate and stirred vigorously with 10% aqueous sodium thiosulfate for minutes. The organic solution was separated and extracted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded 32 mg of yellow glass. H NMR analysis indicated a mixture of two diastereomeric ketobenzothiazoles.

The ketobenzothiazole (32 mg) was dissolved in aqueous trifluoroacetic (0.95 ml) acid and thioanisole (0.05 ml) was added. The resulting dark solution was stirred for 20 hours at room temperature then concentrated under vacuum to a dark brown gum. The gum was triturated with diethyl ether and centrifuged. The solution was removed and the remaining solid was triturated and collected as above two more times. The yellow solid was dried in a vacuum desiccator for 2 hours then purified by HPLC to give 1.3 mg of the deprotected product. MS 119 562.36 (M H HPLC: tR=21.51 min. (Gradient 0 to 0.1% TFA in CH3CN 0.1% TFA in H 2 0 over 40 min.) Example 8 Activity of Representative A-Sheet Mimetic as a Protease Inhibitor This example illustrates the ability of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention to function as an inhibitor for thrombin, Factor VII, Factor X, Factor XI, and trypsin. The P-sheet mimetics of structures (29a) and (29b) above were synthesized according to the procedures disclosed in Example 7, and .used in this experiment.

15 The proteinase inhibitor assays were performed *e as described in Example 5 except as described below for Factor XI. The results are presented in Table 7.

Factor XI. The same buffer was utilized in this assay as in the thrombin assay. 1 mM S-2366 (from 20 Pharmacia), L-pyroGlu-Pro-Arg-pNA, solution in water was used as substrate. From a ImM stock solution of structure (29a) or (29b) in water, a 1:10 dilution was made in buffer. From this 100 iM solution, seven serial dilutions were made in buffer for assay.

120 Table 7 Ki(nM) Enzymes Structure (29a) Structure (29b) Thrombin 10.4 0.085 Trypsin 0.54 0.20 Factor VII 1800 Factor X 4600 17 Factor XI 391 Example 9 Activities of Representative 3-Sheet Mimetics as a Protease Inhibitor S* This example illustrates the ability of further representative P-sheet mimetics of this invention to 10 function as an inhibitor for thrombin, Factor VII, Factor X, Factor XI, tryptase, aPC, plasmin, tPA, urokinase and trypsin. The P-sheet mimetics of structures (20) and (29b) above were synthesized according to the procedures disclosed in Examples 2 and 7, respectively, and used in 15 this experiment.

The proteinase inhibitor assays were performed as described in Example 5 except as described in Example 8 for Factor XI. The results are presented in Table 8.

121 Table 8 Structure (20b) Structure (29b) 0 0II o II1 41 0 J° 0

S\

NH NI

H

2 N NH H 2 N NH Ki (nM) Selectivity Ki (nM) Selectivity 9* Thrombin 0.65 1 0.085 1 Trypsin 0.62 0.95 0.23 2.7 Factor VII 270 415 200 2353 Factor X 222 342 19.3 227 Factor XI 27.0 42 75.3 886 Tryptase 12.3 18.9 9.0 106 aPC 3320 5108 1250 14706 Plasmin 415 638 251 2953 tPA 495 762 92.9 1093 Urokinase 600 923 335 3941

S

*selectivity thrombin is the ratio of Ki of an enzyme to the Ki of Example Synthesis of Representative a-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative 3-sheet mimetic of this invention.

122 Synthesis of Structure

OH

H s ~o N

VTY^

I H ?\0

S

0 2 N"L N'k Structure (30) was synthesized as follows.

n-Butyllithium (700 uL, 1.75 mmol, 2.5M in hexanes) was added over 5 min to a solution of tris (methylthio)methane i (256 iL, 1.95 rmmol) in THF (1 ml) at -78 The mixture 0 was stirred for 40 min then treated with a solution of bis-Boc-argininal (structure (16) from Example 2) (100 mg, 1.75 mmol) in 2 ml THF, dropwise, over a period of 5 min.

