AU5421301A - Use of beta-sheet mimetics as protease and kinase inhibitors and as inhibitors of transcription factors - Google Patents

Description

AUSTRALIA

PATENTS ACT 1990 DIVISIONAL APPLICATION NAME OF APPLICANT: Molecumetics, Ltd.

ADDRESS FOR SERVICE: DAVIES COLLISON CAVE Patent Attorneys 1 Little Collins Street Melbourne, 3000.

INVENTION TITLE: "Use of beta-sheet mimetics as protease and kinase inhibitors and as inhibitors of transcription factors" The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us: P?:OPER\MK V\SPECB732 174div.do-030701 -1- Description USE OF BETA-SHEET MIMETICS AS PROTEASE AND KINASE INHIBITORS AND AS INHIBITORS OF TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS This is a divisional of application 39058/97, the disclosure of which is included herein in its entirety by way of reference.

Technical Field This invention relates generally to 3-sheet mimetics and, more specifically, to -sheet mimetics which inhibit biologically active peptides and proteins.

15 Background of the Invention The f-sheet conformation (also referred to as a 3strand conformation) is a secondary structure present in many polypeptides. The f-sheet conformation is nearly fully extended, with axial distances between adjacent amino acids 20 of approximately 3.5 A. The f-sheet is stabilized by *hydrogen bonds between NH and CO groups in different polypeptides strands. Additionally, the dipoles of the peptide bonds alternate along the strands which imparts intrinsic stability to the f-sheet. The adjacent strands in the f-sheet can run in the same direction a parallel f-sheet) or in opposite directions an antiparallel 8sheet). Although the two forms differ slightly in dihedral angles, both are sterically favorable. The extended conformation of the f-sheet conformation results in the amino acid side chains protruding on alternating faces of the f-sheet.

P:\OPER\MKR\SPECI\7321I74-di .do.-03/07/01

IA-

The importance of j3-sheets in peptides and proteins is well established Richardson, Nature 268:495-499, 1977; Halverson et al., J. Am. Chem Soc. 113:6701-6704, 1991; Zhang, J. Biol. Chem. 266:15591-15596, 1991; Madden et al., Nature 353:321-325, 1991).

The P-sheet is important in a number of biological protein-protein recognition events, including interactions between proteases and their substrates, protein kinases and their substrates or inhibitors, the binding of SH2 domain containing proteins to their cognate phosphotyrosine containing protein targets, farnesyl transferase to its protein substrates, and MHC I and II and their antigenic peptides, and has been implicated in many disease states.

Inhibitors that mimic the P-sheet structure of biologically active proteins or peptides would have utility in the treatment of a wide variety of conditions.

For example, Ras, the protein product of the ras oncogene, is a membrane bound protein involved in signal 15 transduction regulating cell division and growth.

Mutations in the ras gene are among the most common genetic abnormalities associated with human cancers S(Barbacid, M. "ras genes," 56:779-827, 1987). These mutations result in a growth signal which is always "on," o 20 leading to a cancerous cell. In order to localize to the cell membrane, Ras requires prenylation of the cysteine within its C-terminal CaaX sequence by farnesyl transferase (FTase). (In the sequence CaaX is defined as an amino acid with a hydrophobic side chain and is 25 another amino acid.) This post-translational modification is crucial to its activity. Peptidyl inhibitors of FTase with the sequence CaaX have been shown to block or slow the growth of tumors in cell culture and in whole animals (Kohl et al., "Selective inhibition of ras-dependent transformation by a farnesyltransferase inhibitor," Science 260:1934-1937, 1993; Buss, J.E. Marsters, Jr., J.C. "Farnesyl transferase inhibitors: the successes and surprises of a new class of potential cancer chemotherapeutics," Chemistry and Biology 2:787-791, 1995).

SH2 domains, originally identified in the src subfamily of PTKs, are noncatalytic sequences and consist of about 100 amino acids conserved among a variety of signal transducing proteins (Cohen et al., Cell 80:237- 248, 1995). SH2 domains function as phosphotyrosinebinding modules and mediate critical protein-protein associations (Pawson, Nature 573-580, 1995). In particular, the role of SH2 domains has been clearly defined as critical signal transducers for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs such as EGF-R, PDGF, insulin receptor, etc.). Phosphotyrosine-containing sites on autophosphorylated RTKs serve as binding sites for SH2- 15 proteins and thereby mediate the activation of biochemical signaling pathways (Carpenter, FAESEB J. 6:3283-3289, 1992; Sierke, S. and Koland, Biochem. 32:10102-10108, 1993). The SH2 domains are responsible for coupling the activated growth-factor receptors to cellular responses 20 which include alterations in gene expression, cell proliferation, cytoskeletal architecture and metabolism.

At least 20 cytosolic proteins have been identified that contain SH2 domains and function in intracellular signaling. The distribution of SH2 domains is not restricted to a particular protein family, but is found in several classes of proteins, protein kinases, lipid kinases, protein phosphatases, phospholipases, Rascontrolling proteins and some transcription factors. Many of the SH2-containing proteins have known enzymatic activities while others (Grb2 and Crk) function as "linkers" and "adapters" between cell surface receptors and downstream effector molecules (Marengere, et al., Nature 369:502-505, 1994). Examples of proteins containing SH2 domains with enzymatic activities that are activated in signal transduction include, but are not limited to, the src subfamily of protein tyrosine kinases (src (pp60-sr), abl, Ick, fyn, fgr and others), phospholipase-C-y (PLC-y), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Pl- 3 -kinase), p 2 1-ras GTPase activating protein (GAP) and SH2 containing protein tyrosine phosphatases (SH-PTPase) (Songyang et al., Cell 72:767-778, 1993). Intracellular tyrosines are phosphorylated when surface receptors are engaged by diverse ligands for growth factor receptors, cytokine receptors, insulin receptor, and antigen-mediated signaling through T- or B-cell receptors. The phosphorylation of proteins at tyrosine residues is critical in the cellular signal transduction, neoplastic transformation and control of the cell cycle. Due to the 15 central role these various SH2-proteins occupy in transmitting signals from activated cell surface receptors into a cascade of additional molecular interactions that ultimately define cellular responses, inhibitors which block specific SH2-protein binding are desirable as agents 20 for a variety of potential therapeutic applications.

Disease areas in which tyrosine phosphorylation and inhibition of SH2 binding represent targets for drug development include the following: Cancer: SH2 domains which mediate signaling are 25 clearly significant elements in the regulation of oncogene and protooncogene tyrosine kinase activity and cellular proliferation (Carpenter, Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol.

J.

6:3283-3289, 1992). The SH2 domains define an important set of substrates through which activated RTKs mediate signaling and through which nonreceptor tyrosine kinases associate with RTKs and are thus targets for anticancer drug development. The ability to block interaction of the RTK with the SH2-containing substrate using a mimetic inhibitor provides a means to abrogate signaling and thereby eliminate oncogenic activity. The biological significance is also illustrated by the v-crk oncogene, a protein composed almost entirely of SH domains, which is able to bring about cellular transformation by interacting with phosphotyrosine containing proteins. As above, the ability of inhibitors to block v-crk binding via its SH2 domain to other proteins would be expected to be effective as an anticancer agent.

Immune Regulation: Regulation of many immune responses is mediated through receptors that transmit signals through tyrosine kinases containing SH2 domains.

T-cell activation via the antigen specific T-cell receptor (TCR) initiates a signal transduction cascade leading to lymphokine secretion and cell proliferation. One of the 15 earliest biochemical responses following TCR activation is an increase in tyrosine kinase activity. In particular, T-cell activation and proliferation is controlled through T-cell receptor mediated activation of p56 1 ck and p59fyn tyrosine kinases, as well as ZAP-70 and Syk (Weiss and 20 Litman, Cell 76:263-274, 1994) which contain SH2 domains.

Additional evidence indicates that several src-family kinases (lck, blk, fyn) participate in signal transduction pathways leading from B-cell antigen receptors and hence may serve to integrate stimuli received from several independent receptor structures. Thus, inhibitors that block interactions of these SH2 domain kinases with their cognate receptors could serve as immunosuppressive agents with utility in autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection or as anti-inflammatory agents as well as anticancer drugs in cases of lymphocytic leukemias.

Additionally, non-transmembrane PTPase containing SH2 domains are known and nomenclature refers to them as SH-PTP1 and SH-PTP2 (Neel, Cell Biology 4:419- 432, 1993) SH-PTP1 is identical to PTP1C, HCP or SHP and SH-PTP2 is also known as PTP1D or PTP2C. SH-PTP1 is expressed at high levels in hematopoietic cells of all lineages and all stages of differentiation. Since the

SH-

PTP1 gene was identified as responsible for the motheaten (me) mouse phenotype, this provides a basis for predicting the effects of inhibitors that would block its interaction with its cellular substates. Thus, inhibition of SH-PTP1 function would be expected to result in impaired T-cell responses to mitogenic stimulation, decreased NK cell function, and depletion of B-cell precursors with potential therapeutic applications as described above.

Diabetes: In Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes, tyrosine phosphatases (SH-PTP2) counter-balance the effect of activated insulin-receptor kinases and may represent important drug targets. In vitro experiments show that injection of PTPase blocks insulin stimulatedphosphorylation of tyrosyl residues on endogenous proteins. Thus, inhibitors could serve to modulate insulin action in diabetes.

20 Neural Regeneration: Glial growth factors are ligands that are specific activators of erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase (pl 8 5 erbB2 to promote tyrosine hosphorylation and mitogenic responses of Schwann cells.

Consequently, regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by altering activity in Schwann cells following nerve injury could be an important therapeutic strategy. Inhibitors of erb-B2 signaling activity could have a significant role in treatment of tumors of glial cell origin.

Another class of P-sheet mimetics are inhibitors of protein kinases, which include the protein tyrosine kinases and serine/threonine kinases.

A wide variety of cellular substrates for polypeptide growth factor receptors that possess intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity have now been characterized.

Although there is a tremendous diversity among the numerous members of the receptors tyrosine-kinases

(RTK)

family, the signaling mechanisms used by these receptors share many common features. Biochemical and molecular genetic studies have shown that binding of the ligand to the extracellular domain of the RTK rapidly activates the intrinsic tyrosine kinase catalytic activity of the intracellular domain. The increased activity results in tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of a number of intracellular substrates which contain a common sequence motif. Consequently, this causes activation of numerous downstream signaling molecules and a cascade of intracellular pathways that regulate phospholipid metabolism, arachidonate metabolism, protein 15 phosphorylation (involving other protein kinases), calcium mobilization and transcriptional regulation. The growthfactor-dependent tyrosine kinase activity of the RTK cytoplasmic domain is the primary mechanism for generation of intracellular signals that initiate multiple cellular 20 responses. Thus, inhibitors which would serve as alternate substrates or inhibitors of tyrosine kinase activity have the potential to block this signaling.

Many of the RTK subfamilies are recognizable on the basis of architectural similarities in the catalytic 25 domain as well as distinctive motifs in the extracellular ligand binding regions. Based upon these structural considerations, a nomenclature defining several subfamilies of RTKs, each containing several members, has been developed (Hanks, Curr. Opin. Struc. Biol. 1:369-383, 1991; Ullrich, and Schlessinger, J. Cell 61:203-212, 1990). Examples of receptor subfamilies referred to on the basis of their prototypic members include: EGFreceptor, insulin receptor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-receptor), fibroblast growth factor receptors 8 (FGFRs), TRK receptor and EPH/ECK receptors. Members in each of these subfamilies represent molecular targets for the development of mimetic inhibitors that would block tyrosine kinase activity and prevent intracellular signal transduction. Several therapeutic areas in which these targets have value are identified below.

Cancer: In addition to mediating normal cellular growth, members of the EGFR family of RTKs are frequently overexpressed in a variety of aggressive epithelial carcinomas and this is thought to directly contribute to malignant tumor development. A number of studies have shown that the EGFR is frequently amplified in certain types of tumors, including glioblastomas, squamous carcinomas, and brain tumors (Wong et al., Proc.

15 Natl. Acad Sci USA 84:6899-6903, 1987). Additionally, S" HER2/pl85 er bB 2 (alternatively referred to as "neu" in the rat), HER3/pl60erb 3 HER4/pl80erbB 4 (Plowman, G. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:1746-1750 (1993) are three RTKs which have extensive amino acid sequence homology to 20 the EGFR. HER2/pl85 er bB2 is frequently amplified and overexpressed in human breast tumors and ovarian carcinomas (Wong et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6899-6903, 1987), and this amplification is correlated with poor patient prognosis. Simultaneous overexpression of p185neu and the EGFR synergistically transforms rodent fibroblasts and this condition is often observed in human cancers. Finally, HER3 expression is amplified in a variety of human adenocarcinomas. Several inhibitors are known which demonstrate inhibitory activity in vitro against the EGFR and block EGF-dependent cell proliferation which indicates therapeutic potential of compounds with this activity. In addition, in human chronic myelogenous leukemia, enhanced tyrosine kinase activity underlies the disease as a consequence of activation of the cellular c-abl protooncogene.

Inhibitors would function as anticancer agents.

Angiogenesis: Currently, there are at least seven FGFR members which mediate a diverse array of biological responses, including the capacity to induce angiogenesis. In addition, a group of RTKs with seven IgLs has been proposed to represent a separate subfamily.

Its known members, FLT1, FLK1 and FLT4 show a similarity of structure and expression. These receptors mediate the actions of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF).

Several lines of evidence indicate that this subfamily of growth factor receptors play an important role in the formation of blood vessels. Since blood vessel formation is a process reactivated by tumors in order to supply 15 oxygen to these cells, P-strand mimetics that inhibit these growth factors' kinase activities could serve to suppress tumor growth through inhibition of angiogenesis.

Restenosis: The PDGF receptor is of great interest as a target for inhibition in the cardiovascular 20 field since it is believed to play a significant role in restenosis after coronary balloon angioplasties and also in atherosclerosis. The release of PDGF by platelets at damaged surfaces of blood vessels results in stimulation of PDGF receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells, and 25 eventual neointimal thickening. A mimetic inhibitor of kinase activity would prevent proliferation and lead to greater successful outcomes from this surgical procedure.

Many components of signal transduction pathways involve phosphorylation of serine/threonine (ser/thr) residues of protein substrates. Some of these substrates are themselves protein kinases whose activity is modulated by phosphorylation. Two prominent. ser/thr-specific protein kinases play a central role in signal transduction: cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and the protein kinase C (PKC family). Numerous other serine/threonine specific kinases, including the family of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases serve as important signal transduction proteins which are activated in either growth-factor receptor or cytokine receptor signaling.

Other protein ser/thr kinases important for intracellular signaling are Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CaM-kinase II) and the c-raf-protooncogene.

PKC plays a crucial role in cell-surface signal transduction for controlling a variety of physiological processes (Nishizuka, Nature 334:661-665, 1988) and represents a large family of isoenzymes which differ in their structure and expression in different tissues, as well as their substrate specificity (Hug and Sarre, 15 Biochem J. 291:329-343, 1993). Molecular cloning has demonstrated at least 8 isoenzymes. Due to this diversity and differential expression, activation of individual isoenzymes produces differing cell-specific responses: stimulation of growth, inhibition of differentiation, or induction of differentiation. Due to its ability to stimulate cellular proliferation, it represents a target for anticancer drug development (Powis, Trends in Pharm.

Sci. 12:188-194, 1991). Overexpression of PKC isoenzymes in mammalian cells is correlated with enhanced expression of early protooncogenes such as c-jun, c-fos, c-myc and one overexpressing cell line gives rise to tumors in nude mice.

Therapeutic applications within the area of immune regulation are evident since activation of T-cells by antigens involves activation of PKC. Activated

PKC

subsequently activates a branch of the signal cascade that is necessary for transcriptional activation of NF-KB, production of IL-2, and ultimately, T-cell proliferation.

Inhibitors that block signaling through this branch pathway have been shown to prevent T-cell activation.

Thus, mimetics that would function as inhibitors of PKC in T-cells would block signaling and serve as possible immunosuppressants useful in transplant rejection or as anticancer agents for lymphocytic leukemias. Activators of PKC cause edema and inflammation in mouse skin (Hennings et al., Carcinogenesis 8:1342-1346, 1987) and thus inhibitors are also expected to serve as potent antiinflammatory compounds. Such anti-inflammatory activates would find use in asthma, arthritis and other inflammatory mediated processes. In addition, staurosporine and its analogs, UCN01 and CGP4125, which have been characterized as potent PKC inhibitors in vitro, have anti-tumor activity in animal models (Powis, Trends in Pharm. Sci.

15 12:188-194, 1991), and related compounds are being considered for clinical trials.

With regard to protease inhibition, Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine protease normally involved in proenzyme processing and protein turnover. Elevated 20 levels of activity have been implicated in tumor metastasis (Sloane, B.F. et al., "Cathepsin B and its endogenous inhibitors: the role in tumor malignancy," Cancer Metastasis Rev. 9:333-352, 1990), rheumatoid arthritis (Werb, Z. "Proteinases and matrix degradation," 25 in Textbook of Rheumatology, Keller, Harris, W.D.; Ruddy, Sledge, Eds., 1989, W.B. Saunder Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 300-321), and muscular dystrophy (Katunuma N. Kominami "Abnormal expression of lysosomal cysteine proteinases in muscle wasting diseases," Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 108:1-20, 1987).

Calpains are cytosolic or membrane bound Ca++activated proteases which are responsible for degradation of cytoskeletal proteins in response to changing calcium 12 levels within the cell. They contribute to tissue degradation in arthritis and muscular dystrophy (see Wang K.K. Yuen "Calpain inhibition: an overview of its therapeutic potential," Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15:412-419, 1994).

Interleukin Converting Enzyme (ICE) cleaves pro- IL-1 beta to IL-1 beta, a key mediator of inflammation, and therefore inhibitors of ICE may prove useful in the treatment of arthritis (see, Miller B.E. et al., "Inhibition of mature IL-1 beta production in murine macrophages and a murine model of inflammation by WIN 67694, an inhibitor of IL-1 beta converting enzyme,"

J.

Immunol. 154:1331-1338, 1995). ICE or ICE-like proteases may also function in apoptosis (programmed cell death) and therefore play roles in cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, and other diseases in which disregulated apoptosis is involved (see Barr, Tomei, "Apoptosis and its Role in Human Disease.," Biotechnol. 12:487-493, 1994) HIV protease plays a key role in the life cycle 20 of HIV, the AIDS virus. In the final steps of viral maturation it cleaves polyprotein precursors to the functional enzymes and structural proteins of the virion core. HIV protease inhibitors were quickly identified as an excellent therapeutic target for AIDS (see Huff, J.R., "HIV protease: a novel chemotherapeutic target for AIDS," J. Med. Chem. 34:2305-2314) and have already proven useful in its treatment as evidenced by the recent FDA approval of ritonavir, Crixivan, and saquinavir.

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is part of the renin-angiotensin system which plays a central role in the regulation of blood pressure. ACE cleaves angiotensin I to the octapeptide angiotensin II, *a potent pressor agent due to its vasoconstrictor activity. Inhibition of ACE has proved therapeutically useful in the treatment of 13 hypertension (Williams, "Converting-enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension," N. Engl. J.

Med. 319:1517-1525, 1989.

Collegenases cleave collagen, the major constituent of the extracellular matrix connective tissue, skin, blood vessels). Elevated collagenase activity contributes to arthritis (Krane S.M. et al., "Mechanisms of matrix degradation in rheumatoid arthritis," Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 580:340-354, 1990.), tumor metastasis (Flug M. Kopf-Maier "The basement membrane and its involvement in carcinoma cell invasion," Acta Anat. Basel 152:69-84, 1995), and other diseases involving the degradation of connective tissue.

Trypsin-like serine proteases form a large and 15 highly selective family of enzymes involved in hemostasis/coagulation (Davie, E.W. and K. Fujikawa, "Basic mechanisms in blood coagulation, Ann. Rev. 799- 829, 1975) and complement activation (Muller-Eberhard, "Complement," Ann. Rev. Biochem. 44:697-724, 1975).

20 Sequencing of these proteases has shown the presence of a homologous trypsin-like core with amino acid insertions that modify specificity and which are generally responsible for interactions with other macromolecular components (Magnusson et al., "Proteolysis and 25 Physiological Regulation," Miami Winter Symposia 11:203- 239, 1976).

Thrombin, a trypsin-like serine protease, acts to provide limited proteolysis, both in the generation of fibrin from fibrinogen and the activation of the platelet receptor, and thus plays a critical role in thrombosis and hemostasis (Mann, "The assembly of blood clotting complexes on membranes," Trends Biochem. Sci. 12:229-233, 1987) Thrombin exhibits remarkable specificity in the removal of fibrinopeptides A and B of fibrinogen through the selective cleavage of only two Arg-Gly bonds of the one-hundred and eighty-one Arg- or Lys-Xaa sequences in fibrinogen (Blomback, Blood Clotting Enzymology, Seeger, W.H. Academic Press, New York, 1967, pp. 143-215).

Many significant disease states are related to abnormal hemostasis, including acute coronary syndromes.

Aspirin and heparin are widely used in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes. However, these agents have several intrinsic limitations. For example, thrombosis complicating the rupture of atherosclerotic plaque tends to be a thrombin-mediated, platelet-dependent process that is relatively resistant to inhibition by aspirin and heparin (Fuster et al., "The pathogenesis of 15 coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes," N. Engl. J. Med. 326:242-50, 1992).

Thrombin inhibitors prevent thrombus formation o. at sites of vascular injury in vivo. Furthermore, since thrombin is also a potent growth factor which initiates 20 smooth muscle cell proliferation at sites of mechanical injury in the coronary artery, inhibitors block this proliferative smooth muscle cell response and reduce restenosis. Thrombin inhibitors would also reduce the inflammatory response in vascular wall cells (Harker et al., Am. J. Cardiol. 75:12B-16B, 1995).

Furthermore, at least two well-defined transcription factors, nuclear factor (NF) KB and activator protein (AP) are regulated by the intracellular reduction-oxidation (redox) state. The regulation of gene expression by the redox state holds promising therapeutic implications. For example, binding sites of the redox-regulated transcription factors NF-KB and AP-1 are located in the promoter region of a large variety of genes that are directly involved in the pathogenesis of diseases, such as AIDS, cancer, atherosclerosis and diabetic complications (Sen and Packer, FASEB Journal 10:709-720, 1996). More specifically, the binding of transcription factors such NF-KB and AP-1 to consensus sites on DNA is driven by oxidant-antioxidant homeostasis, especially by the thioldisulfide balance.

In the case of NF-KB, a physiologically relevant thiol that plays a crucial role in the regulation of NF-KB function is reduced thioredoxin. Thioredoxin is an important protein oxidoreductase with antioxidant functions. Thioredoxin has been found to upregulate DNA binding of activated NF-KB and thus augments gene expression (Schenk et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 15 91:1672-1676, 1994). Thioredoxin has been implicated in reducing activated cytosolic NF-KB (specifically reduction *of cys-62), which may thus contribute to its nuclear translocation and DNA binding (Hayashi et at., J. Biol.

Chem. 268:11380-11388, 1993).

DNA binding activity of Fos and Jun in the AP-1 complex has also been found to be regulated by the redox eo state (Abate et al., Science 249:1157-1162, 1990). Each protein contains a single conserved cysteine (flanked by lysine and arginine) in its DNA binding domain. This thiol does not appear to be part of a disulfide bond and may exist as a sulfenic or sulfinic acid in its oxidized form. Ref-1, a bifunctional nuclear protein also possessing endonuclease DNA repair activity, stimulates AP-1 DNA binding by reduction of this regulatory cysteine.

A Fos mutant in which the critical cysteine was replaced with serine elicited a three-fold increase in AP-1 DNA binding activity and was no longer subject to redox control (Okuno et al., Oncogene 8:695-701, 1993). Hence, 16 since at least four members of the fos family, 3 of the jun family, and at least 4 of the ATF/CREB family of transcription factors all contain this conserved cysteine, redox control of transcription factors appears widespread.

As mentioned above, the regulation of transcription factors such as NF-KB and AP-1 have important therapeutic implications. For example, AP-1 is an important mediator of tumor production (Yoshioka et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:4972-4976, 1995).

Thus, compounds that repress AP-1 transcriptional activity have utility in the treatment of cancer. Furthermore, due to its direct role in regulating responses to inflammatory cytokines and endotoxins, the activation of NF-KB plays an important role in the development of chronic diseases such 15 as rheumatoid arthritis and acute conditions such as septic shock. Autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythromatus (SLE), and Alzheimer's disease are also believed involved in activation of NF-KB. Similarly,

NF-KB

plays an important role in the activation of HIV gene 20 expression. Further conditions which are believed to involve NF-KB include the flu, atherosclerosis, oncogenesis and ataxia telangiectasia

(AT).

Proteins containing PDZ domains constitute an additional potential target for P-sheet mimetics. These 25 domains of 80-100 amino acid residues mediate proteinprotein interactions by binding to a consensus X-Ser/Thr- X-Val sequence at the very carboxyl terminus of proteins.

There are also examples of protein interactions via PDZ domains that are internal (or non C-terminal). The crystal structure of liganded and unliganded PDZ domains have been determined and show a six P-strand and two ahelix structure that binds the consensus recognition polypeptide sequence through a P-sheet conformation. Hence, screening of appropriate P-sheet mimetics should prove a valid strategy for targeting PDZ domain-containing proteins. The targets of PDZ domain-containing proteins are varied but important in signal transdu-tion. PSD-95, a membrane associated guanylate kinase contains three PDZ domains, two of which target the Shaker-type K' channel and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor resulting in their clustering that is required for their function.

PTPL1/FAP1, a protein tyrosine phosphatase, has five PDZ domains, two of which interact with Fas, a transmembrane protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, that mediates apoptosis in many cell types. Hence, compounds targeting proteins containing the PDZ domains may prove useful as anticancer agents.

In view of the important biological role played 15 by the P-sheet, there is a need in the art for compounds which can stabilize the intrinsic P-sheet structure of a naturally occurring or synthetic peptide, protein or molecule. There is also a need in the art for making stable P-sheet structures, as well as the use of such stabilized structures to effect or modify biological recognition events which involve P-sheet structures. The present invention fulfills these needs and provides further related advantages.

Summary of the Invention Briefly stated, the present invention is directed to P-sheet mimetics and the use thereof, including use for the manufacture of a medicament for achieving therapeutic effects in a warm-blooded animal through one or more of protease inhibition, kinase inhibition, and/or regulation of a transcription factor.

The therapeutic effects result from administering to the warm-blooded animal a therapeutically effective amount of a P-sheet mimetic including a bicyclic ring system P OPER\MKR\SPEC[732174-div.doc-03/07/01 -18wherein the P-sheet mimetic has the general structure (I) (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof): R2 A B C R2

E

D F SR3 wherein A is selected from -(CE

(CH

2 )1- 3

-(CH

2 )1- 2 0- and -(CH 2 )1- 2

S-;

B is selected from N and CH; C is selected from -C(

(CH

2 -0-(CH 2 and -S(CH 2 D is selected from N and C(R 4 H2) 0-4-, 0* @0 0

S

00 S 0e

S.

0 0@*S

SOS.

S.

0 0 (CH2) 1- 3 E is selected from

NHZ

-N

z and

Z

F is an optional carbonyl moiety; RI, R 2 and R 4 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof;

R

2 is selected from an amino acid side chain moiety and derivatives thereof, or taken together with C forms a fused substituted or unsubstituted homocyclic or heterocyclic ring;

R

3 is selected from an amino acid side chain moiety and derivatives thereof, or taken together with C forms a bridging moiety selected from -(CH 2 1 2 and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule; and any two adjacent CH groups of the bicyclic ring may form a double bond.

