AU714910B2 - Culinary utensil washing machine - Google Patents

Description

P/00/011 Regulation 3.2

AUSTRALIA

Patents Act 1990

ORIGINAL

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION STANDARD PATENT b o I. Invention Title: "CULINARY UTENSIL WASHING MACHINE" t 0 0.

The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us:

TITLE

"CULINARY UTENSIL WASHING MACHINE" FIELD OF THE INVENTION THIS INVENTION relates to the mechanised washing of pots, pans, trays or like food preparation and/or presentation vessels, and of knives, forks, spoons, tongs, spatulas or like food manipulation implements. The invention relates particularly to a machine for washing and scrubbing nonfragile, typically metallic or synthetic, culinary utensils in a commercial kitchen environment. This field is generally distinct from machines for washing crockery or glassware and from domestic dish-washing machines.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION Washing machines for culinary utensils commercially take many forms, however the invention is concerned with machines of the type which involve the substantial immersion of the utensils in a tank or tub containing a cleaning liquid which is agitated by liquid jets. The liquid used in such machines is usually heated tap water combined with a cleaning agent such as detergent or the like, which may be in solution or suspension. The pots, pans and implements to be cleaned are loaded into the tank after food scraps and residues are mechanically removed therefrom. The liquid jets are typically created by nozzles, supplied by a pump arrangement, thereby producing a semi-turbulent flow of cleaning liquid within the tank. In most cases, the utensils are rinsed and dried in separate operations subsequent to washing.

Existing washing machines of this type suffer from a number of problems and deficiencies, the first of which results from the configuration of the tanks or tubs employed. A number of prior art machines use tanks having a rectangular prism configuration, such as that shown in US Patent No. 4773436 (Cantrell et al). When liquid jets drive the contents of such rectangular tanks, there are frictional loses due to the incident energy of each jet being redirected at relatively acute angles by the walls of the tank.

This dissipation of energy means there is less available for the cleaning action as a proportion of that energy input into the machine by drive means for the pump.

Washing machines of this type also rely, to varying degrees, upon the semi-turbulent flow of cleaning liquid past the utensils in the tank to be cleaned. A second related problem, attendant tanks of an angular configuration, also contributes to poor efficiency of operation of prior art 1: 5 machines. The flow of liquid in an angular tank tends to include relatively calm zones or pockets in the vicinity of its corners, due to flow separation which occurs when the flow is disrupted consequent to a sudden change in direction. If a utensil, particularly a pot, happens to drift into such a zone or be forced into it by an incident jet or adjacent pan, the pot could become 20 "trapped" in a corner by local eddy currents. This may lead to the trapped pot only being partially cleaned, and could also result in other utensils becoming similarly jammed which may further degrade cleaning effectiveness.

Some prior art machines include bulky mesh or filter arrangements associated with the outlet in the tank, from where the pump draws the cleaning liquid for supply to the nozzles, which arrangements intrude into the volume available for culinary utensils. This unnecessarily reduces the size of the load able to be washed for a given volume of washing machine tank, and may further disrupt the flow of cleaning liquid.

Whilst the operators of these machines are relieved of the task of manually washing pots, pans and cooking implements, there are health and safety issues which remain of concern for operators of prior art machines.

In particular, the detergent employed tends to be stronger than that which might be used for manually washing utensils. At the completion of a wash cycle, an operator is required to remove the washed utensils from the tank.

p. In most cases this is performed without draining the tank, because such machines are often in continuous operation for a number of loads prior to the cleaning liquid being drained and renewed. Due to the depth of many tanks, operators may have their arms immersed in cleaning liquid over the elbow whist removing utensils from a machine. This could cause superficial burns to sensitive skin (if the liquid is hot) and may eventually lead to dermatitis or other skin problems which is likely to result in less effective and possibly dissatisfied operators.

