AU702920B2 - Loudspeakers comprising panel-form acoustic radiating elements - Google Patents
Loudspeakers comprising panel-form acoustic radiating elements Download PDFInfo
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- AU702920B2 AU702920B2 AU68802/96A AU6880296A AU702920B2 AU 702920 B2 AU702920 B2 AU 702920B2 AU 68802/96 A AU68802/96 A AU 68802/96A AU 6880296 A AU6880296 A AU 6880296A AU 702920 B2 AU702920 B2 AU 702920B2
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- Prior art keywords
- panel
- radiator
- form loudspeaker
- baffle
- loudspeaker according
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R7/00—Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers; Cones
- H04R7/02—Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers; Cones characterised by the construction
- H04R7/04—Plane diaphragms
- H04R7/045—Plane diaphragms using the distributed mode principle, i.e. whereby the acoustic radiation is emanated from uniformly distributed free bending wave vibration induced in a stiff panel and not from pistonic motion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
- H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only
- H04R1/28—Transducer mountings or enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means
- H04R1/2803—Transducer mountings or enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means for loudspeaker transducers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
- H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only
- H04R1/28—Transducer mountings or enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means
- H04R1/2807—Enclosures comprising vibrating or resonating arrangements
- H04R1/2815—Enclosures comprising vibrating or resonating arrangements of the bass reflex type
- H04R1/2819—Enclosures comprising vibrating or resonating arrangements of the bass reflex type for loudspeaker transducers
Abstract
A panel-form loudspeaker (81) comprising a resonant distributed mode acoustic radiator (2), and drive means (9) mounted to the radiator to excite multi-mode resonance in the radiator, characterised by a baffle (6, 8) surrounding and supporting the radiator.
Description
WO 97/09840 PCT/GB96/02140 1
TITLE:
LOUDSPEAKERS COMPRISING PANEL-FORM ACOUSTIC RADIATING ELEMENTS
DESCRIPTION
TECHNICAL FIELD The invention relates to loudspeakers and more particularly to loudspeakers comprising panel-form acoustic radiating elements.
BACKGROUND ART It is known from GB-A-2262861 to suggest a panel-form loudspeaker comprising:a resonant multi-mode radiator element being a unitary sandwich panel formed of two skins of material with a spacing core of transverse cellular construction, wherein the panel is such as to have ratio of bending stiffness in all orientations, to the cube power of panel mass per unit surface area of at least a mounting means which supports the panel or attaches to it a supporting body, in a free undamped manner; and an electro-mechanical drive means coupled to the panel which serves to excite a multi-modal resonance in the radiator panel in response to an electrical input within a working frequency band for the loudspeaker.
US-A-3,247,925 of WARNAKA discloses what purports to be a low frequency resonant panel loudspeaker mounted in a chassis and excited by an electromechanical transducer mounted on the chassis.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Embodiments of the present invention use members of nature, structure and configuration achievable generally and/or specifically by implementing teachings of our copending PCT publication No. WO97/09842 of even date herewith. Such members thus have capability to sustain and propagate input vibrational energy by bending waves in operative area(s) extending transversely of thickness often but not necessarily to edges of the member(s); are configured with or without anisotropy of bending stiffness to have resonant mode vibration components distributed over said area(s) beneficially for acoustic coupling with ambient air; and have predetermined preferential locations or sites within said area for transducer means, particularly operationally active or moving part(s) thereof effective in relation to acoustic vibrational activity in said area(s) and signals, usually electrical, corresponding to acoustic content of such vibrational activity. Uses are envisaged in co-pending International publication No.
/53ii r;Q c(J 12' t.
AMENDED SHEET W097/09842 of even date herewith for such members as or in "passive" acoustic devices without transducer means, such as for reverberation or for acoustic filtering or for acoustically "voicing" a space or room; and as or in "active" acoustic devices with transducer means, such as in a remarkably wide range of sources of sound or loudspeakers when supplied with input signals to be converted to said sound, or in such as microphones when exposed to sound to be converted into other signals.
This invention is particularly concerned with active acoustic devices in the form of loudspeakers. Members as above are herein called distributed mode acoustic radiators and are intended to be characterised as in the above PCT application and/or otherwise as specifically provided herein.
