AU5522198A - Fire-fighting agents containing adsorbable fluorocarbon surfactants - Google Patents

Description

WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 FIRE-FIGHTING AGENTS CONTAINING ADSORBABLE FLUOROCARBON SURFACTANTS Field of the Invention 5 The invention provides high performance, aqueous film forming foam agents that contain low surface tension producing fluorinated amine oxide surfactants. The fluorinated amine oxide surfactants adsorb strongly onto nutrient sludge, soil and clay, and other substrates. The invention also provides methods of fighting fires using these compositions. 10 Background of the Invention Fire extinguishing foams of various types, typically formed from concentrates, are known for use against fires of polar and non-polar flammable liquids such as hydrocarbon solvents, gasoline, kerosene, crude oil, and the like. 15 Often these foams additionally provide the ability to form a film on the surface of a liquid. Such a film not only helps to extinguish the fire but can inhibit re-ignition of the flammable liquid once the fire has been extinguished by the foam. Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) concentrates are concentrated aqueous solutions that can be diluted and used to extinguish flammable liquids 20 (i.e., Class B) fires. These concentrates can contain fluorinated surfactants, fluorine-free surfactants, foam stabilizers, and other various additives. Based on industrial convention, these concentrates are generally designated as 1%, 3%, or 6% concentrates. The significance of this numerical designation is that the concentrate can be formed into a fire-fighting premix composition by diluting the 25 designated parts by volume concentrate (i.e., 1, 3, or 6) with sufficient water such that the parts water plus the parts concentrate will equal 100. For example, 3 parts by volume of a 3% concentrate is diluted with 97 parts of fresh or sea water to form a premix. In practice water is typically delivered through a fire hose and from 1 to 6 parts by volume of the premix are inducted by venturi effect into 94 to 99 30 parts of water, to form a premix. The premix is then converted into a foam by use of an air-aspirating nozzle located at the outlet of the fire hose. The resulting thick, -1- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 mobile foam blanket achieves rapid knockdown, control, extinguishment and resistance to reignition of the flammable liquid. A vapor-sealing film drains from the foam to rapidly spread over the flammable fuel surface, acting as a barrier between the fuel surface and the oxygen-containing air. 5 Amine oxide surfactants having a fluorocarbon moiety are generally known in the art. British Patent Specification 1,302,612 discloses amine oxides of the general formula: (Rf)lQmCnR2nN(R')2-->O 10 wherein Rf is a saturated fluorinated non-aromatic radical in which the carbon atoms are substituted only by fluorine, chlorine or hydrogen atoms with no more than one hydrogen or chlorine atom for every two adjacent carbon atoms. The use of such fluorocarbon surfactants in fire-fighting compositions is discussed. 15 U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,195 (Francen) describes an aqueous concentrate composition useful for suppressing vaporization of a liquid hydrocarbon comprising (a) a film-forming component comprising a water soluble fluorinated surfactant; (b) a synthetic, imputrescible, hydrocarbon-congruous, water soluble, organic, fluorine-free surfactant; (c) a water-soluble stabilizer selected from the 20 group consisting of alkyl ethers of alkylene glycol and glycerol; and (d) up to 95 weight percent water. U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,769 (Bertocchio) discloses fire-fighting compositions containing a perfluoroalkyl amine oxide of the formula: 25 CnF2n+1 (CH2)aSO2N(R1)(CH2)pN(CH3)2-->O wherein CnF2n+1 is a straight or branched perfluorinated chain, n is a whole number from 1 to 20, a is a whole number from 2 to 10, R1 is either a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, and p is a whole number from 2 to 10. 30 Cleanup and disposal of fluorinated surfactants in AFFF agents is becoming an increasingly important issue in view of the resistance of the -2- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 fluorocarbon backbone to undergo chemical or biological degradation. The ability to remove such agents from the environment in an efficient manner will help to prevent the possibility of contamination of the soil or ground water with these agents, allowing stringent environmental safety standards to be maintained. 5 A need exists in the art for effective foamable fire-fighting compositions that have desirable properties with respect to storage stability, foaming and spreading qualities, bumrnback, and the like, and that can be removed from the environment after being used to extinguish a fire. 10 Summary of the Invention The invention provides a fire-fighting composition made up of: (a) a compound of the formula (I)

R

1 O- R2 Rf-Q-N-(CH 2 )n-N R() (I) 15 wherein Q is SO 2 or CO; R1 is H; C,- 6 alkyl or C 1

,

6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, C1-6 alkoxy, Cl-6 alkylthio, NO 2 , CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently H or Cl- 6 alkyl; R2 and R3 are independently C

,

_

6 alkyl; Cl- 6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, 20 C 1

-

6 alkoxy, Cl- 6 alkylthio, NO 2 , CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently H or C 1

-

6 alkyl; or R2 and R3 may join to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring that may contain one or more additional hetero atoms and that may be substituted by one or more C 1

-

6 alkyl groups; n is 2 to 6; and 25 Rf is a substantially fluorinated C 8 8 , alkyl group; (b) an effective amount of fluorine-free surfactant; (c) an effective amount of organic solvent; and (d) water. -3- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 In addition the invention provides fire-fighting compositions made up of: (a) a compound of the formula (II):

R

4

O

1 1 " Rf-Q -N-(CH2)n-N R6 5 (II) wherein Q is SO, or CO; R4 is H; C,1-6 alkyl or C 1

-

6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, Cl- 6 alkoxy, Cl-6 alkylthio, NO 2 , CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently H or C 1 6 alkyl; 10 R5 and R6 are independently C, 6 alkyl; C 1

,

6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, C 1

_

6 alkoxy, C 1

-

6 alkylthio, NO 2 , CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently H or Cl- 6 alkyl; or R5 and R6 may join to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring that may contain one or more additional hetero atoms and that may be substituted by one or more C 1

-

6 alkyl groups; 15 nis 2 to 6; and Rf is a substantially fluorinated C 1 0

-

20 cycloalkyl, or a C8.

1 8 alkyl interrupted by one or more -0- or -S- atoms; (b) an effective amount of fluorine-free surfactant; (c) an effective amount of organic solvent; and 20 (d) water. A concentrate of the fire-fighting composition preferably contains from about 0.5 to 12 wt-% of one or more compounds of formulas (I) or (II). This concentrate composition can be diluted with salt or fresh water, typically 1, 3, or 6 parts by volume of the fire-fighting concentrate per 99, 97, or 94 parts water, 25 respectively, to form a premix composition that preferably contains from about 0.01 to 0.12 wt-%, more preferably from about 0.03 to 0.10 wt-% of one or more of the compounds of formulas (I) or (II). -4- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 The invention further provides methods of fighting fires by diluting with water, aerating, and applying to the surface of a liquid fire, an effective amount of a fire-fighting composition as described above. Fluorinated amine oxide surfactants useful in the fire fighting 5 compositions of this invention adsorb strongly from an aqueous solution onto materials commonly encountered in the ground, for instance nutrient sludge, various types of soil, sand, clay, bacteria surfaces, and the like. This adsorption is so strong that in some cases virtually no fluorinated surfactant can be detected in the water that remains after use, as measured indirectly by surface tension 10 reduction or directly by chromatographic or by fluorine analysis. Thus, nearly quantitative removal of the fluorinated amine oxide surfactants from the environment can be accomplished, potentially preventing the fluorinated surfactant from contacting subsurface groundwater, greatly reducing groundwater contamination and foaming problems. 15 As used herein, the term "alkyl" includes both straight-chain and branched alkyl groups of all sizes. Examples of such alkyl groups include straight chain groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl n-octyl, n-nonyl etc., as well as branched groups such as i-propyl, sec-butyl, i-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-octyl, t-octyl, n decyl, etc. When the alkyl group is interrupted by one or more -0- or -S- atoms, 20 this interruption can take place in a branch or at a branching point, as well as in the long chain of the alkyl group. This definition applies both to fluorinated and non fluorinated alkyl groups. The term "substantially fluorinated," as in a substantially fluorinated hydrocarbon moiety indicates that at least about 75 percent, preferably 25 at least about 85 percent, more preferably at least about 95 percent of the hydrogen atoms of the hydrocarbon moiety are replaced by fluorine atoms. Optionally, remaining hydrogen atoms can be replaced by other halogen atoms, such as by chlorine atoms. -5- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 Detailed Description The fluorinated amine oxide surfactants useful in the fire-fighting compositions of the invention have formulas (I) and (II):