A consequence of the continuous operation of the prior art washing machines is the steadily increasing greasiness of the cleaning liquid. This results from the operating temperature of the cleaning liquid, typically 45 to degrees Celsius, being strong detergents mixed with water in the high shear environment created by the jets which combine to emulsify the fat introduced into a machine. One method of reducing the greasiness of the cleaning liquid sometimes employed with prior art washing machines is to manually remove the fat and food particles from the surface of the cleaning liquid, where they tend to accumulate. A tool such as a ladle or gauze net might be used at the end of each wash cycle to skim the surface of the cleaning liquid. It will be appreciated that this is a somewhat labourious and distasteful task, unlikely to be undertaken with diligence by machine operators.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a machine for washing culinary utensils which ameliorates or overcomes at least some of the problems associated with the prior art.

It is a secondary object of the invention to provide a scum sweeping apparatus for culinary utensil washing machines which contributes to the improved operation thereof.

Further objects will be evident from the following description.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION In one form, although it need not be the only or indeed the broadest 20 form, the invention resides in a machine for washing culinary utensils, said S- machine comprising: a liquid tight container with an open top; said container including a continuous wall with an arcuate portion; re-circulation means for drawing liquid from said container and discharging it under pressure back into said container; flow directing means arranged to direct one or more jets of the pressurised liquid generally downwardly into the container; whereby, in use, liquid in said container is propelled in a substantially rolling flow pattern.

In preference, the arcuate wall portion is substantially semi-cylindrical in configuration.

Preferably the re-circulation means comprises a pump means which draws liquid from the container via an outlet therein and supplies liquid to the flow directing means.

Preferably the flow directing means comprise nozzles mounted upon an inside surface of the continuous wall.

Alternatively, the flow directing means comprise nozzles mounted on an outside surface of the continuous wall.

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Suitably the flow directing means issue jets of pressurised liquid in a direction substantially tangential to the arcuate portion of said continuous wall.

If required the flow directing means issue jets of pressurised liquid in an oblique direction with respect to the arcuate portion of said continuous wall.

Suitably the container may include lid means for said open top.

The lid means may merely cover said open top or sealably close said open top of the container.

Preferably a manifold interconnects said pump and flow directing 7 means, which manifold has a tapering cross-section which may reduce towards the flow directing means more remote from said pump.

The flow directing means may include adjustment means whereby the jets of liquid are laterally adjustable with respect to an inside surface of the continuous wall.

The outlet may include a safety grate mounted thereon.

Suitably a filter means is provided over the outlet in the container.

Preferably the filter means includes a perforated screen removably mounted adjacent an inside surface of a wall containing said outlet.

The filter means may also include a series of bar members inwardly spaced from said perforated screen.

In preference the continuous wall comprises front and rear wall portions and opposed upright end wall portions, which wall portions are interconnected by the arcuate base which curves from front to rear of the container.

Preferably a heating means for maintaining cleaning liquid temperature at a desired level during a washing cycle is disposed in the machine.

The heating means typically comprises a submersible heating element which may be located under the filter means or within the manifold.

The machine may further comprise a removable basket for retaining utensils to be washed.

Preferably the removable basket is associated with elevating means for elevating the basket from an operative position within said container to a raised position above the container for facilitating loading or unloading of said basket.

In another aspect, the invention resides in a scum sweeping apparatus for a washing machine containing liquid, said scum sweeping apparatus comprising: one or more spray heads disposed on a first side wall of the washing machine and above normal liquid level; each spray head arranged to produce a fluid spray directed at an angle to the liquid surface; one or more overflow openings in a second side of the washing machine opposite the first side, the overflow openings each having a lower peripheral edge coextensive with said normal liquid level; S: whereby, in use, the fluid sprays cause any surface scum to be swept towards said overflow openings.

Preferably each spray head produces a planar fluid spray directed at a shallow angle to said liquid surface.

Suitably the spray heads issue sprays of water which may also supplement the liquid contained in the washing machine, as required.

BRIEF DETAILS OF THE DRAWINGS To assist in understanding the invention preferred embodiments will now be described with reference to the following figures in which: FIG 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of the culinary utensil washing machine; FIG 2 is a partial sectional front elevational view of the embodiment; 9 FIG 3 is a partial sectional end elevational view of the embodiment, further illustrating an embodiment of the scum sweeping apparatus; and FIG 4 is a partial sectional end elevational view of a second embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Referring to FIG 1, there is shown a washing machine 1 which comprises, in the embodiment, one station of a composite scraping, washing and rinsing unit. The support rack 2 for the scraping station is partially show at the top left of the drawing with an upturned dish 3 thereon. A mixer tap for supplying hot water 4a and cold water 4b via a common outlet 5 to the container formed by tub 6 is shown mounted on the splashback 7 at the rear D. of the machine 1. The tap 5 is generally used to initially fill the tub from an empty condition. The tub of the embodiment has a capacity of 260L, *o S- 15 although suitable tubs range in capacity from 240L to 400L or more. The tub •o may include a lid to cover and perhaps also seal the tub to reduce noise Soo.

levels associated with an operating machine.