The invention is a panel-form loudspeaker characterised by a member having capability to sustain and propagate input vibrational energy by bending waves in at least one operative area extending transversely of thickness to have resonant mode vibration components distributed over said at least one area and have predetermined preferential locations or sites within said area for vibration exciter means and having a vibration exciter mounted on said member at one of said locations or sites to vibrate the member to cause it to resonate forming an acoustic radiator which provides an acoustic output when resonating, and a baffle surrounding and supporting the radiator. A resilient suspension may be provided between W~AENDED SHEET the radiator and the baffle to support the radiator in the baffle. The resilient suspension may be of an elastomeric material. The vibration exciter may be mounted wholly and exclusively on the radiator. The baffle may be formed as an enclosure having an open backed front box portion adapted to be mounted on a wall or the like. The front box portion may be adapted to be mounted to align with a cavity in the wall. The radiator may comprise a lightweight core separating a pair of high modulus lightweight skins. A subwoofer may be mounted to the baffle. A tweeter may be mounted to the baffle.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS The invention is diagrammatically illustrated, by way of example, in the accompanying drawings, in which:- Figure 1 is a diagram showing a distributed-mode member as described and claimed in our co-pending International publication No. W097/09842 of even date herewith; Figure 2a is a partial section on the line A-A of Figure 1; Figure 2b is an enlarged cross-section through a distributed mode radiator of the kind shown in Figure 2a and showing two alternative constructions; Figure 3 is a diagram of a first embodiment of distributed-mode loudspeaker according to the present invention; Figure 4a is a perspective view of a second embodiment of distributed-mode loudspeaker according to the present A SHEET invention; Figure 4b is a partial cross-sectional view of the loudspeaker of Figure 4a; Figure 5a is a perspective view of a third embodiment J" I. SHEET ro t: cl: I,
C,
of distributed-mode loudspeaker according to the present invention, and Figure 5b is a partial cross-sectional view of the loudspeaker of Figure BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Referring to Figure 1 of the drawings, there is shown a panel-form loudspeaker (81) of the kind described and claimed in our co-pending International publication No.
W097/09842 of even date herewith comprising a rectangular frame carrying a resilient suspension round its inner periphery which supports a distributed mode sound radiating panel A transducer e.g as described in detail with reference to our co-pending International publication Nos. W097/09859, W097/09861, W097/09858 of even date herewith, is mounted wholly and exclusively on or in the panel at a predetermined location defined by dimensions x and y, the position of which location is calculated as described in our co-pending International publication No. W097/09842 of even date herewith, to launch bending waves into the panel to cause the panel to resonate to radiate an acoustic output.
The transducer is driven by a signal amplifier e.g. an audio amplifier, connected to the transducer by conductors Amplifier loading and power requirements can be entirely normal, similar to conventional cone type speakers, sensitivity being of the order of 86 88dB/watt under room loaded conditions.
Amplifier load impedance is largely resistive at 6 ohms, i iI.
WO 97/09840 PCT/GB96/02140 6 power handling 20-80 watts. Where the panel core and/or skins are of metal, they may be made to act as a heat sink for the transducer to remove heat from the motor coil of the transducer and thus improve power handling.
Figures 2a and 2b are partial typical cross-sections through the loudspeaker (81) of Figure 1. Figure 2a shows that the frame surround and panel are connected together by respective adhesive-bonded joints Suitable materials for the frame include lightweight framing, e.g. picture framing of extruded metal e.g.
aluminium alloy or plastics. Suitable surround materials include resilient materials such as foam rubber and foam plastics. Suitable adhesives for the joints (20) include epoxy, acrylic and cyano-acrylate etc. adhesives.
Figure 2b illustrates, to an enlarged scale, that the panel is a rigid lightweight panel having a core (22) e.g. of a rigid plastics foam (97) e.g. cross linked polyvinylchloride or a cellular matrix (98) i.e. a honeycomb matrix of metal foil, plastics or the like, with the cells extending transversely to the plane of the panel, and enclosed by opposed skins (21) e.g. of paper, card, plastics or metal foil or sheet. Where the skins are of plastics, they may be reinforced with fibres e.g. of carbon, glass, Kevlar (RTM) or the like in a manner known per se to increase their modulus.
Envisaged skin layer materials and reinforcements thus include carbon, glass, Kevlar (RTM), Nomex (RTM) i.e.
aramid etc. fibres in various lays and weaves, as well as WO 97/09840 PCT/GB96/02140 7 paper, bonded paper laminates, melamine, and various synthetic plastics films of high modulus, such as Mylar (RTM), Kaptan (RTM), polycarbonate, phenolic, polyester or related plastics, and fibre reinforced plastics, etc. and metal sheet or foil. Investigation of the Vectra grade of liquid crystal polymer thermoplastics shows that they may be useful for the injection moulding of ultra thin skins or shells of smaller size, say up to around 30cm diameter.
This material self forms an orientated crystal structure in the direction of injection, a preferred orientation for the good propagation of treble energy from the driving point to the panel perimeter.