R

1 O- R2 Rf-Q -N-(CH 2 )n-N R (I) wherein Q is SO2 or CO; R1 is H; C 1

_

6 alkyl or C1.

6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, C1-6 alkoxy, C 1 -6 alkylthio, NO 2 , CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently H or C 6 alkyl; 10 R2 and R3 are independently C, 6 _ alkyl; C- 6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, C _ 6 alkoxy, C - 6 alkylthio, NO 2 , CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently H or C1_ 6 alkyl; or R2 and R3 may join to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring that may contain one or more additional hetero atoms and that may be substituted by one or more C 1

-

6 alkyl groups; 15 n is 2 to 6; and Rf is a substantially fluorinated Cs_,- 8 alkyl group;

R

4 - 5 Rf-Q -N-(CH 2 )n-NR R (II) 20 wherein Q is SO 2 or CO; R4 is H; C 1

-

6 alkyl or C.

6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, C 1

-

6 alkoxy, Cl-6 alkylthio, NO 2 , CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently H or CI.

6 alkyl; R5 and R6 are independently C 1

-

6 alkyl; C 1

.

6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, 25 C 1

-

6 alkoxy, C - 6 alkylthio, NO 2 , CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently -6- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 H or Cl- 6 alkyl; or R5 and R6 may join to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring that may contain one or more additional hetero atoms and that may be substituted by one or more C, 6 alkyl groups; n is 2 to 6; and 5 Rf is a substantially fluorinated C 1 0

-

20 cycloalkyl, or C 8 8 alkyl interrupted by one or more -0- or -S- atoms. Preferably, Rf is fully fluorinated. When R2 and R3 or R5 and R6 join to form a heterocyclic ring, that ring may be saturated or unsaturated and may contain one or more additional hetero atoms in the ring, such as O, S, or N. Examples of suitable heterocyclic 10 rings include morpholine, thiomorpholine, piperidine, piperazine, pyridine, 1,2 diazine, 1,3-diazine, 1,4-diazine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, imidazole, pyrazole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, triazole, tetrazole, and the like. These rings may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more C 1

,

6 alkyl groups. The fluorinated amine oxide surfactants useful in the invention may 15 be prepared by treating an alcoholic solution of the appropriate fluorinated carboxamidoamine or sulfonamidoamine precursor with hydrogen peroxide. This reaction may be carried out at elevated temperatures, for example at about 600 to 70'C. After reaction, excess hydrogen peroxide may be decomposed with activated carbon, palladium/carbon or manganese dioxide, followed by filtering to 20 remove the unconsumed solids. The fluorinated carboxamido- or sulfonamido- amine precursor may be commercially available or may be prepared by reaction of the appropriate perfluorinated sulfonyl or carbonyl fluoride with a diamine that contains both a primary nitrogen and a tertiary nitrogen in the presence of an acid scavenging 25 tertiary amine such as triethylamine. The reaction is preferably carried out in an organic solvent such as an aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbon or ether solvent. Examples of appropriate solvents include toluene, heptane, isopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and the like. The solvent is removed before the precursor is reacted to form the amine oxide surfactant used in the invention. 30 The fluorinated amine oxide can be present in the fire-fighting composition of the present invention in any amount that will provide a composition -7- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 capable of effectively extinguishing and securing a flammable liquid fire (e.g., in the case of a premix composition) or, in the case of a concentrate composition, the amine oxide can be present in an amount that when diluted and foamed, will provide such a fire-fighting composition. Preferably, the fire-fighting concentrate 5 compositions of the invention contains from about 0.5 to 12 wt-% fluorinated amine oxide surfactant, based on the total weight of the concentrate. The amount of fluorinated amine oxide surfactant in a concentrate composition will of course depend on the designated concentration of the concentrate (i.e., whether it is a 1, 3, or 6% concentrate). As an example, a 1% concentrate can preferably contain from 10 about 3 to 12 wt-% fluorinated amine oxide surfactant. Also preferably, the premix composition (the diluted concentrate) contains from about 0.01 to 0.12 wt-%, more preferably from about 0.03 to 0.1 wt-% fluorinated amine oxide surfactant, based on the total weight of the premix composition. When the sulfonamide nitrogen of the fluorinated amine oxide 15 surfactant is substituted by hydrogen the surfactant can exist in one of several ionic forms. These different forms are illustrated by formulas (III), (IV) and (V) below: G R2 (III) Rf- SO2-N-(CH 2 )n- N I I R3 H OH (Protonated Foam) 20 SR2 (IV) Rf-SO2-N-(CH 2 )n-N I I R3 H O

R--SO

2

-N-(CH

2 )n- N e I R3 OH -8- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 E ® R2 (V) Rf-SO 2

-N-(CH

2 )n-N. G I eR3 0 (metal salt form) 5 wherein M is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, preferably Na or K. Although illustrative formulas (III), (IV) and (V) as shown are based on the structure of formula (I), similar salt forms of the fluorinated amine oxide can exist for 10 compounds of formula (II) as well. The amount of each ionic form of the fluorinated amine oxide surfactant found in an aqueous composition varies with the pH of the composition. At a pH of about 4.6 or below, there is essentially no metal salt formation. The amount of salt increases to about 50% at a pH of about 6.5, and at a pH of 9.3 or 15 above the fluorinated amine oxide surfactant exists almost entirely in the salt form. At the preferred pH of about 8, the surfactant is about 70% in the salt form. The compositions of the invention also include an effective amount of a fluorine-free surfactant. These surfactants may be nonionic, anionic, amphoteric, or a mixture of these types, with amphoteric and anionic surfactants 20 being generally preferred. In general, fluorine-free surfactants useful in the inventive compositions have a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) greater than or equal to about 10. Non-fluorinated surfactants (particularly hydrocarbon surfactants) can be added to the fire-fighting compositions of the present invention for a 25 number of reasons. For example, the presence of non-fluorinated hydrocarbon surfactant is desired to make clear, stable sea water premixes, because in the absence of non-fluorinated surfactants, sea water premixes tend to foam poorly and can precipitate or phase out the fluorinated surfactant. Useful nonionic fluorine-free surfactants include ethylene oxide 30 based nonionic surfactants, for example ethoxylated alcohols such as -9- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 CkH2k+1 O(C2H40)mH wherein k is an integer between about 8 and 18 and m is greater than or equal to about 10; ethoxylated alkylphenols such as CpH2p+1 'O(C 2