In. one embodiment where F the optional carbonyl moiety) is present and E is the compounds of this invention include the following structure (II): R2 B' C R 2 Z-N D 0 R3I

O

(II)

wherein A, B, C, D, R 2

R

2

R

3 Y and Z are as defined above with regard to structure In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, A is 10 either or -(CH 2 and C is -(CH 2 2 as represented by the following structures (IIa) and (IIb): O R2 R2R2

B

Z-N

Z-N

R3 O R3 S (IIa) (IIb) In this embodiment, the six-member ring may be saturated or unsaturated (including aromatic). For example, when B 15 and D of structures (IIa) and (IIb) are both -CH- (and thus constitute adjacent CH groups that may form a double bond), compounds of this invention include the following aromatic structures (IIc) and (IId): 1 Y '<r 0 0 (IIc) (IId) Similarly, the following unsaturated compounds having structures (IIe) and (IIf) are also representative of the compounds of structures (IIa) and (IIb): 0 RR2 Bi R 2 ^B R 2 Z-N Z-N I

D

*3 O1 R3O 5 (IIe) (If) In another embodiment where F is present and E is -C(RI) the compounds of this invention include the following structure

(III):

R2' A BC R2 In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, A is 0 R3 wherein A, B, C, D, R1, R2, R2', R3, Y and Z are as defined above with regard to structure In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, A is either or -(CH 2 and C is -(CH 2 2 as represented by the following structures (IIIa) and (IIIb): R2 0N D R2 R2 R, B ZN DN D H Y (IIIa) (IIIb) In this embodiment, the six-member ring may be saturated or unsaturated (including aromatic). For example, when B and D of structures (IIIa) and (IIIb) are both -CH- (and thus constitute adjacent CH groups that may form a double bond), compounds of this invention include the following aromatic structures (IIIc) and (IIId): 0 R2 RR2 R R2

Z-"

oY 0 0 (IIIc) (IIId) Similarly, the following unsaturated compounds having structures (IIIe) and (IIIf) are also representative of the compounds of structures (IIIa) and (IIIb): R2 R1 B

Y

D

O R3 O R2' RR2 Ri B

ZZN

H

3 (Ille) (IIIf) In another aspect of this embodiment, A is

-(CH

2 D is N and the optional carbonyl moiety F is present, as represented by the following structure (IIIg):

R

z C R2 N 2

H

N^

Y

R

3

U

(IIIg) wherein B, C, Ri, R 2

R

3 Y and Z are as defined above.

In still a further aspect of this embodiment,

A

is C is -(CH 2 0 D is N and F is present, as represented by the following structure (IIIh):

B

N R2 H N Y R3 0 (IIIh) In a further embodiment when F is present and E S 15 is -C(R 1 the compounds of this invention include the following structure

(IV):

R

2 A BC

R

2 O R 3

(IV)

wherein A, B, C, D, RI, R 2 R2', R 3 Y and Z are as defined above with regard to structure

(I)

In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, A is either or -(CH 2 and C is -(CH 2 2 as represented by the following structures (IVa) and (IVb): 0 IVa) (IVa)

R

2 R2

R

1

B

D

Y

3 O (IVb) In this embodiment, the six-memer ring may be saturated or unsaturated (including aromatic) For example, when B and D of structures (IVa) and (IVb) are both -CH- (and thus constitute adjacent CH groups that may form a double bond), compounds of this invention include 10 the following aromatic structures (IVc) and (IVd) S. S

S

(IVc) (IVd) Similarly, the following unsaturated compounds having structures (IVe) and (IVf) are also representative of the compounds of structures (IVa) and (IVb) 0

Y

R 2 R' 0 B

D

0 ZR, y O3 O (IVe) (IVf) In a further embodiment where F is not present and E is either -C(Ri) (NHZ)- or -C(RI) the compounds of this invention include the following structures (VI) and (VII):

R

2 A .BC

R

2 R2 A C R 2

R

2 AB C R 2

R

1

I

Z- N

O

0 R3 0 R3 (VI)

(VII)

wherein A, B, C, D, RI, R 2

R

2

R

3 Y and Z are as .defined 10 above with regard to structure In still a further embodiment where R 3 taken together with C forms a bridging moiety, compounds of this invention include the following structure (VIII): R21 A- C R 2 SE I 0

(VIII)

where X is a bridging moiety selected from -(CH 2 )1- 2 -0and and A, B, C, D, E, F, R 2

R

2 Y and Z are as defined above with regard to structure

(I)

In one aspect of this embodiment where F is present, A is C is -(CH 2 2 and E is either or -C(RI) compounds of this invention include those of the following structures (VIIIa) and (VIIIb): (VIlla) (VIIIb) with C In yet a further embodiment,

R

2 taken together Ith forms a fused ring as represented by structure .i

(IX)

wherein A, B, C, D, E,

R

2 R 2 and R 3 and Y are as defined above.

In one aspect of this embodiment,

R

2 and C taken together form a fused five-, six- or seven-membered ring as represented by structures (IXa) and (IXb) K> )0-2 0-2 (IXa) (IXb) P:'OPERMKR\SPECI\732174-div.doc-03/07/01 -26wherein A, B, D, E, R 2

R

3 and Y are as defined above.

These and other aspects of this invention will become apparent upon reference to the following detailed description.

Detailed Description of the Invention As mentioned above, the 3-sheet is an important structural component for many biological recognition events.

The S-sheet mimetics of this invention serve to impart and/or stabilize the /-sheet structure of a natural or synthetic peptide, protein or molecule, particularly with regard to conformational stability. In addition, the 3sheet mimetics of this invention are more resistant to proteolytic breakdown, thus rendering a peptide, protein or molecule containing the same more resistant to degradation.

The /-sheet mimetic may be positioned at either the Cterminus or N-terminus of the protein, peptide or molecule, or it may be located within the protein, peptide or molecule itself, and more than one /-sheet mimetic of the present 20 invention may be incorporated in a protein, peptide or molecule.

The /-sheet mimetics of this invention are generally represented by structure above, as well as the more specific embodiments represented by structures (II) through The /-sheet mimetics of this invention may be constructed to mimic the three-dimensional conformation of a /-sheet comprised of naturally occurring L-amino acids, as well as the structure of a /-sheet comprised of one or more D-amino acids. Thus, all stereoconformations of the /-sheet mimetics of structure are within the scope of this invention.

For example, /-sheet mimetics of structure (II) include the following structures and ZR2 B'C R2 R2 ,C R2 21' A R\ -R2 D ZN r D z- N Y D 0 Rz F"F* 3 0 R 3

(II')

Similarly, P-sheet mimetics of structure (III) include the following structures (III') through R A B C R 2 R2 A _1 R2 D "Y z

-Y

O R0 Rz 3 R2 A"BC 2 R2 R2 Z N

Z_,

F H 0.R 3 0

R

3

(III'

(III")

The P-sheet mimetics of structure (IV) include these same stereoconfirmations, but with the "Z-NH" moiety of structures (III') through (IIIreplaced with a Z )2 relcdwt

Z

moiety.

As used herein, the term "an amino acid side chain moiety" as used to define the R 1

R

2

R

2

R

3 and R 4 moieties represents any amino acid side chain moiety present in naturally occurring proteins, including (but not limited to) the naturally occurring amino acid side chain moieties identified in Table 1 below. Other naturally occurring side chain moieties of this invention include (but are not limited to) the side chain moieties of phenylglycine, 3 ,5-dibromotyrosine 3 hydroxylysine, naphthylalanine thienylalanine, y-carboxyglutamate, phosphotyrosine phosphoserine and p sposrie n glycosylated amino acids such as glycosylated serine, asparagine and threonine.

Table 1

I

S.

S

51.1.5 a

S

Amino Acid Side Chain Moiety

-H

-OH

3 -CH (OH 3 2

-CH

2

CH(CH

3 2 -CH (OH 3

CH

2

CH

3

(CH

2 4

NH

3

(OH

2 jNHC (NH 2

NH

2 H NH

-CH

2

COO-

-CH

2

CH

2

COO-

-OH

2

CONH

2 -CH2CH 2 C0NH 2

-OH

2

-OH

2 O OH

-OR

2 0

N

H

-CH

2

SH

-CHqCHSCi-

-OH

2

OH

-OH (OH) OH 3 Amino Acid Glycine Alanine Valine Leucine I soleucine Lysine Argini n6 Histidine Aspartic acid Glutamic acid Asparagine Glutamine Phenylalanine Tyrosine.

Tryptophan Oysteine Methionine Serine Threonine 29 In addition to naturally occurring amino acid side chain moieties, the amino acid side chain moieties of the present invention also include various derivatives thereof. As used herein, a "derivative" of an amino acid side chain moiety includes all modifications and/or variations to naturally occurring amino acid side chain moieties. For example, the amino acid side chain moieties of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylglycine and phenylalanine may generally be classified as lower chain alkyl, aryl or aralkyl moieties. Derivatives of amino acid side chain moieties include other straight chain or branched, cyclic or noncyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated lower chain alkyl, aryl or aralkyl moieties.

As used herein, "lower chain alkyl moieties" contain from 1-12 carbon atoms, "lower chain aryl moieties" contain from 6-12 carbon atoms, and "lower chain aralkyl moieties" contain from 7-12 carbon atoms. Thus, in one embodiment, the amino acid side chain derivative is selected from a CI 12 alkyl, a C 6 -12 aryl and a C7-12 aralkyl, and in a more preferred embodiment, from a C 1 -7 alkyl, a

C

6 10 aryl and a C7- 11 aralkyl.

Amino acid side chain derivatives of this invention further include substituted derivatives of lower chain alkyl, aryl and aralkyl moieties, wherein the substituent is selected from (but are not limited to) one or more of the following chemical moieties: -OH,

-OR,

-COOH, -COOR,

-CONH

2

-NH

2 -NHR, -NRR, -SH, -SR,

-SO

2

R,

-SO

2 H, -SOR and halogen (including F, Cl, Br and

I),

wherein each occurrence of R is independently selected from a lower chain alkyl, aryl or aralkyl moiety.

Moreover, cyclic lower chain alkyl, aryl and aralkyl moieties of this invention include naphthalene, as well as heterocyclic compounds such as thiophene, pyrrole, furan, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, 3 -pyrroline, pyrrolidine, pyridine, pyrimidine, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline and carbazole. Amino acid side chain derivatives further include heteroalkyl derivatives of the alkyl portion of the lower chain alkyl and aralkyl moieties, including (but not limited to) alkyl and aralkyl phosphonates and silanes.

As used in the context of this invention, the term "remainder of the molecule" (as represented by Y and Z) may be any chemical moiety, including (but not limited to) amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof as defined above. For example, when the P-sheet mimetic is located within the length of a peptide or protein, Y and Z may represent amino acids of the peptide or protein.

15 Alternatively, if two or more P-sheet mimetics are linked, the Y moiety of a first P-sheet mimetic may represent a second P-sheet mimetic while, conversely, the Z moiety of the second P-sheet mimetic represents the first (-sheet mimetic.

When the P-sheet mimetic is located at the end of a peptide or protein, or when the P-sheet mimetic is not associated with a peptide or protein, Y and/or Z may represent a suitable terminating moiety. For example, representative terminating moieties for the Z moiety include (but are not limited to) -OH, and

-SO

2 R (where R is selected from a lower chain alkyl moiety, a lower chain aryl moiety and a lower chain aralkyl moiety), or may be a suitable protecting group for protein synthesis, such as BOC, FMOC and CBZ tertbutyloxycarbonyl, 9 -fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl and benzyloxycarbonyl, respectively).

Similarly, representative terminating moieties for the Y moiety include (but are not limited to) -OH,

-SO

2 R, -SOR,

-SO

2 NHR,

-CF

3

-C

2 Fs, -NHOH,

-NHNHR,

-C R, -C

CF

3 -C OR, -C

CH

2

OR,

-C(=O)NHR,

-CH

2 -C(=0)CH 2

-C(=O)CHN

2 C 0 \0 CH--CHC NHR- -CH-CHC

OR-

0 0 -CH-CHC R- OH OH

IC-

fOH R -c-c=c-K0< 0 I

ICC=C/

OHfR -C CH=C-C

OH,

-C C~I=CHC R, -C (=O)CH=CHC

OR,

-C CH=CHC(=O) NRR

-HOH~H(~H

CH (OH)CH=CHC -CH (OH) CH=CHC OR, 10 -CH (OHi)CH=CHC NRR,

-CH=CHSO

2 R and -SO2CH=CHR (where

XF

is Cl1, F Br or If and each Occurrence Of R is :::independently selected frma lower chain alkyl moiety, a lower chain aryl moiety and a lower chain aralkyl moiety) a...or a heterocyclic moiety, such as pyridine, pyran, thiophan, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, thiazole, benzthiazole, oxazole, benzoxazole, imidazole and benzimidazole.

In the context of structure, above, any two adjacent CH groups of the bicyclic ring may form a double bond. Such double bonds may be present in isolation or a..conjugation with one or more additional double bonds, including aromatic ring systems. For example, representative isolate 'd double bonds includes compounds of structures (Ihf), (IIle), (IhIf), (VIe), (IVf), (VIla) and (VIIb) above. Representative aromatic compounds resulting from conjugated double bonds are depicted by structures (Id) (IIc) (IIId), (IVc) and (IVd) above.

Within a specific embodiment of this invention, P-sheet mimetics are disclosed having structure

(II)

above, wherein A is B is N, C is -(CH 2 2 or

-C(=O)CH

2 D is N, and the optional carbonyl moiety F is present, as represented by the following structures (IIg), (IIh) and (IIh'): Z-N I Z-NN I

N

N N RZ-N

I

r Y Y Y NYY R30

R

3 0 0 0O (IIg) (IIh) (IIh' Similarly, when B and D are both CH, representative

P-

10 sheet mimetics of this invention include compounds of the I. following structures (IIi), (IIj) and (IIj'): O

O

z O I R 2 R2 0 Z-N

Z-N

I V 2- N Y y y O R3 y 0 (IIi) (IIj) (IIj 15 Within another specific embodiment of this invention, 0-sheet mimetics are disclosed having structure (III) above. In one aspect of this embodiment, D is N and the compound has the following structure (IIIi):

R

2 A BC

R

2 N y O R 3 0 (IIIi) wherein A is selected f rom -C

(CH

2 and -C (CH 2 B is selected from N and CH; C is selected from and -(CHi 2 0 3 and the bicyclic: ring system is saturated contains no double bonds between adjacent CH- groups of the bicyclic ring system) In this embodiment where B is CH and

R

3 is hydrogen, compounds are disclosed having the following structures (IIIj), (111k) and (1111): 0 04 N N N Y Ni H H

H

0 *.IM II (1110) In anfer embodiments of uthi whpere Bf ise Nindvenisydon, Compounds are disclosed having thefolwn fligstructures (Ih I) and (Il): j 2 R 0 N i0NR z I N Izl I 2 R 2 N> N NRN N N H H 0 0Y H 0 YY H N o 00 In another embodiment of structure (IIi) above, compounds are disclosed having the following structure (Ills):

RI

N

N

HI

0

R

(Ills) wherein A is selected from (CH 2

-(CH

2 1-20- and a: -(CH 2 1 2 C i sectd fo -(H 2 S -0 (CH 2 1 2 and -S (CH 2 1 2 and the bicyclic ring system is 10 saturated.

In an embodiment of structure (Ills) where A is

(CH

2 compounds are disclosed having the following structure (II~f): *Ri 0-4 N R2 H 0

R

(lIit) In an embodiment of structure (Ills) where A is

(CH

2 1-20- or (CH 2 1 2 compounds are disclosed having the following structures (IIIu) and (ilyv): 0 0-3 0-3 R1 1-2 RI 1-2 H 0 R3 H 0 R3T

(IIIU)

(IIIV)

In an embodiment of structure (Ills) where C is -(C2)13-,compounds are disclosed having the following structure (IlIw) where A is selected

(OH

2 1 2 S- (II~w) from (CH2) 1-20and In an embodiment of structure (Ills) where C is or compounds are disclosed having the following structures (IlIx) and (IIly): a a a C. (IlIX)

(IIIY)

In an embodiment of structure (Ills) where C is -0 (OH 2 1-2- or -S (OH 2 compounds are disclosed having the following structures (1hz) and (IlIza):

(IIIZ)

(IIIza) Within a further embodiment of this invention, P-sheet mimetics are disclosed having strucutre

(IV)

above. In one aspect of this embodiment, A is -C

B

is OH or N, C is -(OH 2 2 or -C(=0)CH 2 D is N and the optional carbonyl moiety is present, as represented by the following structures (IVg), (IVgl), (Ivh) and (IVh'): 0 0 1\ 1 z ZIY Aj N

NN

Y Y (IVg) (IVg') (IVh) (IVh') In embodiments of this invention where F is not present, compounds having structures (VI) and (VII) are disclosed. With respect to compounds of structure when A is B and D are both CH or N, and C is

-(CH

2 2 representative compounds of this invention S 10 include the following structures (Vb) and (Vc): S 0 0

R

2

R

2 R 2:

Z-N

Y

R

3 (Va) (Vb)

O

R 2

N

Z-N

YV

o R3 (Vc) Similarly, in structure when A is B and D are both CH or N, and C is -(CH 2 2 representative compounds of this invention include the following structures (VIa), (VIb) and (VIc) ZN Z R 00- y MVa) (VIb) 0

N

(VI C) As for structure (VI I) when A is -C B and D are both CH or N, and C is -(CH 2 2 representative compounds of this invention include the following S. structures (VIla) (VIIb) and (VI~c): *goo*: 0 0 000 S *060 0 1

R

S.3 0:0(VIla) (VIIb) 0

RZ

(VIIc) With regard to compounds of structure (VIII) in one embodiment B and D of structures (VIIla) and (VIIIb) are both CH or N and X is or (CH 2 2 yielding compounds of structures (VIIc), (VIId), (VIIle) and (VIlIf):

R

2 0 0 0 0 (VIlIC) (VIlId) S. @0 0s 0 0

S

0@@060 6 00 S 90 00 *060 0065 @0 @6 S 000 S 0 600000 0 6000

S

*OSS

0000 0 0000 0 *000 (VIIle) (VI IIf) In an embodiment of structure (IX) wherein A is 10 -C B and D are both N, E is -N -C (Ri) (NHZ) or -C(Rj) and F -is present, compounds of this invention include structures (IXc) through (IXh).

0~N 0 R

N

Z N 00 (IXc) (IXd) (IXe) 0

Z-N

O

0 1 N Z* N o 3 0 R3

O

(IXh) (IXf) (IXg) The P-sheet mimetics of this invention may be synthesized by one skilled in the art by known organic synthesis techniques. For example, the various embodiments of structure may be synthesized according to the following reaction schemes.

1 0 Representative compounds of structure (III) can be synthesized by the following reaction schemes (where n 0-4, p 0-3 and m 0-2): Reaction Scheme (1) 0 DCC, HOBT

I-

X=SePh, Br nBu3SnH (IIIj) NHe

OH

1) Boc 2 O, TEA 2) (CH2O) P-TsOH, cat.

Boc-NJ 0

O

-H2 0

CDI

THF

C0 2

H

Boc-N, 1) LHMDS, -78 0

C

2) R 1 Br -78 0 C ->-30 0

C

THF

CbZNHIq o

OH",P

LHMDS (2.5 eq.) 2) (1) EDCI, tBuOH DMAP CZH 0 CH2C1 2 CZN 0 0 Boc-N 0

N

&bZ

H

2 Pd/C EtOH, AcOH (IIIj 41 Reaction Scheme (2) Structure (111k) can be synthesized by the following reaction scheme:

+R

H 6 0 SePh 1) Dcc, IIOBT 2) SOC1 2 H~ 3) Ph-Se-Se-Ph nBu 3 SnH (I11k) Reaction Scheme (3) Representative compounds of structure (liii) having structure (TIII') can be synthesized by the following reaction scheme, where structure (Il11") in scheme is a representative structure of the invention having a double bond in the bicyclic ring system:

H

1) HATLI 2) [0J 0 ,Oy H j r I R TiC1 4 Ti (OiPr) 4

H

2 Pd/c (1111'I) (1111") In addition, representative compounds of structure (1111) having structure (1111"') may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme, and when

A

of structure (1111) is

(CH

2 1 3 a related compound (designated (IIi') below) can be synthesized by the following reaction scheme: 0 Z1 K R 2

H>

0 HC0 2

H

1) 00H 2) (pCC) i1) K 2 CO3" 2) cs 2 3) MelI 4) nBU3SnH 0 (liii I) I Init"I) 44 Reaction Scheme (4) Representative compounds of structure (IIIm) having structures (IIIm') and (IIIm") below, wherein

R

3 is hydrogen, can be synthesized by the following reaction scheme (see Holmes and Neel, Tet. Lett. 31:5567-70, 1990): NH2 F3C NH

TX$

-OH 1 Couple Boc .OH 2) PPh3, DEAD 3) OH N NH

O

(IIIm')

R

3

H

2 CO, R 2

Y

00 H 'JR2 I R 3 4- Boc (IIIm") Representative compounds of structure (IIIi) wherein

R

3 is an amino acid side chain moiety or derivative thereof may also be prepared according to the above scheme Reaction Scheme Representative compounds of structure (IlIn) having structure (IlIn') can be synthesized by the following reaction scheme: CbzNH NH2 CbzN CbZ R C6 N COOH

H

CDI

0.0.

.0.

MeOH HC1 (IlIn') Reaction Scheme (6) Structure (IIlo) can be synthesized by the following reaction scheme: CbZNH 6 +MeO' 0 t2 1) A W-HN R2 Y 2) H 2 Pd/c 9N y \±Si Z-N

OH

H

2) TBAF 3) DCC, HOBT 4) PPh 3

DEAD

S

*SS..S

S

S

SSSS

(111o) 47 Reaction Scem 17) Representative compounds of structure (IIIp) having structures (IIIp') and (hIIp") shown below, can be synthesized by the following reaction scheme: 0 0 0 H'

'Y

C~Z~

2) DCC,

IHOBT

3) H 2 Pd/c 0

R

2 Boc-.q A--

HF

0 0 (Ip") 48 Reaction Scheme (8) Representative compounds of structure (IIIq) having structures (IIIq') and (IIIq") can be synthesized by the following reaction scheme (see Jungheim Sigmund, J. Org. Chem. 52:4007-4013, 1987) R1 N H2CO

R

Boc NI Boc R2N N IHy 0 R2 0 or Boc(IIIq') R2) H Ri

N

*0 'N

N

(IIIq") Reaction Scheme (9) Structure (IIr) may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme .(see Perkin, J. Chem. Soc. Perk.

Trans. 1:155-164, 1984): 00 R NH 1) IPh(OAC) 2 R 2) R H r ~N~OR 3) H 2 Pd/C (IlIr) 49 Reaction Scheme Structure (Ilt) may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme: Ri&

LDA

)n- P-N 0 4 03, PPh 3 *6 PhJOMe W

R

P h) N I LDA,

RNX

W =0 or S m 0, 1 or 2 m 1) R2 2 Sn (N (TMS 2 2 =0 2) K 2 C0 3 MeOH

HCJ.

Ph 1I- (Ilt) Reaction Scheme (11) Structures (IIIu) arnd (Ilyv) may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme:

LDA

Rix 0WNoR W 0 or S I RC1

WH

Z, OH zx -c H2N>O

LDA

*y R 3

X

1) 03

WR

Pph 3 R 0'P-N O 2) (1)H 3 1) -p 2) DCC/HOBt 0 (IIIu) W =0 (IIly) W =S Reaction Scheme (12) Structure (111w) may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme:

H

H 2 R2 x n-1

Z-N

X SePh or Br 1) LDA, R 1

X

2)

-P

x n-I Ri

IOH

H

C

C

C.

*C.C

C

C..

(1) SHAkTU Al BN nBU 3 Snfl x p-i Z-N N R 2 H

R

(111W) Reaction Scheme (13) Structures (II~x) and (Ily) may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme: 1) LDA, R 3

X

2) H 3 0' HO N- R 2

H

2 N R :YOH (1a) HS .R 2

P-N

H$ YOH K2C0 3 Aq. MeOH 1) PX 2) 0 PPh 3 DE AD (1b) C C

C

C.

C

C

C

C.

Ri 0 0 H Ri P-1 0

P-

LDA

Br P-N 0 03 PPh 3 (la) or (lb) 1) YX couple 2) -P (2) w 0 or S 1) Sfl[N(SjiE) 2

J

2) K 2 C0 3 MeOH i:I y P-N Oe

H

(IIIX) w 0 (IIy) w s ge 0* 0S S

S

OSSSSS

S

SS S S S 55

S

S.

S S

S

S SeeS

S

Reaction Scheme (14) Structures (IIhz) and (IhIza) may be synthesized by the following reaction schemie: Ph 'NI

HS

P-N

H0O 1) LDA,

R

3

X

2) H 3 0+

HO

R2N H N OH (1a) 0

K

2

CO

3 Aq. eOH AcS

(CL-R

2 9YOH

R

3 O 1) PJ 2) PPh 3

DEAD

(1~b) Ri 0

P-N

0 H P-1 Ri 0

P-N

LDA

RI )p-1 0

P-N

03 PPh 3 la) or (ib) 1) XY couple 2) -P

HW

R2

H

2 N y W= r S W 0 or S (2

W

R1 p-1 m P-N R2 H 3

Y

(IIIz), (IIIza) 1) Sn[N(Si=)2] 2) K 2 C0 3 MeOH

R

1 P-1 m P-N OMeN

R

2

H

*r According to the definition of structure

(I)

above, the bicyclic ring system may contain adjacent

CH

groups the bicyclic ring system may be formed, at least in part, by a -CH-CH- group). Compounds wherein such a -CH-CH- group is replaced with a are also included within the scope of structure any two adjacent CH groups of the bicyclic ring may together form a double bond).

Reaction Schemes (16) and (17) illustrate further synthetic methodology for preparing representative compounds of structure

(III).

Reaction Scheme 0 Z- N OMe H OMe 0 NaOMe, RIX, MeOH or 1. NaH 2. RIX, THF H-N OMe H OMe 0

NH

2

NH

2 MeONa MeOH 0 0 RI NH 1. PI(O 2

CCF

3 2 ZR0R

NN

H H NHI 0 2. R0 H N 0IF; Y0 1. NaOH 2. HY, EDGI HOBt

H

2 Pd-C Z' R

N

H

111a for B,D N Reaction Scheme (16)

R>NH

0 0 0 Na(OAc) 3

BH

RyR2 0 0 y 1 P (OEt 3 R 0 Reaction Scheme (17)

I

R1

N

Z-N NH 2

H

1) 03, DMS 2) Ac 2 0, AcOH RI OAc Z-N N 0 OSiMe 3 1)3 2)

R

2 TiC4, Ti (iOPr) 4 2) 0 o P (OEt) 3 0 ON 0 O Y R1 Z-N O N R2

H

0 y Representative compounds of structure (IV) may be prepared by the following reaction schemes (18) through (21).

Reaction Scheme (18)

O

0 o R

TFA

0R 1. NaH,

THF

2. ZX if R H, then 3. NaH, THF 4. RIX I. OH- 2. Y coupling 0 (IVc) Reaction Scheme (19) Starting material by method of Miller and Watkins, J. Am.

Chem. Soc. 90:1515, 1976.

Pd(OAc) 2 TEA, P(Ar) 3 -0 1. R 2

'MX

2. RIX

C

C

I-

0 1. TFA 2. SOCd 2 3. AIC1 3 1. NaH, THF 2. ZX 1. OH 2. couple HY (IVd) Alternatively, structures (IVc) and (IVd) may be made by reaction scheme (19-1).

Reaction Scheme (19-1) 0r 0 1. Nal, T-HF 2. RIX 3. Nal, THFf 4. ZX 0 0 (ACO~Ifh or

(CF

3 CO )Ph

DDQ

R.7 1 MgBr (Nvc) I. Nail, Mel 2. H 2 Pd-C, EtOH, H' (IVd) Reaction Scheme OMe OMe 0 1. NaH 2. RIXTHF 3. NaH 4. ZX, TBF Z OMe OMe 0

NH

2

NH

2 MeONa MeOH zs 0H Ri

NH

NH

0 1. Phl(OTFA) 2 R 0N3R 2.

R

3 0 0

F;

2 0 1. NaOH 2. H 2 NY, EDOI HOBt 0 (IVe)

H

2 Pd-C 0 (IVa) for B,D N

S

61 Reaction Scheme (21) 0 A 1. LDA 0 3. LDA Z) 4. ZX I. LDA 2. R 2

'CHO

1.(TM) 2 0 lutidine 2. NH 2

NH

2

R

2 1 0

R

2 Hl.rSR2 Na(OAc 3

BH

R

2

'I

Z NH R 0 xIY R1V.R2' N

R

2 z N R 0 0

P(OE%)

S

*5*e

S

S

(lvf) Alternatively, structure (IVf) may be made by the following reaction scheme (21-1).

Reaction Scheme (21-1) 0 0 0 I1. NaH, THF 2. RIX 3. OH- I. BH 3 2. Swemn oxidation

NH

2

NH

2

R

1 NH-

I

,NH

0

N

0

R

1. (R 2 2 CULi 2.

ZX

(AcO) 2 Ift or

(CF

3 C0 2 )Ih

R

2 2R'

R

NH

2 Pd-C

N

NPFR

N

0 Y0, (IVf) (IVa) Representative compounds of structure (VIII) may synthesized either from urazoles or pyrazolidine diones by reaction schemes (22) and (23).

Reaction Scheme (22) Structure

(VIIIC)

may be synthesized f rom urazoiles by the following reaction scheme: 0

-NH

>-NH

0

R

2 0v (AcO) 2 Ph rt or heat 0 Z-N I

)N.