After stirring for 1.5 h, the reaction was quenched with saturated NH 4 Cl solution and allowed to warm to room a 15 temperature. The layers were separated and the aqueous a layer extracted with EtOAc washed with brine (ix), dried (Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography (EtOAc:Hexane 1:4) yielded 93 mg of the orthothiomethyl ester (structure and 8 mg of recovered aldehyde (structure 'H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 3 6 9.80 1H), 8.32 J 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 5.23 J 9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.0 1H), 3.84 3H), 3.64 (br s, 1H), 3.38 (br s, 1H) 3.31 2H), 2.70 (s, 3H) 2.62 3H) 2.19 9H) 2.14 3H), 1.68-1.50 4H) 1.49 9H) 1.43 9H).

123 Synthesis of Structure (31):

OH

0 0 INH 0

H

(31)

*S*

Structure (31) was synthesized as follows. A mixture of 77 mg (0.11 mmol) of the orthothiomethyl ester (structure 117 mg (0.43 mmol) of mercuric chloride, 0 and 39 mg (0.18 mmol) of mercuric oxide in 2.5 ml of 12:1 methanol/water was stirred at rt for 4 h. The mixture was filtered through Celite and the residue washed with EtOAc The filtrate was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc The organic layer was washed twice with 15 75% NH 4 0Ac/NH 4 C1, then with NH 4 C1 and dried (Na 2

SO

4 The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/Hex, 1:3) to give 48 mg (72%) of the two diastereomers of structure (31) in a 1:2.7 ratio. H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 3 (major diastereomer) 6 9.80 1H), 8.33 J 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.54 1H), 4.66 (d, J 10.5 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (dd, J 5.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (m, 1H), 3.84 3H), 3.77 3H), 3.30 2H), 3.06 J 5.0 Hz, 1H), 2.70 3H), 2.63 3H), 2.14 3H), 1.68-1.50 4H), 1.49 9H), 1.40 9H); MS (ES+) m/z 631.5 124 Synthesis of Structure (32):

OH

rO YN OH 0 0 NH 0

H

(32) SStructure (32) was synthesized as follows. A solution of 32 mg of the methyl ester (structure (31)) (0.051 mmol) in THF/water (4 ml, 1:3) was treated with 10 mg (0.119 mmoi) of LiOH'H 2 0. After stirring for 45 min, the reaction was diluted with 5% citric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x) The combined extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated to give 30 mg of structure (32) as a white solid. The 15 product was used without further purification. H NMR 500 MHz, CDC1 3 6 9.80 (br s, 1H), 8.29 (br s, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 5.62 (br s, 1H), 4.08 1H), 3.82 3H), 3.27 (br s, 3H), 2.69 3H), 2.62 3H), 2.13 3H), 1.65-1.50 4H), 1.48 9H), 1.37 9H); MS (ES-) m/z 615.5 125 Synthesis of Structure (33):

OH

H H 0 0 INH 0

^N)-NY

0 k

H

0-^ (33) Structure (33) was synthesized as follows. To a solution of the compound of structure (32) (29 mg, 0.047 mmol), HOBt (8 mg, 0.056 mmol) and EDC (11 mg, 0.056 mmol) in THF (5 ml), phenethylamine (7 ml, 0.056 mmol) was added followed by diisopropylethylamine (12 iL, 0.071 mmol) The reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight and diluted with 5% citric acid. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (3x) 15 The combined extracts were washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO 3 brine, dried over Na 2

SO

4 and filtered.