Additional such moulding for this and other thermoplastics allows for the mould tooling to carry location and registration features such as grooves or rings for the accurate location of transducer parts e.g. the motor coil, and the magnet suspension. Additional with some weaker core materials it is calculated that it would be advantageous to increase the skin thickness locally e.g.
in an area or annulus up to 150% of the transducer diameter, to reinforce that area and beneficially couple vibration energy into the panel. High frequency response will be improved with the softer foam materials by this means.
Envisaged core layer materials include fabricated honeycombs or corrugations of aluminium alloy sheet or foil, or Kevlar (RTM), Nomex (RTM), plain or bonded papers, and various synthetic plastics films, as well as expanded PCT/GB96/02140 WO 97/09840 8 or foamed plastics or pulp materials, even aerogel metals if of suitably low density. Some suitable core layer materials effectively exhibit usable self-skinning in their manufacture and/or otherwise have enough inherent stiffness for use without lamination between skin layers. A high performance cellular core material is known under the trade name 'Rohacell' which may be suitable as a radiator panel and which is without skins. In practical terms, the aim is for an overall lightness and stiffness suited to a particular purpose, specifically including optimising contributions from core and skin layers and transitions between them.
Several of the preferred formulations for the panel employ metal and metal alloy skins, or alternatively a carbon fibre reinforcement. Both of these, and also designs with an alloy Aerogel or metal honeycomb core, will have substantial radio frequency screening properties which should be important in several EMC applications.
Conventional panel or cone type speakers have no inherent EMC screening capability.
In addition the preferred form of piezo and electro dynamic transducers have negligible electromagnetic radiation or stray magnet fields. Conventional speakers have a large magnetic field, up to 1 metre distant unless specific compensation counter measures are taken.
Where it is important to maintain the screening in an application, electrical connection can be made to the conductive parts of an appropriate DML panel or an WO97/09840 PCT/GB96/02140 9 electrically conductive foam or similar interface may be used for the edge mounting.
The suspension may damp the edges of the panel (2) to prevent excessive edge movement of the panel.
Additionally or alternatively, further damping may be applied, e.g. as patches, bonded to the panel in selected positions to damp excessive movement to distribute resonance equally over the panel. The patches may be of bitumen-based material, as commonly used in conventional loudspeaker enclosures or may be of a resilient or rigid polymeric sheet material. Some materials, notably paper and card, and some cores may be self-damping. Where desired, the damping may be increased in the construction of the panels by employing resiliently setting, rather than rigid setting adhesives.
Effective said selective damping includes specific application to the panel including its sheet material of means permanently associated therewith. Edges and corners can be particularly significant for dominant and less dispersed low frequency vibration modes of panels hereof.
Edge-wise fixing of damping means can usefully lead to a panel with its said sheet material fully framed, though their corners can often be relatively free, say for desired extension to lower frequency operation. Attachment can be by adhesive or self-adhesive materials. Other forms of useful damping, particularly in terms of more subtle effects and/or mid- and higher frequencies can be by way of suitable mass or masses affixed to the sheet material at WO 97/09840 PCT/GB96/02140 predetermined effective medial localised positions of said area.
An acoustic panel as described above is bidirectional. The sound energy from the back is not strongly phase related to that from the front.
Consequently there is the benefit of overall summation of acoustic power in the room, sound energy of uniform frequency distribution, reduced reflective and standing wave effects and with the advantage of superior reproduction of the natural space and ambience in the reproduced sound recordings.
While the radiation from the acoustic panel is largely non-directional, the percentage of phase related information increases off axis. For improved focus for the phantom stereo image, placement of the speakers, like pictures, at the usual standing person height, confers the benefit of a moderate off-axis placement for the normally seated listener optimising the stereo effect. Likewise the triangular left/right geometry with respect to the listener provides a further angular component. Good stereo is thus obtainable.
There is a further advantage for a group of listeners compared with conventional speaker reproduction. The intrinsically dispersed nature of acoustic panel sound radiation gives it a sound volume which does not obey the inverse square law for distance for an equivalent point source. Because the intensity fall-off with distance is much less than predicted by inverse square law then consequently for off-centre and poorly placed listeners the intensity field for the panel speaker promotes a superior stereo effect compared to conventional speakers. This is because the off-centre placed listener does not suffer the doubled problem due to proximity to the nearer speaker; firstly the excessive increase in loudness from the nearer speaker, and then the corresponding decrease in loudness from the further loudspeaker.
There is also the advantage of a flat, lightweight panel-form speaker, visually attractive, of good sound quality and requiring only one transducer and no crossover for a full range sound from each panel diaphragm.
