AU3091300A - An absorbent structure in an absorbent article, comprising partially neutralised superabsorbent material, and an absorbent article that comprises the absorbent structure - Google Patents
An absorbent structure in an absorbent article, comprising partially neutralised superabsorbent material, and an absorbent article that comprises the absorbent structure Download PDFInfo
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- AU3091300A AU3091300A AU30913/00A AU3091300A AU3091300A AU 3091300 A AU3091300 A AU 3091300A AU 30913/00 A AU30913/00 A AU 30913/00A AU 3091300 A AU3091300 A AU 3091300A AU 3091300 A AU3091300 A AU 3091300A
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- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- absorbent
- absorbent structure
- superabsorbent
- superabsorbent material
- liquid
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- Granted
Links
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 title claims description 119
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 title claims description 119
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 80
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 206010021639 Incontinence Diseases 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000001012 protector Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 102100031260 Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase THEM4 Human genes 0.000 claims description 4
- 101000638510 Homo sapiens Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase THEM4 Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000013256 coordination polymer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 48
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 33
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 17
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 10
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 5
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 210000001124 body fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000010839 body fluid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 241000194032 Enterococcus faecalis Species 0.000 description 3
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 241000588769 Proteus <enterobacteria> Species 0.000 description 3
- 206010040880 Skin irritation Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013877 carbamide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229940032049 enterococcus faecalis Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000036556 skin irritation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 231100000475 skin irritation Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 241000219470 Mirabilis Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000588770 Proteus mirabilis Species 0.000 description 2
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 2
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DEXFNLNNUZKHNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-[3-[4-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]piperidin-1-yl]-3-oxopropyl]-3H-1,3-benzoxazol-2-one Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C1CCN(CC1)C(CCC1=CC2=C(NC(O2)=O)C=C1)=O DEXFNLNNUZKHNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101100283604 Caenorhabditis elegans pigk-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010012442 Dermatitis contact Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000305071 Enterobacterales Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000194033 Enterococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- OWYWGLHRNBIFJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ipazine Chemical compound CCN(CC)C1=NC(Cl)=NC(NC(C)C)=N1 OWYWGLHRNBIFJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004367 Lipase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000004882 Lipase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090001060 Lipase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 102000035195 Peptidases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091005804 Peptidases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010036790 Productive cough Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004365 Protease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920004890 Triton X-100 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013504 Triton X-100 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 125000006297 carbonyl amino group Chemical group [H]N([*:2])C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000009960 carding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002144 chemical decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000010247 contact dermatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OP([O-])([O-])=O BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000397 disodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019800 disodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009422 growth inhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000622 irritating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019421 lipase Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002175 menstrual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;potassium Chemical compound [K].OP(O)(O)=O PJNZPQUBCPKICU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003802 sputum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000024794 sputum Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
- A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
- A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
- A61L15/60—Liquid-swellable gel-forming materials, e.g. super-absorbents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
- A61F2013/530481—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having superabsorbent materials, i.e. highly absorbent polymer gel materials
- A61F2013/530708—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having superabsorbent materials, i.e. highly absorbent polymer gel materials characterized by the absorbency properties
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Orthopedics, Nursing, And Contraception (AREA)
- Absorbent Articles And Supports Therefor (AREA)
Description
WO 00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 AN ABSORBENT STRUCTURE IN AN ABSORBENT ARTICLE, COMPRISING A PARTIALLY NEUTRALISED SUPERABSORBENT MATERIAL, AND AN ABSORBENT ARTICLE THAT COMPRISES THE ABSORBENT STRUCTURE The present invention relates to an absorbent structure in an absorbent article, such as a diaper, a pant diaper, an incontinence protector, a sanitary napkin, a panty liner or some like article, that comprises a partially neutralised superabsorbent material, and also relates to an absorbent article that comprises said absorbent structure. BACKGROUND An absorbent article normally comprises an upper liquid permeable sheet, an absorbent sheet, and a bottom liquid impermeable barrier sheet, said sheets being delimited by two transverse edges and two longitudinal edges. The article includes a front part and a rear part between which there extends a crotch part that has a wetting region within which S the major part of the body fluid is delivered. The absorbent sheet, or layer, will often include a superabsorbent material. The superabsorbent material is present in particle form, e.g. in a grain, granule, flake or fibre form, and is mixed or layered with other absorbent material, normally cellulose fibres. Superabsorbent materials are polymers that are able to absorb such liquid as water and body fluids, e.g. urine and blood, while swelling and forming a gel that will not S dissolve in water. Some superabsorbent materials are able to retain absorbed liquid even when subjected to external pressures. These materials have been used widely in absorbent sanitary products, such as diapers, sanitary napkins, incontinence protectors and like products.
WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 2 The effectiveness of a superabsorbent material is contingent on many factors, such as how it is mixed into the absorbent structure, its particle form and particle size, and also its physical and chemical properties such as absorption rate, gel strength and liquid retention properties. The absorption capacity of a superabsorbent can be influenced negatively by a phenomenon known as gel blocking. Gel blocking is when the superabsorbent material forms a gel that blocks the pores in the fibre structure or the particle interstices when the ) absorbent article is wetted. Such blocking impedes the transportation of liquid from the wetted area out to the remainder of the absorbent body and will prevent the total absorption capacity of the absorbent body from being fully utilised and also creates a leakage risk. ) With the intention of abating the problem caused by gel blocking, it is known, e.g., to use superabsorbent particles that are embraced by a casing which is only slowly dissolved in and/or penetrated by the liquid to be absorbed, such as to 0 impart to the superabsorbent material a delayed activation time. Prior publication WO 95/00183 teaches an absorbent article that has an absorbent structure which includes superabsorbent material having a delayed activation time in the wetting region of the structure, and conventional 5 superabsorbent material in those regions that lie outside this wetting region. The problem of gel blocking can also be reduced by using a superabsorbent material that has a high gel strength. High 0 gel strength superabsorbent materials are able to retain absorbed liquid when the swollen material is subjected to external loads, and is also able to absorb a significant quantity of liquid when subjected to external loads. EP O 339 461 describes a high gel strength superabsorbent for use in 5 absorbent articles. This superabsorbent is able to retain its form to a large extent and will not collapse when swelling.
WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 3 EP 0 532 002 teaches a superabsorbent material of high gel strength that also has a certain liquid dispersion capacity. Thus, as described above, one problem with absorbent articles that include superabsorbent material is gel blocking. This increases the risk of leakage and prevents the total capacity of the absorbent structure from being fully utilised. Another drawback with conventional superabsorbents is found in the 3 large extent to which they swell. High concentrations of superabsorbent can swell into a large clump at the wetting point, so as to cause discomfort to the wearer after wetting the article. 5 The object of the present invention is to provide a solution to these problems. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 3 The invention relates to an absorbent structure that comprises solely partially neutralised superabsorbent material that does not swell to the same extent as conventional superabsorbent material and therewith allows higher superabsorbent concentrations to be used. When 5 compared with conventional superabsorbent materials, the partially neutralised superabsorbent material absorbs liquid more slowly and therewith enables the liquid to disperse to a greater extent before it swells. Conventional superabsorbent material has a degree of neutralisation of about 70%. The present invention relates to an absorbent structure in absorbent articles, such as diapers, pant diapers, incontinence protectors, sanitary napkins, panty liners and like articles, wherein the structure comprises at least 40 D percent by weight superabsorbent material, based on the total weight of said structure in a dry state in the region or WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 4 regions in which the superabsorbent material is distributed, said superabsorbent material having a degree of neutralisation of between 20 and 50%. The invention also relates to an absorbent article that includes the absorbent structure. One advantage afforded by the present invention is that an absorbent article can be given a thinness which allows the ) inventive article to be worn comfortably and discretely. Another advantage afforded by the partially neutralised superabsorbent is that it prevents the occurrence of malodours and skin irritation when the absorbent article is worn. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 illustrates a bag used in tests in Example 1. 0 Fig. 2 illustrates results from Example 1 in the form of a curve where absorption is plotted against time. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 5 The invention relates to an absorbent structure that comprises partially neutralised superabsorbent material. The aforesaid problems are therewith solved, by virtue of the fact that a partially neutralised superabsorbent material will not swell to the same extent as a conventional 0 superabsorbent material, i.e. a superabsorbent material that has a degree of neutralisation of about 70%, and will absorb liquid more slowly than said conventional superabsorbent. A cross-linked polyacrylate of the kind described in European 5 Patent Specification EP 0 391 108, Casella AG, is an example WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 5 of one suitable partially neutralised superabsorbent material that can be used in accordance with the invention. A superabsorbent of this kind does not swell to the same extent as a superabsorbent material that has a higher degree of neutralisation, meaning that the superabsorbent will take up less volume in a swollen state. Consequently, there is less risk that the superabsorbent material when swollen will prevent the transportation of liquid through the pore ) structure that surrounds the superabsorbent material/the superabsorbent particles. A partially neutralised superabsorbent material according to the invention will, moreover, absorb liquid more slowly than a superabsorbent material that has a higher degree of neutralisation. This 5 slower absorption rate of the partially neutralised superabsorbent enables a larger volume of liquid to disperse from the wetting point to other parts of the absorbent structure and therewith enables the total absorption capacity of the article to be utilised to a greater extent. The 3 examples given below show that the partially neutralised superabsorbent material according to the invention absorbs liquid more slowly and in smaller volumes than conventional superabsorbent materials. 