After concentration the crude product was purified by •chromatography (EtOAc/Hex, 1:1) to give 26 mg of structure (33) over two steps. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCI 3 9.84 1H), 8.34 J 5 Hz, 1H), 7.28 3H), 7.21 2 7.04 1H) 6.55 1H), 5.16 J 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.56 J 5 Hz, 1H) 4.11 (dd, J 5.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.98 1H), 3.84 3H) 3.66 1H) 3.51 (m, 2H), 3.17 1H), 2.81 J 7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.71 3H) 2.65 3H) 2.14 3H) 1.68-1.52 4H) 1.49 (s, 9H), 1.39 9H); MS (FAB+) m/z 720.6 (M+H (FAB-) m/z 718.5 (M-H 126 Synthesis of Structure (34):

OH

H

2pTsOH 0 N

NH

(34) Structure (34) was synthesized as follows. To a solution of phenethylamide (structure 25 mg, 0.035 mmol) in THF (5 ml) was added 18 mg of p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (0.093 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight to give a baseline spot by TLC.

The sclution was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue washed twice with ether removing excess pTsOH to give structure (34) as a yellowish-white solid, which was used without further purification. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 was consistent with the expected product, however, individual peak assignment was difficult due to broadening. MS (ES+) m/z 520.4 Structure (34) was reacted with structure (9a) of Example 1 (in an analogous manner to the procedure described in Example 2 for the synthesis of structure followed by oxidation and deprotection (in an analogous manner as described with respect to the oxidation and deprotection of structures (18) and (19), respectively) to provide structure (35) as identified in Table 9 below.

127 Example 11 Synthesis of Representative A-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative -sheet mimetic of this invention.

Synthesis of Structure (36): O H

H

2 N N 2pTsOH

NH

(36) Structure (36) was synthesized in an analogous fashion to compound (34) starting with benzylamine and structure 'H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 was consistent with the expected product, however, individual peak assignment was difficult due to broadening. MS (FAB+) m/z 506.4 (M+H Structure (36) was reacted with structure (9a) of Example 1 (in an analogous manner to the procedure described in Example 2 for the synthesis of structure followed by oxidation and deprotection (in an analogous manner as described with respect to the oxidation and deprotection of structures (18) and (19), respectively) to provide structure (37) as identified in Table 9 below.

128 Example 12 Synthesis of Representative 3-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

Synthesis of Structure (38):

N"H

NH

*fashion to structure (34) starting with \0 (38) fasho Structure (38) was synthesized in an analogous fashion to structure (34) starting with p-chlorophenethylamine and structure 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 3 was consistent with the expected product, individual peak assignment was difficult due to broadening. MS m/z 554.5 Structure (38) was reacted with structure (9a) of Example 1 (in an analogous manner to the procedure described in Example 2 for the synthesis of structure followed by oxidation and deprotection (in an analogous manner as described with respect to the oxidation and deprotection of structures (18) and (19), respectively) to provide structure (39) as identified in Table 9 below.

129 Example 13 Synthesis of Representative a-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

Synthesis of Structure

OH

I H H NH *S

H

Structure (40) was synthesized in an analogous fashion to compound (34) using p-methoxyphenethylamine and structure H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 3 was consistent with the expected product, however, individual assignment was difficult due to broadening. MS m/z 550.5 Structure (40) was reacted with structure (9a) of Example 1 (in an analogous manner to the procedure described in Example 2 for the synthesis of structure followed by oxidation and deprotection (in an analogous manner as described with respect to the oxidation and deprotection of structures (18) and (19), respectively) to provide structure (41) as identified in Table 9 below.

130 Example 14 Synthesis of Representative A-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

Synthesis of Structure (42):

OH

H OH H e K N S2 ml round-bottomed flask were added CH 2 C1 2 (10 ml), methyl 2, 3 -dimethylaminopropionate dihydrochloride (19.9 mg, 0.103 mmol, 1.5 eq), and diisopropylethylamine (53 ml, 0.304 mmol, 4.4 eq). This suspension was stirred magnetically at room temperature for 1 h at which time was added the compound of structure (30) (50 mg, 0.068 mmol, 1 eq), mercury (II)chloride (82.4 mg, 0.304 mmol, 4.4 eq), and mercury(II)oxide (25.7 mg, 0.120 mmol, 1.7 eq). The resulting yellow suspension was stirred for 16-.5 h during which time the suspension turned gray. The reaction was diluted with CH 2 C12 (50 ml), washed with saturated aqueous