00 9 The washing machine tub 6 includes a front wall 8, a rear wall 9 and an arcuate base 10, preferably constructed in unitary form. Flow directing 20 means in the form of a series of nozzles 11 are disposed in an array on the rear wall 9 and directed down into the tub 6. The tub 6 also includes substantially upright side walls 12 and 13, each side wall having gradually radiused junctions 14 with intersecting walls. A perforated screen 15 is shown in its operative position on the left hand side wall 12. The perforated screen 15 covers an outlet (not visible in FIG 1) in the left hand side wall through which cleaning liquid is drawn from the tub 6. There are overflow apertures 16 provided near the top of the right hand side wall 13. The lower edge of the apertures 16 corresponds to the operating level of the cleaning liquid contained in the tub 6. Any overflowing liquid is fed to the drainage system.

FIG 2 shows a partial cross-sectional front elevation of the washing machine 1 illustrating the circulatory system for the cleaning liquid. The normal operating level 17 of cleaning liquid in the tub 6 is indicated in the drawing. A pump 18, which is radial flow in the embodiment and driven by an electric motor 19, is mounted on the exterior of the tub 6. The pump 18 draws cleaning liquid through the outlet 20 and supplies the liquid under pressure to each of the nozzles 11 via a manifold 21. It is preferable that the nozzle outlets are disposed below the operating liquid level 17, as illustrated 15 in FIG 2.

The manifold 21 extends from the pump outlet along the outside of the rear wall 9 and communicates with the nozzles 11. The manifold incorporates a tapering cross-section, which decreases from the nozzle nearest the pump 18 to the furthest nozzle, in order to minimise pressure any drop across the nozzles. The nozzles 11 may optionally be mounted for •C.ooC rotational adjustment, such that they can move laterally in a plane which is generally congruent with the rear wall 9 of the tub 6. See, for example, the position of the nozzles 1 la shown in phantom in FIG 2. In another form, the nozzles may be automatically oscillated from side to side at selected periods 11 during a wash cycle.

In operation, the cleaning liquid is drawn from the tub 6 by the pump 18 which pressurises the liquid in the manifold 21 such that it issues from each of the nozzles 11 in the form of a jet. The liquid jets agitate the cleaning liquid contained in the tub, tending to drive the liquid in a generally rolling flow pattern, as depicted by the arrows in the drawings of FIGS 2 and 3. This rolling flow pattern is established and maintained by the combination of the downwardly directed nozzles, whereby the liquid jets discharge in a direction congruent to said rear wall 9 and substantially tangential to the arcuate shape of the base 10, whereby the flow is smoothly re-directed. The flow traverses the base 10 and is again smoothly re-directed upwards by the base and front wall 8.

:With reference to FIG 3, the rolling flow established in the operating oi o washing machine tends to carry the utensils undergoing washing such that se 6 15 they tumble over one another. This tumbling action generally results in improved cleaning. Different portions of the surfaces of the utensils are also subject to the incident jet of cleaning fluid, thereby further contributing to effective cleaning. This cleaning action contrasts with the prior art machines wherein the pots, pans and implements are more likely to remain on the flat tank bottom.

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The flow rate of the cleaning fluid through the re-circulation system of the washing machine of the embodiment is typically 19 to 25 L/sec, with the electric motor 19 being rated at 1.5 to 2.5 kW, depending on the capacity of pump chosen. The motor speed may optionally be adjusted, in one from of 12 the invention, to cope with different types of culinary utensil loads. In some embodiments the washing machine may include heating means for maintaining the temperature of the cleaning liquid at a desired level. For example a submergible heating element (not shown) may be disposed in the tub 6 adjacent the outlet 20 under the perforated screen 15 for protection, or the element may be disposed within the manifold 21.