H

4 0)rr wherein p is an integer between about 4 and 12 and m is greater than or equal to 5 about 10 (e.g., TritonTM X-305, a 30-mole ethoxylate of a branched chain octylphenol, commercially available from Union Carbide Corp., Danbury, Connecticut); and block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (e.g., PluronicTM F-77 surfactant, which contains about 30% by weight of polymerized ethylene oxide, commercially available from BASF Corp., Parsippany, New 10 Jersey). Representative anionic fluorine-free surfactants include alkyl sulfates, for example, sodium n-octyl sulfate (e.g., Sipex OLS, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp., Cranbury, New Jersey) and sodium decyl sulfate (e.g., PolystepTM B-25, commercially available from Stepan Co. of 15 Northfield, Ill.); alkyl ether sulfates of the general formula CjH2j+I(OC2H4)gOSO3Na; alkyl aryl sulfonates of the general formula CjH 2 j+l

C

6

H

4

SO

3 Na; alkyl sulfonates of the formula CjH2j+1 SO3Na, wherein j is between 6 and 10 inclusive and g is between 1 and about 10 inclusive (e.g., Witcolate T M 7093, an alkyl ether sulfate where j is 6-10 and g averages about 2, commercially 20 available from Witco Corp., Chicago, Illinois); and imidazole-based surfactants such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,957,657 (Chiesa, Jr.), which is incorporated herein by reference. Useful amphoteric surfactants include those which comprise a hydrocarbon chain with a length in the range from about 8 to 14 carbon atoms. 25 Examples of such hydrocarbon chains include caprylo (C 8 ), capro (CI 0 ), lauro (C 1 2 ), or coco (C 1 2

-

1 4 ). Specific such amphoteric surfactants include hydroxysultaines (e.g., cocoamidopropyl hydroxysultaines; alkyl ether hydroxypropylsultaines); dipropionates (e.g., disodium cocoampho dipropionates, disodium capryloampho dipropionates, sodium laurimino dipropionates); diacetates (e.g., disodium -10- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 cocoampho diacetates); acetates (e.g., sodium lauroampho acetates, sodium cocoampho acetates); propionates (e.g., sodium cocoampho propionates, sodium capryloampho propionates; capro amphocarboxy propionates, amino propionates); betaines (e.g., lauramidopropyl betaines, cocamidopropyl betaines); 5 amidopropylsultaines (e.g., cocoamidopropyl sultaines); and hydroxy-substituted amphoteric sulfonates (e.g., sodium capryloampho hydroxypropyl sulfonates).. Preferred commercially available amphoteric surfactants include the following: Mirataine

T

M H2C-HA (sodium laurimino dipropionate, 10 C, 2

H

2

,

5

N(H)(CH

2

CH

2

COO-)(CH

2 CHCOO Na')); MiranolTM C2M-SF Conc. (sodium cocoampho propionate, Cl 1 3

H

23

-

27

CONHCH

2

CH

2

N'(CH

2

CH

2

COO-)(CH

2

CH

2 COOH)(CHCHOH)); MirataineTM CB (cocamidopropyl betaine, C, 1 3

H

23

-

27

CONHCH

2

CHCH

2

N-(CH

3

)

2

CH

2 COO)); 15 MirataineTM CBS (cocoamidopropyl hydroxysultaine, CI, , 3

H

2 3

-

2 7

CONHCH

2

CHCHN-(CH

3

)

2

(CH

2

CH(OH)CH

2

SO-)

3 ); MiranolTM JS Conc. (sodium caprylampho hydroxypropyl sulfonate,

C

7 HsCONHCH 2

CH

2

N(CH

2

CH

2 OH) (CH 2

CH(OH)CH

2 SO3-) Na'); Miranol T M JAS-50% (sodium capryloampho propionate, 20 C 7

H

1 5

CONHCH

2

CH

2 N (CH 2

CH

2

COO-)(CH

2

CHCOOH)(CH

2

CH

2 OH)); Miranol T M J2M-SF Conc. (disodium capryloampho dipropionate,

C

7

H,

5

CONHCH

2

CH

2

N-(CH

2

CH

2

COO-)(CH

2

CH

2 COO- Na )(CH 2

CH

2 OH)); Mirataine BB (lauramidopropyl betaine, C, H 2 3

N(CH

3

)

2

CH

2 COO"; and RewotericTM AM CAS-15 (cocoamidopropyl sultaine, 25 C,-, 3

H

2 3

-

2 7

CONHCH

2

CH

2

CH

2

N+(CH

3

)