NH

4 C1 (5 ml), saturated aqueous NaCl (5 ml) and dried over Na 2

SO

4 The cloudy suspension was filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. The white solid was purified on 131 preparative thin-layer chromatography to produce the imidazoline structure (42) (25.3 mg, 52% yield) as a clear amorphous solid.: Rf 0.11 (10% MeOH/CHCl 3 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 8 9.82 0.6H, N'H, mixture of tautomers), 9.78 0.4H, 8.35 (dd, J=4.3, 11 Hz, 6.54 1H, ArH), 5.08 J=ll Hz, 1H, CHOH), 4.52 1H, imidazoline CH 2 4.38 J=21 Hz, 1H), 3.8-4.0 2H), 3.86 3H, CO 2

CH

3 3.767 3H, ArOCH 3 3.5-3.7 (m, 2H, C-5 CH 2 3.16-3.27 C-5 CH 2 2.70 3H, ArCH 3 2.63 3H, ArCH 3 2.14 3H, ArCH 3 1.5-1.7 4H, C-3 and C-4 CH2), 1.49 9H, Boc), 1.46 9H, Boc); IR (film) 1725.56, 1685.68, 1618.36, 1585.45, 1207.09, 1148.85 cm MS m/e 699.4 15 Synthesis of Structure (43): o H* H o N N- J OMe 0 HN

H

i (43) Structure (43) was synthesized as follows. In a ml round-bottomed flask was placed the compound of structure (42) (230 mg, 0.33 mmol), CHC1 3 (5 ml) and MnO 2 (500 mg, 5.75 mmol, 17.4 eq). After stirring for 5 h the suspension was filtered and the solid washed with methanol. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (5 ml) and methanol (1 ml) and a fresh portion of Mn02 (500 mg) was introduced and the reaction stirred for 15 h at room temperature.

132 The solid was filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo.

The residue was purified via column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane, then pure ethyl acetate, then 1:9 methanol:ethyl acetate to obtain the desired product (structure 190 mg, 83% yield) as an amorphous solid.: Rf 0.64 7 0:30-ethyl acetate:hexane); H NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) 6 10.70 (bs, 1H, imidazole NH), 9.70 1H), 8.28 1H), 7.84 1H), 6.54 1H, ArH), 5.35 1H, aH), 5.25 1H, BocNH), 3.926 3H), 3.840 3H), 3.15-3.40 2H), 2.682 (s, 3H), 2.133 3H), 1.52-1.70 4H), 1.470 9H), 1.424 9H); IR (film) 1724.68, 1619.03, 1277.72, 1151.93, 1120.61 cm- 1 MS m/e 695.2 22), 717.2 (M+Na 100) S* Synthesis of Structure (44):

H

2 N N 0*

HN

HN

N

HN

H

S

Structure (44) was synthesized by the same method used to construct structure (33) to structure (34).

The product was used in the coupling without further purification.

Structure (44) was reacted with structure (9a) of Example 1 (in an analogous manner to the procedure described in Example 2 for the synthesis of structure followed by deprotection (in an analogous manner as described with respect to the deprotection of structure (19) respectively) to provide structure (45) as identified 133 in Table 9 below. In the preparation of structure the coupling step was performed with the carbonyl compound of structure rather than with the analogous hydroxy compound.

Example Synthesis of Representative a-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

Synthesis of Structure (46):

OH

H

2 N N

SO~

oN NHH SStructure (46) was synthesized in an analogous fashion to structure (17) starting from structure (16) and thiazole. This compound was used in the coupling step without further purification.

Structure (46) was reacted with structure (9a) of Example 1 (in an analogous manner to the procedure described in Example 2 for the synthesis of structure followed by oxidation and deprotection (in an analogous manner as described with respect to the oxidation and deprotection of structures (18) and (19), respectively) to provide structure (47) as identified in Table 9 below.