The perforated screen 15 prevents foreign matter or small implements being ingested by the pump 18. The screen 15 has a narrow profile and is congruent with the left hand side wall 12, thereby consuming only a minimum amount of space in the tub 6. The perforated screen 15 may optionally extend down to the bottom 10 of the tub 6, as illustrated by the phantom line 1 In the unlikely event that a pot jams adjacent the perforated screen .i 15, a series of stand-off bars 22 are provided to prevent the pot being "sucked on" so hard by the effect of the pump 18 that the flow of cleaning i liquid can not dislodge it. The perforated screen 15 with integral stand-off bars 22 is shown positioned above the tub 6 in FIG 3, revealing a further grate 23 provided on the outlet 20. The grate 23 is a safety measure in cases where the pump is operated without the perforated screen being in .oo..i 20 place. The pump impeller 24 is clearly visible through the tub outlet 20 in the drawing.

The tub 6 may be drained by gravity feed at the end of a series of washing cycles or when the cleaning liquid is dirty and no longer sufficiently effective. Drainage is effected by operating a valve 25 (manually actuated 13 by lever 26 in the embodiment) locating in a drain fitting 27. As explained in the background above, culinary utensil washing machines are generally used for a number of washing cycles prior to the cleaning liquid being drained entirely and renewed.

At the end of a wash cycle, the utensils in the tub are generally removed prior to beginning the next load. This may be done manually or, preferably with the aid of a basket arrangement. It is envisaged that one form of basket (not shown) would be generally congruent with the internal surfaces of the tub 6, but incorporate clearance slots for the nozzles 11. The basket may preferably include a lockable hinged front wall portion to facilitate the loading and unloading of utensils.

As a basket of this size is likely to be heavy when filled with culinary S.:i utensils (which may also carry portions of cleaning liquid), some form of elevating arrangement would be advantageous. This arrangement could be 15 in the form of a manually actuated winch with suitable reduction gearing or S a fluid actuated drive using, for example the available water pressure from mains supply or alternatively bled from the washing machine pump. When in an elevated position, the contents could be conveniently removed by releasing the hinged front wall portion of the basket.

20 In another form, the utensil basket could have a substantially flat bottom which would be spaced above the base 10 of the tank, for example it might span the tank at a level of the bottom of the perforated screen 15 (as depicted by the lower phantom line in FIG 3) and walls of a reduced height.

The second form of basket might be useful for washing articles too large

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14 and/or heavy to be tumbled by the flow of cleaning liquid, for example grill plates or the like. However the raised position of the second basket would permit cleaning liquid to circulate vigorously around all surfaces of the article.

This form of basket could also be elevated from the tub as required. The provision of such elevation means would reduce the risk of back strain associated with operators lifting heavy articles from a confined space at a relatively low position.

It should be appreciated that the washing machine of the invention could also be used for deep rinsing with clean water or other liquid in certain applications and accordingly the expression "cleaning liquid" should not be construed as being limited to washing in any narrow sense, for example as with soap or detergent solutions. Furthermore the washing machine may be operated using manual control or might conveniently include automatic S. program control, whereby the machine executes a sequence of predetermined steps according to a program selected by the operator.

Automatic control arrangements involving the use of components such as interval timers, temperature control circuits, motor control relays and solenoid operated liquid supply valves are generally well known in this field and will not be elaborated upon in any detail. Typically such a program 20 might involve the steps of: filling the machine with cleaning liquid (subsequent to the basket being loaded with utensils to be washed), heating the liquid to a desired temperature (as required), energising the pump motor to circulate the cleaning liquid at a desired flow rate for a predetermined period for washing the utensils, monitoring and maintaining the cleaning liquid at the desired temperature during the wash, elevating the basket containing the utensils out of the tub at the end of the washing period, actuating the scum sweeping apparatus (see discussion below) to treat and top-up the cleaning liquid.

In an alternative and less complex semi-automatic arrangement, the machine may include sub-programs for the basket raise or lower, fill, wash, scum sweep and top-up, and emptying operations, which could be initiated by the operator as desired.