0

X=S,O,(CH

2 )n n=1,2 1. NaOH 2. couple HY 0 (ViIc) 1. CA C1 Z- NH 2 30 2. 0 H 2 N NJJxO0

H

H H .0 H KOH

N

or Z NH MeONa 0 0 HN 0% H H P Z- NH H Z-N CDI 0 H KOH

N

MeONa

Z

0 64 Reaction Scheme (23) Structure (VIlId) may be synthesized .f rom pyrazolidine diones by the following reaction scheme: Z2 NH

~NH

0 R2

(CF

3

CO

2 2

II

heat N1) 0

O

X (CH 2 )n n 1, 2 1. NaOH 0

R

R

N

N

(VITld) 2. couple HY Boc N OMe H OMe 0 NaOMe, RIX, MeOH N W H ,OMe 1. NaH 2. RIX,THF NH2N2 MeONa MeGH Boc-N 0 Alternatively, the pyrazolidine dione starting material may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme: Boc-N OMe H OMe 0 1. NaH 2. BnOCH 2

CI,

TBAI

THF

Boc-N, H OMe Pd(OH) 2 /C

ON

H

2 MeOH Ho-

NH

2

NH

2 MeONa l o-Nl

V

MeOH

N

0 'OMe DEAD, P~bP Bo -N OMe OMe 0

RN

RI J- X Boc X =NHR, 0, S, carbanion Representative compounds of structure (II) may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme (24): Reaction Scheme (24)

R

2 1. TEA. PhMe, reflux 2. HN-Z

'OH

couple HY O OH

A

I. NMM, IBCF

A

2. NaB- 4 3. Dess-Martin periodinane 1. Y- 2. Dess-Martin periodinane 0 R2

Z-N

0 0 Y a.

a.

a 0

Z-NH

-N i )rNH 0 1. PhI(QTFAJ R2 Z-N11 2. 0 )N FR RA Y 0 Y

H

2 Pd-C R3 0 0 Y Ila for B,D N a 0 0 0b lie for B,D N

H-,N-Z

Z- N R heat 0 R3 0 0 R2 2

-YF

0- Z- N1 heat

R

e Y Ile for B,D C

H

2 Pd-C Ia for B,D C 67 Further representative compounds of structure (II) may be made by the following reaction scheme Reaction Scheme 1. CH 2

N

2 1,

R

A 2 N aB H 4 I Z NIT C iw 3. NaH, Mel nlqR 2 'MgX 0- 1. NaOH 2. NMM,

IBCF

3. HY 0

Y

S

S

S

.555

S

S

NaBI 4 2. NaH, Mel TiCI 4

R,

2 mgx lie

R

2 1

H

2 Pd-CV 0

Y,

68 Further representative compounds of structure (III) may be made by the following reaction scheme (26): Reaction Scheme (26): 1. LDA 0 0 2 N- CH3 02N- 2. O0

HO

0 I. EDCI/HOBt 0 0 2 N- 2. LDA 0 1. NaH 0 1 2. RIX 7 2 3. H 2 Pd-C H 4. ZX 0 2.

R

3 0 0 R\ R2 O' H

A

0 NBS o DBU

R

or H 0 1) LDA ii) PhSCI PhMe, heat

S

S

S

S S

S*

S.

S

S

S..

1. NaOH 2. H 2 NY, EDCI

R

3 HOBt 0 0

I

R 3 Ille for B,D carbon

H

2 Pd-C R1

Z\N

H

0

Y

lia for B,D carbon Compounds of structures (VI) and (VII) may be made by the same general techniques as disclosed above for compounds of structures (III) and with the exception that the respective precursor intermediate does not contain a carbonyl moiety at position

F.

Further, compounds of structure (IX) may be prepared according to reaction scheme (27): 69 Reaction Scheme (27) R 02 0 1. LDA 2. Tf 2 NAr (AcO) 2 Pd P(Ar)3 '0-2 0 T f

ENH

0 or

(CF

3

CO

2 )IPh (IXc): E Z-N (IXd): E Z-NH-C(R

I)

(IXe): E =Z(R 1

)C

S

02 0 0e

S.

S

SOS.

55 S S 050 0 U- 0 -Pd(OAc) Heat 0006 see* 0 0

§O

2 0 2 s I 0Y P E kNH

.NH

0 (AcO 2 1Ph or

(CF

3

CO

2 )Iph 0 E I 0 01y (lXf): E Z-N (IXg): E =Z-NH'-C(RI) (IXh): E =Z(Rj)c Representative compounds of structure (Ine) 'may be made by the following reaction scheme (28): Reaction Scheme (28) HN

VH

0 0 (AcO) 2 Ph /I 0 or

(CF

3

CO

2 )IPh R2 1. NaH or strong base R3 2. ZX R2 Z -O H 0R LJJ

Z-N

R3 DEADN

R

R PPh 3 0 0 ~NR2 03 H-N I I 0 (le) ZX =alkylating agent or Michael acceptor In one embodiment of P-sheet mimetics of this invention, Y groups have the structure:

R

4 where a preferred stereochemistry is: H 0 R4'

H

Preferred

R

4 groups are organoamine moieties having from about 2 to about 10 carbon atoms and at least one nitrogen atom. Suitable organoamine moieties have the chemical formula C2-10H 4 20

N,

6 0 0 2 and preferably have the chemical formula C7H 7 14

N

1 4 0 0 1 Exemplary organoamine moieties of the invention are (wherein R is selected from hydrogen, halogen fluorine), lower chain alkyl methyl), and hydroxy lower chain alkyl hydroxymethyl); and X is selected from CH 2 NH, S and O): N 1 NT NH

NH

2 C NHHNJNH NH2 NH H 2

NH

R ii H NHNH

R

R

H2 In the above structure, Rs is selected from (a) alkyl of 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, optionally substituted with 1-4 of halide, C1-salkoxy and nitro, (b) -C (=O)NH-Ci-salkyl, wherein the alkyl group is optionally substituted with halide or Ci-salkoxy,

NH-C

loaralkyl where the aryl group may be optionally substituted with up to five groups independently selected fron nitro, halide, C-salkyl,

-NH-(C=O)C

6 -1aryl, C1-salkyl and C1-salkoxy, and monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl of 4 to about 11 ring atoms, where the ring atoms are selected from carbon and the heteroatoms oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, and where the heteroaryl ring may be optionally substituted with up to about 4 of halide, C1-salkyl, C1-salkoxy, -C NHCi-salkyl, -C NHC 6 -1oaryl, amino,

OC

1 -salkyl and -C(=0)OCs-10aryl.

Preferred Rs groups are: 0

CNH-(CH

2 )1_3 R6 wherein

R

6 is hydrogen, nitro, halide, NH-C(=O)-Cl-salkyl, NH-C(=0)-C6-ioaryl, Ci-Csalkyl and C 1 -Cs alkoxy;

(CH

2 1 3

-X

wherein X is halide;

S..R

wherein E is -NH- or and R 7 and Re are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-salkyl, -C OC1-salkyl, -C OC 6 -10aryl, -C NHC1-salkyl and -C (=O)NHC6-ioaryl; and N R6 wherein E and R 6 are as defined previously.

The P-sheet mimetics of the present invention may be used in standard peptide synthesis protocols, including automated solid phase peptide synthesis.

Peptide synthesis is a stepwise process where a peptide is formed by elongation of the peptide chain through the stepwise addition of single amino acids. Amino acids are linked to the peptide chain through the formation of a peptide (amide) bond. The peptide link is formed by coupling the amino group of the peptide to the carboxylic acid group of the amino acid. The peptide is thus synthesized from the carboxyl terminus to the amino terminus. The individual steps of amino acid addition are repeated until a peptide (or protein) of desired length and amino acid sequence is synthesized.

To accomplish peptide (or protein or molecule) synthesis as described above, the amino group of the amino acid to be added to the peptide should not interfere with peptide bond formation between the amino acid and the peptide the coupling of the amino acid's carboxyl group to the amino group of the peptide). To prevent such Sinterference, the amino groups of the amino acids -used in 1:i peptide synthesis are protected with suitable protecting 15 groups. Typical amino protecting groups include, for example, BOC and FMOC groups. Accordingly, in one embodiment of the present invention, the p-sheet mimetics of the present invention bear a free carboxylic acid group 2 and a protected amino group, and are thus suitable for incorporation into a peptide by standard synthetic techniques.

The f-sheet mimetics of this invention may be synthesized on solid support, typically via a suitable linker. The P-sheet mimetics may then be cleaved from the solid support by, for example, aminolysis, and screened as competitive substrates against appropriate agents, such as the chromogenic substrate BAPNA (benzyoylarginine paranitroanalide) (see Eichler and Houghten, Biochemistry 32:11035-11041, 1993) (incorporated herein by reference).

Alternatively, by employing a suitable linker moiety, such screening may be performed while the P-sheet mimetics are still attached to the solid support.

Once a substrate is selected by the above kinetic analysis, the P-sheet mimetic may be converted into an inhibitor by modifications to the C-terminal that is, by modification to the Y moiety. For example, the terminal Y moiety may be replaced with -CH 2 Cl, -CF 3 H, or -C(O)NHR. Appropriate R moieties may be selected using a library of substrates, or using a library of inhibitors generated using a modification of the procedure of Wasserman and Ho Org. Chem. 59:4364-4366, 1994) (incorporated herein by reference).

Libraries of compounds containing P-strand templates may be constructed to determine the optimal sequence for substrate recognition or binding.

Representative strategies to use such libraries are 15 discussed below.

SA representative B-sheet mmi m +ilibrary may be constructed as follows. It should be understood that the following is exemplary of methodology that may be used to prepare a p-sheet mimetic substrate 20 library, and that other libraries may be prepared in an analogous manner.

In a first step, a library of the following type:

H

IN~

RI, R 3 R amino acid side chain moieities or derivatives thereof; Y H, Ac, S02R; and the circled

"P"

represents a solid support.

may be constructed on a solid support (PEGA resin, Meldal, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 33:3077-80, 1992; controlled pore glass, Singh et al., J. Med. Chem. 38:217-19, 1995). The solid support may then be placed in a dialysis bag (Bednarski et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109:1283-5, 1987) with the enzyme a protease) in an appropriate buffer. The bag is then placed in a beaker with bulk buffer. The enzymatic reaction is monitored as a function of time by HPLC and materials cleaved from the polymer are analyzed by MS/MS. This strategy provides information concerning the best substrates for a particular target.

The synthesis of the p-sheet mimetic is illustrated by the retrosynthetic procedure shown next:

CHO

R HS RI

R

3

H

P-N 0

H

2 N N O R

OH

O

*R R1 XR3X -N Ph N OHR 0 0 The complexity of the library generated by this technique is (RI) Assuming RI, R3 and R are selected from naturally occurring amino acid side chains moieties, n is constant, and Y is H, Ac or -S02R as defined above, a library having on the order of 24,000 members 1(20)(20)(20)(3) is generated.

P-N o P hN OR The complexity of the library generated by this technique is

(R

3 Assuming

R

1

R

3 and R are selected from naturally occurring amino acid side chains moieties, n is constant, and Y is H, Ac or -SO 2 R as defined above, a library having on the order of 24,000 members (20) (20) is generatede After screening the library against a specific target enzyme), the library may then recovered and screened with a second target, and so on.

In addition, a library of inhibitors can be constructed and screened in a standard chromogenic assay.

For example, the library may be constructed as follows, where the following example is merely representative of the inhibitor libraries that may be prepared in an analogous manner to the specific example provided below.

N

CN

R Ph R3 S1) 3 H O 1) 03_.N I NNRaRb 2) HNRaRb n N RRb or R NHP or HORa

*OR

inhibitors of serine or cysteinyl proteases 15 (See Wasserman et al., J. Org. Chem. 59:4364-6, 1994.) A further alternative strategy is to link the library through the sidechain R group as shown below.

S

NHP

O

o 6 for Asp or Glu X CF3, NHOH, 0

N

H OH 0

N

a.

H 0 z Z OR, NHR, or amino acids A library of aspartic protease inhibitors may be constructed having the following exemplary structure, and then cleaved from the resin and screened: R 3 H 0 S• N- o< .a.C RI NHP Similarly, for metalloproteases, a library having the exemplary structure shown below may be constructed and then cleaved from the resin to provide a library of hydroxamic acids: 78 0 R

H

R3OR R HP The activity of the P-sheet mimetics of this invention may be further illustrated by reference to Table 2 which lists a number of biologically active peptides.

In particular, the peptides of Table 2 are known to have biological activity as substrates or inhibitors.

Table 2 Biologically Active Peptides Protease Inhibitors: (D)FPR (Thrombin) Enzyme 40:144-48, 1988 (D)IEGR (Factor X) 15 Handbook of Synthetic Substrates for the Coagulation and Fibronlytic Systems,

H.C.

Hemker, pp. 1-175, 1983, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague.

Protein Kinase Substrates and Inhibitors: LRRASLG (Serine Kinase) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 61:559, 1974 LPYA (Tyrosine Kinase) J. Bio. Chem. 263:5024, 1988 PKI (Serine Kinase) Science 253:1414-20, 1991 CAAX Inhibitors:

(H)-CVIM-(OH)

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:732-36, 1991

(H)-CVFM-(OH)

Bioorg. Med. Chem. Letters 4:887-92, 1994 (H)-CIT-(homoserine lactone) Science 260:1934-37, 1993 SH2 Peptide Analogs: WYZPZSYYZPZS (IRS 1 analogue) Biochemistry 33:9376-81, 1994 EPQPYEEIPIYL (Src SH 2 binding motif) Cell 72:767-68, 1993 Y phosphorylated

Y

Z norleucine Class MHC I Peptides: TYQRTRALV (Influenza nucleoprotein) J. Exp. Med. 175:481-87, 1991 RGYVYQGL

(VSV)

Ann. Rev. Imm. 11:211-44, 1993 More generally, the R-sheet mimetics of this invention can be synthesized to mimic any number of biologically active peptides by appropriate choice of the

R

2

R

2

R

3 F, Y and Z moieties (as well as the A, B, C, D and E moieties of structure itself). This is further illustrated by Table 3 which discloses various 0 modifications which may be made to the P-sheet mimetics of structure to yield biologically active compounds. In Table 3, R 2 and R 3 are independently chosen from among the atoms or groups shown under the "R 2

/R

3 column.

o Table 3 A C

E

0 R 1. PROTEASE

INHITORS'

A. Serine 1. Thrombin

C

6 -Ci 0 aromatic hydrogen phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl)

CI-C

1 0 aliphatic or cycloaliphatic, substituted

C

6

-C

10 aromatic, -SiR 3

-CO

2 H, -CO 2

R

S

0

H

H

H

H HH 0 N

H

H H 0 NH

R

"X IN NH 2

H

NH

hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, 0 zt OH 0 toR R=aliphatic S CH2C-I CF3 0 ,)N.Cycloaliphatic

H

0 x=o. S, R-CO2H,

NH

CO2R, SOx OF X=0, S. NH R=CO2H, SO2R,

,ORR

R-CO2H, C02 SO2R, COCF3 2. Elastase

CI-C

10 aliphatic hydrogen or C 1

C

10 heterocyclic 0 H

CF

3 (0 -CH, -CH (CH 3 2 or 0 H 1 aromatic 0 or aliphatic acyJ.

K

1

R

2

/R

3 Y z 3. Factor X -el aliphatic carboxylic aromatic carboxylate

C

1 -Cio acidic heterocyclic hyarogen H 0 (D Ny H2

NH

~tNH

NH

2

N--

N

H

H H o NH

N

X-4 7 '-NH2

H

X CH 2

NH

__NH

2

NH

0

NH

(D -CH 2 C1 -CF3 Y

NH--G

0 )KNC)n-1-2 D(Ile) Acyl Dansyl X=O, S, R=CO2H, S02R,

NH

CO2R, COCF3

N

x X=0, S, NH R-CO2H, SO2R, C02R R=CO2H, C02 SO2R, COCF3 B. Aspartic 1. HIVI cl-c 10 aliphatic or a rgini e cl-cl 0 al iphati c or 0 acyl Cl-Cl 0 aliphatic arginine or OH 0 CI-cl 0 aliphatic Cl-Cl 0 aromatic =amino acid CI-Clo alkyl CI-Cl 0 aryl acyl hydrogen RlR/3Y

Z

1. Cathepsin B CG-Cio aromatic

C

1 -Clo aliphatic hydrogen Ci-C 10 basic aromatic hydrophobic 0 H

Q

NH

H

2

N/'-N

benzyl acyl -CHO)1 Ar -CH, OAc -CH2 N,

-H

0

.A)K'NH-Q

(0 Cl-dlo aliphatic 2. Calpain

C

6 -Cio aromatic,

C

1

-C

10

C

1

-C

1 0 aliphatic, aliphatic 0benzyl hydrophobic 1'rkacyl

H

(D Cl-c aromatic, hydrophobic -CH, F

-CH

2

N

2

-CH

2 OAc

-H

3. ICE Ci-Clo aliphatic hydrogen 0 H 0

-CH

2

F

-CH

2

N

2 0 -CH' 0O1kAr

-CH

2 OAc 0 I *0 dihydrocinnamic, aroma tic, aliphatic, acetyl

U

U

S

Cl-CIO aliphatic Ci-Cio aromatic

U

D. Metallo 1. ACE

R

2

/R

3 Y z

C

2

-C

10 aliphatic indoyl d 1 aromatic 0 ,)I'l0

P-OH

0=Cl-C 10 alkyl Cl-Cia ary].

RI

R

2

/R

3 2. C-±llagenase C.i-Clio alkJyl.

hydrogen cl-c 10 aromatic, C 1 Ci 0 aliphatic, Ci-C 1 0 basic

N

.oeH" alkyl hydroxyl 0 11 1 0 (0 hydrogen Cl-Cl 0 alkyl 0

POH

or

C

6 s-CIO aromatic Ci-Clo alkyl cl-clo aliphatic

-NHOH

hydroxyl 9 9* 9 *9 9 0-0 0 hydrogen Cl-Cl 0 alkyl, or 0

POH

9 9** 9*9* Serine, 11. KINASE INHIBITORS A. Serine/ amino acid Threonine side chain amino acid side chain Threonine Tyrosine amino acid amino acid B. Tyrosine amino acid chain side amino acid side chain side amino acid side chain C. Histidine amino acid chain Histidine amino acid 111. MHC II INHIBITORS A. Class I 1. HIV gp12O hydrogen hydrogen

-OH

mi

R

2

R

3 Y B. Class II 1. HA (306-18) hydrogen 2. HSP 65(3-13) C1--hydrophobic hydrogen

-YVKQNTLKLAT

-YDEEARR

hydrogen

-TK

When the p-sheet mimetics of this invention are substituted for one or more amino acids of a biologically active peptide, the structure of the resulting P-sheet modified peptide (prior to cleavage from the solid support, such as PAM) may be represented by the following diagram, where

AA

1 through

AA

3 represent the same or different amino acids: 0 AA3-- BETA-SHEET MIMETIC -AA2-AA- PPAM S. S S

S.

S

Sn.

S

S

The precise P-sheet mimetic may be chosen by any of a variety of techniques, including computer modeling, randomization techniques and/or by utilizing natural 15 substrate selection assays. The P-sheet mimetic may also b. be generated by synthesizing a library of -sheet mimetics, and screening such library members to identify active members as disclosed above.

Once the optimized P-sheet mimetic is chosen, modification may then be made to the various amino acids attached thereto. A series of p-sheet modified peptides having a variety of amino acid substitutions are then cleaved from the solid support and assayed to identify a Preferred substrate. It should be understood that the generation of such substrates may involve the synthesis and screening of a number of p-sheet modified peptides, wherein each P-sheet modified peptide has a variety of 87 amino acid substitutions in combination with a variety of different P-sheet mimetics. In addition, it should also be recognized that, following cleavage of the P-sheet modified peptide from the solid support, the Z moiety is

AA

3 and the Y moiety is AA 2 and AA 1 in the above diagram.

(While this diagram is presented for illustration, additional or fewer amino acids may be linked to the P-sheet mimetic that is, AA 3 may be absent or additional amino acids my be joined thereto; and AA 2 and/or AA 1 may be omitted or additional amino acids may be joined thereto).

Once a preferred substrate is identified by the procedures disclosed above, the substrate may be readily converted to an inhibitor by known techniques. For 15 example, the C-terminal amino acid (in this case AA 1 may be modified by addition of a number of moieties known to impart inhibitor activity to a substrate, including (but not limited to) -CF 3 (a known reversible serine protease inhibitor)

-CH

2 Cl (a known irreversible serine protease inhibitor),

-CH

2

N

2 and -CH 2

S(CH

3 (known cysteinyl protease inhibitors), -NHOH (a known metalloprotease inhibitor),

NH

SNH'CHCONH(CH

2 )2CH(CH 3 )2 O O CH 2

CH(CH

3 2 (a known cysteinyl protease inhibitor), and 88 OH 0 NH

R'

NH 1 NH R R' CH2CH(CH3)CH 2 CH3 R CH2CH(CH 3 2 or or CH2CH2-N

/O

CH2 (a known aspartyl protease inhibitor).

While the utility of the p-sheet mimetics of this invention have been disclosed with regard to certain embodiments, it will be understood that a wide variety and type of compounds can be made which includes the p-sheet mimetics of the present invention. For example, a p-sheet mimetic of this invention may be substituted for two or 1: 0 more amino acids of a peptide or protein. In addition to improving and/or modifying the P-sheet structure of a eptide or protein, especially with regard to conformational stability, the P-sheet mimetics of this invention also serve to inhibit proteolytic breakdown.

S 15 This results in the added advantage of peptides or proteins which are less prone to proteolytic breakdown due to incorporation of the P-sheet mimetics of this invention.

More specifically, the P-sheet mimetics of this invention have broad utility in naturally occurring or synthetic peptides, proteins and molecules. For example, peptides, proteins, and molecules. For example, the Psheet mimetics disclosed herein have activity as inhibitors of kinases and proteases, as well as having utility as MHC II inhibitors. For example, the p-sheet mimetics of this invention have activity as inhibitors of 89 the large family of trypsin-like serine proteases, including those preferring arginine or lysine as a P' substituent. These enzymes are involved in hemostasis and include (but are not limited to) Factor VIIa, Factor IXa, Factor Xa, Factor XIa, thrombin, kallikrein, urokinase (which is also involved in cancer metastasis) and plasmin.

A related enzyme, tryptase, is involved in inflammatory responses. Thus, the ability to selectively inhibit these enzymes has wide utility in therapeutic applications involving cardiovascular disease, inflammatory diseases, and oncology.

For example, compounds of the following structures represent further embodiments of this invention in the context of Factor Vila and thrombin inhibitors.

9 Factor VIIa Inhibitors: Z

F

X R N NR R

X

X halogen, -SO 2

NH

2 R -SO2NH 2

-SO

2

CH

3

-SO

2 Ar, -CHaryl, -C NH 2

-CH

2 Nac -CHzheteroaryl, -C CH 2 aryl, -C CHheteroaryl

Y

NH. H.,N

NHH

o C02HO0

NN

0 C 2

H

H

0 0~ 0

COH

0 COH

H

NH,

ATH

0 H R'I= alkyl, aryl Thrombin Inhibitors: N R2 Z-N I Z-N O

O

O

Y

In another aspect, the present invention encompasses pharmaceutical compositions prepared for storage or administration which comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a p-sheet mimetic or compound of the present invention in a Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Anticoagulant therapy is indicated for the treatment and prevention of a variety of thrombotic conditions, particularly coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. Those experienced in this field are readily aware of the circumstances requiring anticoagulant therapy.

The "therapeutically effective amount" of a compound of the present invention will depend on the route of administration, the type of warm-blooded animal being treated, and the physical characteristics of the specific animal under consideration. These factors and their relationship to determining this amount are well known to skilled practitioners in the medical arts. This amount and the method of administration can be tailored to achieve optimal efficacy but will depend on such factors as weight, diet, concurrent medication and other factors '..which as noted hose skilled in the medical arts will recognize.

15 The "therapeutically effective amount" of the compound of the present invention can range broadly depending upon the desired affects and the therapeutic indication. Typically, dosages will be between about 0.01 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight, preferably between about 0.01 and 10 mg/kg, body weight.

"Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers" for therapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical art, and are described, for example, in Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co. Gennaro edit. 1985) For example, sterile saline and phosphate-buffered saline at physiological pH may be used.

Preservatives, stabilizers, dyes and even flavoring agents may be provided in the pharmaceutical composition. For example, sodium benzoate, sorbic acid and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid may be added as preservatives. In addition, antioxidants and suspending agents may be used.

Thrombin inhibition is useful not only in the anticoagulant therapy of individuals having thrombotic conditions, but is useful whenever inhibition of blood coagulation is required such as to prevent coagulation of stored whole blood and to prevent coagulation in other biological samples for testing or Storage. Thus, the thrombin inhibitors can be added to or contacted with any medium containing or suspected of containing throin an is desired that blood in which it is desired that blood coagulation be inhibited when contacting the mammal's blood with material selected from the group consisting of vascular grafts, stems, orthopedic prosthesis, cardiac prosthesis and extracorporeal circulation systems).

The thrombin inhibitors can be co-administered with suitable anti-coagulation agents or thrombolytic agents such as plasminogen activators or treptokinase to achieve synergistic effects in the treatment of various 15 ascular pathologies F me n t o f v a r i o u s 15 ascular pathologies. For example, thrombin inhibitors i enhance the efficiency of tissue plasminogen activatorbe administered omboytic reerfusion. Thrombin inhibitors may ue administered first following thrombus formation, and tissue lasminogen activator or other plasminogen activator is administered thereafter They may also be combined with heparin, aspirin, or warfarin.

The thrombin inhibitors of the invention can be administered in such oral forms as tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release tn formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixers, tinctures, suspensions, syrups, and emulsions. Likewise, they may be administered in intravenous (bolus or infusion), intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular form, all using forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts. An effective but non-toxic amount of the compound desired can be employed as an anti-aggregation agent or treating ocular build up of fibrin. The compounds may be administered intraocularly or topically as well as orally or parenterally.

The thrombin inhibitors can be administered in the form of a depot injection or implant preparation which may be formulated in such a manner as to permit a sustained release of the active ingredient. The active ingredient can be compressed into pellets or small cylinders and implanted subcutaneously or intramuscularly as depot injections or implants. Implants may employ inert materials such as biodegradable polymers or synthetic silicones, for example, Silastic, silicone rubber or other polymers manufactured by the Dow-Corning Corporation.

The thrombin inhibitors can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small 15 unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines.

The thrombin inhibitors may also be delivered by S 20 the use of monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compound molecules are coupled. The thrombin inhibitors may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers. Such polymers can include polyvinlypyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxy-propyl- S 25 methacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxyethyl-aspartarnide-phenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, the thrombin inhibitors may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydibydropyrans, polycyancacrylates an4 cross linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.

The dose and method of administration can be tailored to achieve optimal efficacy but will depend on such factors as weight, diet, concurrent medication and other factors which those skilled in the medical arts will recognize. When administration is to be parenteral, such as intravenous on a daily basis, injectable pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared ir. conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injecti.on, or as emulsions.

Tablets suitable for oral administration of active compounds of the invention can be prepared as 15 follows: Amount-mg Active Compound 25.0 50.0 100.0 Microcrystalline 37.25 100.0 200.0 cellulose Modified food corn 37.25 4.25 starch Magnesium stearate 0.50 0.75 All of the active compound, cellulose, and a portion of the corn starch are mixed and granulated tc corn starch paste. The resulting granulation is sieved, dried and blended with the remainder of the corn starch and the magnesium stearate. The resulting granulation is then compressed into tablets containing 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0 mg, respectively, of active ingredient per tablet.

An intravenous dosage form of the above-indicated active compounds may be prepared as follows: Active Compound 0.

5 -10.0mg Sodium Citrate 5-50mg Citric Acid 1-15mg Sodium Chloride l-8mg Water for q.s. to 1 ml Injection

(USP)

P R "i U a a eston Utilizing the above quantities, the active compound is dissolved at room temperature in a previously prepared solution of sodium chloride, citric acid, and sodium citrate in Water for Injection USP, see page 1636 ae useful s n atro diagnostic reagents to prevent the of United States Pharmacopoeia/Nation a Formulary for 1995, published by United States Pharmacopoeia Convention, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, copyright 1994).

T h e c ompounds of the present invent when selected as disclosed are useful as potent inhibitors of thrombin in vitro and in vivo. As such, these compounds are useful as in vitro diagnostic reagents to prevent the clotting of blood and as in vivo pharmaceutical agents to prevent thrombosis in mammals suspected of having a condition characterized by abnormal thrombosis.

clotting in blood drawing tubes. The use of stoppered test ain w ce of toppeied test tubes having a vacuum therein as a means to draw blood obtained by venipuncture into the tube is well known in the medical arts (Kasten, "Specimen Collection," Laboratory Test Handbook, 2nd Edition, Lexi-Comp Inc., Cleveland pp. 16-17, Edits. Jacobs, D.S. et al. 1990) Such vacuum tubes may be free of clot-inhibiting additives, in which case, they are useful for the isolation of mammalian serum from the blood they may alternatively contain clot-inhibiting additives (such as heparin salts, EDTA salts, citrate salts or oxalate salts), in which case, they are useful for the isolation of mammalian plasma from the blood. The compounds of the present invention are potent inhibitors of factor Xa or thrombin, and as such, can be incorporated into blood collection tubes to prevent clotting of the mammalian blood drawn into them.

With respect to regulation of transcription factors, the compounds of this invention regulate transcription factors whose ability to bind to DNA is controlled by reduction of a cysteine residue by a cellular oxidoreductase. In one embodiment, the transcription factor is NF-KB and the cellular oxidoreductase is thioredoxin. In this embodiment, the S compounds of this invention have activity as mediators of 15 immune and/or inflammatory responses, or serve to control cell growth. In another embodiment, the transcription factor is AP-1, and the cellular oxidoreductase is ref-l.

In this embodiment, the compounds of this invention have activity as anti-inflammatory and/or anticancer agents.

In yet further embodiments, the transcription factor is selected from myb and glucocorticoid response element (FRE), and the oxidoreductase includes glutaredoxin.