134 Example 16 Synthesis of Representative _-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

Synthesis of Structure (48): H 0 To a solution of a-Boc-P-Fmoc-2,3- S*

HN

To a solution of a-Boc-B-Fmoc-2,3diaminopropionic acid (818 mg, 1.92 mmol) stirred in THF i 15 (5 ml) at -25 0 C was added 4 -methylmorpholine (0.23 ml, 2.1 i mmol) followed by isobutylchloroformate (0.25 ml, 1.9 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirred for 5 minutes and then filtered with the aid of 5 ml of THF. The filtrate was cooled in an ice/water bath then sodium borohydride (152 mg, 0.40 mmol) dissolved in water ml) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred for minutes then water (50 ml) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH2C1 2 (3 x 50 ml) The combined extracts were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded a pale yellow solid that was purified by 135 flash chromatography (50% ethyl acetate/hexanes eluent) to give 596 mg of the alcohol as a white solid.

The alcohol (224 mg, 0.543 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride and Dess-Martin periodinane (262 mg, 0.64 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h then diluted with ethyl acetate ml) and extracted sequentially with 10% aqueous Na 2

S

2 0 3 saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 and brine. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a white solid. Purification of the solid by flash chromatography yielded 169 mg of the aldehyde structure (48) as a white solid.

Synthesis of Structure (49): :o

OH

HN

o' Structure (49) was- synthesized in an analogous fashion to structure (17) starting from structure (48) and benzothiazole. This compound was used as a 1:1 mixture of diastereomers in the coupling step (described below) without further purification. MS m/z 446.4 136 Synthesis of Structure SH2NHNH 5 Structure (49) and bicyclic acid structure (9a) .(27 mg, 0.069 mmol) and HOBt hydrate (71 mg, 0.46 mmol) were dissolved in THF (1 ml) and diisopropylethylamine (0.0.059 ml, 0.34 mmol) was added followed by EDC (19 mg, 0.099 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature 1 0 for 20 h then diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted sequentially with 5% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to 61 mg of a yellow foam.

1H NMR analysis indicated a mixture of diastereomeric amides.

The foam was dissolved in CH 3 CN and diethylamine was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes then concentrated under vacuum to a yellow foam. The foam was rinsed with hexanes and dissolved in DMF (0.5 ml) In a separate flask, carbonyldiimidazole (16 mg, 0.99 mmol) and guanidine hydrochloride (10 mg, 0.10 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (1 ml) and diisopropylethylamine (0.035 ml, 0.20 mmol) was added followed by DMAP (1 mg). The solution was stirred for h at room temperature then the solution of amine was added 137 and stirring was continued for 16 h. The solution was concentrated under vacuum then water was added to the residue and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 25 ml). The combined extracts were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered.

Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded 58 mg of structure (50) as a yellow foam. MS m/z 680.6 (M+H Structure (50) was oxidized to provide the corresponding ketone of structure (51).

Example 17 Activities of Representative a-Sheet Mimetics as a Protease Inhibitor This example illustrates the ability of further representative P-sheet mimetics of this invention to function as an inhibitor for thrombin, Factor VII, Factor X, Factor XI, tryptase, aPC, plasmin, tPA, urokinase thrombin thrombomodulin complex and trypsin. The P-sheet mimetics of the structures listed in Table 9 had the inhibition activities shown in Table The proteinase inhibitor assays were performed as described in Example 9. The assay for thrombinthrombomodulin complex was conducted as for thrombin except that prior to the addition of inhibitor and substrate, thrombin was preincubated with 4 nM thrombomodulin for 20 minutes at room temperature.