2

(CH

2 )nCOO-). MirataineTM, MiranolTM, and MiraponTM hydrocarbon surfactants are all commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp., Cranberry, New Jersey; RewotericTM hydrocarbon surfactants are commercially available from Witco Corp., Greenwich, Connecticut. The above mentioned preferred amphoteric 30 surfactants are especially effective in combination with the fluorinated amine oxide surfactants of this invention to formulate superior AFFF agents. Not only is the -11- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 foamability of the agents greatly improved, but the surface tensions of the premixes made from the concentrate compositions are very low, for example below about 17 dynes/cm, and the interfacial tension at about 2.0 to 3.5 dynes/cm is optimum for film formation. This allows the fire-fighting compositions to form thick and stable 5 non-emulsified aqueous films which spread well over the fuel or other liquid, leading to exceptional fire-fighting performance. In general, the fluorine-free surfactant can preferably be present in the fire-fighting concentrate composition of the invention in an amount from about 1 to 30 wt-%, based on the total weight of the concentrate. 10 Additional non-surfactant components may optionally be added to the fire-fighting compositions of the present invention. Solvents may be present to facilitate solubilization of the fluorinated amine oxide surfactant and/or the fluorine-free surfactant in water. Suitable solvents include, ethylene glycol, glycerol, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol mono-n-propyl 15 ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, and hexylene glycol. These solvents may also act as foam stabilizers and freeze-protection agents. The amount of solvent used is typically between about 5 wt-% to 50 wt-% of the concentrate composition. Stabilizers and thickeners may also be added to the fire-fighting 20 concentration to further enhance foam stability after aeration of the premix. Examples of useful stabilizers and thickeners include partially hydrolyzed proteins, starches, polyvinyl resins (e.g., polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylamides and carboxyvinyl resins), alkanolamide surfactants, long chain alcohols, polyethylene glycol, guar gum, and locust bean gum. In particular, 25 polysaccharide resins and biogums such as xanthan gum can be incorporated as foam stabilizers in fire-fighting compositions intended to be used on polar solvent fires such as alcohols, ketones, esters and ethers. Additionally, other additives may be useful to improve polar solvent resistance, including fluorochemically modified oligomeric acrylates or polymers. 30 Corrosion inhibitors, buffers, antimicrobial or other preservative agents, and divalent ion salts may also be employed. Additional components that -12- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 may be added to the fire-fighting compositions of this invention are detailed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,085,786 (Alm et al.) and 3,772,195 (Francen), both of which are incorporated herein by reference. The total amount of solids attributable to non-surfactant 5 components, if such components are present, should be such that the concentrate composition maintains its foamability, and that the density of the foam prepared is less than 0.5g/ce, preferably less than 0.2g/,,. Generally the amount of solids attributable to non-surfactant components such as stabilizers, thickeners, corrosion inhibitors, buffers, antimicrobial agents, and divalent ion salts will be less than 10 about 20% by weight, preferably less than about 10% by weight, of the concentrate. The concentrate compositions of the invention are highly storage stable. They pass U.S. Government specification MIL-F-24385C, which requires that foaming and film-forming properties of concentrates not be adversely affected 15 if the concentrate and its fresh and sea water premixes are stored at 65'C for 10 days. These conditions are designed to simulate a room temperature storage period of approximately 10 years. The fire-fighting compositions of the invention are generally provided as 1%, 3% or 6% concentrates, which, as described above means they can 20 be diluted with 99%, 97%, or 94% by volume water respectively, to form a fire fighting premix composition. Although the concentrates are conventional within the industry, fire-fighting compositions of any useful concentration may be prepared. The fire-fighting concentrates of the invention are used by diluting 25 an appropriate amount of the concentrate with water, forming a foam, and applying the foam to a burning liquid. In practice, sea water or fresh water is typically delivered through a fire hole under pressure, to induct or inject from about 1% to 6% by volume of the fire-fighting concentrate into the hose by venturi effect to form a premix. This premix is aerated by use of an air aspirating nozzle located at 30 the outlet of the hose, forming foam. The foam is applied to a body of burning fuel -13- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 or another flammable liquid and spreads quickly to blanket the surface for rapid extinguishment of the fire. As the foam on the surface of the flammable liquid drains, an aqueous film is formed which will tend to reform if disturbed or broken. This 5 aqueous film prevents reignition of the fire by sealing in flammable vapors, and sealing out air. Fire-fighting compositions that contain the fluorinated amine oxide surfactants of the invention strongly adsorb to substrates comprising sludge, various types of soils, sand, clay and other substrates. For example, if a fire 10 fighting composition of the present invention is contacted with such a substrate, the aqueous solution that drains from the substrate can have a very low concentration of fluorinated amine oxide surfactant, for example from about 0 to 50 ppm (parts per million). The balance of the fluorinated amine oxide surfactant has adsorbed onto the substrate, and can be recovered, for example, by removing that portion of 15 the substrate that has adsorbed surfactant, drying the substrate, and extracting the fluorinated amine oxide surfactant with organic solvents. The fluorinated amine oxide surfactants can then be isolated and recovered. This feature, which allows the surfactant to be removed from the ground and prevents the surfactant from reaching groundwater, minimizes the potential effects that these compounds, if not 20 collected, would have on the environment. The invention is further described by the following examples, which are understood to be illustrative only and do not limit the claimed invention. Test Methods 25 The following test methods and procedures were used to evaluate the performance of the fluorinated amine oxide surfactants and AFFF agents made therefrom: Foam Expansion and Drain Time: Foam expansion, defined as the volume of foam produced divided by the volume of liquid used to produce the 30 foam, is determined as described in U.S. Government Military Specification MIL F-24385, Revision F. In this test, a standard National Foam System 2 gal/min (7.6 -14- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 L/min) nozzle is used to generate foam from a 3% premix (i.e., 3 parts of concentrate mixed with 97 parts of water) contained in a 2 gal (7.6 L) stainless steel pressurized tank. The foam is deflected off a 450 backstop into a 1-L tared graduated cylinder, and the weight of the cylinder plus foam is recorded in grams. 5 The foam expansion is calculated by dividing the actual volume (mL) (i.e., not the nominal 1-L volume) of the graduate by the weight (g) of the foam. The 25% drain time for the foam, also described in U.S. Government Military Specification MIL-F-24385, is defined as the amount of time after foam collection for 25% of the weight (i.e., volume) of foam to drain to the bottom of 10 the graduate (read as milliliters in the graduated cylinder, assuming a specific gravity of 1.0). Film-Forming and Sealing: The Film-Forming and Sealing Test determines whether an AFFF premix is capable of forming a stable film on n heptane. In this test, an inverted No. 8 flathead screw is placed in the center of a 15 10 cm diameter glass petri dish containing 40 mL of n-heptane (>99% purity, surface tension = 20.4 dynes/cm). An aqueous film is generated on the n-heptane surface by gently applying dropwise 0.75 mL of test premix solution from a 1 mL disposable syringe to the tip of the inverted screw over an approximately 30 to 60 second time period. Two minutes after applying the first drop of premix solution, a 20 small flame is moved approximately 0.5 inch (1.3 cm) over the n-heptane surface for about 10 seconds. For a good vapor seal, no sustained ignition shall result, though a small intermittent flash is permitted. Surface Tension (ST): Surface tensions of aqueous surfactant solutions and 3% AFFF premixes were measured in units of dynes/cm using a K-12 25 Processor Tensiometer and 665 DosimatTM measuring method with Software K 122, available from Kruss GmbH, Hamburg Germany. The surface tension should be as low as possible for the premix to have its maximum film-forming effectiveness. Interfacial Tension (IT): Interfacial tensions (in dynes/cm) of the 30 interface formed between 3% premixes and n-heptane (>99% purity, surface tension = 20.4 dynes/cm) were measured using a K-12 Processor Tensiometer. -15- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 The interfacial tension should be as high as possible to produce thick, stable films and to avoid emulsification of the fuel, yet should be sufficiently low to allow for a positive spreading coefficient. Spreading Coefficient (SC): The Spreading Coefficient (in dynes/cm), is 5 calculated from the surface and interfacial tension values measured with the premixes as follows: SC = ST(fuel) - [ST(premix) + IT(premix/fuel)] 10 A positive Spreading Coefficient is a minimum requirement for the premix to form a vapor sealing aqueous film on the surface of the fuel. Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC): The critical micelle concentration is defined as the concentration at which further surface tension is no longer lowered with increasing levels of surfactant. To determine CMC, surface 15 tension is measured as a function of surfactant concentration using a K- 12 Processor Tensiometer in conjunction with a 665 Dosimat automatic surfactant injection device (also commercially available from Krtiss GmbH). Surface tension is then plotted vs. log concentration and the data points are connected. The resulting curve has a nearly horizontal flat portion at concentrations above the 20 CMC and has a negative steep slope at concentrations below the CMC. The CMC is calculated as that concentration of the curve where the flat portion and steep slope connect. Fire Extinguishment and Burnback Test: The fire test procedure used to evaluate AFFF agents in the examples is outlined in the U.S. Department of 25 Defense Military Specification No. MIL-F-24385, Revision F, Section 4.7.13.2. According to this procedure, 3.0 gallons of a 3.0% (vol) premix is made by mixing 3 volumes of a 3% concentrate with 97 volumes of synthetic sea water (the sea water being made in accordance with ASTM D1141). The premix is poured into a tank with attached hose and foam nozzle, and the filled tank is pressurized. Then 30 15 gallons (57 L) of aviation gasoline is poured onto a water base contained in a 50 ft 2 (4.7 m 2 ) circular pit. After the gasoline is ignited and allowed to preburn for 10 -16- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 seconds, an operator aggressively attacks the fire using foam generated from the premix by passing the premix through a National Foam System air-aspirating nozzle at a flow rate of 2.0 gal/min. The percent extinguishment of the fire is recorded at every 10 second mark until the fire is fully extinguished. Also, the 5 exact extinguishment time is recorded. The efficiency of fire extinguishment is quantified as the "40 second summation," which is defined as the sum of the percent extinguishment values recorded at the 10, 20, 30 and 40 second marks. After extinguishment, the foam is continually applied to the pit until the 90 second mark, at which time the premix solution is exhausted. 10 Within 60 seconds after extinguishment, a one foot diameter circular pan containing burning gasoline is placed at the center of the circular pit. The time for 25% (12.5 ft 2 , or 1.16 m 2 ) of the foam-covered area to become reinvolved in flames is measured and is recorded as the "25% burnback time." 15 SURFACTANT GLOSSARY Fluorinated Amine Oxide Surfactants F-1: C8F17SO2NHC3H6N(CH3)2-->O was prepared using the following procedure. 20 116.8 g (0.2 mol) of C8Fl17SO2NHC3H6N(CH3)2 (made as described in Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 2,759,019 except that 3-(N,N dimethylamino)propylamine was substituted for beta-diethylaminoethylamine) and 100 g of ethanol were added to a 3-necked round-bottom flask equipped with stirrer, thermometer and water condenser. The mixture was stirred, heated to 65 25 70'C, and 45.2 g (0.4 mol) of 30% aqueous H202 was added over a one hour period. The resulting solution was heated and stirred at 70 0 C for a total of 12 hours. 0.4 g of decolorizing/activated charcoal was added, and the mixture was gently refluxed for one hour. The refluxed mixture was filtered through Celite T M filter agent (commercially available from Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee 30 Wisconsin), and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness to produce a waxy solid. 1 H -17- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 NMR analysis in D20/KOD confirmed that conversion to the desired amine oxide was greater than 99%. F-2 to F-15: The following fluorinated amine oxide surfactants were made 5 using the same general procedure as with F-1: F-2: C10F21SO2NHC3H6N(CH3) 2 -->O F-3: C9F19CONHC3H6N(CH 3