A further aspect of the invention, which assists in maintaining the :quality and effectiveness of the cleaning liquid, is discussed below with 15 reference to FIGS 2 and 3. This inventive aspect resides in a scum !'•'"sweeping apparatus which, although described and illustrated in relation to a liquid jet immersion type of washing machine, may have application to other types of washing machines for culinary utensils.

In many cases a layer of scum, comprising of fat, food particles and 20 other debris, remains floating on the surface of the cleaning liquid after the utensils have been removed from the tank or tub. As mentioned above, some of the cleaning liquid may be lost by being carried out with pots, pans or like containers as they are removed. Furthermore, in the instant embodiment of the washing machine, some cleaning liquid may also escape 16 down the overflow apertures 16 during the washing cycle due to the semiturbulent conditions in the tub 6. It is preferable that the lost liquid is made up such that the cleaning liquid contained in the tank is at the normal operating level.

The scum sweeping apparatus of the embodiment includes a series of spray heads 30 (which are partially concealed under an angled edge strip 31) provided over the left hand side wall 12 of the tub 6. The spray heads are connected to a controlled supply of water by pipe 32. In operation, the level of water in the tub is made up by adding water via the spray heads 30, which are each preferably arranged to produce a planar spray of water directed at a shallow angle to the surface 17 of the cleaning liquid contained in the tank.

.io The effect of the series of water sprays (depicted by the arrow 33 in FIG 2) is to sweep the scum on the surface of the cleaning liquid towards the right hand side wall 13. As the level of the cleaning liquid rises, the scum is !'"°"swept across the surface and tends to accumulate near the right hand side wall. When it reaches normal operating level, the scum continues to be swept by the water sprays 33 and is able to escape through the overflow apertures 16. The overflow apertures preferably have an elongate 20 configuration in order to establish a surface flow pattern in the vicinity of the right hand side wall 13 which encourages the scum to escape from the tub 6.

Alternative arrangements of the scum sweeping apparatus may employ a fluid stream, such as air, to similarly create a surface wave pattern 17 to thereby effect sweeping of the scum across the surface of the liquid. In this arrangement, the liquid level in the tub could preferably be brought to operating level prior to actuation of the fluid stream. Rather than apertures in the side wall, a moveable liquid tight gate may be provided, which gate (or gates) could be lowered during the scum sweeping operation and raised during a washing cycle. Other arrangements might involve a series of removable stoppers or an elongate sealing strip for larger apertures which could be provided in the tub side wall.

It will be appreciated that the removal of scum at the end of each wash cycle contributes to the improved efficiency of performance of the washing machine. The scum sweeping apparatus assists in reducing the greasiness of the cleaning liquid during successive wash cycles and may delay the requirement to renew the cleaning liquid.

A second embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG 4, wherein the container of the washing machine 34 includes a rearwardly inclined rear S wall 35 containing flow directing means in the form of a series of nozzles 36 formed integrally between an outer surface of the rear wall and the manifold 1"137. It is pertinent to observe that FIG 4 illustrates a cross-section taken through the centre-line of one such nozzles 36, the nozzle apertures being oo°•• flush with the container wall. In other forms of the invention, instead of separate circular nozzle apertures, the flow directing means may comprise an elongate slotted aperture arranged to direct a jet of liquid down into the container.

18 The liquid tight container of the embodiment also includes a front wall 38 and an arcuate base 40 which, together with the inclined rear wall comprise a continuous container wall. The container of the machine 34 further includes a splashback 41 at a rear side and a side wall 42, the other side wall not being visible in the sectional view. The nozzles of the second embodiment are arranged to issue jets of cleaning fluid down into the container, but in an oblique direction with respect to the arcuate base portion of the continuous wall. The jets tend to split the rolling flow in the container into two directions upon striking the arcuate wall opposite to the inclined rear wall 35. Accordingly, the obliquely directed jets tend to create a dual path flow of cleaning liquid within the container, similar to that depicted by the arrows in the drawing. It has been discovered that this arrangement S. promotes turbulence in the rolling flow and tends to draw additional air into the fluid mixture. In an alternative form, a profiled deflector strip may be attached longitudinally to the opposite arcuate wall so as to be struck by the oblique jets, in order to alter the level of turbulence within the container.