138 Table 9 Structures, Synthetic Precursors, and Physical Data for Various Seririe Protease Inhibitors

NHJJ

RA

Precursor M.S. HPLC* Struc- B6 ,R OH R.T.

ture N' (min) Number

R

(47) N N (46) 513.5 15.9

NH

N" NH N 563.5 17.9

H

2 N o NH (37) N 563.6 16.9

NHH

H

(39) N ANH (38) 611.3 19.8

H

2 N 'oNH (29a)' CH.H (17) 562.4 21.2

H

2 N- -NH 2.39 Precursor M.S. HPLC* Struc- B6 R, R OH R.T.

ture (min) Number N H(34) 577.4 (M+HW) 18.1

H

2 N'o NH N 554.2 15.7

NNH

H

2 N NH S(51) N N (49) 578.3 22.3

*NH

OIO'NH

H

2 (29b) CH N(17) FAB 562.4 21.5 (41) N H 2 NTZN (40) 607.4 18.2

NH

.H

2 NA NH (13) N Arg(Mtr)-CH 2 C1477.9 14.9

\NH

H

2

NIN

OThe stereochemistry of the template for' B CH is (3R, 6R, 9S) except where noted (see footnote F).

fTemplate stereochemistry is (3S, 6R, 9S).

.HPLC was performed on a reverse phase C-18 column using a gradient of 0-90% acetonitrile/water, 0.1% TEA.

.0 S S S 0 06: *5 0 0 00 Table Various.Corn ounds Against Serine Proteases Ki Inhibition Activity of Structure Thromi Factor Factor X Factor Urokinase T.T.C.a aPCb Piasmin tPAc Trypsin Tryptase Number VII X1 7.10E-11 1 .64E-08 3. 45E-07' 2. 70E-11 37 7.32E-11 7. 73E-11 29b 8.50E-11 2.OOE-07 1.93E-08 7.53E-08 3.35E-07 8.80E-11 1.25E-06 2.51E-07 9.29E-08.2.30E-1O 9.OOE-09 39 3.10E-10_____ 41 4.50E-10 6.50E-10 2.70E-07 2.22E-07 2.70E-08 6.OOE-07 3.32E-06 4.15E-07 4.95E-07 6.20E-10 1.24E-08 47 2.40E-09 9.68E-07 1.50E- 1. 90E-09 06 e 5.'4 0E -09 2.96E-05 3.80E-05 I. 24E-06 6.90E-09 2.56E-05 2.38E-05 1.72E-05 5.24E-08 1.65E-06 51 25E-09 4.26E-06 5.70E -05 1 73E-06 3.79E-08 29a 1.04E-08 I .77E-06 4.65E-06' 3. 91E-07 5. 40E-10 13' 1.20E-09 1.40E-03 3. 96E- 9. 27E-07 5.28E-07 9.78E-07 6.32E-07 1.60E-07 07e aThrombin thromrbomodulin complex, bactivated Protein C, ctissue Plasminogen Activator, d 1C50, e bovine plasma 141 Example 18 Effect of Representative a-Sheet Mimetics on Platelet Deposition in a Vascular Graft The effect of compounds of the invention on platelet deposition in a vascular graft, was measured according to the procedure of Hanson et al. "Interruption of acute platelet-dependent thrombosis by synthetic antithrombin D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl chloromethylketone" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 85:3148- 3188, (1988), except that the compound was introduced proximal to the shunt as described in Kelly et al., Proc.

Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 89:6040-6044 (1992) The results S. are shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3 for structures (20b), (39) 15 and (29b), respectively.

Example 19 Synthesis of Representative Q-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention having the structure shown below.

Ph 1.vH 0

H

2

N

(52) 142 Structure (52) may be synthesized employing the following intermediate (53) in place of intermediate (16) in Example 2:

H

~NH

NH-BOC

(53) 999.

0 to too* .09.

9:0.0: Intermediate (53) may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme: CB Z-N N0 40 0

OH

0 1i 1) i15uQCCiL, NMM 2) CH 2

N

2 3) HC1, dioxane (53)

OH

CBZ- 0 1) H 2 N NH 2 HC1, NMM o 2) A 3) (BOC) 2 0, NMM, DMAP N NH NH -BOC Alternatively, intermediate (53) synthesized by the following reaction scheme: may be I.