In the practice of the methods of this invention, a therapeutically effective amount of a 25 compound of this invention is administered to a warmblooded animal in need thereof. For example, the compounds of this invention may be administered to a warmblooded animal that has been diagnosed with, or is at risk of developing, a condition selected from Chrohns disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, ischemia, reperfusion injury, graft versus host disease (GVHD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, allograft rejection and adult T-cell leukemia.

98 The compounds of the present invention are used alone, in combination of other compounds of the present invention, or in combination with other known inhibitors of clotting, in the blood collection tubes. The amount to be added to such tubes is that amount sufficient to inhibit the formation of a clot when mammalian blood is drawn into the tube. The addition of the compounds to such tubes may be accomplished by methods well known in the art, such as by introduction of a liuid composition thereof, as a solid composition thereof, or liquid composition which is lyophilized to a solid. The compounds of the present invention are added to blood Scollection tubes in such amounts that, when combined with 2 to 10 m, of mammalian blood, the concentration of such 15 compounds will be sufficient to inhibit clot formation ypically, the required concentration will be about 1 to 10,000 nM, with 10 to 1000 nM being preferred.

The following examples are offered by way of illustration, not limitation.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 Synthesis of Representative D-Sheet Mimetic 25 This example illustrates the synthesis of a representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

Synthesis of Structure (1) Ph" N

CO

2 Me (1) Phenylalanine benzaldimine, structure was synthesized as follows. To a mixture of L-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride (7.19 g, 33.3 mmol) and benzaldehyde (3.4 ml, 33.5 mmol) stirred in CH2C1 2 (150 ml) at room temperature was added triethylamine (7.0 ml, mmol). Anhydrous magnesium sulfate (2 g) was added to the resulting solution and the mixture was stirred for 14 h then filtered through a 1 inch pad of Celite with CH2C12. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to ca. one half of its initial volume then diluted with an equal volume of hexanes. The mixture was extracted twice with saturated aqueous NaHC03, H20 and brine then dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and filtered.

Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded 8.32 g 15 (93% yield) of colorless oil. H NMR analysis indicated nearly pure phenylalanine benzaldimine. The crude S: product was used without further purification.

a Synthesis of Structure Ph 'N C0 2 Me a-Allylphenylalanine benzaldimine, structure was synthesized as follows. To a solution of diisopropylamine (4.3 ml, 33 mmol) stirred in THF (150 ml) at -78 0 C was added dropwise a solution of n-butyllithium (13 ml of a 2.5 M hexane solution, 33 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 20 min. then a solution of phenylalanine benzaldimine (7.97 g, 29..8 mmol) in THF ml) was slowly added. The resulting dark red-orange solution was stirred for 15 min. then allyl bromide (3.1 100 ml, 36 mmol) was added. The pale yellow solution was stirred for 30 min. at -78 0 C then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred an additional 1 h. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride was added and the mixture was poured into ethyl acetate. The organic phase was separated and washed with water and brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded 8.54 g of a viscous yellow oil. Purification by column chromatography yielded 7.93 g of a-allylphenylalanine benzaldimine as a viscous colorless oil.

Synthesis of Structure (3) was synthesized as foll w .stirred in methanol (50 m m adq C1H 3 N CO 2 Me 15 -AylPhenylalnine hydrochloride, structure was synthesized as follows. To a solution of aallylphenylalanine benzaldimine (5.94 g, 19.3 mmol) tirred in methanol (50 ml) was added 5% aqueous hydrochloric acid (10 ml). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h then concentrated under vacuum to an orange-brown caramel. The crude product was dissolved in CHC1 3 (10 ml) and the solution was heated to boiling.

Hexanes (-150 ml) were added and the slightly cloudy mixture was allowed to cool. The liquid was decanted away 2-i liquid was decanted away from the crystallized solid then the solid was rinsed with hexanes and collected. Removal of residual solvents under vacuum yielded 3.56 g of pure a-allylphenylalanine hydrochloride as a white crystalline solid.

101 H NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) 6 8.86 (3 H, br 7.32- 7.26 (5H, 6.06 (1 H, dddd, J 17.5, 10.5, 7.6, 7.3 Hz), 5.33 (1H, d, J 17.5 Hz), 5.30 (1 H, d, J 10.5 Hz), 3.70 (3 H, 3.41 (1 H, d, J 14.1 Hz), 3.35 (1 H, d, J 14.1 Hz), 2.98 (1 H, dd, J 14.5, 7.3 Hz), 2.88 (1 H, dd, J 14.5, 7.6 Hz).

Synthesis of Structure 0 BocHN C0 2 Me S* 10 N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-c-allylphenylalanine, structure was synthesized as follows. To a solution 0 of D,L a-allylphenylalanine hydrochloride (565 mg, 2.21 :mmol) stirred in a mixture of THF (15 ml) and water (5 ml) was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate followed by careful addition of solid sodium bicarbonate in small portions.

The resulting two phase mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 2 days then diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was separated and washed with water and brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded a colorless oil that was purified by column chromatography (5 to 10% EtOAc in hexanes gradient elution) to yield 596 mg of N-tert-butyloxycarbonyla-allylphenylalanine.

TLC Rf 0.70 (silica, 20% EtOAc in hexanes); IH NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) 5 7.26-7.21 (3 H, 7.05 (2 H, d, J 6.1 Hz), 5.64 (1 H, dddd, J 14.8, 7.6, 7.2, 7.2 Hz), 5.33 (1 H, br 5.12-5.08 (2 H, 3.75 (3 H, 3.61 (1 H, d, J 13.5 Hz), 3.21 (1 H, dd, J 13.7, 7.2 Hz), 102 3.11 (1 H, d, J 13.5 Hz), 2.59 (1 H, dd, J 13.7, 7.6 Hz), 1.47 (9 H, s).

Synthesis of Structure BocHN C0 2 Me An aldehyde of structure was synthesized as follows. Ozone was bubbled through a solution of 2.10 g (6.57 mmol) of the structure olefin stirred at -78°C in a mixture of CH2C1 2 (50 ml) and methanol (15 ml) until the 10 solution was distinctly blue in color. The solution was stirred an additional 15 min. then dimethyl sulfide was slowly added. The resulting colorless solution was stirred at -78 0 C for 10 min. then allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 6 h. The solution was concentrated under vacuum to 2.72 g of viscous pale yellow oil which was purified by column chromatography (10 to EtOAc in hexanes gradient elution) to yield 1.63 g of pure aldehyde as a viscous colorless oil.

TLC Rf 0.3 (silica, 20% EtOAc in hexanes);

H

20 NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) 6 9.69 (1 H, br 7.30-7.25 (3 H, 7.02 (2 H, 5.56 (1 H, br 3.87 (1 H, d, J 17.7 3.75 (3 H, 3.63 (1 H, d, J 13.2 Hz), 3.08 (1 H, d, J 17.7 Hz), 2.98 (1 H, d, J 13.2 Hz,), 1.46 (9 H, 103 Synthesis of Structure Ph

N

NH

BocHN 0 (6) A hydrazone of structure was synthesized as follows. To a solution of the aldehyde of structure (1.62 g, 5.03 mmol) stirred in THF (50 ml) at room temperature was added hydrazine hydrate (0.32 ml, mmol) The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. then heated to reflux for 3 days.

The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature then concentrated under vacuum to 1.59 g (105% crude yield) of colorless foam. The crude hydrazone product, structure was used without purification.

TLC Rf 0.7 (50% EtOAc in hexanes); H NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) 6 8.55 (1 H, br 7.32-7.26 (3 H, m), 15 7.17 (1 H, br 7.09 (2H, 5.55 (1 H, br 3.45 (1 H, d, J 17.7 Hz), 3.29 (1 H, d, J 13.5 Hz), 2.90 (1 H, d, J 13.5 Hz), 2.88 (1 H, dd, J 17.7, 1.3 Hz), 1.46 (9 H, MS NH3) m/z 304.1 (M H 20 Synthesis of Structure Ph

:NH

I NH BocHN 0 (7) A cyclic hydrazide of structure was synthesized as follows. The crude hydrazone of structure (55 mg, 0.18 mmol) and platinum oxide (5 mg, 0.02 mmol) were taken up in methanol and the flask was fitted with a three-way stopcock attached to a rubber balloon.

104 The flask was flushed with hydrogen gas three times, the balloon was inflated with hydrogen, and the mixture was stirred vigorously under a hydrogen atmosphere for 17 hours. The mixture was filtered through Celite with ethyl acetate and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to a white form. Purification of the white foam by flash chromatography yielded 44 mg of the pure cyclic hydrazide of structure 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 3 8 7.34-7.28 (3 H, m), 7.21 (2 H, 6.95 (1 H, br 5.29 (1 H, br 3.91 (1 H, br 3.35 (1 H, d, J 12.9 Hz), 3.00 (1 H, ddd, J 13.9, 5.3, 5.0 Hz), 2.96 (1 H, d, J 12.9 Hz), 2.67 (1 H, br 2.38 (1 H, br 2.30 (1 H, ddd, J 13.9,. 5.4, Hz), 1.45 (9 H, MS

NH

3 m/z 306.2 (M H Synthesis of Structure Ph

N

I

N

BocHN O CO2Et (8) Structure was synthesized as follows. To a solution of the cyclic hydrazide of structure (4.07 g, 20 13.32 mmol) stirred in ethyl acrylate (200 ml) at 90 0 C was added formaldehyde (1.2 mL of a 37% aqueous solution) S.:The mixture was heated to reflux for 15 h then allowed to cool to room temperature and concentrated under vacuum to a white foam. The products were separated by column chromatography then 10% acetone/chloroform) to yield 0.851 g of the least polar diastereomer of the bicyclic ester, structure and a more polar diastereomer (8a).

The impure fractions were subjected to a second chromatography to afford more pure structure combined yield.

105 H NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) 8 7.27-7.21 (3 H, m) 7.09 (2 H, d, J 6.5 Hz), 5.59 (1 H, br 4.52 (1 H, dd, J 9.1, 3.4 Hz), 4.21 (2 H, 3.40 (1 H, d, J 12.5 Hz), 3.32 (1 H, d, J 12.5 Hz), 3.10 (2 H, 2.79 (1 H, br 2.66 (1 H, br m),2.79 (1 H, br 2.66 (1 H, br 2.54 (1 H, br 2.46 (1 H, 2.18 (1 H, m), 1.44 (9 H, 1.28 (3 H, t, J 7.0 Hz); MS NH3) 418.4 (M Ph Ph N BocNH 1"H Boc-NH 0 CO 2 Et O C02Et (8b) (8a) Synthesis of Structure (9b): Ph BocHN C: H (9b) Structure (9b) was synthesized as follows. To a 15 solution of the least polar ethyl ester structure (31 mg, 0.074 mmol) stirred in THF (1 ml) was added aqueous lithium hydroxide (1 M, 0.15 ml). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h then the reaction was quenched with 5% aqueous citric acid. The 20 mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x) then the combined extracts were washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a colorless glass. The crude acid, structure was used in subsequent experiments without further purification.

106 Synthesis of Structure Ph Ph N

NO

2 BocHN o

H

NH

Structure (10b) was synthesized as follows. The crude acid of structure (9b) (30 mg, 0.074 mmol), HArg(PMC)pNA (41 mg, 0.074 mmol), and HOBt (15 mg, 0.098 mmol) were dissolved in THF (1 ml) then diisopropylethylamine (0.026 ml, 0.15 mmol) was added i followed by EDC (16 mg, 0.084 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h then diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted with 5% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to 54 mg of pale yellow glass. The products were separated by column chromatography to yield 33 mg of a mixture of diastereomers of the coupled protected) product, structure (10b). MS NH3) m/z 566.6 (M H) 107 Synthesis of Structure (lib): Ph NN

NO

2 N H

HNH

OH H

H

2 N -NH (llb) A P-sheet mimetic of structure (lib) was synthesized as follows. A solution of 0.25 ml of 0.125 ml of 1,2-ethanedithiol and 360 mg of phenol in 5 ml of TFA was prepared and the protected product of structure (10b) (33 mg, 0.035 mmol) was dissolved in 2 ml of this solution. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 h then concentrated under reduced 10 pressure. Ether was added to the concentrate and the resulting precipitate was collected by centrifugation.

The precipitate was triturated with ether and centrifuged two more times then dried in a vacuum desiccator for 14 h.

The crude product (14 mg) was purified by HPLC 15 chromatography to yield the P-sheet mimetic of structure (lib). MS NH3) m/z 954.8 (M Na) 108 Synthesis of Structure (12b): Ph I 0 BocHN

N

NH

MeO (12b) Structure (12b) was synthesized as follows. To a solution of the crude acid of structure (9b) (2 mg, 0.062 mmol) and N-methylmorpholine (0.008 ml), stirred in THF (1 ml) at -50 0 C was added isobutyl chloroformate. The resulting cloudy mixture was stirred for 10 min. then 0.016 ml (0.14 mmol) of N-methylmorpholine was added S: followed by a solution of HArg(Mtr)CH 2 Cl (50 mg, 0.068 m.ol) in THF (0.5 mi). The mixture was kept at -50 0 C for e 20 min. then was allowed to warm to room temperature during 1 h. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted with 5% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and S concentrated under vacuum to yield 49 mg of colorless glass, structure (12) Separation by column chromatography yielded 12 mg of a less polar diastereomer and 16 mg of a more polar diastereomer.

1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 6 7.93 (1 H, br 7.39- 7.31 (3 H, 7.16 (2 H, d, J 6.9 Hz), 6.52 (1 H, s), 6.30 (1 H, br 5.27 (1 H, 4.74 (1 H, dd, J 9.1, 6.9 Hz), 4.42 (1 H, br d, J 6.8 Hz), 4.33 (1 H, d, J 6.8 Hz), 3.82 (3 H, 3.28 (1 H, d, J 13.3 Hz), 3.26- 109 3.12 (4 H, 2.98 (1 H, d, J 13.3 Hz), 2.69 (3 H, s), 2.60 (3 H, 2.59-2.33 (4 H, 2.25- 2.10 (3 H, m), 2.11 (3 H, 1.77 (1 H, br 1.70-1.55 (3 H, br m), 1.32 (9 H, s).

Synthesis of Structure (13b): Ph N H2N N

O

NH

:2 (13b A P-sheet mimetic of structure (13b) was synthesized as follows. The more polar diastereomer of 10 structure (12b) (16 mg, 0.021 mmol) was dissolved in

TFA/H

2 0 (1 ml) and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 6 h then concentrated under vacuum to S* 11 mg of crude material. The crude product was triturated with ether and the precipitate was washed twice with ether 15 then dried under high vacuum for 14 h. H NMR analysis indicated a 1:1 mixture of fully deprotected product and product containing the Mtr protecting group. The mixture was dissolved in 95% TFA/H 2 0 and stirred for 2 days and the product was recovered as above. Purification of the product by HPLC yielded 5 mg of the pure compound of structure (13b). MS m/z 477.9 110 Example 2 Synthesis of Representative _-Sheet Mimetic This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

Synthesis of Structure (14): H o O I

NH

H

(14) N,O-Dimethyl hydroxamate, structure was synthesized as follows. To a mixture of Boc-Ng-4-methoxy- 10 2 ,3, 6 -trimethylbenzenesulfonyl-L-arginine (8.26 g, 14.38 mmol), N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.78 g, 28.5 mmol) and l-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (2.45 g, 16.0 mmol) stirred in THF (150 ml) at ambient temperature was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (7.5 ml, 43 mmol) followed by solid EDC (3.01 g, 15.7 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 16h then diluted with ethyl acetate (200 ml) and extracted sequentially with aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine. The organic solution was dried over 20 anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded 7.412 g of white foam.

'H NMR (500Mhz, CDCI 3 8 6.52 (1 H, 6.17 (1 H, br 5.49 (1 H, d, J=8.8Hz), 4.64 (1 H, br 3.82 (3H, 3.72 (3H, 3.36 (1 H, br 3.18 (3H, s), 3.17 (1 H, br 2.69 (3H, 2.61 (3H, 2.12 (3H, 1.85-1.55 (5 H, 1.41 (9 H, MS m/z 530.5 111 Synthesis of Structure y-Y"NQ'..K H NH O 0 O IN.

O

H

o Structure (15) was synthesized as follows. To a solution of the arginine amide (7.412 g, 13.99 mmol) stirred in dichloromethane (150 ml) at room temperature was added N, N-diisopropylethylamine (2.9 ml, 17--mmol) followed by di-tert-butyldicarbonate (3.5 ml, 15.4 mmol) and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (0.175 g, 1.43 mmol) The S 10 resulting solution was stirred for 1.5h then poured into water. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with two 100ml portions of dichloromethane. The combine extracts were shaken with brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the 15 filtrate under vacuum yielded a white foam that was purified by flash chromatography to yield 8.372 g of white foam.

H NMR (500MHz, CDC1 3 6 9.79 (1 H, 8.30 (1 H, t, J=4.96), 6.54 (1 H, 5.18 (1 H, d, J=9.16 Hz), 20 4.64 (1 H, 3.83 (3 H, 3.74 (3 H, 3.28 (2 H, dd, J=12.6, 6.9 Hz), 3.18 (3 H, 2.70 (3 H, 2.62 (3 H, 2.14 (3 H, 1.73-1.50 (5 H, 1.48 (9H, s), 1.42 (9 H, MS m/z 630.6 112 Synthesis of Structure (16): NH O Q H o (16) The arginal, structure was synthesized as follows. To a solution of the arginine amide structure (15) stirred in toluene at -78 0 C under a dry argon atmosphere was added a solution of diisobutylaluminum hydride in toluene (1.0 M, 7.3ml) dropwise over a period of 15 minutes. The resulting solution was stirred for minutes then a second portion of diisobutylaluminum 10 hydride (3.5ml) was added and stirring was continued for So.: 15 minutes. Methanol (3ml) was added dropwise and the solution was stirred at -78 0 C for 10 minutes then allowed to warm to room temperature. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (100ml) and stirred vigorously with 50 ml of saturated aqueous potassium sodium tartrate for 2.5h. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 100ml). The extracts were combined with the original organic solution and shaken with brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration S 20 of the filtrate under vacuum yielded a white foam that was separated by flash chromatography to yield 1.617g of the aldehyde as a white foam.

1H NMR (500MHz, CDCl 3 6 9.82 (1 H, 9.47 (1 H, 8.35 (1 H, br 6.55 (1 H, 5.07 (1 H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 4.18 (1 H, br 3.84 (3 H, 3.25 (2 H, m), 2.70 (3 H, 2.62 (3 H, 2.14 (3 H, 1.89 (1 H, 113 1.63- 1.55 (4 H, 1.49 (9H, 1.44 (9 H,

MS

m/z 571.6 Synthesis of Structure (17):

OH

TFA

H

2 N

N

SO-N

NH

O

H

(17) Hydroxybenzothiazole, structure was synthesized as follows. To a solution of benzothiazole (1.55 ml, 14 mmol) stirred in anhydrous diethyl ether (60 ml) at -78 0 C under a dry argon atmosphere was added a 10 solution of n-butyllithium (2.5 M in hexane, 5.6 ml, 14 mmol) dropwise over a period of 10 minutes. The resulting orange solution was stirred for 45 minutes then a solution of the arginal structure (16) (1.609 g, 2.819 mmol) in diethyl ether (5ml) was slowly added. The solution was stirred for 1.5 h then saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 100 ml) and the combined extracts were extracted with water and brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded a yellow oil that was purified by flash chromatography (30% then 40% ethyl acetate/hexanes eluent) to yield 1.22 g of the hydroxybenzothiazoles (ca. 2:1 mixture of diastereomers) as a white foam.

The mixture of hydroxybenzothiazoles (1.003 g, 1.414 mmol) was stirred in CH 2 C1 2 (12 ml) at room 114 temperature and trifluoroacetic acid (3 ml) was added.

The resulting solution was stirred for 1.5h then concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 1.22 g of the benzothiazolylarginol trifluoroacetic acid salt as a yellow foam.

MS m/z 506.2 (M Synthesis of Structure (18b): O H N o (18b) 10 The bicyclic compound, structure (18b) was synthesized as follows. The bicyclic acid of structure (9b) from Example 1 (151 mg, 0.387 mmol) and HOBt hydrate (71 mg, 0.46 mmol) were dissolved in THF (5 ml) and diisopropylethylamine (0.34 ml, 1.9 mmol) was added 15 followed by EDC (89 mg, 0.46 mmol). After stirring for ten minutes a solution of the benzothiazolylarginol trifluoroacetic acid salt (structure (17) 273 mg, 0.372 mmol) in THF (1 ml) was added along with a THF (0.5 ml) rinse. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 h then diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted sequentially with 5% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to 297 mg of a yellow glass.

115 'H NMR analysis indicated a mixture of four diastereomeric amides which included structure (18b).

MS m/z 877 Synthesis of Structure (19b): H

N

NH

0 h S(19b) Structure (19b) was synthesized as follows. The crude hydroxybenzothiazole (247 mg, 0.282 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 C1 2 (5 ml) and Dess-Martin periodinane (241 mg, 0.588 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6h then diluted with ethyl acetate and stirred vigorously with 10% aqueous sodium thiosulfate for 10 minutes. The organic solution was separated and extracted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water 15 and brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded 252 mg of yellow glass. H NMR analysis indicated a mixture of two diastereomeric ketobenzothiazoles which included structure (19b).

116 Synthesis of Structure H2N HN 0 o

NH

H

2 N NH The ketobenzothiazole, structure was synthesized as follows. Ketobenzothiazole (19) (41 mg, 0.047 mmol) was dissolved in 95% aqueous trifluoroacetic (0.95 ml) acid and thioanisole (0.05 ml) was added. The resulting dark solution was stirred for 30 hours at room temperature then concentrated under vacuum to a dark brown gum. The gum was triturated with diethyl ether and 10 centrifuged. The solution was removed and the solid remaining was triturated and collected as above two more times. The yellow solid was dried in a vacuum desiccator for 2 hours then purified by HPLC (Vydac reverse phase C-4 column (22 x 250 mm ID). Mobile phase: A 0.05% TFA in 15 water; B 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile. The flow rate was 10.0 mL/min. The gradient used was 8% B to 22% B over min, and isochratic at 22% thereafter. The peak of interest (structure (20b)) eluted at 42 minutes) to give mg of the deprotected product, structure MS 563.5 (M H) 117 Example 3 Activity of a Representative Sheet Mimetic as a Proteolytic Substrate This example illustrates the ability of a representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention to selectively serve as a substrate for thrombin and Factor VII. The P-sheet mimetic of structure (lib) above was synthesized according the procedures disclosed in Example 1, and used in this experiment without further modification.

Both the thrombin and Factor VII assays of this experiment were carried out at 37 0 C using a Hitachi UV/Vis spectrophotometer (model U-3000) Structure (lib) was dissolved in deionized water. The concentration was S• 15 determined from the absorbance at 342 nm. Extinction coefficient of 8270 liters/mol/cm was employed. The rate of structure (lib) hydrolysis was determined from the change in absorbance at 405 nm using an extinction coefficient for p-nitroaniline of 9920 liters/mol/cm for S 20 reaction buffers. Initial velocities were calculated from the initial linear portion of the reaction progress curve.

Kinetic parameters were determined by unweighted nonlinear least-squares fitting of the simple Michaelis-Menten equation to the experimental data using GraFit (Version 3.0, Erithacus Software Limited) For the thrombin assay, experiments were performed in pH 8.4 Tris buffer (Tris, 0.05M; NaC1, 0.15M). 6.4 NIH units of bovine thrombin (from Sigma) were dissolved into 10 ml of the assay buffer to yield nM thrombin solution. In a UV cuvette, 130 to 148 .1 of the buffer and 100 9l of the thrombin solutions were added, preincubated at 37 0 C for 2 minutes, and finally 2 to microliters (to make the final volume at 250 of 118 0.24 mM structure (lb) solution was added to initiate the reaction. The first two minutes of the reactions were recorded for initial velocity determination. Eight structure (lb) concentration points were collected to obtain the kinetic parameters, kcat and

K

M were calculated to be 50 s- 1 and 3 gM, respectively. kcat/KM was found to be 1.67x10 7

M

1 1 For the Factor VII assay, pH 8.0 Tris buffer (0.05 M Tris, 5 mM CaC12, 0.15 M NaCI, 0.1% TWEEN 20, 0.1% BSA) was used. 10 g1 of 20 pM human Factor Vila (FVIIa) and 22 gM of human tissue factor (TF) was brought to assay buffer to make 160 nM FVIIa and TF solutions, respectively. 40 to 48 ul of buffer, 25 p1 of FVIla and :25 ul TF solution were added to a cuvette, and incubated 15 at 37*C for 5 minutes, then 2 to 10 gl of 2.4 mM structure (lib) solution was added to the cuvette to initiate reaction (final volume was 100 ml). The initial 3 minutes reaction progress curves were recorded. Five structure (lib) concentration points were collected. The initial 20 rates were linear least-square fitted against the concentrations of structure (lib) with GraFit. The kcat/KM was calculated from the slope and found to be -1 17,500 M' s In both the thrombin and Factor vII assay of 25 this experiment, (D)FPR-PNA was run as a control Activity of structure (lb) compared to the control was 0.76 and 1.38 for thrombin and Factor V1i, respectively (Factor VII, Kcat/KM 1.27 x 104 M-I S-1; thrombin: Kcat/KM 2.20 x 107 S-1).

119 Example 4 Activity of a Representative B-Sheet Mimetic as a Protease Inhibitor This example illustrates the ability of a representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention to function as a protease inhibitor for thrombin, Factor

VII,

Factor X, urokinase, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), protein C, plasmin and trypsin. The A-sheet mimetic of structure (13b) above was synthesized according to the procedures disclosed in Example 1, and used in this experiment.

All inhibition assays of this experiment were performed at room temperature in 96 well microplates using a Bio-Rad microplate reader (Model 3550). 0.29 mg of structure (13b) was dissolved into 200 ml of 0.02

N

hydrochloric acid deionized water solution. This solution (2.05 mM) served as the stock solution for all the inhibition assays. The hydrolysis of chromogenic substrates was monitored at 405 nm. The reaction progress curves were recorded by reading the plates typically times with 30 seconds to 2 minute intervals. The initial se@. rate were determined by unweighted nonlinear least-squares fitting to a first order reaction in GraFit. The •se "determined initial velocities were then nonlinear leastsquare fitted against the concentrations of structure (13b) using GraFit to obtain ICSO. Typically, eight structure (13b) concentration points were employed for determination.

For the thrombin assay, N-p-tosyl-Gly-Pro-ArgpNA (from Sigma) was used at 0.5 mM concentration in 1% DMSO pH 8.4 Tris buffer as substrate. From structure (13b) stock solution two steps of dilution were made. First, 1:2000 dilution into 0.02 N hydrochloride solution, then 1:100 dilution into pH 8.4 Tris buffer.

120 The final dilution of structure (13b) served as the f irst point (10 nM). Seven sequential dilutions were made from the f irst point with a dilution f actor of 2. Into each reaction well, 100 p.1 of 10 nM thrombin Solution and 50 p.1 of structure (13b) solution was added. The mixture of the enzyme and inhibitor was incubated for 20 minutes, then 100 p.1 of 0.5 ruM substrate solution was added to initiate the reaction. The ICSO of structure (1.3b) against thrombin was found to be 1.2±0.2 nM.

In the Factor VII assayr S-2288 .(from Pharmacia), D-Ile-Pro-Arg-pNA was used at 20 p.M in deionized water as substtw~.s From the stock of structure (131-C), a 1:100 diluti±on was made into pH 8.0 Tris-buffer.

This dilution served as the first point of the inhibitor (20 From this concentration point 6 more sequential.

dilutions were made with a dilution factor of 2. 50 p.1 of 16 nM FVI1a and TF complex solution and 40 pl1 of the inhibitor solutions were added into each well, the mixtures were incubated for 20 minutes before 10 jil of mM S-2288 was added. ICsb of structure (13b) against factor VII was found to be 140±3 nN.

In the Factor X assay, buffer and substrate are the smasused ftr.-throbi *n assay. A 1:100 dilution .was made into pH 8.4 Tris buffer to serve as the first point.

Seven dilutions with a dilution factor of 2 were made.

The assay protocol is the same as for thrombin except 0 nM of bovine factor Xa (from Sigma) in pHI 8.4 Tris buffer was used instead of thrombin. IC5 0 of structure (1.3b) against factor X was found to be 385±17 nM.

In the urokinase assay, buffer was pH 8.8 0.05

M

Tris and 0.05 M NaCl in deionized water. S-2444 (from Sigma), pyroGlu-Gly-Arg-.pNA at 0.5 mM in water was utilized as substrate. The same dilution procedure was 121 used as for Factor VII and Factor X. Assay protocol is the same as for thrombin except 18.5 nM of human urokinase (from Sigma) was utilized.

IC

5 0 was found to be 927±138 nM.

Tissue Plasminogen Activator Buffer, substrate and the dilution scheme of structure (13b) were the same as utilized for Factor VII assay.

Activated Protein C (aPC) Buffer was the same as used in thrombin assay. 1.25 mM S-2366 in the assay buffer was utilized as substrate. Dilutions of structure (13b) were the same as in urokinase assay.