)

2 -->O 10 F-4: C11F23CONHC3H6N(CH 3

)

2 -->O F-5: C4F90[CF(CF3)CF20]2CF(CF3)CONHC 3

H

6

N(CH

3

)

2 -->O 6 CONHC 3

H

6

N(CH

3

)

2 - O F-6: 15

C

2

H

4 OH I F-7: CgF 17

SO

2

NC

3

H

6 N(CH 3

)

2 - - >0 F-8: C6Fl3SO2NHC3H6N(CH3) 2 -->O 20 F-9: C6F 13C2H4SO2NHC3H6N(CH3)2-->O F-10: C7F15CONHC3H6N(CH 3

)

2 -->O F-11: CF3 'cONHC 3

H

6

N(CH

3

)

2 -->O F-li: 25 F-12: CF 3 O 'cONHC 3

H

6 N(CH3)2-->O -18- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746

CF

3 OO.'

ONHG

3

H

6 N(CH3)-->O

CF

3 O 'cONHC3H6N

(

CH3)2-->O F-13: F1:CF3 Oc'N H C3H 6N (C H3)2--> O F-14: 5 F-15: C5F11OC2F4C(O)N(H)C3H6N(CH 3

)

2 -->O Hydrocarbon Surfactants H-1: SipexTM OLS, 33% active solution of sodium n-octyl sulfate, 10 commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp., Cranbury, New Jersey. H-2: MiranolTM C2M-SF, 39% active solution of disodium cocoampho dipropionate, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp., Cranbury, New Jersey. 15 H-3: Miranol

T

M JS, 49% active solution of sodium caproampho hydroxypropyl sulfonate, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp., Cranbury, New Jersey. 20 H-4: MiranolTM S2M-SF, 39% active solution of caproampho carboxypropionate, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp., Cranbury, New Jersey. H-5: MirataineTM CBS, 43.5% active solution of cocoamidopropyl 25 hydroxysultaine, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp., Cranbury, New Jersey. H-6: MirataineTM CB, 30% active solution of cocoamidopropyl betaine, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp., Cranbury, New Jersey. 30 -19- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 H-7: MirataineTM COB, 30% active coco/oleamidopropyl betaine, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp., Cranbury, New Jersey. H-8: Triton T M X-305, 70% active polyethoxylated (30) octylphenol, 5 commercially available from Union Carbide Corp., Danbury, Connecticut. H-9: MiranolTM C2M-Conc. NP, 50% active disodium cocoampho diacetate, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp. 10 H-10: MiranolTM HMA, 38% sodium lauroampho acetate, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp. H-11: RewotericTM AM CAS-15, 50% cocoamidopropyl sulfobetaine, commercially available from Witco Corp., Greenwich, Connecticut. 15 H-12: Miranol T M Ultra C-32, 39% sodium cocoampho acetate, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp. H-13: RewotericTM AM HC, 50% coco sulfobetaine, commercially 20 available from Witco Corp. H-14: MiraponTM Excel 825, 30.5% sodium cocoampho acetate, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp. 25 H-15: MiranolTM CM-SF Conc., 37% sodium cocoampho propionate, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp. H-16: MiranolTM JAS-50, 50% sodium capryloampho propionate, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp. 30 -20- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 H-17: Miranol T M J2M-SF Conc., 38.5% disodium capryloampho dipropionate, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp. H-18: Mirataine T M BB, 30% lauramidopropyl betaine, commercially 5 available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp. H-19: MirataineTM JC-HA, 42% proprietary aminopropionate, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp. 10 H-20: Mirataine