,HH

NH

H

N OH

N

NaNO 2 1) PX 2) IBCF, NMM -150 c 3) NaBH 4

H

N

P-NH-f N 1) MSC1 2) Ph ~N OLi 3) H H

H

P- NH I

N

4 (53) 1) P'X 2) rBCF, NMM, MeONHMe 3) DIBAL 144 Example Representative a-Sheet Mimetics Which Bind to MHC I and MHC II The following structures (55) and (56) were synthesized by the techniques disclosed herein.

The ability of structures (54) and (55) to bind to MHC I molecules can be demonstrated essentially as described by Elliot et al. (Nature 351:402-406, 1991).

Similarly, the ability of structure (56) to bind to MHC II molecules can be demonstrated by the procedure of Kwok et al. Immunol. 155:2468-2476, 1995).

ft. ft.

ft ft ft.. <ft..

ft ft ft ft ft ft ft o ft ft ft ft..

ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft C ft ft ft ft ftftft ft.. ft ft. ft ft ft ft ft ft. ft ft ft.

ft ft ft ft ft ft..

ft ft ft ft ft *ftft ft *ft ft ft 0

H

H2N Nl N H 0

NH

2 H>0 yrH 0 N>'N ,COH 0 (54) MS 510 (M+2H 2+ HPLC Rt 22.10' (0-90% acetonitrile/H 2 0, 0.1% TFA) 0 MS 510 HPLC Rt 22.37' (0-90% acetonitrile/H 2 0, 0.1% TFA) a, a. a a. S a

S

S

S. S S SS a. a S S S S..

a *SS a 0~ Ol 0 H 0 sN N H H H H

H

CH3

,OH

CH

(56) MS ES 704 .9 HPLC R, 22 .39' (0-90% acetonitrile/H 2 0, 0. 1% TFA) 147 Example 21 Representative a-Sheet Mimetics Which Bind The SH2 Domain The following structure (57) was synthesized, and structure (58) may be synthesized, by the techniques disclosed herein.

SH-PTP1 0 H H II

O-P-OH

O

OH

S 0

*SSS

(57) MS 104.3 -;HPLC Rt 17.28' acetonitrile/H 2 0, 0.1% TFA) (0-90% STAT6 rr

O

II 0-P-OH

OH

(58) The ability of structure (58) to bind to the SH2 domain of STAT6, or of structure (57) to bind the SH2 domain of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SH-PTP1 can be demonstrated by the procedures disclosed by Payne et al.

(PNAS 90:4902-4906, 1993). Libraries of SH2 binding 148 mimetics may be screened by the procedure of Songyang et al. (Cell 72:767-778, 1993) Example 22 Representative 1-Sheet Mimetics Which Bind Protein Kinases The following structure (59) may be synthesized by the techniques disclosed herein.

N 0 AcRRY, H NH N N

O

H IA

OH

O

S 10 (59) The ability of structure (59) to act as a substrate or inhibitor of protein kinases may be demonstrated by the procedure of Songyang et al. (Current Biology 4:973-982, 1994).

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of this invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the 20 spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except by the appended claims.

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

Claims (10)

1. A P-sheet mimetic having the structure 4 (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein RI, R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; A is selected from -C (CH 2 (CH 2 )1- 2 0- and -(CH 2 B is selected from N and CH; C is selected from -(CH 2 1 -O-(CH 2 1 2 and -S(CH 2 1 Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule; and any two adjacent CH groups of the bicyclic ring may form a double bond.

2. The P-sheet mimetic of claim 1 having the structure (II): S. C* 4*S* (II) wherein R 1 R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; A is selected from -C -(CH 2 and (CH 2 B is selected from N and CH; c is selected from and -(CH 2 1 Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule and the bicyclic ring system is saturated. P:\OPER\VPA\3714-96. DIV 11/2/00 150

3. The P-sheet mimetic of claim 2, wherein B is CH and R 3 is hydrogen, having a structure selected from the group consisting of (III), (IV) and 0 o RI RZ P R 1 R, N N N I N2 H H H 0 0 0 (III) (IV) (V) wherein R, and R 2 are independently selected from amino S• acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; n is an integer from 1 to 4; p is an integer from 1 to 3; and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule.