Plasmin: Buffer (see thrombin assay); S-2551 (from Pharmacia), D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA at 1.25 mM in assay buffer was utilized as substrate. For dilutions of structure (13b) (see urokinase assay) ee In the trypsin assay, pH 7.8 Tris (0.10 M Tris and 0.02 M CaC12) was utilized as the buffer. BAPNA (from Sigma) was used at 1 mg/ml in 1% DMSO deionized water solution as substrate. The same dilutions of structure (13b) were made as for Factor VII assay. 40 pl of 50 4g/ml bovine trypsin (from Sigma) and 20 pl of structure (13b) solution were added to a reaction well, the mixture was incubated for 5 minutes before 40 pl of 1 mg/ml BAPNA was added to initiate the reaction. The IC 50 of structure (13b) against trypsin was found to be 160±8 nM.

In the above assays,

(D)FPR-CH

2 Cl ("PPACK") was run as a control. Activity of structure (13b) compared to the control was enhanced (see Table 4) 122 Table 4 With respect to prothrombin time this was determined by incubating (30 minutes at 37 0 C) 100 p1 of control plasma (from Sigma) with 1-5 p1 of buffer (Q.05

M

Tris, 0.15 M NaC1, pH=8.4) or test compound

PPACK

or structure (13b)) in buffer. Then 200 p. of prewarmed (at 37 0 C for -10 minutes) thromboplastin with calcium (from Sigma) was rapidly added into the plasma sample. The time required to form clot was manually recorded with a stop watch (see Table and was found to be comparable with

PPACK.

Table Concentration 0 (Control) 1 pM pM pM 100 pM 200 pM 500 pM 1 nM nM nM nM nM PT (second) PPACK Structure (13b) 13 13 13 17 18 23 24 15 27 18 22 31 31 28 123 Example Activity of a Representative Q-Sheet Mimetic as a Protease Inhibitor This example illustrates the ability of a further representative p-sheet mimetic of this invention to function as an inhibitor for thrombin, Factor VII, Factor X, urokinase, Tissue Plasminogen Activator, Activated Protein C, plasmin, tryptase and trypsin. The P-sheet mimetic of structure (20b) above was synthesized according to the procedures disclosed in Example 2, and used in this experiment.

All inhibition assays were performed at room temperature in 96 well microplates using Bio-Rad microplate reader (Model 3550). A 1 mM solution of structure (20b) in water served as the stock solution for all the inhibition assays. The hydrolysis of chromogenic substrates was monitored at 405 nm. The reaction progress curves were recorded by reading the plates, typically times with 30 second to 2 minute intervals. Initial rates were determined by unweighted nonlinear least-squares fitting to a first order reaction in GraFit (Erithacus Software Limited, London, England). The determined initial velocities were then nonlinear least-square fitted against the concentrations of structure (20b) using GraFit to obtain Ki. The general format of these assays are: 100 ml of a substrate solution and 100 ml of structure solution were added in a microplate well, then 50 ml of enzyme solution was added to initiate the reaction.

124 Typically, eight structure (20b) concentration points were employed for Ki determination. The values of Ki of structure (20b) against nine serine proteases are tabulated in Table 6.

Thrombin: N-p-tosyl-Gly-Pro-Arg-pNA (from Sigma) was used at 0.5 mM concentration in 1% DMSO tris buffer (tris, 50 mM, TWEEN 20, BSA, NaCI, 0.15 M, CaCl 2 5 mM) as substrate. From structure stock solution two steps of dilution were made, first, 1:100 dilution in water, then 1:50 dilution in the tris buffer to serve as the first point (200 nM) Seven sequential dilutions were made from the first point for the assay.

Factor VII: S-2288 (from Pharmacia), D-Ile-Pro- Arg-pNA was used at 2.05 mM in the pH 8.0 tris buffer (see thrombin assay). From the stock of structure (20b), a 1:100 dilution was made in the tris buffer. From this concentration point seven more sequential dilutions were made for the assay.

20 Factor X: Buffer and substrate were the same as used for thrombin assay. A 1:100 dilution was made in the PH8.0 tris buffer to serve as the first point. Seven more dilutions from the first were made for the assay.

Urokinase: Buffer, 50 mM tris, 50 mM NaCI, pH=8.8. S-2444 (from Sigma), pyroGlu-Gly-Arg-pNA at 0.25 mM in buffer was utilized as substrate. 1:10 dilution in buffer was made from the stock of structure (20b) as the first point, then seven more dilutions from the first point were made for the assay.

Tissue Plasminogen Activator Buffer, substrate and the dilution scheme of structure (20b) were the same as utilized for Factor VII assay.

Activated Protein C (aPC): Buffer was the same as used in thrombin assay. 1.25 mM S-2366 in the assay 125 buffer was utilized as substrate. Dilutions of structure were the same as in urokinase assay.

Plasmin: Buffer (see thrombin assay); S-2251 (from Pharmacia), D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA at 1.25 mM in assay buffer was utilized as substrate. For dilutions of structure (20b) (see urokinase assay).

Tryptase: 0.1 M tris, 0.2 M NaC1, 0.1 mg/ml heparin, pH=8.0 was utilized as buffer. 0.5 mM S-2366 (from Pharmacia), L-pyroGlu-Pro-Arg-pNA in buffer was used as substrate. From the 1 mM stock of structure (20b), mM solution was made in water, then 1 mM solution was made in buffer from the 10 mM solution to serve as the first concentration point. From this point seven more dilutions were made for the assay.

Trypsin: Buffer, substrate and the dilution scheme of structure (20b) were the same as used for thrombin.

Table 6 r thrombin factor VII factor X urokinase t-PA

APC

plasmin

K

i (nM) Source Assay Structure Conc.(nM) bovine plasma 2 0.66 human 4 270 bovine plasma 8 966 human kidney 3.7 600 human 10 495 human plasma 1 3320 bovine plasma 4 415 human lung 2 12.4 bovine 5 0.64 pancreas tryptase trypsin 126 As illustrated by the data presented in Table 6 above, structure (20b) functioned as a good thrombin inhibitor, with good specificity against fibrinolytic enzymes.

Example 6 Synthesis of Representative a-Sheet Mimetic This example illustrates the synthesis of a representative 3 -sheet mimetic of this invention having the following structure (21): 0 0 O 'oN NH (21) Structure (21) was synthesized as follows. A solution of 48 mg (0.859 mmol) Na-FMOC-Ne-Cbz-a- *oe ethanal-Lys-Ome [synthesized from Ne-Cbz-Lys-OMe by the 15 same method used for the preparation of structure from Phe-OMe], 15.9 mg (0.0859 mmol) Cys-OEt.HC1, and 13.2 iL (0.0945 mmol) TEA were in 0.43 mL CH 2 C12 were stirred under Ar for 2 hr at room temperature.

:i Bis(bis(trimethylsilyl)amino)tin(II) (39.8 pL) was added 20 and the reaction stirred overnight. The reaction solution was diluted with 10 mL EtOAc and washed with 6 mL each citrate, water, and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na 2

SO

4 filtered, and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 40% EtOAc/hexanes to give, after drying in vacuo, 12.9 mg of colorless oil as a mixture of 127 diastereomers by 'H NMR (CDC,) MS m/z 658.2

(MH",

675.3 (M Na+, 100), 696.1 (M K, Example 7 Synthesis of Representative a-Sheet Mimetic This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

Synthesis of Structure (22):

COOCH

2 Ph CbzNH COOMe -(22) Structure (22) was synthesized as follows. To a stirred solution of Cbz-Glu(OBn)-OH (5 g, 13.5 mmol) with DMAP (270 mg) and methanol (3 ml) in dichloromethane (100 ml) was added EDCI (3g) at 0°C. After stirring at 0 C 15 for 3h, the solution was stirred at room temperature (rt) overnight. After concentration, the residue was taken up into EtOAc (100 ml) and 1N HC1 (100 ml). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with EtOAc (100 ml). The combined organic extracts were washed with sat. NaHCO 3 (100 ml), brine (100 ml), dried (MgSO 4 passed through a short pad of silica gel, and concentrated to provide 4.95 g an oil The product was pure enough to use for the next reaction without any further purification. H NMR (CDCl 3 6 2.00 1H), 2.25 1H), 2.50 2H), 3.74 3H,

OCH

3 4.42 1H, CHNH), 5.10 and 5.11 (two s, 4H,

CH

2 Ph), 5.40 1H, NH), 7.35 10H, phenyls);

MS

CI(isobutane) m/z 386 128 Synthesis of Structure (23):

COOH

Boc I

BOCN

(23) Structure (23) was synthesized as follows: To a stirred solution of L-Glu-OH 4 4 1g, 30 mmol) with triethylamine (8.4 ml, 60 mmol) in 1, 4 -dioxane (40 ml) and

H

2 0 (20 ml) was added Boc 2 0 (7 g, 32 mmol) at rt. After stirring for 1.5h, the solution was acidified with 6N HCI (pH and extracted with EtOAc (3x100 ml). The combined organic extracts were washed with H 2 0 (100 ml), brine ml), dried (Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated to provide an oil Without further purification, the oil was used in the next reaction.

A mixture of above oil (9.5 g) with paraformaldehyde (5 g) and p-TsOH-H 2 O (400 mg) in 1,2- 15 dichloroethane (200 ml) was heated at reflux with a Dean- Stark condenser, which was filled with molecular sieve 4A, for 6h. After addition of EtOAc (100 ml) and sat. NaHCO 3 (50 ml), the solution was extracted with sat. NaHCO 3 (3x50 ml). The combined aqueous extracts were acidified with 6N 20 HCI (pH and extracted with EtOAc (3x100 ml) The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (100 ml), dried (Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated to provide an oil. The crude oil was purified by flash chromatography *(hexane:EtOAc 80:20 to 70:30 to 60:40) to provide an oil (4.04 g, 52%) which solidified slowly upon standing. 1 H NMR (CDC1 3 6 1.49 9H, C(CH 3 2.18 1H, -CH 2

CH

2 2.29 1H, CH 2

CH

2 2.52 2H, -CH 2

CH

2 4.33 1H,

NHCHCH

2 5.16 1H, J 4.5 Hz, NCH20), 5.50 (br, 1H, 13 C NMR (CDC1 3 6 25.85, 28.29, 29.33, 54.16, 79.10, 129 82.69, 152.47, 172.37, 178.13; MS m/z 260 282 (M+Na 298 (M+K Synthesis of Structure (24):

COOH

Ph Boc%

N

o 5 (24) Structure (24) was synthesized as follows. To a stirred solution of 1,1,1, 3 3 ,3-hexamethyldisilazane (2.1 ml, 10 mmol) in THF (10 ml) was added n-BuLi (4 ml of in hexane, 10 mmol) at 0 C. The resulting solution was stirred at the same temperature for 30 min. After cooling to -78 0 C, to this stirred solution was added a solution of carboxylic acid (23) (1.02 g, 3.94 mmol) in THF (10 ml) followed by rinsings of the addition syringe with 5 ml THF. The resulting solution was stirred at -78 0 C for lh, 15 and PhCH 2 Br (0.46 ml, 3.9 mmol) was added. After stirring S* at -30 0 C for 3h, to this solution was added IN HC1 (50 ml) and the resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc (100 ml). The organic extract was washed with brine (50 ml), dried (Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated to provide an oil. The 20 crude product was purified by .flash chromatography (hexane:EtOAc 80:20 to 60:40 to 50:50) to provide a foamy solid (1.35 g, 1H NMR (CDCl 3 5 1.55 and 1.63 0:0 (two s, 9H, ratio 1.5:1 by rotamer,

OC(CH

3 3 2.2-2.4 (m, 3H, -CH 2

CH

2 2.6-2.9 (set of m, 1H, -CH 2

CH

2 3.04 (d, 1H, J 13.5Hz, -CH 2 Ph), 3.33 and 3.58 (two d, 1H, J 13 Hz, ratio 2:1, -CH 2 Ph), 4.03 (two d, 1H, J 4Hz, A of ABq, 4.96 (two d, 1H, J 4Hz, B of ABq, -NCH20-);

MS

m/z 348 130 Synthesis of Structure o Ph

COOCH

2 Ph Boc N COOMe O 0 NHCbz Synthesis of structure (25) was carried out as follows. To a stirred solution of carboxylic acid (24) (1.05 g, 3.0 mmol) in dry THF (5 ml) was added 1,1'carbonyldiimidazole (500 mg, 3.1 mmol) at rt. The resulting solution was stirred at rt for 30 min. The solution of acyl imidazole was used for the next reaction without purification.

Meanwhile, to a stirred solution of 1,1,1,3,3,3hexamethyldisilazane (1.6 ml, 7.5 mmol) in THF (5 ml) was added n-BuLi (3 ml of 2.5 M solution in hexane, 7.5 mmol) at 0 0 C. After stirring at the same temperature for 30 min, .:the solution was cooled to -78 0 C. To the stirred solution 15 was added a solution of Cbz-Glu(OBn)-OMe (1.16 g, 3 mmol) in THF (5 ml) followed by rinsings of the addition syringe with 2 ml THF. The resulting solution was stirred at the same temperature for 15 min. To this stirred solution was added the above acyl imidazole in 3 ml THF. After S 20 stirring 30 min. at -78 0 C, to this solution was added sat.

NH

4 Cl (50 ml) and extracted with EtOAc (2x75 ml). The combined organic extracts were washed with sat. NaHCO 3 ml), brine (50 ml), dried (Na 2

SO

4 passed through a short pad of silica gel, and concentrated to provide an oil.

The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (hexane: EtOAc 90:10 to 80:20 to 70:30 to 60:40) to provide an oil (1.48 g, MS m/z 734.4 (M+NH 4 131 Synthesis of Structure (26a): Ph

N

BocNH 0 COOMe (26a) Structure (26a) was synthesized as follows.

A

stirred solution of above starting keto ester (25) (530 mg, 0.7mmol) in EtOH/AcOH (10/1 ml) was treated with Pd/C (ca. 100 mg) under 20 atm pressure of H 2 for 2 days.

After filtration through a short pad of Celite, the filtrate was concentrated and dissolved in EtOAc (50 ml).

The solution was washed with IN HC1 (30 ml), sat. NaHCO 3 (30 ml), brine (30 ml), dried (Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated to provide an oil. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (hexane: EtOAc 80:20 to 60:40 to 50:50 to 20:80 to 0:100) to provide a foamy solid (95 mg, 34%) TLC (EtOAc) Rf 0.68; NMR (CDCI 3 6 1.38 (two s, 9H, 15 OC(CH 3 3 1.63 1H), 1.75 2H), 2.05 5H), 2.1- 2.3 (set of m, 1H), 3.00 1H, J 14 Hz, CH 2 Ph), 3.21 1H, J 13.5 Hz, CH 2 Ph), 3.74 (collapsed two s, 4H,

OCH

3 and NCH), 4.53 1H, J 9.5 Hz), 5.01 (br, 1H, NH); MS m/z 403 425 Stereochemistry was assigned by 2D NMR.

Synthesis of Structure (27a):

N

H

2 N

OH

o0 (27a) Structure (27a) was synthesized as follows. To a solution of 28 mg (0.070 mmol) of the bicyclic ester 132 (26a) stirred in 1 ml THF at room temperature was added 0.14 ml 1.0 M aqueous lithium hydroxide solution. The mixture was stirred vigorously for 20 h then quenched with aqueous citric acid (1 ml). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 25 ml) then the combined extracts were washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Filtration and concentration of the filtrate under vacuum gave 26 mg of white foam, used without further purification.

Synthesis of Structure (28a):

O

0 0 1^

NH

O

(28a) Structure (28a) was synthesized as follows. The bicyclic acid (27a) (26 mg, 0.067 mmol), 15 benzothiazolylarginol trifluoroacetic acid salt (structure (17) 61 mg, 0.083 mmol) EDC (21 mg, 0.11 mmol) and HOBt hydrate (16 mg, 0.10 mmol) were dissolved in THF (5 ml) and diisopropylethylamine (0.34 ml, 1.9 mmol) was added.

The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15h then diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted sequentially with aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to 60 mg of a yellow glass.

H

133 NMR analysis indicated a mixture of four diastereomeric amides. MS m/z 898 (M Na+).

Synthesis of Structure (29a): 0

H

2 N'

N

S

NH

H

2 N NH (29a) A P-sheet mimetic of structure (29a) was synthesized as follows. The crude hydroxybenzothiazole (28a) (60 mg, 0.068 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 C12 (2 ml) 0 and Dess-Martin periodinane (58 mg, 0.14 mmol) was added.

10 The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6h then diluted with ethyl acetate and stirred vigorously with aqueous sodium thiosulfate for 10 minutes. The organic solution was separated and extracted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration S of the filtrate under vacuum yielded 42 mg of yellow glass. 1 H NMR analysis indicated a mixture of two diastereomeric ketobenzothiazoles.

The ketobenzothiazole (42 mg, 0.048 mmol) was dissolved in 95% aqueous trifluoroacetic (0.95 ml) acid and thioanisole (0.05 ml) was added. The resulting dark solution was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature then concentrated under vacuum to a dark brown gum. The gum was triturated with diethyl ether and centrifuged. The solution was removed and the solid remaining was triturated and collected as above two more times. The 134 yellow solid was dried in a vacuum desiccator for 2 hours then purified by HPLC to give 1.4 mg of the deprotected product. MS 562.4 (M H) HPLC: (tR=21.17 min.) Synthesis of Structure (26b):

H

Ph BocNH O COOMe (26b) Structure (26b) was synthesized as follows.

A

stirred solution of above starting keto ester (25) (615 mg, 0.86 mmol) in MeOH/AcOH (10/1 ml) was treated with Pd/C (ca. 60 mg) under 20 atm pressure of H 2 for 3-.days.

After filtration through a short pad of Celite, the filtrate was concentrated to provide an oil. The crude Sproduct was purified by flash chromatography (hexane SEtOAc =80 20 to 60 :40 to 50:50 to 0:100) to collect the 15 more polar fraction (50 mg). Rf 0.12 (hexane: EtOAc=60:40); MS m/z 433 Above oil was treated with p-TsOH-H 2 0 (5 mg) in 1, 2 -dichloroethane (10 ml) at reflux temperature for 2 days. After concentration, the oily product was purified by preparative TLC (hexane: EtOAc 80:20 to 60:40) to give an oil (10 mg). TLC Rf 0.36 (hexane EtOAc =60:40); H NMR (CDC13) 8 1.43 9H), 1.66 3H), 1.89 3H), 2.14 1H), 2.75 1H), 2.98 1H, CHN), 3.72 (s, 3H, Me), 4.30 1H), 5.59 1H, NH), 7.1-7.3 phenyl); MS CI(NH 3 403.2 Stereochemistry was assigned by 2D NMR.

135 Synthesis of Structure (28b): O H Nv O 2 N H Ph

I.

(28b) Structure (28b) was synthesized as follows. To a solution of 12 mg (0.030 mmol) of the bicyclic ester 5 (26b) stirred in THF 1 ml at room temperature was added 0.060 ml 1.0 M aqueous lithium hydroxide solution. The mixture was stirred vigorously for 25h then quenched with 5% aqueous citric acid (1 ml). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 25 ml) then the combined extracts were washed with water and brine and dried over anhydrous S sodium sulfate. Filtration and concentration of the filtrate under vacuum gave 19 mg of white foam.

The foam, benzothiazolylarginol trifluoroacetic acid salt (30 mg, 0.041 mmol) EDC (10 mg, 0.052 mmol) and HOBt. hydrate (9 mg, 0.059 mmol) were dissolved in THF (2 ml) and diisopropylethylamine (0.026 ml, 0.15 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for then diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted sequentially with 5% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to 28 mg of a yellow glass.

'H NMR analysis indicated a mixture of four diastereomeric amides. MS m/z 898 (M Na) 136 Synthesis of Structure (29b): 0 H

NH

0 N

NH

H

2 N NH (29b) Structure (29b) was synthesized as follows. The crude hydroxybenzothiazole (28b) (28 mg) was dissolved in

CH

2 C1 2 (2 ml) and Dess-Martin periodinane (29 mg, 0.071 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18h then diluted with ethyl acetate and stirred vigorously with 10% aqueous sodium thiosulfate for 10 minutes. The organic solution was separated and S* 0 extracted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded 32 mg of yellow glass. 1 H NMR analysis indicated a mixture of two diastereomeric ketobenzothiazoles.

15 The ketobenzothiazole (32 mg) was dissolved in aqueous trifluoroacetic (0.95 ml) acid and thioanisole (0.05 ml) was added. The resulting dark solution was stirred for 20 hours at room temperature then concentrated under vacuum to a dark brown gum. The gum was triturated with diethyl ether and centrifuged. The solution was removed and the remaining solid was triturated and collected as above two more times. The yellow solid was dried in a vacuum desiccator for 2 hours then purified by HPLC to give 1.3 mg of the deprotected product. MS 562.36 (M HPLC: tR=21.51 min. (Gradient 0 to 0.1% TFA in CH 3 CN 0.1% TFA in H 2 0 over 40 min.) 137 Example 8 Activity of Representative B-Sheet Mimetic as a Protease Inhibitor This example illustrates the ability of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention to function as an inhibitor for thrombin, Factor

VII,

Factor X, Factor XI, and trypsin. The P-sheet mimetics of structures (29a) and (29b) above were synthesized according to the procedures disclosed in Example 7, and used in this experiment.

The proteinase inhibitor assays were performed as described in Example 5 except as described below for Factor XI. The results are presented in Table 7.

15 Factor XI. The same buffer was utilized in this assay as in the thrombin assay. 1 mM S-2366 (from Pharmacia), L-pyroGlu-Pro-Arg-pNA, solution in water was used as substrate. From a ImM stock solution of structure (29a) or (29b) in water, a 1:10 dilution was made in 20 buffer. From this 100 pM solution, seven serial dilutions were made in buffer for assay.

Table 7 *Ki(nM) Enzymes Structure (29a) Structure (29b) Thrombin 10.4 0.085 Trypsin 0.54 0.20 Factor VII 1800 Factor X 4600 17 Factor XI 391 138 Example 9 Actiit:ies of Representative 3-Sheet Mimetics as a Protease Inhibitor This example illustrates the ability of further representative P-sheet mimetics of this invention to function as an inhibitor for thrombin, Factor VII, Factor X, Factor XI, tryptase, aPC, plasmin, tPA, urokinase and trypsin. The P-sheet mimetics of structures (20) and (29b) above were synthesized according to the procedures disclosed in Examples 2 and 7, respectively, and used in this experiment.

The proteinase inhibitor assays were performed as described in Example 5 except as described in Example 8 for Factor XI. The results are presented in Table 8.

139 Table 8 Structure (20b) 0 0 1

S

NH

H

2 N NH it Structure (29b) 0 H 0

H

2 N NJiN I 0 0 Z Ki (nM) lectivity Ki (nM) 0.085

NH

HN NH Selectivity 21 2.7 Thrombin 0.65

I

0.65 t. 4 Trypsin 0.62 0.95 0.23 Factor VII 270 415 200 2353 Factor X 222 342 19.3 227 Factor XI 27.0 42 75.3 886 Tryptase 12.3 18.9 9.0 106 aPC 3320 5108 1250 14706 Plasmin 415 638 251 2953 tPA 495 762 92.9 1093 Urokinase 600 923 335 3941 selectivity is the ratio of Ki of an enzyme thrombin to the Ki of Example Synthesis of Representative A-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

140 Synthesis of Structure

OH

H S O0

S"

INH 0

SO

2 >N

N)O

Q H Structure (30) was synthesized as follows.

n-Butyllithium (700 pL, 1.75 mmol, 2.5M in hexanes) was added over 5 min to a solution of tris(methylthio)methane (256 pL, 1.95 mmol) in THF (1 ml) at -78 OC. The mixture was stirred for 40 min then treated with a solution of bis-Boc-argininal (structure (16) from Example 2) (100 mg, :i 10 1.75 mmol) in 2 ml THF, dropwise, over a period of 5 min.

After stirring for 1.5 h, the reaction was quenched with saturated

NH

4 C1 solution and allowed to warm to room *oo temperature. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted with EtOAc washed with brine (Ix), S 15 dried (Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated. Purification by flash chromatography (EtOAc:Hexane 1:4) yielded 93 mg of the orthothiomethyl ester (structure and 8 mg of recovered aldehyde (structure H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 3 8 9.80 1H), 8.32 J 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 5.23 J 9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.0 1H), 3.84 3H), 3.64 (br s, 1H), 3.38 (br s, 1H), 3.31 2H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 2.62 3H), 2.19 9H), 2.14 3H), 1.68-1.50 4H), 1.49 9H), 1.43 9H).

141 Synthesis of Structure (31):

OH

>rO 0 0 NH O

SO

2

O

Ho (31) Structure (31) was synthesized as follows. A mixture of 77 mg (0.11 mmol) of the orthothiomethyl ester (structure 117 mg (0.43 mmol) of mercuric chloride, and 39 mg (0.18 mmol) of mercuric oxide in 2.5 ml of-12:1 methanol/water was stirred at rt for 4 h. The mixture was S. filtered through Celite and the residue washed with EtOAc The filtrate was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc The organic layer was washed twice with NH40Ac/NH 4 C1, then with NH 4 C1 and dried (Na 2

SO

4 The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/Hex, 1:3) to give 48 mg (72%) of the two diastereomers of structure (31) in a 1:2.7 ratio. H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 3 (major diastereomer) 8 9.80 1H), 8.33 J 5.0 Hz, 1H), 6.54 1H), 4.66 (d, J 10.5 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (dd, J 5.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (m, 1H) 3.84 3H), 3.77 3H), 3.30 2H), 3.06 J 5.0 Hz, 1H), 2.70 3H), 2.63 3H), 2.14 3H), 1.68-1.50 4H), 1.49 9H), 1.40 9H); MS (ES+) m/z 631.5 142 Synthesis of Structure (32):

OH

y0 N: OH NH O 0 0 NH O (32) Structure (32) was synthesized as follows.

A

solution of 32 mg of the methyl ester (structure (31)) (0.051 mmol) in THF/water (4 ml, 1:3) was treated with mg (0.119 mmol) of LiOH.H 2 0. After stirring for 45 min, the reaction was diluted with 5% citric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate The combined extracts were 0 washed with brine, dried over Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated to give 30 mg of structure (32) as a white solid. The product was used without further purification. H NMR 500 MHz, CDC1 3 8 9.80 (br s, 1H), 8.29 (br s, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 5.62 (br s, 1H), 4.08 1H), 3.82 3H), 3.27 (br s, 3H), 2.69 3H), 2.62 3H), 2.13 3H), 1.65-1.50 4H), 1.48 9H), 1.37 9H); MS (ES-) m/z 615.5 Synthesis of Structure (33): 143 Structure (33) was synthesized as follows. To a solution of the compound of structure (32) (29 mg, 0.047 inmol) HOBt (8 mg, 0.-056 mmol) and EDC (11 mg, 0.056 mrnol) in THF (5 ml), phenethylamine (7 ml, 0.056 mnxol) was added followed by diisopropyalethylamine (12 g.L, 0. 071 inmol).

The reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight and diluted with 5% citric acid. The organic layer was separated and the. aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (3x) The combined extracts were washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO 3 brine, dried over Na 2

SO

4 and filtered.

After concentration the crude product was purified by chromatography (EtOAc/Hex, 1:1) to give 26 mng of structure (33) over two steps. 'H NMR (500 MI-z, CDC1 3 8 9.84 1H), 8.34 J 5 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (in, 3H), 7.21 00' (in, 2 H) 7.04 (in, 1H) 6.55 1H) 5.16 Cd, J 8.5 JHz, 1H), 4.56 J 5 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (dd, J 5.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3. 98 (mn, 1H), 3.84 3H), 3.66 3.51 (m, 2H), 3.17 (mn, 1H), 2.81 J 7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.71 3H), 2. 65 3H) 2.14 3H), 1.68-1.52 (mn, 4H), 1.49 (s, 9H), 1.39 9H); MS (FAB+) m/z 720.6

(M+H

4 (FAB-) in/z Syntesisof Structure (34):

OH

H

2 N

N

2pTsOH o N H (34) 144 Structure (34) was synthesized as follows. To a solution of phenethylamide (structure 25 mg, 0.035 mmol) in THF (5 ml) was added 18 mg of p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (0.093 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight to give a baseline spot by TLC.

The solution was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue washed twice with ether removing excess pTsOH to give structure (34) as a yellowish-white solid, which was used without further purification. 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 was consistent with the expected product, however, individual peak assignment was difficult due to broadening. MS (ES+) m/z 520.4 Structure (34) was reacted with structure (9a) of Example 1 (in an analogous manner to the procedure 15 described in Example 2 for the synthesis of structure followed by oxidation and deprotection (in an analogous manner as described with respect to the oxidation and deprotection of structures (18) and (19), respectively) to provide structure (35) as identified in 20 Table 9 below.

Example 11 Synthesis of Representative O-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a 25 further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

0000 145 Synthesis of Structure (36): OH H HN

N

2pTsOH

NH

HN'

SO

N- 2 -sP H I 0 (36) Structure (36) was synthesized in an analogous 5 fashion to compound (34) starting with benzylamine and structure (32) H NMR (500 MHz, CDC13) was consistent with the expected product, however, individual peak assignment was difficult due to broadening. MS (FAB+) m/z *506.4

(M+H

Structure (36) was reacted with structure (9a) S of Example 1 (in an analogous manner to the procedure described in Example 2 for the synthesis of structure followed by oxidation and deprotection (in an analogous manner as described with respect to the oxidation and deprotection of structures (18) and (19), respectively) to provide structure (37) as identified in Table 9 below.