Figure 3 illustrates a first embodiment of distributed mode panel-form loudspeaker (81) generally of the kind shown in Figures 1 and 2 and in which the frame is replaced by a baffle-board e.g. of medium density fibreboard, having a rectangular aperture (82) in which a distributed mode radiator panel is mounted with the interposition of a resilient suspension A transducer of the kind described in our co-pending International publication Nos. W097/09859, W097/09861, W097/09858 of even date herewith is mounted wholly and exclusively on the panel to vibrate the panel to cause it to resonate to produce an acoustic output.
Such a baffle may have the effect of augmenting lower frequency response of the loudspeaker.
Figure 4 illustrates a second embodiment of loudspeaker (81) according to the present invention. The loudspeaker comprises a box-like enclosure having a top (148), a bottom (149), opposed sides (150), a back (151) and a front (152). The front (152) of the enclosure (8) consists of a rigid lightweight distributed mode radiator panel of the kind described with reference to Figures- 1 and 2 and comprising a core (22) enclosed by opposed skins The panel is supported in the enclosure by means of a surrounding compliant suspension (17), e.g. a strip of latex rubber. An acoustic absorbing lining may be provided in the enclosure.
A transducer e,g, of the kinds shown in our copending International publication Nos. W097/09859, W097/09861, W097/09858 of even date herewith is mounted wholly and exclusively on the inwardly directed face of the panel in a predetermined location as discussed in our co-pending International publication No. W097/09842 of even date herewith, to vibrate the panel to cause it to resonate to produce an acoustic output.
The enclosure may be formed with ports (109) e.g.
in one side (150), to enhance bass performance of the loudspeaker. In any event, the use of the enclosure (8) will render the loudspeaker uni-directional, which may be desirable in some circumstances.
Figure 5 illustrates a further embodiment of loudspeaker (81) according to the present invention and generally similar to that described above with reference to Figure 4. The loudspeaker comprises a box-like enclosure consisting of a front box portion (52) having an open x t)i Kth back adapted to be mounted on a wall and aligned with a cavity (110) in the wall, e.g. in a stud-work wall, to reduce the depth of the loudspeaker enclosure while providing the benefits of a larger enclosure. The front face (51) of the front box consists of a rigid lightweight distributed mode radiator comprising a core (22) enclosed by opposed skins The panel is supported in the enclosure by means of a surrounding resilient suspension e.g. of rubber latex strip. The loudspeaker is thus generally of the kind described with reference to Figures 1 and 2 above.
A transducer e.g. of the kind described with reference to our co-pending International publication Nos.
W097/09859, W097/09861, W097/09858 of even date herewith is mounted wholly and exclusively on the inwardly directed face of the panel in a predetermined location as discussed in our co-pending International publication No.
W097/09842 to vibrate the panel to cause it to resonate to produce an acoustic output.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The loudspeakers of the present invention are relatively simple to make and can be made to have a relatively shallow depth, or apparently shallow depth, in comparison to conventional loudspeakers. The loudspeakers of the present invention have a wide angle of dispersion in comparison to conventional pistonic loudspeakers. Where the radiator panel is made from or is skinned with metal foil or sheet, the loudspeaker can be made to be shielded iMEE "SHE AMENDED SHEET WO 97/09840 14 against radio-frequency emissions.
PCT/GB96/02140-
Claims (9)
1. A panel-form loudspeaker (81) characterised by a member having capability to sustain and propagate input vibrational energy by bending waves in at least one operative area extending transversely of thickness to have resonant mode vibration components distributed over said at least one area and have predetermined preferential locations or sites within said area for vibration exciter means and having a vibration exciter mounted on said member at one of said locations or sites to vibrate the member to cause it to resonate forming an acoustic radiator which provides an acoustic output when resonating, and a baffle surrounding and supporting the radiator.
2. A panel-form loudspeaker according to claim 1, characterised by resilient suspension (3,17) between the radiator and the baffle to support the radiator in the baffle.
3. A panel-form loudspeaker according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterised in that the resilient suspension (3,17) is of an elastomeric material.
4. A panel-form loudspeaker according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the vibration exciter is mounted wholly and exclusively on the radiator A panel-form loudspeaker according to any preceding claim, characterised in that the baffle is formed as an enclosure having an open backed front box portion (52) adapted to be mounted on a wall or the like.
6. A panel-form loudspeaker according to claim h1'' 1- AENDED SHEET -16- characterised in that the front box portion (52) is adapted to be mounted to align with a cavity (110) in the wall.