4. The P-sheet mimetic of claim 2, wherein B is N and R 3 is hydrogen, having a structure selected from the group consisting of (VI) (VII) and (VIII): O 0 R R- I/nN P R 1 N P R nN Oz I z I I 0 0 0 (VI) (VII) (VIII) wherein R, and R 2 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; n is an integer from 1 to 4; p is an integer from 1 to 3; and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule. The P-sheet mimetic of claim 4, having a structure P: \OPER\VPA\53714-96. DIV 11/2/00 151 selected from the group consisting of and (XI): O 0 R1 N R N R N H H IN oo 0 oI0 0 0 0 O (IX) (XI) wherein R, and R 2 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; n is an integer from 1 to 4; and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule.

6. The P-sheet mimetic of claim 5, having the structure (X) wherein n is 2, and having the structure (Xa): "R2 RI N HiY 0 (Xa) wherein Ri and R 2 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule.

7. The P-sheet mimetic of claim 1, having the structure (XII): ZR1 I R2 (XII) P:\OPER\VPA\53714-96. DIV 11/2/00 152 wherein Ri, R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; A is selected from -(CH 2 )1 4 -(CH 2 1 2 0- and -(CH 2 C is selected from -(CH 2 )1 3 -O-(CH 2 1 and S(CH 2 1 Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule; and the bicyclic ring system is saturated.

8. The P-sheet mimetic of claim 7, wherein A is -(CH 2 having the structure (XIII): R 1 A R 2 N Y Z-H N f^ 0. 3 0 (XIII) wherein R 1 R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; n is an integer from 1 to 4; C is selected from -(CH 2 1 3 -0(CH 2 and -S(CH 2 Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule.

9. The P-sheet mimetic of claim 7, wherein A is -(CH 2 1 20 or -(CH 2 )12S-, having a structure selected from the group consisting of (XIV) and (XV): O S R 1 m P R2 Ri m P R2 ZN N Y Z-N N Y H R 3 H R3 o 0 o0 (XIV) (XV) wherein Ri, R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; m P:\OPER\VPA\53714.96. DIV- 11/2/00 153 is an integer from 1 to 2; p is an integer from 1 to 3; and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule. The P-sheet mimetic of claim 7, wherein C is -(CH 2

13-, having a structure (XVI): A R1 N P _R2 Z-N Y O R3 O (XVI) wherein Ri, R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from an amino acid side chain moiety and derivatives thereof; p is an integer from 1 to 3; A is selected from -(CH 2

14-, -(CH 2 )1-2O- and -(CH 2 and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule. 11. The P-sheet mimetic of claim 7, wherein C is or having a structure selected from the group (XVII) and (XVIII): R 1 R P Z R 1 P N R2 SZ N N H 4H 0 R 3 O 0 R3 0 (XVII) (XVIII) wherein R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; p is an integer from 1 to 3; and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule. 12. The P-sheet mimetic of claim 7, wherein C is -O(CH 2 1 2 P:\OPER\VPA\53714-96.DIV- 112/00 154 or -S(CH 2 )1 2 having a structure selected from the group consisting of (XIX) and (XX): 0 S R 1 )m R 1 Z-N NR2 Z-N R2 H R1 H RV O O (XIX) (XX) wherein Ri, R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; p is an integer from 1 to 3; m is an integer from 1 to 2; and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule. 13. A P-sheet modified peptide or protein comprising a P- sheet mimetic according to any one claims 1 to 12 covalently attached to at least one amino acid of a naturally occurring or synthetic peptide or protein. 14. A P-sheet mimetic according to any one of claims 1 to 12, substantially as described herein with reference to the figures and/or examples. A P-sheet modified peptide or protein according to claim 13, substantially as described herein with reference to the figures and/or examples. DATED this llth day of February 2000 Molecumetics Ltd. By its Patent Attorneys DAVIES COLLISON CAVE