Example 12 Synthesis of Representative B-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

146 Synthesis of Structure (38):

OH

H

2 N

N

2TFA Cl

NH

HN= So N' 2 H (38) Structure (38) was synthesized in an analogous fashion to structure (34) starting with p-chlorophenethylamine and structure H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 was consistent with the expected product, individual peak assignment was difficult due to .:"broadening. MS m/z 554.5 Structure (38) was reacted with structure (9a) of Example 1 (in an analogous manner to the procedure described in Example 2 for the synthesis of structure followed by oxidation and deprotection (in an analogous manner as described with respect to the oxidation and deprotection of structures (18) and (19), respectively) to provide structure (39) as identified in Table 9 below.

Example 13 Synthesis of Representative g-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

147 Synthesis of Structure

OH

H

2 N

N

NH

HN 0 I H 0 Structure (40) was synthesized in an analogous 5 fashion to compound (34) using p-methoxyphenethylamine and S structure H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 3 was consistent with the expected product, however, individual assignment was difficult due to broadening. MS m/z 550.5 10 Structure (40) was reacted with structure (9a) of Example 1 (in an analogous manner to the procedure described in Example 2 for the synthesis of structure followed by oxidation and deprotection (in an analogous manner as described with respect to the oxidation and deprotection of structures (18) and (19), respectively) to provide structure (41) as identified in Table 9 below.

Example 14 Synthesis of Representative i-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

148 Synthesis of Structure (42): OMe 0 HN o .O-NCNO2

H

(42) Structure (42) was prepared as follows. In a ml round-bottomed flask were added

CH

2 C1 2 (10 ml), methyl 2, 3-dimethylaminopropionate dihydrochloride (19.9 mg, 0.103 mmol, 1.5 eq), and diisopropylethylamine (53 ml, 0.304 mmol, 4.4 eq). This suspension was stirred S magnetically at room temperature for 1 h at which time was 1. 0 added the compound of structure (30) (50 mg, 0.068 mmol, 1 eq), mercury(II)chloride (82.4 mg, 0.304 mmol, 4.4 eq), and mercury(II)oxide (25.7 mg, 0.120 mmol, 1.7 eq). The resulting yellow suspension was stirred for 16.5 h during which time the suspension turned gray. The reaction was diluted with

CH

2 C12 (50 ml), washed with saturated aqueous

NH

4 Cl (5 ml), saturated aqueous NaCl (5 ml) and dried over Na 2

SO

4 The cloudy suspension was filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. The white solid was purified on preparative thin-layer chromatography to produce the imidazoline structure (42) (25.3 mg, 52% yield) as a clear amorphous solid.: Rf 0.11 (10% MeOH/CHCl 3 H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 3 6 9.82 0.6H, N'H, mixture of tautomers), 9.78 0.4H, 8.35 (dd, J=4.3, 11 Hz, 1H, 6.54 1H, ArH), 5.08 J=11 Hz, 1H, CHOH), 4.52 1H, imidazoline

CH

2 4.38 J=21 Hz, 1H), 3.8-4.0 2H), 3.86 3H, CO 2

CH

3 3.767 3H, ArOCH 3 3.5-3.7 (m, 2H, C-5 CH 2 3.16-3.27 C-5 CH 2 2.70 3H, ArCH 3 149 2.63 3H, ArCH 3 2.14 3H, ArCH 3 1.5-1.7 4H, C-3 and C-4 CH2), 1.49 9H, Boc), 1.46 9H, Boc);

IR

(film) 1725.56, 1685.68, 1618.36, 1585.45, 1207.09, 1148.85 cm-1; MS m/e 699.4 Synthesis of Structure (43): 0 H H 0 N N CO Me NSO2 J

O

Me

H*

(43 Structure (43) was synthesized as follows. In a 1: 0 25 ml round-bottomed flask was placed the compound of structure (42) (230 mg, 0.33 mmol), CHC1 3 (5 ml) and MnO 2 (500 mg, 5.75 mmol, 17.4 eq). After stirring for 5 h the suspension was filtered and the solid washed with methanol. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the 15 residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (5 ml) and methanol (1 ml) and a fresh portion of MnO 2 (500 mg) was introduced and the reaction stirred for 15 h at room temperature.

The solid was filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo.

The residue was purified via column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 1:1 ethyl acetate:hexane, then pure ethyl acetate, then 1:9 methanol:ethyl acetate to obtain the desired product (structure 190 mg, 83% yield) as an amorphous solid.: Rf 0.64 7 0:30-ethyl acetate:hexane); H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 6 10.70 (bs, 1H, imidazole NH), 9.70 1H), 8.28 1H), 7.84 1H), 6.54 1H, ArH), 5.35 1H, aH), 5.25 1H, BocNH), 3.926 3H), 3.840 3H), 3.15-3.40 2H), 2.682 (s, 150 3H), 2.133 3H), 1.52-1.70 4H), 1.470 9H), 1.424 9H); IR (film) 1724.68, 1619.03, 1277.72, 1151.93, 1120.61 cm- 1 MS m/e 695.2 22), 717.2 100).

Synthesis of Structure (44): 0

H

H

2 N

N

HN

HN N|2

H

method used to construct structure (33) to structure (34) The product was used in the coupling without further purification.

Structure (44) was reacted with structure (9a) of Example 1 (in an analogous manner to the procedure 15 described in Example 2 for the synthesis of structure followed by deprotection (in an analogous manner as described with respect to the deprotection of structure (19) respectively) to provide structure (45) as identified in Table 9 below. In the preparation of structure the coupling step was performed with the carbonyl compound of structure rather than with the analogous hydroxy compound.

Example Synthesis of Representative B-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

151 Synthesis of Structure (46):

OH

H

2

NN

NH

OH o (46) Structure (46) was synthesized in an analogous fashion to structure (17) starting from structure (16) and thiazole. This compound was used in the coupling-step without further purification.

Structure (46) was reacted with structure (9a) of Example 1 (in an analogous manner to the procedure described in Example 2 for the synthesis of structure followed by oxidation and deprotection (in an analogous manner as described with respect to the oxidation and deprotection of structures (18) and (19), 15 respectively) to provide structure (47) as identified in Table 9 below.

Example 16 Synthesis of Representative O-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention.

152 Synthesis of Structure (48): H 0

HN

o

HN

0 0 (48) To a solution of a-Boc-P-Fmoc-2,3diaminopropionic acid (818 mg, 1.92 mmol) stirred in THF (5 ml) at -25 0 C was added 4 -methylmorpholine (0.23 ml, 2.1 mmol) followed by isobutylchloroformate (0.25 ml, 1.9 Smmol). The resulting suspension was stirred for 5 minutes and then filtered with the aid of 5 ml of THF. The filtrate was cooled in an ice/water bath then sodium borohydride (152 mg, 0.40 mmol) dissolved in water ml) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred for minutes then water (50 ml) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH 2 C1 2 (3 x 50 ml). The combined extracts were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded a pale yellow solid that was purified by flash chromatography (50% ethyl acetate/hexanes eluent) to give 596 mg of the alcohol as a white solid.

The alcohol (224 mg, 0.543 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride and Dess-Martin periodinane (262 mg, 0.64 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h then diluted with ethyl acetate ml) and extracted sequentially with 10% aqueous Na 2

S

2 0 3 saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 and brine. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a white solid. Purification 153 of the solid by flash chromatography yielded 169 mg of the aldehyde structure (48) as a white solid.

Synthesis of Structure (49): (49) Structure (49) was synthesized in an analogous fashion to structure (17) starting from structure (48) and benzothiazole. This compound was used as a 1:1 mixture of diastereomers in the coupling step (described below) without further purification. MS m/z 446.4 (M+H Synthesis of Structure Structure (49) and bicyclic acid structure (9a) (27 mg, 0.069 mmol) and HOBt hydrate (71 mg, 0.46 mmol) were dissolved in THF (1 ml) and diisopropylethylamine (0.0.059 ml, 0.34 mmol) was added followed by EDC (19 mg, 154 0.099 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h then diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted sequentially with 5% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, water and brine. The organic solution was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to 61 mg of a yellow foam.

H NMR analysis indicated a mixture of diastereomeric amides.

The foam was dissolved in CH 3 CN and diethylamine was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes then concentrated under vacuum to a yellow foam. The foam was rinsed with hexanes and dissolved in DMF (0.5 ml). In a separate flask, carbonyldiimidazole (16 mg, 0.99 mmol) and guanidine hydrochloride (10 mg, 0.10 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (1 ml) and diisopropylethylamine (0.035 ml, 0.20 mmol) was added followed by DMAP (1 mg). The solution was stirred for h at room temperature then the solution of amine was added and stirring was continued for 16 h. The solution was concentrated under vacuum then water was added to the residue and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 25 ml). The combined extracts were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered.

Concentration of the filtrate under vacuum yielded 58 mg of structure (50) as a yellow foam. MS m/z 680.6 (M+H Structure (50) was oxidized to provide the corresponding ketone of structure (51).

Example 17 Activities of Representative -Sheet Mimetics as a Protease Inhibitor This example illustrates the ability of further representative p-sheet mimetics of this invention to 155 function as an inhibitor for thrombin, Factor VII, Factor X, Factor XI, tryptase, aPC, plasmin, tPA, urokinase thrombin thrombomodulin complex and trypsin. The P-sheet mimetics of the structures listed in Table 9 had the inhibition activities shown in Table The proteinase inhibitor assays were performed as described in Example 9. The assay for thrombinthrombomodulin complex was conducted as for thrombin except that prior to the addition of inhibitor and substrate, thrombin was preincubated with 4 nM thrombomodulin for 20 minutes at room temperature.

156 Table 9 Structures, Synthetic Precursors, and Physical Data for Various Serine Protease Inhibitors Strut ur e Number Precursor

OH

M. S.

(ES+)

HPLC*

R.T.

(min) I A I LM, f~

C

C C

C.

C

C

C

(20b) IN (37) IN

>NH

H

2 N"14NH

>NH

H,N) NH

)>NH

H

2 N NH

>,NH

H

2 NAk'NH (46) 513.5 (M+H) /Y

N

S

N H kLN

T

NH

(17) 1563.5 17.9 15.9 (36) 1563.6 16.9 (38) 1611.3 (M+H)f 19.8 Tt I L 2 9a)' 1 CH

NH

ly

N

st (17) 1562.4 (M+V)I 21.2 I. 157 Struc-

B

t ur e Number

R,

R

5 Precursor

OH

R

R

4 M. S.

(ES+)

HPLC*

R. T.

(min) t jj I r

S

S

S.

S *5S

*SSS**

S

(51) fN

>NH

H

2 N 'NH

>NH

H

2 N) -NH

~NH

O*OkNH

H

2 N NH

>NH

H

2 N INH

NH

Sk

CAO

(34)

O-CH

3 (44) 1554.2 15.7 577.4 18.1 AY N St (49) 1578.3 22.3 (2 9b) JCH (17) /j.N S-kJ FAB 562.4 21.5 (41) IN (13)

N

NH

H

2 NA NH

)NH

1-fHQ' CH3 1-607.4 (M+H~t 18.2 /1-CI Arg(M.tr)-cH2c1 77.

9 (M+H)f 14.

I The stereochemistry of the template for B CH is O3R, 6R, 9S) except where noted (see footnote 'Template st ereochemistry is (3S, 6R, 9S).

.HPLC was performed on a reverse phase C-18 column using a gradient of 0-90% acetonitrile /water, 0.1% TFA.

b* 9 *9* 9* 9* 9 a 9* e *9 Ki Inhibition Activity of Table Various Compounds Against Serine Proteases r 1 1 1 Structure Tfl romnin Factor Factor X I Factor tJrokinase T.T.C.a I Structure Number Thrombin Factor

VII

Factor X1 Factor X1 Urokinase T. T. C.a I a PC' Plasmin t PAc Trypsin ITryptase 7.1lOE-11 1.64E-08 3.45E-070 2. 70E-11 37 7. 32E- 11 7. 73E-11 29b 8.50E-11 2.OOE-07 1.93E-08 7.53E-08 3.35E-07 8.80E-11 1.25E-06 2.51E-07 9.29E-08 2.30E-10 9.OOE-09 39 3.10E-10 41 4.50E-10 650-1 270-7 .2E-7 .7E-86.OOE-07 3.32E-06 4 .15E-07 14. 95E-07 6.20E-10 1..24E-08 47 2.40E-09 9.68E-07 1.50E- 19E0 5.40E-09 2.96E-05 3.80E-05 1.24E-06 6.90E-09 2.56E-05 2.38E-05 1.72E-05 5.24E-08 1.65E-06 51 7.25E-09 4.26E-06 5.70E-05 1.73E-06 3.79E-09 29a 1.04E-08 1.77E-06 4.65E-06* 3.91E-07 5.40E-10 13' 1.20E-09 1.40E-07 3.6-92E0 .8-79.78E-07 6.32E-07 1.60E-07 07e a Thrombin thrombomodulin complex b activated Protein C, c tissue Plasminogen ActivatorI d IC50, 0 bovine plasma a a a 159 Example 18 Effect of Representative P-Sheet Mimetics on Platelet Deposition in a Vascular Graft The effect of compounds of the invention on platelet deposition in a vascular graft, was measured according to the procedure of Hanson et al. "Interruption of acute platelet-dependent thrombosis by synthetic antithrombin D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl chloromethylketone" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 85:3148- 3188, (1988), except that the compound was introduced proximal to the shunt as described in Kelly et al., Proc.

Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 89:6040-6044 (1992). The results are shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3 for structures (20b), (39) and (29b), respectively.

S VO 0.0& Example 19 Synthesis of Representative B-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a 20 further representative P-sheet mimetic of this invention having the structure shown below.

(52) Structure (52) may be synthesized employing the following intermediate (53) in place of intermediate (16) in Example 2: 160 H 0 CBZ-N 1

-NH

NH -BOC (53) Intermediate (53) may be synthesized by the following reaction scheme: S

S

S. S S S S

S

CBZ-N-INo

K

0

OH

0 1iBuOcci, NMM 2) CH 2

N

2 3) Hc1, dioxane CB N Oc0 (53) OH

CBZ-N,-*\

2) Dess-

L

Martin0 periodinane

Y

NH -BOG

NH

1H 2 N"kNH 2 'HC1, NMM 2) 3) (BOC) 2 0, NMM, DMAP Alternatively, intermediate (53) synthesized by the following reaction scheme: may be 161

H

N 0 H NH 2 P- N OH 0 NaN0 2 HI

N

1) MSC1 2) Ph 0N -4OU P- NH.(

H

3) N 1) P)X 2) IBCF, NMH -15e c 3) aBJI 4 1) P' X 2) IBCF, NNN, meONHMe 3) DIBAL 6e 0 0.

0SO9@@ 0 00 S 0S 6*

S.

S 0 OeS 0 0@*OS* 0 *000 0

S.

0050 0006

S

(53) Example Representative -Sheet Mimetics 5 Which Bind to MHC I and MHC II The following structures (55) and (56) were synthesized by the techniques disclosed herein.

The ability of structures (54) and (55) to bind to MHC I molecules can be demonstrated essentially as 10 described by Elliot et al. (Nature 351:402-406, 1991).

Similarly, the ability of structure (56) to bind to MEG II molecules can be demonstrated by the procedure of Kwok et al. Immunol. 155:2468-2476, 1995).

C

(54) MS ES 510 (M+.2H 2 HPLC Rt 22.10' (0-90% acetonitrile/H 2 0, 0.1% TFA)

NI

1 r L H :OHH o ~N

OH

NH 2 MS -510 HPLC Rt 22.37' (0-90% acetonitrile/H 2 0, 0. 1% TFA) (56) MS 704.9 (M-3H+) 3 HPLC R, 22.39' ctntieH0

.%TA

(0-90% acetonitrile/H20, 0. 1% TFA) 164 Example 21 Representative 3-Sheet Mimetics Which Bind The SH2 Domain The following structure (57) was synthesized, and structure (58) may be synthesized, by the techniques disclosed herein.

SH-PTP1 (57) (0-90% MS 104.3 (M-H HPLC Rt 17.28' acetonitrile/H 2 O, 0.1% TFA) STAT6 (58) The ability of structure (58) to bind to the SH2 domain of STAT6, or of structure (57) to bind the SH2 domain of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SH-PTP1 can be demonstrated by the procedures disclosed -by Payne et al.

(PNAS 90:4902-4906, 1993). Libraries of SH2 binding 165 mimetics may be screened by the procedure of Songyang et al. (Cell 72:767-778, 1993).

Example 22 Representative a-Sheet Mimetics Which Bind Protein Kinases The following structure (59) may be synthesized by the techniques disclosed herein.

AcRRY *5 (59) The ability of structure (59) to act as a substrate or inhibitor of protein kinases may be demonstrated by the procedure of Songyang et al. (Current Biology 4:973-982, 1994).

166 Example 23 Synthesis of Representative i-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of representative P-sheet mimetics of this invention having the following structures (60) through wherein B is N or CH: o 0 H Ho R NH R NH

NH

2

NH

(60) (61) R NH N NH o I o

NH

2

NH,

(62) (63) 167 Synthesis of structure H j Boc

N''

OOBn I. H 2 Pd-C MeOH 2. a) IBCF, NMM b) RCHN 2 3. HBr

HI

Boc, N o%

O>R

Br R i, Me Cbz -NH

H

2 N -ANH I. TEA 2. EDCI, l-lO3t, S

DIEA

H

Boc'NJ

N'

0 R- I Cbz-NH I 2. Cbz-CI, NaHCO 3

(,N

Cbz-

NH

B CH,

N

H 0

TEA

thioanisole

H

2 0 0 As bis TFA salt rN 168 Synthesis of structure (61): H 0 TBDMSCI H o 2. NaBH- 4 TEA, DMAP Boc N aq. THF "OH' U 2.N I BDMSO~ M0 3. S pTsOH, reflux 1. nBU 4 NF, TH-F Boc' s.

4 PCC, Celite TBDMSO 0.

0 rP Boc,

N

(S0 RR H, Me 9 1. TMSOTf, TEA 2. NBS 3. i"N Boc

NN

RjNH

NHR'

I. a) TFA, H 2 0 if R' Ac then b) NH 2

NH.,

2. EDCI, HOBt,

-DIEA

Ac, Cbz

N*

Boc-N

HO..

0 B CH. N 1. Dess-Martin periodinane 2. TFA thioanisole

H

2 0 O. 1 As bis TFA salt rN T NH 169 Alternative synthesis of structure (61)

OH

Meo OM.

pTsOH, reflux 2. DIBAL Boc 0 p~hp R 2. TMSOTf, TEA 3. NBS Boc R Br

HR*

H

2 N 'tNH 2. pTsOH, MeOH,

H

2 0 heat H OH Boc'N~

/NH

NHR'

1.1[0] 2. N-.N R H, CH 3 Ac, Cbz

S

S

H OH Boc' N N 1. TFA, H0 ~2 R NH

NHR'

2. if Ac then EDCI, HOBt,

DIEA

ICN OH 0 B =CH. N

NHR'

R= H, Cbz Boc-N' 11 H 0 1. Dess-Martin periodinane 2. TFA thioanisole

H

2 0 rN As bis TFA salt V NH

NH

2 170 Synthesis of structure (62): 0 Boc"N N Br

I

0, NBS, Cd 4 heat ZnC 2 Me 3

CO

2 Me o Br Boc" N rO%

CQ

2 Me 1. NaOH 2. EDCI, HOBt, HCI .HN(Me)QMe

TEA

1. LiOH 2. a) IBCF, NMM, THF, -I15 0

C

b) RCHN 2 c) HBr

H

Boc"'N N 0

R

Br

NHR

1.H 2 N 'NH 2. if R'=Ac then

NH

2

NH

2 Boc" N

I

2. TTA, H 2 0 R Me R= H, Cbz EDCI, HOBt,

DIEA

a BoB

NNHH

NHR'

TEA

thioanisole

H

2 0 As bis TEA salt 171 Boc' 0

OH

Alternative synthesis of structure (62) MeO OMe pTsOH, reflux I. CBr 4 PPh 3 low OD H

-I

2. nBuLi, THF, -78-C 2. DIBAL Rnec Bor"

R

0

CH

3 3.~ R 0 R H,

~HR*

H

2 N NH

BO

R= Ac, Cbz Nj

IC

NH

R N: -NHR* 2. pTsOH, MeOK,

H

2 0 heat 3.401 H 0 Boc H

J-%NH

NHR'

2. a) TFA, H 2 0 if R' Ac then b) NH 2

NH

2 EDCI, HOBt,

DJEA

NHR'

R= H, Cbz H 0H 0 B =CH,N 1. Dess-MartinI periodinan ~B- 2. TEA ONH 2

N

thioanisole 0

H

2 0 As bis TEA salt

N

(/-NH

NHR'

oV NH

NHR'

172 Synthesis of structure (63): 0 HC'"2NIKOMe PhCHO, TEA

CH

2

CI

2 MgSO 4 OMe 1. LDA n 2 ci

N.I

1. HCI, MeOH 'OMe

I

2. BOC 2

O,

NaHCQ 3 H0 Soc, OMe

NHR'

H

2

N'JI-NH

R=Ac, Cbz

H

Boc'

N,

1. LiOH,

THF/H

2 0_ 2. Dibal N.y NH

NHR'

H

Boc'N H n N yNH

NHR'

TFA.2

H

Boc'

N.

EDCI, HOBt,

DIEA

Boc-NN

OH

0 B =ACH, N.

1. TFA, H.,O if R' Ac then 2. NH 2

NH

2

NHR'

R= H, Cbz

NHR'

Boc-N- 11 H 0 1. Dess-Martin periodinane 2. TFA thioanisole,

H

2 0 As bis TEA salt N yNH

NHR'

173 Example 24 Bioavailability of Representative R-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the bioavailability of the compound of structure (20b) as synthesized in Example 2 above, and having the biological activity reported in Example 9 above.

Specifically, a pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of structure (20b) was conducted in male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were administered a saline solution of structure (20b) at 4mg/kg intravenously

(IV)

or 10mg/kg orally Groups of rats (n 3 or 4) were sacrificed and exsanguinated at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours following dosing. Efficacy parameters, aPTT and TT, were measured for each plasma sample. Concentrations of 15 structure (20b) in plasma were determined by a trypsin inhibition assay. The results of this experiment are presented in Figures 4A and 4B for dosing of 4mg/kg IV and PO, respectively. The data presented in Figures 4A and 4B illustrate in vivo efficacy of structure 20 via both IV and PO administration. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis of mean structure concentration values demonstrate terminal halflives of hr (IV) and 4.5 hr The bioavailability of orally administered structure (20b) is approximately 27%.

Example Synthesis of Representative A-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of a further representative P-sheet mimetics of this invention having the structure shown below.

174 Synthesis of Structure (64): 0 OH (64) Structure (64) was synthesized as follows.

A

150 ml round bottom flask was charged with 5.19 grams (24.7 mmol) of 1, 2 ,3-benzene tricarboxylic acid, 75 ml of toluene, and 3.3 mL (24.7 mmol) of triethyl amine. The reaction was heated at reflux for 3 hours with the azeotropic removal water. At this time 2.07 ml of aniline was added, and the reaction again refluxed for six hours :10 with the azeotropic removal of water. Upon cooling the reaction solution a crystalline product formed and was eo filtered off (4.68 g) The solution was then extracted with NaHCO 3 and ethyl acetate, and the bicarbonate layer acidified and reextracted with a second EtOAc wash. The 15 organic layer was dried over NaSO 4 filtered, and the solvent removed to give an additional 1.24 grams of product. The total yield was 5.92 g H NMR (CDCI 3 7.41, 2H, J 10 Hz), 7.48 1H, J 10 Hz), 7.55 2H, J 10 Hz), 7.98 1H, J 10 Hz 8.20 1H, J 10 Hz), 8.70 1H, J 10 Hz); MS 266 (M H Hf).

Synthesis of Structure OL

N

:0)

C(

175 Structure (65) was synthesized as follows. The imide-acid of structure (64) (53.4 mg, 0.2 mmol) in THF (2 ml) was cooled to -40 "C and treated with 24.2 pl (0.22 mmol) of NMM and 28.2 p1 IBCF (0.22 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 3 minutes and then 0.69 ml (0.69 mmol) of a 1 M solution of diazomethane in ether was added. The temperature was slowly raised to -20 degrees, and the reaction stirred for 2 h at this temperature. The reaction was warmed to 0 OC and stirred for 3 h more.

The reaction was diluted with EtOAc (30ml) and the organic phase washed with 5% citric acid, NaHCO 3 and saturated NaC1. It was then dried over Na 2

SO

4 and concentrated to give 62.4 mg of residue. This crude S* product was dissolved in THF, cooled to -40 OC, and S 15 treated with 74 ul of a 4 M solution of HC1 in dioxane.

The reaction was warmed to -20 OC and stirred for 1 h.

Subsequently the reaction was stirred for 2 h at 0 °C.

TLC of the reaction mixture at this point showed disappearance of the starting diazoketone. The solvent 20 was removed, and the product purified by preparative

TLC

(EtOAc/hexanes, 7/3) to give 22.6 mg of pure chloromethylketone. H NMR (CDC13) 6 4.93 2H) 7.35- 7.60 5H), 7.9 2H), 8.12 (dd, 1H, J 9, 1.8 Hz); MS 299.1 (M 264.0 Cl), 250.2 (NM CH 2 C1) Synthesis of Structure (66): 0-

OH

(66) Structure (66) was synthesized as follows. To a stirred suspension of 910 mg (5.14 mmol) of 4-phenyl urazole in 50 ml of methylene chloride, was added 1.654 g 176 (5.14 mmol) of iodobenzene diacetate. A deep red color developed, and with stirring, all material went into solution. After stirring for 15 minutes at room temperature, 560 mg of 90% pure 2 4 -penatdienoic acid was added and the color gradually faded as a white solid formed. After fifteen minutes an additional 70 mg of pentadienoic acid was added. After stirring for 2 h at room temperature, the methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure. Ether was added (25 ml) and the resulting suspension was cooled to -20 OC and solid material (1.41 g, 100%) filtered off. The product could be recrystallized from EtOAc/cyclohexane. H NMR (CDC1 3 8 4.04, 1 H, J 20 Hz), 4.40 1H, J 20 Hz), 5.17 i 1 6.13 2H) 7.4-7.5 5H); MS 271.9 :15 (M H 228.1 (M CO2H) Synthesis of Structure (67): 0 Oa OH (67) Structure (67) was synthesized as follows. The 20 Diels-Alder adduct of structure (66) (432 mg, 1.57 mmol) was mixed with 150 mg 10% Pd/C in 50 ml MeOH. The reaction was stirred overnight under a hydrogen atmosphere (hydrogen balloon). After 18 h, an aliquot (1 ml) was removed and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure.

'H NMR of the residue showed greater than 95% conversion to the saturated product. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite, and the solvent removed via rotary evaporator, to give 424 mg of crystalline product. 1H NMR (CDC13) 6 1.72 1H), 1.91 1H), 2.02 1H), 2.31 177 1H) 3.18 1H), 4.18 1H, J 10 Hz), 4.88 (d, 1H, J 12 Hz), 7.35-7.5 5H); MS 274 (M Synthesis of Structure (68): 0 St ru ture (68) was synt esi z d a fol ows 6 T o (68) solution of 450 mg (1.64 mmol) of (67) in 40 ml of methylene chloride was added 142 pL of oxalyl chloride (1.64 mmol) and a drop of DMF. The reaction was st-ixred 10 at room temperature overnight under Ar. The methylene S" chloride was removed via rotary evaporator and 30 ml of THF added. This solution was cooled to -20 degrees and 2 ml of a 1 M solution of diazomethane in ether added. This was stirred 4 h, while gradually warming to room 15 temperature. The reaction was then cooled to -78 degrees, and 500 uL of 4 M HC1 in dioxane added. The reaction was again stirred under Ar while gradually warming to room temperature. Solvents were removed under reduced pressure to give .a mixture (by H NMR analysis) of 20 chloromethylketone and methyl ester. This was chromatographed on silica gel (EtOAc) to give 185 mg (36%) of chloromethylketone. H NMR (CDCi 3 8 1.62 1H), 1.86 1H), 2.08 IH), 2.39 1H), 3.26 1H), 3.97 1H), 4. 20 (1/2 of AB quartet, 1H, J 15 Hz), 4.26 (1/2 of AB quartet, 1H, J 15 Hz), 4.94 1H), 7.35- 7.55 5H); MS 308 (M 330 (M Na+) 178 Synthesis of Structure (69): H0 (69) Structure (69) was synthesized as follows. To 4-phenyl urazole (1.179 g, 6.65 mmol) in 60 ml methylene chloride 2.14 g of iodobenzene diacetate (6.64 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature. A deep red color developed as all the solids gradually dissolved. After about 15 minutes, 640 mg of sorbinal (6.66 mmol) in 10 ml methylene chloride was added to the reaction flask, and the red color slowly faded.

After two hours, the methylene chloride was removed under reduced pressure. Ether (30 ml) was added to the resulting residue, and cooled to -20 degrees overnight.