T

M BET 0-30, 30% oleamidopropyl betaine, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp. H-21: MirataineTM ASC, 42.5% alkylether hydroxypropyl sultaine, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp. 15 H-22: MirataineTM H2C-HA, 30% sodium laurimino dipropionate, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp. H-23: MiranolTM J2M Conc., 49% disodium capryloampho diacetate, 20 commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp. H-24: MiranolTM BM Conc., 38% disodium lauroampho diacetate, commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc Corp. 25 EXAMPLES Examples 1-7 and Comparative Examples C 1-C 11 In Examples 1-7 and Comparative Examples C1-C8, fluorinated amine oxide surfactants F- 1 through F- 15 were dissolved in deionized water at various solids concentrations and the surface tension of each resulting aqueous surfactant 30 solution was measured. Then the critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined for each surfactant. The CMC for each surfactant and the -21- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 corresponding surface tension are presented in Table 1; an asterisk (*) indicates low surfactant water solubility (i.e., a solubility of 500 ppm or less). Adsorption of each fluorinated amine oxide surfactant to nutrient sludge was measured using the following test procedure, which is a modification of the 5 USEPA Aerobic aquatic biodegradation inoculum medium. A large batch of test nutrient sludge having a suspended solids count in the range of 1700-2100 mg/L was allowed to aerated for one day. The molecular weight for each fluorinated amine oxide was calculated to determine the proper amount of each surfactant (mg) to add to 500 mL of nutrient sludge to give a concentration of approximately 1 10 millimolar. This calculated amount of surfactant was weighed into a glass vial, and 20-25 mL of water that was purified through a MilliQ T M Ultra Purification System (available from Millipore, of Bedford, MA) was then added. The vial was then capped and was shaken until the surfactant dissolved or overnight (about 16 hours), whichever was sooner. The resulting aqueous surfactant solution was then 15 quantitatively transferred to a NalgeneTM 1-L Erlenmeyer flask along with 500 mL of the aerated nutrient sludge. The flask with its contents was placed for 2 minutes on an orbital shaker set at 100-130 rpm. After shaking, the suspended solids were allowed to settle for about 2 minutes. The liquid was then separated from the solids using one of two equivalent techniques: 20 (1) After shaking, the suspended solids were allowed to settle for about 2 minutes, and a 5-10OmL aliquot of the supernatant liquid was filtered using a plastic syringe equipped with a 45 micron filter; (2) Immediately after shaking, a 5-10 mL aliquot of the test solution was transferred to a 15 mL centrifuge tube, the contents in the tube was centrifuged to 25 separate the solids from the liquid portion, and the liquid was then decanted off. The surface tension of the filtrate or decantate was measured using a K-12 Process Tensiometer, and the value was recorded as the surface tension after day 0 (actually, after 2 minutes) in Table 1. After each surface tension measurement had been completed, each of the sludge/surfactant-containing flasks was placed back on 30 the shaker. After 1, 7, 14 and 28 day intervals, the filtering and surface tension measuring processes were repeated for the contents of each flask. The surface -22- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 tension values measured after days 0, 1, 7, 14 and 28 are presented in Table 1. An entry of "N/R" indicates that the surface tension measurement was not taken on that particular day. Table 1 ST, FC dynes/ CMC, ST after day: Ex. Surf. cm pm 0 1 7 14 28 1 F-1 15.5 22 15.6 51.5 N/R N/R 56.1 2 F-2 16.5 500* 16.2 71.6 71.2 71.5 71.6 3 F-3 16.5 50 16.5 70.3 71.0 70.6 71.3 4 F-4 17.7 20* 18.7 71.7 71.4 71.2 71.7 5 F-5 16.5 22 16.0 71.3 N/R N/R 71.5 6 F-6 19.3 1000 19.8 40.6 N/R N/R 35.7 7 F-7 15.5 22 15.5 17.8 N/R N/R 50.7 Cl F-8 15.8 100 15.8 29.8 N/R N/R 30.0 C2 F-9 20.0 600 1512 32.0 N/R N/R 28.5 C3 F-10 15.0 100 15.6 23.8 19.4 19.6 21.8 C4 F-11 20.0 600 20.0 34.7 32.8 34.2 32.6 C5 F-12 18.1 800 19.5 23.7 20.2 26.9 24.1 C6 F-13 16.3 500 16.3 24.8 24.7 22.3 21.8 C7 F-14 16.7 100 16.8 28.9 N/R N/R 29.0 C8 F-15 15.6 140 15.8 26.0 N/R 28.2 26.5 5 The data in Table 1 show that nearly all of the fluorinated amine oxide surfactants, both inside (F-1 to F-7) and outside (F-8 to F-15) of this invention, provide good surface tension reduction in water, some at very low critical micelle concentrations. However, only fluorinated amine oxide surfactants of this 10 invention (F-1 to F-7) also strongly adsorbed to the sludge (Examples 1-7). The increased surface tension measurements of these solutions by day 28 indicate that the fluorinated amine oxide surfactant had adsorbed onto the substrate, and were no longer in solution. For instance, the concentration of fluorinated amine oxide surfactant F-1 in aqueous solution with the sludge was reduced from the initial 15 concentration of about 600 ppm, to a measured concentration of less than 5 ppm, thus effectively removing the fluorinated compound from the aqueous solution and minimizing its potential effect on the environment. -23- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 In a second experiment using surfactant F-1 of Example 1, the nutrient sludge-fluorochemical complex was found to be quite stable, even after autoclaving. The measured surface tension of solution from a one-day complex sample, before autoclaving was 66 dynes/cm, indicating an aqueous surfactant 5 concentration of under 1 ppm. The samples were autoclaved at 121'C and 15 psi (776 Torr), for 15 minutes (total of one hour cycle time which includes warmup, autoclaving, and cool down), was 50 dynes/cm, indicating an aqueous surfactant concentration of approximately 1 ppm. This is in contrast to the surfactant concentration before contacting with the nutrient sludge, where the measured 10 surface tension was 15.6 dynes/cm, at an aqueous surfactant concentration of approximately 600 ppm. Examples 8-15 Examples 8-15, formulated to be 3% fire-fighting concentrate compositions 15 contained the following ingredients, including 1 wt-% of hydrocarbon surfactants H-1 (short chain ionic surfactant), H-2 through H-7 (amphoteric surfactants) or H-8 (nonionic surfactant): 3% AFFF Concentrate (% solids by weight): 20 1.5% - fluorinated amine oxide surfactant F-1, C8F I 7SO2NHC3H6N(CH3) 2 -->O 4.0% - hydrocarbon surfactant H-1, sodium n-octyl sulfate 1.0% - hydrocarbon surfactant (varied from H-1 to H-8) 25.0% - dipropylene glycol n-propyl ether 25 remainder - deionized water and surfactant co-solvents (to add up to 100%) (pH of each concentrate was adjusted in a range of 8.3 using glacial acetic acid) Three parts by volume of the resulting concentrates were diluted with 97 30 parts by volume of synthetic sea water (ASTM D1141-52) to form sea water premixes which were evaluated for AFFF performance using the following -24- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 laboratory tests: Foam Expansion and Drain Time, Film-Formation and Sealability, Surface Tension and Interfacial Tension. The AFFF concentrate formulations and test results from the 3% sea water premixes are presented in Table 2. 5 Table 2 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Hydrocarbon H-1 H-2 H-3 H-4 H-5 H-6 H-7 H-8 Surfact.: Lab Performance Test: Foam 8.0 8.5 7.6 8.6 8.5 8.9 8.5 7.6 Expansion 25% Drain 252 276 252 258 275 264 260 260 Time (seconds) Film-Forming Fail Pass Fail Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass & Sealing Surf. Tens. 16.3 16.2 16.2 16.4 16.4 16.8 16.5 16.4 (dynes/cm) Int. Tens. 3.8 3.1 3.5 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.0 3.1 (dynes/cm) The data in Table 2 show that useful AFFF concentrates can be made by incorporating fluorinated amine oxide surfactant F-1 with a variety of hydrocarbon 10 surfactants. The combination of F-1 with hydrocarbon surfactant H-1 (sodium n octyl sulfate, a short chain anionic surfactant having a carbon chain length of 8) and amphoteric hydrocarbon surfactants H-2, H-4, H-5 or H-6 (MiranolTM C2M SF, MiranolTM S2M-SF, MirataineTM CBS, or MirataineTM CB) gave especially good foam properties and thick, stable, vapor-suppressing aqueous films; all 15 desirable fire-fighting qualities. -25- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 Example 16 In Example 16, a 3% AFFF concentrate containing fluorinated amine oxide surfactant F-1, short chain ionic hydrocarbon surfactant H-1, and anionic hydrocarbon surfactant H-2 was formulated as follows (% solids by weight): 5 3% AFFF Concentrate 1.5% - fluorinated amine oxide surfactant F-1 2.0% - hydrocarbon surfactant H- 1 3.0% - hydrocarbon surfactant H-2 10 25.0% - dipropylene glycol n-propyl ether remainder - water pH adjusted to 8.3 with 25% aqueous sodium hydroxide. 3% fresh water premixes and 3% sea water premixes were prepared, and the resulting premixes were evaluated in the laboratory for Foam Expansion and 25% 15 Drain Time, Film-Formation and Sealability, Surface Tension and Interfacial Tension. The Fire Extinguishment and Burnback Test was also run with each premix. Results from lab evaluations and fire tests are given in Table 3, along with the minimum requirement for passing each test according to MIL-F-24385F 20 Military Specification. -26- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 Table 3 3% Fresh 3% Sea Spec. Lab Performance Test: Foam Expansion (ratio) 9.0 8.4 _ 5.0 25% Drain Time (seconds) 246 275 _150 Film-forming & Sealing Pass Pass Pass Surface Tension (dynes/cm) 16.2 16.6 <17.0 Interfacial Tension (dynes/cm) 3.8 3.7 < 5.0 Fire Extinguishment & Burnback Test: 40 Second Summation (%) 331 330 > 320 Extinguishment Time (sec) 40 41 < 50 25% Burnback Time (sec) 390 389 360 The data in Table 3 show that the fire-fighting premixes passed the military specification fire test, even though the concentrate contained only 1.5% (wt) solids 5 of fluorinated amine oxide surfactant F-1, and the resulting premixes contained only 0.045 wt-% solids of fluorinated amine oxide surfactant F-1. This is in contrast to the AFFF formulation given in British Patent Specification 1 302 612 at page 8 which contained 0.12% (wt) solids of C7Fl5CONH(CH2)3N(CH3) 2 -->O (fluorochemical amine oxide surfactant F-10) in the premix. It is also in contrast 10 with the AFFF formulation given in U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,195 (Francen) at col. 15, lines 34-67, which contained 0.24% (wt) solids of C6F13SO2NHC3H6N(CH 3 )2- >O (fluorochemical amine oxide surfactant F-8) in the premix. Examples 17 and Comparative Examples C 12-C 13 15 In Examples 17 and Comparative Examples C 12-C 13, fire tests were run to compare the fire-fighting performance of 3% sea water premixes made from AFFF concentrates containing fluorinated amine oxides both inside and outside of this invention. Concentrates also contained hydrocarbon surfactants H-1 and H-2. In Example 17, the concentrate contained fluorinated amine oxide F-1, 20 C8F1I7SO2NHC3H6N(CH3) 2 -->O, which is within this invention. In Comparative Example C12, the concentrate contained fluorinated amine oxide F-8, C6Fl3SO2NHC3H6N(CH 3