7. A panel-form loudspeaker according to any preceding claim, characterised in that the radiator comprises a lightweight core (22) separating a pair of high modulus lightweight skins (21).
8. A panel-form loudspeaker according to any preceding claim, characterised by a subwoofer mounted to the baffle
9. A panel-form loudspeaker according to any preceding claim, characterised by a tweeter mounted to the baffle
10. A panel-form loudspeaker substantially as herein described and as shown in any one of the embodiments of the accompanying drawings. DATED this Twentieth Day of February 1998 New Transducers Limited Patent Attorneys for the Applicant 15 SPRUSON FERGUSON L3 r y 3^^ [N:\libk]OO787:BFD
Applications Claiming Priority (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9517918 | 1995-09-02 | ||
| GBGB9517918.0A GB9517918D0 (en) | 1995-09-02 | 1995-09-02 | Acoustic device |
| GB9522281 | 1995-10-31 | ||
| GBGB9522281.6A GB9522281D0 (en) | 1995-10-31 | 1995-10-31 | Acoustic device |
| GBGB9606836.6A GB9606836D0 (en) | 1996-03-30 | 1996-03-30 | Acoustic device |
| GB9606836 | 1996-03-30 | ||
| PCT/GB1996/002140 WO1997009840A2 (en) | 1995-09-02 | 1996-09-02 | Loudspeakers comprising panel-form acoustic radiating elements |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU6880296A AU6880296A (en) | 1997-03-27 |
| AU702920B2 true AU702920B2 (en) | 1999-03-11 |
Family
ID=34865233
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU68802/96A Ceased AU702920B2 (en) | 1995-09-02 | 1996-09-02 | Loudspeakers comprising panel-form acoustic radiating elements |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0847659B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH11512246A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE177574T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU702920B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2230702A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69601723T2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK0847659T3 (en) |
| EA (1) | EA002108B1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2131953T3 (en) |
| HK (1) | HK1008647A1 (en) |
| RO (1) | RO119046B1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1997009840A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (35)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9806994D0 (en) * | 1998-04-02 | 1998-06-03 | New Transducers Ltd | Acoustic device |
| ES2185203T3 (en) * | 1997-09-03 | 2003-04-16 | New Transducers Ltd | COATING PANEL COMPOSED BY AN INTEGRAL ACOUSTIC SYSTEM. |
| GB9722079D0 (en) * | 1997-10-21 | 1997-12-17 | New Transducers Ltd | Loudspeaker suspension |
| DE19757098C2 (en) * | 1997-12-20 | 2003-01-09 | Harman Audio Electronic Sys | Suspension for sound reproduction arrangements based on the bending wave principle |
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- 1996-09-02 AT AT96929387T patent/ATE177574T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-09-02 DK DK96929387T patent/DK0847659T3/en active
- 1996-09-02 WO PCT/GB1996/002140 patent/WO1997009840A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-09-02 EA EA199800249A patent/EA002108B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-09-02 JP JP9510943A patent/JPH11512246A/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-09-02 CA CA002230702A patent/CA2230702A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-09-02 AU AU68802/96A patent/AU702920B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-09-02 ES ES96929387T patent/ES2131953T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-09-02 DE DE69601723T patent/DE69601723T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-09-02 RO RO98-00642A patent/RO119046B1/en unknown
- 1996-09-02 EP EP96929387A patent/EP0847659B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1998-07-28 HK HK98109452A patent/HK1008647A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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| GB2010637A (en) * | 1977-11-26 | 1979-06-27 | Sony Corp | Diaphragm for loudspeaker |
| US5400407A (en) * | 1992-01-08 | 1995-03-21 | Square D Company | Tilt adjuster for a speaker support frame |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0847659A1 (en) | 1998-06-17 |
| EA002108B1 (en) | 2001-12-24 |
| EP0847659B1 (en) | 1999-03-10 |
| JPH11512246A (en) | 1999-10-19 |
| DE69601723T2 (en) | 1999-09-16 |
| HK1008647A1 (en) | 1999-05-14 |
| RO119046B1 (en) | 2004-02-27 |
| ES2131953T3 (en) | 1999-08-01 |
| ATE177574T1 (en) | 1999-03-15 |
| DE69601723D1 (en) | 1999-04-15 |
| DK0847659T3 (en) | 1999-09-27 |
| WO1997009840A3 (en) | 1997-04-03 |
| EA199800249A1 (en) | 1998-08-27 |
| WO1997009840A2 (en) | 1997-03-13 |
| CA2230702A1 (en) | 1997-03-13 |
| AU6880296A (en) | 1997-03-27 |
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