The solid material (1.55 g, 86% yield) formed was 15 collected on filter paper. 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 8 1.54 3H, J 0..

7.5 Hz), 4.57 1H), 4.90 1H) 5.86 1 6.09 1 7.38 1H), 7.50 2H), 7.58, 2H), 9.6 1H); MS (CI, NH 3 272 (M 289 (M NH 4 4 20 Synthesis of Structure 0 To 0.78 grams (3.0 mmol) of the acid of structure (64) in a 100 ml round-bottomed flask was added ml THF and the reaction mixture was cooled to -20 C.

4-Methyl morpholine (0.34 ml, 3.0 mmol) was added and was followed by the addition of 0.42 ml (3.3 mmol) 179 isobutylchloroformate. The resultant suspension was stirred for 5 min, and then a suspension of 0.34 grams mmol) of sodiumborohydride in 0.9 ml water was added rapidly. After 4-5 min, 40 ml of water were added and the suspension was extracted with 125 ml of ethylacetate. The EtOAc layer was then washed with water and brine and dried over MgSO 4 Filtration and solvent evaporation provided the crude alcohol.

The crude alcohol was dissolved in 40 ml dichloromethane and 2.0 grams (4.7 mmol) of Dess-Martin periodinane reagent were added at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 2 h, diluted with 40 ml .dichloromethane and washed with 3 x 20 ml 1:1 (by volume) solution of 10% sodiumbicarbonate and 15 sodiumthiosulfate, 1 x 40 ml water, 1 x 40 ml brine and dried over magnesium sulfate. Filtration, solvent evaporation, and flash chromatography using EtOAc/hexanes afforded the pure aldehyde (0.5 g, 67% 2 steps). H NMR (CDC1 3 500 Mhz) d 11.09 1H), 8.33 (dd, 20 1H, J 8, 1 Hz), 8.20 (dd, 1H, J 8, 1 Hz), 7.93 1H, J 8 Hz), 7.54 2H), 7.45 3H).

Synthesis of Structure (71) 00

O

N

0 0 H (71) To 3 ml tetrahydrofuran in a 25 ml roundbottomed flask was added 0.066 ml (0.69 mmol) of methyl propiolate and the solution was cooled to -78 0 C. n-Butyl lithium (0.28 ml, 0.69 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction allowed to stir for 7-10 min at which point a 3 180 ml dichloromethane solution of 0.15g (0.6mmol) of the aldehyde of structure (70) was rapidly added. The reaction was stirred at -78 0 C for 35-45 min then it was quenched with 1.5 ml of saturated ammonium chloride solution. The organic solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the aqueous layer was extracted with 24 ml of EtOAc which in turn was washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. Preparative TLC purification using EtOAc/hexanes afforded product (107 mg, 1H NMR (CDC1 3 500 MHz) d 7.98 (dd, 1H, J 7.0, 1.0 Hz), 7.88 (dd, 1H, J 7.5, 1 Hz), 7.83 1H, J 7.0 Hz), 7.54 2H), 7.45 3H), 6.01 1H, J 9 Hz), 5.02 (d, :15 1H, J 9 Hz), 3.78 3H). MS (EI) 335 275.

Example 26 Activity of Representative A-Sheet Mimetics oo In this example, the compounds of Example 20 were assayed for inhibition of TNF induced

V-CAM

expression in human umbilical vein entothelial cells S(HUVEC). Upon stimulation with inflammatory cytokines, HUVEC express cell surface adhesion molecules, including SoE-selectin, V-CAM, and I-CAM. Proteasome antagonists 25 inhibit TNFa induced expression of these adhesion molecules, thereby providing a mechanism for regulating leucocyte adhesion and the inflammatory response.

More specifically, compounds (69) and (71) were assayed by the procedures set forth by Deisher, Kaushansky and Harlan ("Inhibitors of Topoisomerase II Prevent Cytokine-Induced Expression of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, While. Augmenting the Expression of Endothelial Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule-i on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells," Cell Adhesion 181 Commun. 1:133-42, 1993) (incorporated herein by reference), with the exception that tetramethyl benzidine was used in place of o-phenylenediamine-peroxide.

The results of this experiment are as follows: compound 9 .6±0.1pM; compound 1 4 compound 3 2 .4±1.7pM; and compound (71) 4 9 ±Q.18JLM.

Examnle 27 Synthesis of Representative Linkers Used in the 0 Solid Phase Synthesis of-B-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the synthesis of linkers used in the solid-phase synthesis of sheet mimetics.

oo e V000.

0000 0 0 SMe

SS

0 NHI N'9 0e Cys-OMe (X=S) or Dap-OMe (X=NH) >r DIEA, HgCI 2 HgO >110 LiOH

THF/H

2 0 OMe MnO 2

CHCI

3 OW. N J' Y OC 0 N N 0 00_ ocks HNa~,:z

OH

0 0 0 j~N NH' 0 I. TFA 2. Fmoc-OSuc, Na 2

CO

3

H

2 0

OH

0Ofg NHK< X 0 0

OH

HNoNH O'e 182 Synthesis of Structure (72)

OH

S\OOMe H *(72) In a 500 mL round-bottomed flask were placed tris(methylthio)methyl arginol (30) (10.70 g, 14.8 mmol) and CH 2 C1 2 (20 mL) with magnetic stirring. In a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask were placed cysteine methyl ester hydrochloride (3.81 g, 22.2 mmol),

CH

2 Cl 2 (50 mL), and diisopropylethylamine (8.5 mL, 6.3 g, 48.7 mmol) This 10 mixture was stirred until the cysteine methyl ester had dissolved (25 min), and the solution appeared as a faintly cloudy suspension of diisopropylethylamine hydrochloride.

This suspension was added to the flask containing the arginol and additional

CH

2 C12 (100 mL) was added to the 15 reaction. HgC1 2 (17.7 g, 65.1 mmol) and HgO (5.46 g, 25.2 mmol) were added to the reaction mixture and the suspension was stirred rapidly enough so that the mercury salts remained suspended. The flask was lightly capped and stirred at room temperature for 22 h, by which time the starting material had been consumed. The yellow solution was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride and diluted with CH 2 C12. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted 2x with CH 2 Cl 2 The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO 4 /MgSO 4 and filtered through a pad of silica gel. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue purified two successive times on silica gel, the first time eluting with 7:3 ethyl acetate/hexane, and the second time eluting with 1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane, then 7:3 ethyl acetate/hexane. The combined purifications 183 afforded 7.97 g (75% yield) of the Na,NG-bisBoc-NG'Mtr-1- [(4'-carboxymethyl)thiazolin-2-yll arginol as a pale yellow foam.: 1H NMR (500 MHz,

CDCI

3 8 9.81 1Hi,

NG-

8.30 J 5.5 Hz, 1H, Nd-H)r 6.54 1H, ArH), 5.12 J 8.5 Hz, 1H, CHOH), 4.95 J 8.0 Hz, 1H, BocNH), 4.45 (bs, 1H, NCHCO2Me), 3.83 3H, ArOCH 3 3.80 3H,

CO

2

CH

3 3.64 (dd, J =11.5, 9.0 Hz, 1H,

CH

2

S),

3.58 J 8.5 Hz, 1H,

CH

2 3.37-3.31 1H,

CH

2 guanidine), 3.31-3.25 1H, CH2-guanidife) 2.70 3H, ArCH 3 2.63 3H, ArCH 3 2.14 31, ArCH 3 1.54-170 4H, CH and C 7 1.49 Cs, 9, N Boc), 1.40 9, Na Boc), CH not observed.

15 Synthesis of Sructure (73) H OH N Q OOCH

OCHJ

H

(73) A 300 mL round-bottomed flask was charged with chloroform (20 mL) and arginol (72) (7.97 g, 11.1 mmol) and equipped for magnetic stirring. Manganese(IV)dioxide (9.65 g, 111 mmol, 10 eq.) was added, and the flask was stoppered. Additional chloroform (10 mL) was added, and the suspension was vigorously stirred for 8 h at room temperature after which time it was filtered through silica gel, rinsing with ethyl acetate. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel, (45:55 EtOAc/hexane) to give Na,NcG-bisBoc-NG'-Mtr-l-[(4'-carboxymethyl)thiazol-2-yl] arginol (4.83 g, 61% yield) as a pale yellow amorphous solid, and 1.89 g of recovered starting material.: 184 IH NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 d 9.84 1H, NG-H), 8.36 (bs, 1H,

N

8 8.15 1H, SCH=C), 6.54 1H, ArH), 5.10 J Hz, 1H, BocNaH), 3.95 3H, ArOCH 3 3.95-3.87 (m, 1H, CH), 3.83 3H, CO 2

CH

3 3.43-3.33 1H, CH 2 guanidine), 3.33-3.25 1H, CH2-guanidine), 2.70 3H, ArCH 3 2.63 3H, ArCH 3 2.14 3H, ArCH3), 1.80-1.55 4H, CpH and Cy 1.50 9H, NGBoc), 1.35 9H, NaBoc); IR (neat) 3328, 1727, 1619, 1566, 1278, 1242, 1152, 1121 cm-1; MS m/z 714 (M+H 100)736 (M+Na 716 715 Synthesis of Structure (74):

SOH

N OH o

H

~O OMe H (74) To a 25 mL conical flask containing

H

2 0 (1 mL) was added 2.ON LiOH (0.25 mL, 0.50 mmol, 1.5 eq.) and Na, NG-bisBoc-NG'-Mtr-l-[(4'-carboxymethyl)thiazol-2-yl] arginol (238 mg, 0.33 mmol) as a solution in THF (1 mL). A second portion of THF. (1 mL) was used to rinse the flask containing the arginol and added to the reaction. The homogeneous mixture was magnetically stirred at room temperature for 6.5 h at which time 5% HC1 (0.34 mL, 0.55 mmol) and ethyl acetate (10 mL) were added. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer extracted with 2 x 10 mL ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with saturated NaCl and dried over Na 2

SO

4 The solvent was removed to afford 212 mg (92% yield) of Na,NGbisBoc-NG'-Mtr-l-[(4'-carboxylic acid)thiazol-2-yl] arginoi as a pale yellow foam.: 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 8 9.84 (s, 185 1H, NG-H), 8.39 J 5.0 Hz, 1H, NS-H), 8.22 1H, SCH=C), 6.54 1H, ArH), 5.11 J 8.0 Hz, 1H, BocNaH), 4.02-3.95 1H, CH), 3.95 3H, ArOCH3) 3.45-3.36 1H, CH2-guanidine), 3.36-3.27 1H, CH 2 guanidine), 2.69 3H, ArCH 3 2.63 3H, ArCH 3 2.14 3H, ArCH 3 1.83-1.62 4H, CpH and Cy 1.50 (s, 9H, NGBOC), 1.34 9H, NaBoc); MS m/z 700.3

(M+H

100), 722.3 (M+Na 10), 702.3 701.3 (38).

Synthesis of Structure (75)

OHOH

JN" N SN N OMe

H

A 250 mL round-bottomed flask equipped for magnetic stirring was charged with CH 2 C12 (10 mL), the acid S* 15 (74) (3.40 g, 4.86 mmol), and trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) After 1.5 h the reaction was incomplete. Additional trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) was added and the solution was stirred 4 h more. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue taken up in THF (50 mL). Saturated NaHCO 3 solution (50 mL) was added (pH~7-8) followed by 9 -fluorenylmethyl- N-succinimidyl carbonate (1.97 g, 5.83 mmol, 1.2 eq.) in THF (20 mL). After 16 h stirring at room temperature, starting material was still present and the pH=7.0. A 2 M Na 2

CO

3 solution mL) was added (pH=8.5) followed by a second portion of FmocONSu (328 mg, 0.97 mmol, 0.2 eq.).

The solution was stirred for 2 h more at room temperature.

The reaction mixture was washed 2 x 100 mL hexane. Ethyl acetate (100 mL) was added and the reaction mixture 186 acidified to pH=0 with 6 N HC1. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer extracted 2 x 100 mL ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with saturated NaCl and dried over Na 2

SO

4 The solvent was removed to afford the crude Fmoc acid as a brown foam.

This foam was dissolved in a minimum of ethyl acetate and pipetted into ethyl ether (250 mL). The precipitate was centrifuged and collected. The supernatant was concentrated and dropped into ethyl ether (50 mL) The white precipitate was centrifuged and the combined precipitates dried in vacuo to afford 3.42 g (98% yield) of the Na-Fmoc-NG'-Mtr-l-[(4'-carboxylic acid) thiazol-2-yl] arginol as a white powder.: 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 8 8.07 1H, SCH=C), 7.70 J 7.0 Hz, 2H, Fmoc ArH), 7.46 15 (dd, J 5.0, 7.5 Hz, 2H, Fmoc ArH), 7.34 (dd, J Hz, 2H, Fmoc ArH), 7.23 J 7.5 Hz, 2H, Fmoc ArH), 6.49 1H, ArH), 4.94 1H, FmocNaH), 4.32-4.23 2H, FmocCH 2 4.07 J 5.5 Hz, 1H, FmocCH), 4.02-3.95 (m, 1H CaH), 3.78 3H, ArOCH 3 3.27-3.17 1H, CH 2 20 guanidine), 3.17-3.10 1H, CH2-guanidine), 2.64 3H, ArCH 3 2.57 3H, ArCH 3 2.08 3H, ArCH 3 1.74-1.49 4H, CbH and Cg MS m/z 722.3 (M+H 85), 736.3 (M+Na 21), 723.2 Synthesis of Structure (76):

OH

O 0 N N

CH,

S0 HNo 0 it (76) The arginol ester derivative (1.35 g, 1.93 mmol) was dissolved in 70 mL of EtOAc at room temperature.

To the solution was added manganese (IV) dioxide (5 g, 187 89.2 mmcl) and 'the suspension was stirred vigorously for h at room temperature after which time it was filtered through silica gel. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (30 -1 hexane/EtOAc) to give the desired alcohol (76) (0.23 g, 18%6) and the ketone (0.153 g, 11.5%)0. 1 H NNR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 8 9.80 1H, NG-H), 8.34 (bs, 1H1, NS-H), 7.65 (s, 1H, NCH=C), 6.54 1H, ArH), 5.20 1H, BocNaH), 4.89(s, l1H, CHON), 4.15 1H, 3.84 3H, ArOCH 3 3.83 3H, CO 2 CHO), 3.70-3.6 1H, CH 2 ,-guanidjne), 3.25-3.15 (in, 1H, CH,-guanidine), 2.70 3H, ArCHO), 2.63 3M, ArCHO), 2.14 3H, ArCHO), 1.80-1.55 (in, 4H, CpH and C, H) 1. 50 9H 4 NGiBoc), 1 35 9H, N~xBoc);

MS

nile 697 100) Synthesis of Structure (77): C

C

CCC.

>r 0 ~OH

OH

HN W 'X HI~A Nl4~OT(77) The ester (76) (70 mg, 0.1 mmol) was dissolved 20 in a mixture of THF (10 mL) and water (10 niL) To the solution was added LiOH (18 mg., 4.3 mmcl) :and the solution was heated to reflux for 7 h. The resulting solution was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in water and extracted with ether. The aqueous layer was evaporated.

The resulting residue was dissolved in MeOH, and Dowex resin (50Wx8, H+ form) was added to acidify the solution.

The resin was f iltered of f, and the f iltrate was evaporated to furnish the acid (35 mg, 60%) IH NIMP (500 MHz, CD 3 OD) 8 7.7(s, 1H, NCH=C), 6.70 1R, ArH), 4.3 (mn, 1H, CaH-), 3.87 3H, ArOCH 3 3.34 (mn, l1H,

CH-

2 guanidine), 3.3-3.2 (in, 1H, CH2-guanidine), 2. 69 3H, 188 ArCH 3 2.61 3H, ArCH 3 2.14 3H, ArCH 3 1.73-1.62 4H, CpH and CyH) 1.34 9H, NaBoc) MS m/z 583.3 (M+H 100).

Synthesis of Structure (78): NCOf (78) To 4 -(chloroethyl)benzoic acid (8.0 g, 0.046 mol) in CH 3 CN/DMF (80 mL:80 mL) were added NaN 3 (6.0 g, 0.092 mol), tetra-n-butylammonium azide tetra-nbutylammonium iodide (cat.) and the reaction was heated at gentle reflux for 7-9 h at which point the reaction S mixture transformed into one solid block. Water (350 mL) and EtOAc (500 mL) were added and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc(2x400 mL). The organic layer was washed with H 2 0 (250 mL), brine (300 mL) and dried over Na 2

SO

4 Filtration and solvent evaporation afforded a yellowish solid (9.4 g) which was pure enough to use in the next step. IR (CDC13) 2111.

Synthesis of Structure (79): (79) To a solution of (78) (9.4 g, 0.053 mol) in THF/DME (175 mL:60 mL) was added triphenylphosphine (15.2 g, 0.058 mol) and the reaction was stirred for 10 m. (1.2 mL) was added and the reaction was vigorously stirred at rt for 22-24 h at which point the solution turned into a thick suspension. The off-white solid was filtered and washed with THF (3x40 mL) to afford, after drying, 16.4 g of pure iminophosphorane. MS (M+H 426.1.

189 Synthesis of Structure CHzN COyH The iminophosphorane (79) was suspended in

THF/H

2 0 (320 mL 190 mL) and 2N HCI (64 mL) was added and the reaction was heated at reflux for 5 h. Concentrated HC1 (11 mL) was added and reflux continued for an additional 20 h. The solvents were removed under vacuo and the resultant off-white solid was dried under high vacuum for 2 h (18.0 g) and used in the next step without further purification.

15 Synthesis of Structure (81): **COFmocHNc (81) To a suspension of 4 -(aminoethyl)benzoic acid .HC1 (80) (9.0 g, 0.019 mol, theoretical) in CH 3 CN (320 mL) was added TEA (7.7 mL, 0.053 mol) and the suspension was cooled to 0 OC. Fmoc-ONSu (9.3 g, 0.026 mol) was added in one portion and the reaction was. allowed to warm to rt over 1 h and stirred an additional 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (1200 mL), washed with 10% citric acid (220 mL) and brine (220 mL) and dried over Na 2

SO

4 Filtration and solvent evaporation afforded the crude product which was purified by flash chromatography using 8% MeOH/CHCl 3 to afford pure product (2.4 g) 1 H NMR (CDC1 3 6 2.81 2H, J 7.0 Hz), 3.36 2H), 4.15 (t, 1H, J 6.5 Hz), 4.36 2H, J 7.0 Hz), 5.24 (br s, 1H), 7.18 2H, J 8.0 Hz), 7.26 2H), 7.35 2H, 190 J 7. 5 Hz) 7. 52 2H1, J 7.5 Hz) 7. 71 2H1, J Hz) 7. 92 2H, J 8. 0 Hz). MS 387. 7.

0 Boc-oropalryl ine.DM PPh 3 Ciii. NEt 3 Pd(OAc) 2 0- (98%) 0 00 H2. NtO, Et 2 O (94% 0 0- LIOH. THF.

H

2 0 (92 00 00OH TFA. 0CM0 H

OH

FMOC-OSu, Na,C0 1 dioxane,

H

2 0 (83 Synthesis of Structure (82): 0>4 0 0- (82) To 2.20 g (8.4 mmol) of 4 -iodo-methylbenzoate under nitrogen was added 1.95 g (12.26 minol) of Bocpropargyl amine, 0.33 g (1.26 mniol) of triphenyiphosphine, 0.08 g (0.42 inmol) of copper(I) iodide, 2.11 mL (15.1 rniol) of triethylamine, and 250 mL of DMF. The solution was stirred and degassed with nitrogen for 15 min followed by the addition of 0.10 g (0.42 mnmol) of palladium(II) acetate and stirring at room temperature -for 18 h. The solution was diluted with EtOAc and washed with 5% citric acid(4x), brine (2x) and dried over MgSO 4 Purification by 191 column chromatography (silica gel, 9:1 hexanes/EtOAc) afforded ester (82) (2.37 g, 98%) as an orange solid:

'H

NMR (CDCl 3 500 MHz) 6 1.47 9H), 3.91 3H), 4.17 (m, 2H), 4.80 (broad s, 1H), 7.46 J 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.97 J 8.5 Hz, 2H).

Synthesis of Structure (83): 0 0- (83) 10 To 2.86 g (9.88 mmol) of alkyne (82) under 1 atm of H 2 was added 40 mL of anhydrous diethyl ether and a catalytic amount of platinum(IV) oxide. The reaction was monitored by TLC and complete after 13 h. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite, washed with diethyl S 15 ether and the solvent was removed in vacuo to give ester (83) (2.72 g 94%)as an orange oil: H NMR (CDCl 3 500 MHz) 6 1.44 9H), 1.82 2H), 2.69 2H), 3.15 2H), 3.89 3H), 4.55 (broad s, 1H), 7.23 J 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.94 J 8.0 Hz, 2H); MS m/z 294 Synthesis of Structure (84): N OO/

OH

(84) To 2.72 g (9.27 mmol) of ester (83) was added 1.17 g (27.18 mmol) of lithium hydroxide monohydrate, mL of THF and 50 mL of H 2 0. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and quenched with 5% citric acid. The reaction was extracted with EtOAc (4x) and the combined extracts were washed with brine and dried over 192 MgSO 4 Removal of the solvent afforded acid (84) (2.38 g, 92%) as a pale yellow solid: H NMR (CD 3 0D, 500 MHz) 1.44 9H), 1.80 2H), 2 7 0(m, 2H), 3.07 2H), 7.30 J 8.0 Hz), 7.92 J 8.0 Hz).

Synthesis of Structure 0

H

2

NOOH

To 2.38 g of acid (84) was added 20 mL of 1. 0 dichloromethane and 20 mL of TFA. The solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature and the solvent removed in vacuo to give amino acid (85) (3.57 as a :i pale orange solid: H NMR (CD30D, 500 MHz) 8 1.98 2H), 2.79 2H), 2.95 2H), 7.35 J 8.0 Hz), 7.97 (d, J= 8.0 Hz).

Synthesis of Structure (86): 0 6/ M-OH (86) To 3.57 g (12.20 mmol)of amino acid (85) was added 70 mL of 1,4 dioxane, 70 of H20, 1.29 g (12.20 mmol), and 4.93 g (14.6 mmol) of N-(9fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxy)succinimide. The cloudy mixture was stirred for 48 h, diluted with a large volume of EtOAc and washed with saturated ammonium chloride. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3x) and the combined organics were washed with saturated bicarbonate, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of the solvent in 193 vacuo gave a pale yellow solid which was washed with ether to afford acid (86) (2.85 g 58%; 83% based on (75) as a white powder: 'H NMR (CDOD, 500 MHz) 8 1.81. (in, 2H) 2.68 (mn, 2H), 3.12 (mn, 2H), 4.37 (in, 2H),7.30 (in, 4H), 7.38 (in, 2H) 7. 65 J 8. 0 Hz, 2H) 7. 79 J =7.5 Hz, 2H) 7. 92 J 8 .0 Hz, 2H) MS m/z 4 02 (M-IH)

H

Fmoc" OH

NH

g0 CMTPP, PPh 3 EDGI, cat. DMAP

CH

2

CI

2

H

Fmoc" N PPh 3 O MeOH- NH 01~ Fmoc" .0 1. Me 4

NBH

4 mc 4e 2. i)LiOH ii) HCI

OH

0

NH

NH

194 Synthesis of Structure (87): (87) A solution of cyanomethyl triphenylphosphonium chloride (CMTPP) (8.2 g, 24 mmol) was prepared in 75 mL of 5 dichloromethane and stirred for 10 m. With the addition of Fmoc-Lys(Boc) (10 g, 21.3 mmol), 1- (dimethylaminopropyl) -3-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride S. (EDCI) (4.9 g, 25.6 mmol) and 4 -Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (2.2mmol), the reaction vessel was sealed and stirred for twelve hours at room temperature. The solvent was concentrated in vacuo to an oil which was dissolved in 300 mL of ethyl acetate and 100 mL lN HC1 with stirring.

The layers were separated and the organic phase was extracted 2x50 mL of brine. The ethyl acetate was dried 15 over magnesium sulfate and concentrated to a solid. This material was used without further purification. MS (ES+) 752 (M+H 195 Synthesis of Structure (88): 0A (88) The compound of structure (87) (16 g, 21.3 mmol) 5 was dissolved in 100 mL of MeOH and cooled to -78 0 C. Ozone was bubbled through the reaction solution with a- gas dispersion tube for 3 h. The product was isolated by removal of MeOH under reduced pressure and was purified on a silica gel column (200 g dry weight) equilibrated in a 0 mobile phase of ethyl acetate/hexane The product was eluted with ethyl acetate/hexane and gave after drying 5.1 g (47% for the two steps). MS 511 Synthesis of Structure (89): (89) The keto ester (88) (5.1g, 9.8 mmol) was dissolved in 100 mL of THF. After the addition of tetramethylammonium borohydride (1.4 g, 11.8 mmol) to the 196 solution, the vessel was sealed and stirred for 4 h. The reaction was incomplete at this point and more borohydride (0.21 g, 2.4mmol) was added and stirring was continued for an additional h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to an oil in vacuo and applied to a silica gel column (150g dry weight) equilibrated and eluted with ethyl acetate/hexane to give 2.7 g of product.

MS

513 Synthesis of Structure

O

0 HN 0 O

OH

OH

The hydroxy ester (89) (2.7 g, 5.3 mmol) was S dissolved in 100 mL of THF and cooled to 00 5 0 C. 0.2N LiOH (66.5 mL, 13.3 mmol) was added to the chilled solution and stirred for thirty minutes. The reaction was incomplete at that time and more 0.2N LiOH (10.4 mL, 2.1 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred of another thirty minutes and then quenched with 300 mL of ethyl acetate/0.2N HCI The aqueous phase was separated, washed with 100 mL of ethyl acetate and the combined organic extracts were dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to an oil and dried to a solid (2.0 g, 78%) CDCI 3 8 1.2-1.8 3.1 (m,2H) 4.1-4.5 4.6 1H), 5.4 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 MS 501 197 Synthesis of Structure (91): Structure (91) was synthesized by standard procedures as shown in the following scheme.

0

H

2 N 0 0* 9

OH

Fmoc-ONSu Na 2

CO

3 dioxane/FHO toluene

CH

2 C1 2 cat. DMF 2. NaN 3

BU

4

N.N

3

CH

2 C1 2 0 N3 N 0 heat

U.

(91) 198 Example 28 Synthesis of Representative Components for the Solid Phase Synthesis of O-Sheet Mimetics Urazole Synthesis The following syntheses are representative of the procedures used to prepare the urazole components used in the solid phase synthesis of P-sheet mimetics of this invention.

Synthesis of Structure (92): S*

H

*Y

H

/N

*(92) Structure (92) was synthesized by a minor modification of the method of Cookson and Gupte (Org.

15 Syntheses, Vol. VI (1988), 936) 2 -n-Butylaniline (12.0 mL, 76.6 mmol) in 160 mL of EtOAc was added via addition funnel to 324 mL of 20% phosgene in toluene at rt over min. The solution was refluxed 30 min, and the solvent removed by distillation. The residual oil was dissolved 20 in 75 mL of chloroform and was added via addition funnel **to over 15 min to a suspension of methyl hydrazinocarboxylate (6.90 g, 76.6 mmol) in toluene at rt. The mixture was refluxed for 1.5 h during which time all the solids dissolved. Upon cooling to rt, a precipitate formed and was collected by vacuum filtration. It was washed with toluene and dried in vacuo to give 18.17 g of off-white powder The product was used in the next step without further purification. TLC (CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH, 95/5) Rf 0.12; 'H NMR (CD 3 OD) 6 0.94 3 H, J 7.4 Hz), 1.39 (m, 2 1.56 2 2.61 2 3.74 3 7.09- 7.21 4 MS m/z 265.8 100).

199 Synthesis of Structure (93) 0

NH

0 (93) The compound of structure (92) (18.03 g, 68.0 mmol) was suspended in 190 mL of 4 N KOH and heated to reflux for 2 hours. Upon cooling, the now clear pink solution was extracted with ether (6x) and acidified with concentrated HC1. The precipitate was collected by vacuum 10 filtration, washed with water and EtOAc, and dried in vacuo overnight to yield 14.00 g of white solid :[If necessary, urazoles may be recrystallized from MeOH or :i another suitable solvent system.] TLC (CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH/AcOH, 94/4/2) R, 0.63; Purity* by UV: 1 H NMR (CDOD) 6 0.89 3 H, J 7.3 Hz), 1.32 2 1.51 2 7.18e .7.42 4 H) MS m/z 232 Note: urazoles generally give poor mass spectra.

*oo *A rough check of purity may be obtained by measuring the S 20 UV absorbance of the triazoline derived from oxidation of the urazole as follows. Urazole (5-10 mg) and bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene (40 mg) are dissolved in DMF to 5 mL in a volumetric flask. The absorbance of this pink solution is measured at 520 nm (s=177) in a cuvette with a 1 cm path length against a DMF blank. Under these conditions, the purity of the parent urazole is obtained by the following equation: Purity 2.82(A)(MW) where A is the absorbance, MW is the molecular weight of the urazole, and m is the weight in mg of the sample urazole.