)

2 -->O, which is outside of this invention. -27- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 In Comparative Example C13, the concentrate contained fluorinated amine oxide F-10, C7Fl5CONHC3H6N(CH 3

)

2 -->O, which is also outside of this invention. In each case, the pH of the concentrate was adjusted to a pH of 5 approximately 8, using acetic acid or sodium hydroxide as appropriate. Formulations and fire test performance values for Example 17 and Comparative Examples C 12 and C 13 are presented in Table 4. Table 4 Percent by Weight in: Component in Concentrate: Ex. 17 C.Ex. C12 C.Ex. C13 Fluorinated Amine Oxide F-1 1.50 --- ... Fluorinated Amine Oxide F-8 --- 2.00 -- Fluorinated Amine Oxide F-10 --- --- 1.50 Hydrocarbon Surfactant H-1 2.00 2.00 2.00 Hydrocarbon Surfactant H-2 3.00 3.00 3.00 Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 20.00 20.00 20.00 Deionized Water, Surfactant Solvents 73.50 73.00 73.50 Fire Extinguishment & Burnback Test: (3% sea water premixes) 40 Second Summation (%) 329 < 160 250 Extinguishment Time (sec) 32 > 90 89 25% Burnback Time (sec) 440 not run 130 10 The data in Table 4 show that the fire-fighting premix containing fluorinated amine oxide surfactant F- 1 (Example 17) was clearly superior to the premix containing either fluorinated amine oxide surfactant F-8 (Comparative Example C12) or fluorinated amine oxide surfactant F-10 (Comparative Example 15 C 13) at controlling, extinguishing and securing the fire. Examples 18-35 The same lab formulation procedure and evaluation tests were repeated as presented earlier in Examples 8-15 and Table 2, except this time a different series 20 of hydrocarbon amphoteric surfactants (H-9 to H-24, repeating H-1 as a control) was evaluated. In other words, the same 3% AFFF concentrate was employed, and again each hydrocarbon amphoteric surfactant was incorporated into the test concentrate at 1% solids by weight. The same lab evaluation tests were run except -28- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 the Film-Forming and Sealing Test was not performed. Results, presented in Table 5, also include a listing of the amphoteric hydrocarbon surfactant group. Table 5 HC Amphoteric Foam 25% D.T. Surf. Tens. Int. Tens. Ex. Surf. Group Exp. (sec) (dynes/cm) (dynes/cm) 18 H-9 diacetate 8.5 252 16.6 1.6 19 H-10 acetate 8.5 243 17.2 1.1 20 H-11 amidopropyl- 8.8 253 16.5 2.9 sultaine 21 H-12 acetate 8.8 257 16.8 1.6 23 H-14 acetate 8.7 244 16.7 1.6 24 H-15 propionate 9.1 270 16.7 1.3 25 H-16 propionate 7.6 244 16.4 3.6 26 H-17 dipropionate 7.2 251 16.0 3.6 27 H-18 betaine 9.3 260 16.6 2.3 28 H-19 propionate 6.6 256 16.5 4.2 29 H-20 betaine 7.7 242 16.2 1.9 30 H-21 hydroxy- 5.8 243 16.0 2.8 sultaine 31 H-22 propionate 8.8 235 17.3 2.5 32 H-23 diacetate 7.6 250 16.0 3.9 33 H-24 diacetate 8.5 256 18.0 1.2 34 H-13 unsubstituted 8.7 253 17.3 1.5 sultaine 35 H-I (anionic HC) 7.2 239 16.5 4.5 5 The data in Table 5 show that the amphoteric hydrocarbon surfactants of this invention imparted generally good performance to the 3% AFFF concentrate. In Example 34, Hydrocarbon H-13, an unsubstituted sultaine outside of this invention, performed relatively poorly, giving a surface tension greater than 17 10 dynes/cm and an interfacial tension of less than 2 dynes/cm. In Example 35, where no amphoteric hydrocarbon surfactant was used, poorer foam properties and too high an interfacial tension resulted. -29-

Claims (20)

1. A fire-fighting composition comprising: (a) a compound of the formula (I) R 1 O- R2 I IJ Rf-Q -N-(CH 2 )n-N R (I) 5 wherein Q is SO 2 or CO; R1 is H; C, 6 alkyl or C,- 6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, Cl-6 alkoxy, C, 6 alkylthio, NO 2 , CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently H or C . 6 alkyl; R2 and R3 are independently C 1 - 6 alkyl; C 1 , 6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, 10 C _ 6 alkoxy, C,- 6 alkylthio, NO2, CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently H or C 1 . 6 alkyl; or R2 and R3 may join to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring that may contain one or more additional hetero atoms and that may be substituted by one or more C, 6 _ alkyl groups; n is 2 to 6; and 15 R, is a substantially fluorinated C 8 _ 18 alkyl group; (b) an effective amount of fluorine-free surfactant chosen from the group consisting of a hydroxysultaine; a dipropionates; a diacetate; an acetate; a propionate; a betaine; an amidopropylsultaines; a hydroxy-substituted amphoteric sulfonate; and mixtures thereof; 20 (c) an effective amount of organic solvent; and (d) water.