The outlet 43 through which the pump draws cleaning liquid from the container includes a radial safety grate 44, the impeller blades 45 of the pump also being visible in the drawing. The second embodiment further o 20 includes a heating element (not visible) enclosed in a protective sheath 46 for heating the cleaning liquid as desired. There is also provided a mounting lip 47 for a perforated screen, which screen is disposed over the outlet 43 and sheath 46, in a similar location to that illustrated in relation to the first embodiment. In use cleaning liquid is drawn from the outlet 43 and pumped 19 under pressure via inlet 48 into the manifold 37, from where it issues from the nozzles 36 and into the container.

The arrangement of the nozzles in the second embodiment avoids any sharp projections extending into the container which might otherwise damage pots, pans and other utensils when the machine is in operation. In addition, it will be appreciated that the basket arrangement described above is more conveniently implemented when the nozzle apertures are flush with the continuous wall of the container.

Throughout the specification the aim has been to describe the preferred embodiments of the invention without limiting the invention to any one embodiment or specific collection of features.

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Claims (11)

1. A machine for washing culinary utensils, said machine comprising: a liquid tight container with an open top; said container including a continuous wall with an arcuate portion; re-circulation means for drawing liquid from said container and discharging it under pressure back into said container; flow directing means arranged to direct one or more jets of the pressurised liquid generally downwardly into the container; whereby, in use, liquid in said container is propelled in a substantially rolling flow pattern.

2. A machine as claimed in claim 1 wherein the arcuate wall portion is substantially semi-cylindrical in configuration.

3. A machine as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the re-circulation S. means comprises a pump means which draws liquid from the container via an outlet therein and supplies the liquid to the flow directing means. A machine as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims wherein the flow directing means comprise nozzles mounted upon an inside surface of the continuous wall. A machine as claimed in any one or more of claims 1 to 3 wherein the @*20 flow directing means comprise nozzles mounted on an outside surface of the continuous wall.

6. A machine as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims wherein the flow directing means issue jets of pressurised liquid in a direction substantially tangential to the arcuate portion of said continuous wall. 21

7. A machine as claimed in any one or more of claims 1 to 5 wherein the flow directing means issue jets of pressurised liquid in an oblique direction with respect to the arcuate portion of said continuous wall.

8. A machine as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims wherein the container includes lid means for said open top, which lid means pefeaby sealably closes the open top of the container.

9. A machine as claimed in any one or more of claims 3 to 8 wherein a manifold interconnects the pump and the flow directing means, which manifold pefefably has a tapering cross-section which reduces towards the flow directing means more remote from said pump. A machine as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims wherein the flow directing means include adjustment means whereby thejets ~of liquid are laterally adjustable with respect to an inside surface of the •,continuous wall. S 15 11. A machine as claimed in any one or more of claims 3 to 10 wherein a filter means is provided over the outlet in the container.

12. A machine as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims further comprising a heating means disposed in the machine for maintaining 9 cleaning liquid at a desired temperature during a washing cycle. S. 20 13. A machine as claimed in claim 12 wherein the heating means comprises a submersible heating element, located either under the filter means or within the manifold.

14. A machine as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims Swhich machine further comprises a removable basket for retaining utensils to be washed. A machine as claimed in claim 14 wherein the removable basket is associated with elevating means for elevating the basket from an operative position within said container to a raised position above the container for facilitating loading or unloading of said basket.

16. A machine as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims further including a scum sweeping apparatus comprising: one or more spray heads disposed adjacent a first side wall of the container and above normal liquid level; each spray head arranged to produce a fluid spray directed at an angle to the liquid surface; one or more overflow openings in a second side wall of the container, ~opposite said first side wall, each opening having a lower peripheral edge ~coextensive with said normal liquid level; S. 15 whereby, in use, the fluid sprays cause any surface scum to be swept 9towards said overflow openings. 0 17. A machine as claimed in claim 16 wherein each spray head produces •a planar fluid spray directed at a shallow angle to said liquid surface.

18. A machine as claimed in claim 5 substantially as hereinbefore 20 described with reference to FIG 4 of the drawings. DATED this Fifteenth day of November 1999. CURTIN (QUEENSLAND) PTY LTD By its Patent Attorneys FISHER ADAMS KELLY