200 Synthesis of Structure (94): 0 HNK N

N

H H Y

F

(94) 4-(Fluoromethyl) -benzylamine (4.1 mnL, 28.5 mmol) was added to a stirring solution of methyl hydrazinocarboxylate (2.56 g, 28.5 mmol) and 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (4.62 g, 28.5 mmol) in THF mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. A white precipitate formed that was collected by vacuum filtration, washed with cold THF, and dried in vacuo to yield 3.22 g of (94) H NMR (DMSO-d 6 8 3.57 3H), 4.26 2H, J 6.0 Hz), 7.44 2H, J 8.0 Hz), 7.64 2H, J 8.0 Hz); MS m/z 292 100).

o Synthesis of Structure

O

o N NH h-NH

NH

F s O

FF

The compound of structure (94) (3.22 g, 11.0 mmol) was suspended in 20 mL of 4 N KOH and heated to reflux for 3 hours. Upon cooling the solution was acidified with concentrated HC1. A white precipitate formed and was collected by vacuum filtration, washed with cold water, and dried in vacuo overnight to yield 2.45 g of white solid Purity by UV: 383%; 'H NMR (DMSO) 8 4.62 2H), 7.46 2H, J 8.0 Hz), 7.70 2H, J Hz), 10. 29 (bs, 2H); MS m/z 258 100).

201 Diene Synthesis The following syntheses are representative of the procedures used to prepare the diene components used in the solid phase synthesis of p-sheet mimetics of this invention.

Synthesis of Structure 0 A solution of methacrolein (7.01 g, 100 mmol) and methyl (triphenylphosphoranilidene) acetate (35.11 g, 105 mmol) in 150 mL of dry dichloromethane was refluxed for 2 h under a nitrogen atmosphere. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the product was purified by chromatography on a short silica gel column (EtOAc-hexanes, After evaporation of the productcontaining fractions, compound (95) was obtained as a clear oil (8.71 g, TLC (EtOAc-hexanes, 1:4) R, 0.59 1H NMR (CDC1 3 6 1.89 3 3.76 3 5.33- 5.37 2 5.87 J 16 Hz, 1 7.37 J 16 Hz, 1H).

Synthesis of Structure (96): S

OC

2

H

0 (96) Compound (96) was synthesized by a modification of the procedure of K. Sato et al. Org. Chem. 32:177, 1967). To a suspension of NaH (60% in mineral oil, 0.40 g, 10 mmol) in 25 mL of dry THF, cooled to 00 under a nitrogen atmosphere, triethyl phosphonocrotonate (2.50 g, mmol) was added dropwise with stirring. After the addition, the solution was stirred at 0 OC for 1.5 h. To 202 the brown-red solution, maintained at 0 oC, 3,3dimethylbutyraldehyde (1.00 g, 10 mmol) was added dropwise. The solution was allowed to warm up to room temperature, and stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (75 mL) and water mL), and the two layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water (2x50 mL) and brine (75 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and flash chromatography on silica (EtOAc/hexanes, 1:9) yielded 1.00 g of (96) as a pale yellow solid. TLC (EtOAc/hexanes, 1:9) R, 0.60 'H NMR (CDC13) 6 0.90 9 1.29 J 7 Hz, 3H), 2.04 J 6 Hz, 2 4.19 J 7 Hz, 2H), 5.80 J 15.5 Hz, 1H), 6.13-6.17 2H), 7.24-7.39 2H).

r r r r S o o o. *ooo Synthesis of Structure (97): <s yOH 0 (97) A solution of methyl 7,7-dimethyl-2,4- 20 octadienoate (96) (0.99 g, 5 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (0.60 g, 15 mmol) in methanol (15 mL) and water (5 mL) was refluxed for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was dissolved in water (30 mL) The resulting solution was acidified with cone. HC1 to pH 2, and the precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water (10 mL), and dried in vacuo to yield 0.84 of the acid as a white solid. 'H NMR (CDCl 3 8 0.92 3 2.07 J Hz, 2 5.80 J 15.5 Hz, 1H), 6.19-6.23 2H), 7.34-7.40 2H).

203 Example 29 Solid Phase Synthesis of Reipresentative B-Sheet Mimetics This example illustrates the solid phase synthesis of representative f3-sheet mimetics (100) through (227) (Tables 11-15). The compounds of this example were synthesized according to the following reaction scheme: FMOC HN4Q 1. Pipanik. OUF 2. Adid IkMgie. P 2 NEL DUF 0 FMOCIHN... Ns n 1.2.3 OH

-(CH

2 )n 0 0

NHBOC

1 Pipeie. OAIF 2.Hdo M y~ PyBP 0

OIS

(CH 0 I. Pqiprhf OUF 2. Obermic aad.tPy90p.

HOEFT. 'PrvNE CMF Urazal.. PI4I(OTPAW,. OMAF 0 R2 OH k Ne$ ff I 0 0 1 H-10 Pemodm~

NHBOC

I TFAJ-1 2 General Procedure: The synthesis of P-strand mimetics was initiated by deprotection of' Fmoc PAL resin using 25% piperidine in DMF. Following extensive washing with DMF, the resin was treated with the acid f luoride of 204 N-Fmoc-4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, or or (86) and Hunigs' base in DMF until the Kaiser test was negative.

Alternatively, the Fmoc-protected thiazole- (75) or imidazole-based (77) linkers were coupled to the resin using BOP, HOBt and DIEA. In some instances Fmoc-Leu or another amino acid was attached to the resin prior to the thiazole- (75) or imidazole-based (77) linkers via the same methodology. In the case of structures (217)-(221), the isocyanate (91) was coupled to Wang resin overnight in the presence of catalytic HCI in dichloromethane.

Deprotection of all Fmoc-protected linkers was effected by treatment with 25% piperidine in DMF, and deprotection the Boc-protected linker (77) was effected by TMS-C1 (1 M) and phenol (3 M) in dichloromethane for 30 min. The lysinol derivative (90) was coupled to resin-bound linkers N-Fmoc- 4-aminomethylbenzoic acid, or (86) using PyBOP, HOBt and Hunigs' base in DMF until a negative Kaiser test was achieved. Treatment of the resin with 25% piperidine in DMF then cleaved the FMOC group. Following washing 20 with DMF a dienoic acid was coupled to the resin-bound linkers using PyBOP, HOBt and Hunigs' base in DMF until the result of a Kaiser test was negative. The cycloaddition was performed by pretreatment of a solution of a pyrazolidinedione (not shown) or urazole in DMF with a solution of [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene in DMF.

:I The polymer-supported diene was treated with the resulting solution for 2-16 hours. The resin was then washed with DMF and CH 2 Cl 2 Oxidation to the ketoamide was effected by treatment of the resin with a solution of Dess-Martin periodinane in DMSO for 60 min. The resin was washed with

CH

2 C1 2 and the product was cleaved from the resin by treatment of the resin with 95:5 TFA:H 2 0 for 1-12 h. The supernatant was collected and the resin was washed with additional TFA. The combined filtrates were concentrated in vacuo. The residue was precipitated with diethyl ether and the ether was decanted. The resulting solid was 205 reconstituted in 1:1 CH 3

CN:H

2 0 and lyophilized. Compounds (100) through (227) in Tables 11-15 each gave the expected peak when submitted to LCMS The compounds were assayed for inhibition of coagulation enzymes as mixtures of diastereomers.

All of the compounds listed in Tables 11-15 had Ki 100 nM as thrombin inhibitors, or had activity as Factor VIIa inhibitors (Table 15) The compounds noted with an in Tables 11-15 had a Ki 10 nM as thrombin inhibitors and represent preferred embodiments.

Table 11

N

o 0 R 3

NH

2

O

0O N R6 15

H

S

o *e 206 0 H0 0 uHKONH 2 a 207 a

C

Cpd. No. RI R3 R4 R6 MS (ES+) (M+H 109* 0 N NH 2 683 0 110* S H 639 0.

0OH 01*x OC'LiJ iNH 2 675 0 I0 H 112* )O QJ^ NH 0 0 0 114* 0 'GL"T

NH

2 63 11 FS F 683 0 00 116* e Ov NH 2 663 00 117* s 667 0 116* cuk NH 117* X?,II~~lF ryN 697 208 00..

01% 0 0 Cpd. No. RI R3 R4 R6 MS (ES+) O~O>(MH2 118* 723H 0 r0 H 119* )(34 0 h>NH2 665 0 120* OJ(0 H 681 F0 00 121 )(34N 673 0 0H F 0 0H 123* 0 ~~Q~NH 2 709 0 0H 124* 0 NH2 68 0 'S0 0 0'(K 1

NH

2 68 -0 0 6EL HN 0 0 0 £O HN 0

AX*

0 611 ~HNJK)~~ 0X XU H 0 COL HN A

L

0 0 0 Eft

H

0 LXJ' Ny s 6 L 0C

OL

0H Eft HN J A I H 0~I (+03 si CX 0 .210 a a a 211 212 a a a *aa.

a a a 213 214 o 0

S

S

S.

S

55..

S.

S

S

0*S*

S

215 S. 55 S S

S

S

S. S 0

S.

S

550) S S

S

S.

5505 0 5056 216 Table 12 0 R3 0 R6 0. 0 217 Cpd No. R 1 87* 1 88 .189* 1 90* x

X.

H.,N

HN

H2N H 2

N

R2 x 2

X

2

X

2 N H x 5 NH 2 x

X

NH 2

NH,

X

5 0 0 NH 2 0 XGsrAN-n 0

HN

zt

NH

2 0 0 x 6YJIANH2 0 X 6 _rI N o HL i>NH2 0

X

6 YA' y o H ~1NH2 0 0

X

6 Y-kAN 0 H

NH,

0 :R6: MS ES.

0 0

NH

2

X

6 Y)t.N-N'l 0 H 1694 626 647 218 Cpd. No.

194 Rl R2 x

X

2 196

.N'

0

N

0 2 X2 R3 X0 R4 R5 R6 MSES'

(M+H

NH. .0 TAN~ H

X

5 0 HN N H 2 a

NH

635 HN ,,NH 01 7 s.O 590 219 Table 13 0 R3 HN

NH

2 k-N R4 NH RI-N I 0 o N R6

H

220 a Cpd., No. Ri1 R3 R4 R6 MS (ES+)

(M+H)

197 584a 0 198* 4V(X 659 0 199* 4 XBQ:084 0 20 4 X eyL-,-j 0 0O N 814 1 0 201* 4 x 2x 642 0 N x HN-\\NH 2 202 4 567 0 203 X4 x3o 0 204 X 6--N 0 587.

0 205 X3 81 ,X I e- A-N 0 0N281 0 206 F 656 N x3 0 F xoo N N 207 x< 664,3 3 0 i .221 Cpd. No.1 Ri R3 IJ 4 R6 MS (ES+) 630

FIX

NH2 Xe'r-j" N 0 0 I t

I-X

N 0 588 I m ii -0 C x

I

HN- NH 2 x 0 0 x i X 0 212 NHNH 705 Xerl- 00 N 2 0 213 4xI

X

3 x H 648 SN002 0 214 Kisx 6 724 0 215* 0 6-x 666 216 c7 xXs<-H2 780 222 Table 14 0

RI-N

0 0N

H

223 [Cpd. No. F RI 217* x 218 219* 220 X k A 221 MS (ES+) (M+He) 503 427 441 503 455 224.

Table 0 R3 R4 Ri-N I

)N

r 0 R6 225 a a 226 Example Synthesis of Representative B-Sheet Mimetics This example further illustrates the synthesis of representative P-sheet mimetics of this invention.

1. AcCI Oo- 0 0 0

CO

2 CHo H- 2. TBDMSCI TEA, DMF Si C0

CO

2

CH

3 0 Z NH

ZN

,b-NH 0 PhI(OAc),

O

OTBDMS

ZN I OMe 00

S

S

0

BF

3 .OEt2 N

ZN

00 0 1.LiOH

ZN.

2. couple YH e 0 Y Synthesis of Structure (228): xvu ^^n5j (228) Methyl-2,4-dioxo-pentanoate (14.4 g, 0.10 mol) and 10.6 g of trimethyl orthoacetate were dissolved in 100 mL of methanol followed by the addition of 300 pL of acetyl chloride. This solution was then stirred at room temperature for 6 h. An aliquot was then taken and the solvent removed using a. rotary evaporator. H NMR analysis of the residue suggested a complete conversion to the methyl enol ether. The reaction solution was evaporated in vacuo. By H NMR, purity was 90%, and the material was used for the next step without purification.

227 2 -Methoxy-4-oxo-2-pentenone (1.58 g, 10 inmol) and 1.63 g of t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (11 mmol) were dissolved in 15 mrL of DMF. Triethylamnjne (1.553 rnL, 12 mmol) was added and the reaction stirred overnight under argon at rt. The next morning 50 mL of hexane was added and the reaction was extracted with cold NaHCO 3 solution.

The hexane layer was dried over Na 2

SO

4 and hexane removed under vacuum to give 2.01 g of the diene as an oil which was used without further purification. NMR (CDC1 3 0.16 6H), 0.94 911), 3.53 3H),3.73

(S,

3H),4.32 (bs, 1H), 4.6 (bs,1H), 6.21 (s,1H).

Synthesis of Structure(229): 0 0 0 00 2 9 0 0..:To a mixture of 4-phenyl urazole (177 mng, 1 nunol) and iodobenzene diacetate(322 mg, 1 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 mL) was added a solution of the diene (228) (269 mg, V 1.05 mxnol)' in CH 2 Cl 2 The reaction mixture was stirred 20 min, and then cooled to 0 0 C. BF 3 .OEt 2 (141 mng, 1 mmol) was added dropwise* and the reaction stirred for 30 min, diluted with CH 2 Cl 2 (50 washed with NaHCO 3 solution (2x15 mL) water (15 mL) and brine, dried and evaporated.

Crude product was purified by column chromatography on 25 silica gel (EtOAc/hexane, 1:3, v/v) to afford pure product (97 mg,32%) 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 3 8 7.53-7.42 (in, 5H),6.30 1H) 4.47 2H), 3.97 3H-) MS (El, 12 eV) 301 100), 273.4, 246.3, 154.4, 119.5.

228 Example 31 Synthesis of Representative B-Sheet Mimetics This example further illustrates the synthesis of representative P-sheet mimetics of this invention.

Synthesis of Structure (24)

HO

"(230) o To a 250 mL flame-dried round bottom flask was 10 added 130 mL of dry THF. The flask was cooled to -78 0

C

under an argon atmosphere, and 10 mL of 2.5 M n-BuLi were added followed by 5.3 mL of hexamethyldisilazane. This solution was stirred at -78 0 C for 30 min., and then 2.2 mL of methyl propiolate were added. After stirring at -78 0

C

for 50 min., 2.5 mL (22 mmol) of hexadienal were added.

The reaction was then slowly warmed to -30C over a period of 4 h. After an hour at -30C, it was quenched by addition of aqueous tartaric acid solution. The reaction mixture was then partitioned between EtOAc and water, and the aqueous layer was washed with additional ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were then washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to give about 4.1 g of a reddish oil.

Flash chromatography via silica gel (20% ethyl hexane) gave 3.1' g of a yellowish oil 1H NRM (CDC13) 8 1.78 3H, 3.79, 3H), 5.01 (bs, 1H), 229 5.63 (dd, 1H, J=9, 16), 5.84 1H), 6.06 1H), 6.38 (dd, 1H, J=16, 9).

Synthesis of Structure 0 (231) A 500 mL roundbottom flask was charged with phenyl urazole (4.91 g) and 150 mL of methylene chloride.

Iodobenzene diacetate (8.94 g) was added to the fla-s-k and the reaction stirred for 10 min. as a deep red color 10 developed. A solution of 5.0 g of compound (230) dissolved in 50 mL of methylene chloride was then added, and the reaction instantaneously decolorized. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 3 additional hours. The solvent was removed on rotary evaporator and ft S the residue placed under high vacuum overnight. The residue was purified via flash chromatography on silica gel (40% EtOAc/hexane) to give 8.3 g of a -60/40 diastereomeric mixture of epimeric alcohols H NMR (CDCl 3 (isomer 6 1.474 3H, 3.773 3H), 20 4.66 2H), 4.83 1H), 5.73 1H, J=10), 6.19 (bd, 1H, J=10), 7.4=7.56 5H); (isomer 6 1.53 3H, 3.77 3H), 4.64 1H, 4.72 1H), 5.18 (bs, 1H) 6.1 2H) 7.36-7.56 5H) MS 356 378 (M+Na).

230 Synthesis of Structure (26) (232) A solution of 1.0 g of (231) as a diastereomeric mixture of acetylene alcohols was dissolved in 40 mL of MeOH and cooled to 0 C in an ice bath. To the reaction mixture 80 mg equivalents of hydride) of powdered sodium borohydride was added with stirring. After an hour at 0 0 C, the reaction was warmed to room temperature and S: stirred for an additional hour. It was quenched by 10 addition of 100 mL EtOAc and 60 mL of water. The layers were separated in a separatory funnel, and the aqueous phase extracted twice with additional EtOAc. The combined organic phases were then washed with saturated sodium chloride and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic 15 solvent was removed by rotary evaporator and the residue purified by flash chromatography (40/60 EtOAc/hexanes) to give 630 mg of a mixture of diastereomeric alcohols H NMR (CDC1 3 isomer 1: 8 1.39 3H, J=ll), 3.78 3H), 4.68 1H), 4.71 1H), 4.75 1H), 5.81 1H, J=10), 6.16 (dm, 1H, J=10), 6.26 1H, J=9), 7.01 7.01 7.35=7.5 5H). Isomer 2: 1.43 3H, j=10), 3.72 3H), 4.5 2H), 5.53 (d, 1H, J=12), 5.86 2H), 6.12 1H, J=10), 6.89 1H, 7.35-7.5 5H) MS 358 (M+1) 231 Synthesis of Structure (27) 0 QN I 0 0 0 0 (233) To a solution of 357 mg of compound (231) as a diastereomeric mixture in 50 mL of methylene chloride was added 424 mg of powdered Dess-Martin reagent. The reaction stirred at room temperature for 6 h. It was then stirred for five minutes with a sodium thiosulfate solution and extracted with aqueous bicarbonate solution.

The organic phase was washed with saturated -sodium chloride and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The o methylene chloride was removed by rotary evaporation to give 348 mg of a solid residue 6 1.61 3H, J=9Hz), 3.82 3H), 4.52 (bm, 1H), 5.16 1H), 5.93 (bd, 1H, J=10Hz), 6.01 (bd, 1H, J=10Hz), 6.88 1H, 15 J=15Hz), 7.29 1H, J=15Hz), 7.35-7.55 5H) MS (EI) 355 (MO) Synthesis of Structure (28) see* 0 \1 0

OH

HO O 0 (234) A 100 mL roundbottom flask was charged with 357 mg of compound (232) as an isomeric mixture of alcohols and 25 mL of THF. The reaction solution was cooled to 0°C, the reaction was allowed to warm up to room temperature, and stirred for an additional hour. It was then extracted with 40 mL of EtOAc and 30 mL of water. The aqueous phase 232 was acidified with 1 mmol of tartaric acid, and reextracted with 40 mL of fresh EtOAc. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous NaSO 4 filtered and the solvent removed via rotary evaporator to give 328 mg of a solid residue. 1 H NMR (CDC1 3 isomer 1: 8 1.37 3H, 4.61 1H), 4.65 1H), 4.68 1H), 5.77 1H, J=11), 6.12 1H, J=ll), 6.23 1H, J=15), 7.083 (d, 1H, J=15), 7.35-7.54 5H) isomer 2: 1.47 3H, 4.5 1H), 4.58 1H), 4.96 1H), 5.9 (m, 2H), 6.12 1H, J=16), 6.98 1H, J=16) 7.35=7.54 (m, Example 32 15 In this example, compounds (231) and (233) of Example 31 were assayed for their ability to block insulin disulfide reduction by thioredoxin. Thioredoxin has been shown to up-regulate NF-kB for DNA binding by reduction of a disulfide bond involving Cys62 of the p50 subunit of NF- 20 kB. Thioredoxin is also known to reduce the disulfide bonds in insulin 104 times faster than low molecular weight thiols (Holmgren, J. Biol. Chem. 254:9627-9632, 4.0*00 1979) (incorporated herein by reference). Therefore, if an inhibitor of NF-kB activation is acting via inhibition of 25 thioredoxin, it should also be able to block reduction of insulin by thioredoxin. The following assay measures spectrophotometrically the increasing turbidity of insulin at 650 nm as its disulfide bonds are reduced in the presence of thioredoxin.

A slight modification of the method of Holmgren was used. On a 96 well microtiter plate solutions of thioredoxin in 0.1 M potassium phosphate pH 6.5 buffer were preactivated for 15 minutes in the presence of 0.33 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) and 2 mM EDTA. Solutions of 233 substrate and inhibitor were added to a final concentration of 8 pM thioredoxin, 0.13 mM insulin, and 0- 100 pM of either compound (231) or (233). The turbidity of the solutions was measured at 650 nM over the course of 60 minutes on a Spectra Max 250 absorbance plate reader (Molecular Devices). The results demonstrate that turbidity decreases with increasing concentration of compounds (231) or (233).

As a negative control, inhibitor in the presence of DTT and EDTA, but without thioredoxin present did not display turbidity (DTT did not reduce thioredoxin over the time period examined). As a positive control, the structurally related natural products parthenolide and santonin were tested in the above assay in place of the 15 inhibitors. Parthenolide, which contains an unsaturated exomethylene lactone and is known to inhibit NF-kB activation in a concentration dependent fashion (Bork et al., FEBS Lett. 402: 85-90, 1997), similarly blocked thioredoxin-induced turbidity of insulin. Santonin, which contains a saturated lactone group and does not inhibit NF-kB activation, did not block thioredoxin-induced turbidity of insulin. Taken together, these results are evidence that compounds (231) and (233) prevent NF-kB activation by inhibition of thioredoxin.

Example 33 Activity of a Representative B-Sheet Mimetic as a Protease Inhibitor 0( r 8NHOH 030 0 (234) 234 This example further illustrates the activity of a 3-sheet mimetic of structure (234) (prepared by methods disclosed in reaction scheme 20) as an inhibitor of the metalloproteinases leucine aminopeptidase M and thermolysin. The method is a modification of that of Spungin-Bialik et al. FEBS Lett. (1996) 380, 79-82.

The following protocol was used: A buffer solution containing 50 mM Tris-Cl, 100 mM NaCI, 1 mM CaC12,0.005% Triton X-100 (pH=7.5) is prepared. A second buffer solution, 40 mM in EDTA, is prepared from the first. A 750M solution of substrate, Suc-Ala-Ala-PhepNA, is prepared in water from a 50 mM stock solution DMSO. A 15 nM solution of thermolysin is prepared by diluting with buffer a 200 M thermolysin stock solution 15 in 20% glycerol/H 2 0. Dilute the commercially available solution of Leucine Aminopeptidase M (Sigma, 2.6mg/ml stock in H 2 0) down to 50 jg/ml with buffer. The inhibitor in 50% EtOH/H 2 0 was diluted with water to 3x the desired concentration levels. Add 50pl of enzyme, substrate, and inhibitor per well (96 well microtiter plate) to the desired number of microtiter strips. This will yield final concentrations of 5 nM for thermolysin and 250 pM for the substrate. The wells should then be incubated at rt for 20 minutes. After 20 minutes, add the EDTA in buffer solution to all wells at 501l per well. and add simultaneously to the wells at 50gl per well. This will yield a final concentration of 10mg/ml. The plate should be read 100x at 405 nm with 21 second intervals. Ki values were calculated as before (Example The values of Ki obtained for compound (234) were 6 and 11 pM for thermolysin and leucine aminopeptidase M, respectively.

These results demonstrate that a P-sheet mimetic of this invention can function as a metalloproteinase inhibitor.

235 Example 34 Activity of a Representative B-Sheet Mimet-i as a Protease Inhibitor iLi-i;-~L=;t~L O

NH

(235) This example further illustrates the activity of a P-sheet mimetic of structure (235) (prepared by methods 10 disclosed in reaction scheme 15) as an inhibitor of the cysteine proteinase, papain. The assay method is a modification of that of Mellor et al. Biochem. J. (1993) 290, 289.

The assay was conducted in a microtiter plate as in Example 4. The following protocol was used: Prepare a buffer containing 0.05 M sodium citrate, 0.15 M NaC1, 2 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA A 2 mM stock solution of substrate (Ac-Phe-Gly-pNA) is diluted to 200 pM in buffer.

A 5 mM stock solution (in 50% EtOH/H 2 0) of the inhibitor is 20 diluted to 500 pM in buffer, and six serial 1:5 dilutions are made. Aliquots of 100 pL each of buffer, substrate, and inhibitor (at the appropriate concentrations) are added per well to an eight well microtiter strip. A mM stock solution of papain is diluted to 200 pM in buffer and incubated for 5 min prior to addition of a 100 pL aliquot to the assay wells. The plate should be read 100x at 405 nm with 21 second intervals.

IC

50 values were calculated as before (Example Compound (234) exhibited an ICso value of 8 pM. This result demonstrates P.\OPER\MKR\SPECA732 174-di do-0310701 -236that a f-sheet mimetic of this invention can function as a cysteine proteinase inhibitor.

From the foregoing, it will be understood that, although specific embodiments of this invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except by the appended claims.

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not g :the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

The reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that that prior art forms part of the common general knowledge in Australia.

Claims (16)

1. Use of a compound for the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting a protease or kinase, the compound having the formula: 0 R 3 wherein A is selected from -(CH 2 )0- 4 (CH 2 1-3- -(CH 2 )1-20- and (CH 2 -2S-; B is selected from N and CH; C is selected from (CH 2 -0-(CH 2 and -S(CH 2 D is selected from N and C(R 4 (CH 2 1-3-, E is selected from I NHZ -N- and Z F is an optional carbonyl moiety; R 1 R 2 and R 4 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; R 2 is selected from an amino acid side chain moiety and derivatives thereof, or taken together with C forms a fused substituted or unsubstituted homocyclic or heterocyclic ring; P:\OPER\MKR\SPECI\73274dido.O-3,0701 -238- R 3 is independently selected from an amino acid side chain moiety and derivatives thereof, or taken together with C forms a bridging moiety selected from -(CH 2 )1- 2 -0- and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule; and any two adjacent CH groups of the bicyclic ring may form a double bond; with the proviso that D is not N when E is C(R 1 )NHZ and the optional F carbonyl moiety is present.

2. The use according to claim 1 wherein the medicament is for inhibiting a protease.

3. The use according to claim 2 wherein the protease is a serine protease.

4. The use according to claim 3 wherein the serine protease is selected from thrombin, Factor X, Factor IX, Factor VII, Factor XI, urokinase, typtase and kallikrein.

The use according to claim 3 wherein the serine protease is thrombin.

6. The use according to claim 3 wherein the serine protease is Factor VII.

7. The use according to claim 2 wherein the protease is selected from an aspartic, cysteine and metallo protease.

8. The use according to claim 1 wherein the medicament is for inhibiting a kinase. P:\OPER\MKR\SPECI\732174-div.doc-03/07/01 -239-

9. The use according to claim 7 wherein the kinase is a serine/threonine or tyrosine kinase.

10. Use of a compound for the manufacture of a medicament for regulating a transcription factor in a warm-blooded animal in need thereof, the compound having the formula: wherein A is selected from -(CH 2 )o- 4 (CH 2 (CH 2 1-20- and (CH 2 1- 2 S-; B is selected from N and CH; C is selected from (CH 2 1 3 (CH 2 (CH 2 and -S(CH 2 1-2-; D is selected from N and C(R 4 E is selected from I NHZ -N- Z and -C(Ri)- Z F is an optional carbonyl moiety; RI, R 2 and R 4 are independently selected from amino acid side chain moieties and derivatives thereof; P \OPER\MKR\SPEC]\732174-div.docO3/07/0 1 -240- R 2 is selected from an amino acid side chain moiety and derivatives thereof, or taken together with C forms a fused substituted or unsubstituted homocyclic or heterocyclic ring; R 3 is independently selected from an amino acid side chain moiety and derivatives thereof, or taken together with C forms a bridging moiety selected from -(CH 2 )1- 2 -0- and Y and Z represent the remainder of the molecule; and any two adjacent CH groups of the bicyclic ring may form a double bond.

11. The use according to claim 10 wherein the ability of the transcription factor to bind DNA is controlled by reduction of a cysteine residue by a cellular oxidoreductase.

12. The use according to claim 11 wherein the transcription factor is selected from NK-KB, AP-1, myb and GRE.

13. The use according to claim 12 wherein the transcription factor is NF-KB.

14. The use according to claim 12 wherein the transcription factor is AP-1. The use according to claim 11 wherein the cellular oxidoreductase is selected from thioredoxin, ref-1 and glutaredoxin.

P:AOPERl\MKR\SPECI732174div.doc-03/07/0 -241-

16. The use according to claim 10 wherein the warm-blooded animal has been diagnosed with, or is at risk of developing, a condition selected from Chrons disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, GVHD, ALS, Alzheimer's disease, allograft rejection and adult T-cell leukemia. DATED this 4th day of July, 2001 Molecumetics, Inc. By DAVIES COLLISON CAVE Patent Attorneys for the Applicant *o o o