2. The fire-fighting composition of claim 1 wherein R2 and R3 are independently C,- 6 alkyl. 25

3. The fire-fighting composition of claim 1 wherein R2 is methyl and R3 is methyl. -30- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746

4. The fire-fighting composition of claim 1 wherein Rf is at least 95% fluorinated.

5. The fire-fighting composition of claim 1 wherein the compound of formula 5 (I) is present as a metal salt.

6. The fire-fighting composition of claim 1 wherein Q is SO 2 .

7. The fire-fighting composition of claim 1 wherein Rf is a C 8 alkyl group that 10 is at least 95% fluorinated.

8. The fire-fighting composition of claim 1 wherein the composition is a concentrate comprising: (a) about 0.5 to 12 wt-% the compound of formula (I); 15 (b) about 1 to 15 wt-% fluorine-free surfactant; (c) about 1 to 50 wt-% organic solvent; and (d) water.

9. A foam forming premix composition comprising about 1 to 6 percent by 20 volume of the concentrate composition of claim 8 and about 99 to 94 percent by volume additional water.

10. The foam forming premix composition of claim 9, comprising from about 0.01 to about 0.12 percent by weight of fluorinated amine oxide surfactant of 25 formula (I).

11. A fire-fighting composition comprising: (a) a compound of the formula (II): -31- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 R 4 O R5 I I Rf-Q -N-(CH2)n-N R R6 (II) wherein Q is SO 2 or CO; R4 is H; C1-6 alkyl or C,- 6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, C,_ 6 alkoxy, C 1 -6 5 alkylthio, NO, CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently H or C 6 alkyl; R5 and R6 are independently Cl- 6 alkyl; Cl- 6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, C 1 6 alkoxy, C 1 - 6 alkylthio, NO2, CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently H or CI- 6 alkyl; or R5 and R6 may join to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring that may contain one or more additional hetero atoms and that may be substituted 10 by one or more C- 6 alkyl groups; n is 2 to 6; and R, is a substantially fluorinated C 10 - 20 cycloalkyl, or C 8 _-, alkyl interrupted by one or more -0- or -S- atoms; (b) an effective amount of fluorine-free surfactant chosen from the 15 group consisting of a hydroxysultaine; a dipropionates; a diacetate; an acetate; a propionate; a betaine; an amidopropylsultaines; a hydroxy-substituted amphoteric sulfonate; and mixtures thereof; (c) an effective amount of organic solvent; and (d) water. 20

12. The fire-fighting composition of claim 11 wherein the composition is a concentrate comprising: (a) about 0.5 to 12 wt-% the compound of formula (II); (b) about 1 to 15 wt-% fluorine-free surfactant; 25 (c) about 1 to 50 wt-% organic solvent; and (d) water. -32- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746

13. The foam forming premix composition comprising about 1 to 6 percent by volume of the concentrate composition of claim 12 and about 99 to 94 percent by volume additional water. 5

14. The foam forming premix composition of claim 13 comprising from about 0.01 to about 0.12 percent by weight of fluorinated amine oxide surfactant of formula (II).

15. A method of extinguishing a polar or non-polar liquid fire, comprising 10 diluting, aerating and applying to the surface of the liquid an effective amount of a fire-fighting composition comprising: (a) a compound of the formula (I) RI O - R2 Rf-Q-N-(CH 2 )n-N R (I) wherein 15 QisSO 2 orCO; R1 is H; C, 16 alkyl or Cl- 6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, C,1-_6 alkoxy, C- 6 alkylthio, N2, CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently H or C_ 6 alkyl; R2 and R3 are independently Cl- 6 alkyl; Cl- 6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, C - 6 alkoxy, Cl- 6 alkylthio, NO 2 , CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently 20 H or C- 1 . 6 alkyl; or R2 and R3 may join to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring that may contain one or more additional hetero atoms and that may be substituted by one or more C 1 . 6 alkyl groups; n is 2 to 6; and Rf is a substantially fluorinated Cs. 8 alkyl group; 25 (b) an effective amount of fluorine-free surfactant chosen from the group consisting of a hydroxysultaine; a dipropionates; a diacetate; an acetate; a propionate; a betaine; an amidopropylsultaines; a hydroxy-substituted amphoteric sulfonate; and mixtures thereof; -33- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 (c) an effective amount of organic solvent; and (d) water.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein Rf is at least 95% fluorinated. 5

17. The method of claim 15 wherein R2 is methyl and R3 is methyl.

18. The method of claim 12 wherein the fire-fighting composition comprises: (a) about 0.5 to 12 wt-% the compound of formula (I); 10 (b) about 1 to 15 wt-% fluorine-free surfactant; (c) about 1 to 50 wt-% organic solvent; and (d) water.

19. A method of extinguishing a polar or non-polar liquid fire, comprising 15 diluting, aerating and applying to the surface of the liquid an effective amount of a fire-fighting composition comprising: (a) a compound of the formula (II): 5 R 4 O- R I I / Rf-Q -N-(CH 2 )n-N R (II) wherein

20 Q is SO 2 or CO; R4 is H; C,_ 6 alkyl or C 1 . 6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, Cl- 6 alkoxy, C-. 6 alkylthio, NO2, CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently H or C,- 6 alkyl; R5 and R6 are independently C 1 - 6 alkyl; C,. 6 alkyl substituted by halogen, OH, SH, Cl- 6 alkoxy, C 1 .- 6 alkylthio, NO 2 , CN or NRR' wherein R and R' are independently 25 H or Cl- 6 alkyl; or R5 and R6 may join to form a 5 to 7 membered heterocyclic ring that may contain one or more additional hetero atoms and that may be substituted by one or more C 1 . 6 alkyl groups; n is 2 to 6; and -34- WO 99/29373 PCT/US97/22746 Rf is a substantially fluorinated C 1 0 20 cycloalkyl, or C 8 - 18 alkyl interrupted by one or more -0- or -S- atoms; (b) an effective amount of fluorine-free surfactant chosen from the group consisting of a hydroxysultaine; a dipropionates; a diacetate; an acetate; a 5 propionate; a betaine; an amidopropylsultaines; a hydroxy-substituted amphoteric sulfonate; and mixtures thereof; (c) an effective amount of organic solvent; and (d) water. -35-