5 The superabsorbent is comprised of cross-linked polymerised acrylic acid. An ion complex of CO0 and Na + or K + is formed in the neutralisation process. As liquid is absorbed, an ion exchange takes place between Na4 and other ions. The partially neutralised superabsorbent contains fewer ions 0 (COO-) than the conventional superabsorbent. The ions (COO-) are available for liquid absorption and the fact that fewer ions (COO-) are available means that the partially neutralised superabsorbent has a somewhat lower absorption capacity. A large number of carboxylic acid groups will be 5 present, although these groups do not contribute towards WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 6 absorption but impart to the superabsorbent a pH which is lower than that of a conventional superabsorbent. Because the superabsorbent used in accordance with the invention absorbs smaller volumes of liquid, the article can be given a higher concentration of superabsorbent without becoming uncomfortable to wear after being wetted. According to the invention, with respect to the partially neutralised superabsorbent material, can now more than 40 percent by weight of superabsorbent material, calculated on the total dry weight of the absorbent structure, in that region or in those regions in which the superabsorbent material is distributed, be used without the aforedescribed problems occurring to the same high extent. The aforesaid problems are thus solved by virtue of the superabsorbent being partially neutralised. The degree of neutralisation is 20 to 50% in comparison with a degree of neutralisation of about 70% in the case of a typical superabsorbent material. As previously mentioned, the partially neutralised superabsorbent used in the absorbent structure in accordance with the invention has a lower absorption capacity and a slower liquid absorption rate than conventional superabsorbents. Because liquid is absorbed by the inventive superabsorbent more slowly, the liquid will have more time to disperse in the absorbent layer. The superabsorbent particles will therefore not impede the transportation of liquid to other parts of the absorbent structure to the same high extent. The lower absorption capacity of the superabsorbent also means that this dispersion function will remain active even over a long period of time. Neither will the WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 7 superabsorbent particles swell to the same extent as conventional particles, therewith reducing the risk of lumps of superabsorbent being formed. A higher concentration of superabsorbent is permitted and more superabsorbent particles, which are small in size when swollen, can be accommodated in the same volume as fewer conventional superabsorbent particles, which are larger when swollen. This also contributes to a reduction in lump formations. A high concentration of partially neutralised superabsorbent ) material can thus be used in the absorbent structure, therewith resulting in an absorbent structure that has a high total absorption capacity and a high liquid dispersion capacity with retained comfort of the article'after wetting. S There now follows a number of examples which show that the partially neutralised superabsorbent material according to the invention absorbs liquid at a slower rate and in smaller quantities than conventional superabsorbent material. 0 DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE 1 The following example is intended to illustrate that the partially neutralised superabsorbents used in the structure according to the invention absorb less liquid and at a slower 5 rate than conventional superabsorbents. The tests were carried out by dip absorption intended for determining the absorption capacity of superabsorbents.
WO 00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 8 The apparatus used - Polyester net, mesh size 59 pm - Welding equipment - Test liquid; see below - Scales, accurate to 0.000 lg Test liquid S Synthetic urine according to the following recipe: Concentration Magnesium sulphate (MgSO 4 ) 0.66 g/l Potassium chloride (KCl) 4.47 g/l 5 Sodium chloride (NaCl) 7.60 g Urea (Carbamide) (NH 2
CONH
2 ) 18.00 g/l Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO4) 3.54 g/l Sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na 2 HPO4) 0.745 g/l Triton X-100 0.1% 1.00 g/l 0 Water de-ionised to 10% nykockin (colour) 0.4 g/l WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 9 Method - The polyester net was clipped into pieces measuring 7 x 12 cm and the pieces then welded together along their edges to form bags. - The bags were marked. - The bags (P) were weighed to an accuracy of 0.0001 g. - 0.19-0.21 g of superabsorbent (S) was weighed into the bags at an accuracy of 0.0001 g. ) The superabsorbents were stirred. - The bags were welded together and their weight checked. - The superabsorbents were distributed uniformly in respective bags and the bags then placed carefully in the test liquid to soak. D - The bags were placed in the test liquid one at a time, so that the absorption time for each bag was precisely 15 seconds. The same degree of accuracy applies to the total absorption time up to 5 min., but not for 30 and 60 min. - The bags were removed after 15 s. and hung up to drip for 2 ) min. The bags were hung from one corner so that the weld-free bottom of the bag faced downwards. See Fig. 1, which shows the bag 1 hanging from a ring 2 and comprising three welded edges 3 and a non-welded edge 4 which faces downwards. 5 - Any droplets that formed on the bags were carefully wiped off.
WO 00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 10 - The bags were weighed which gave A(1 5 ), in other words the weight of the bag after 15 seconds measured to an accuracy of 0.0001 g. - The bags were placed in soak, taken up and allowed to drip after total absorption times of 30 sec., 45 sec., 1, 2, 5, 30 and 60 minutes, which gave A(30.), A( 45 s), A(, m), A(2 m), A( 5 m), A(30 m), IA( 6 o m). - The test liquid was changed after each completed test. Calculations and results obtained A() = Sample weight after absorption, g i = 15 s, 30 s, 45 s, 1 m, 2 m, 5 m, 30 m, 60 m P = Empty bag weight, g S = Weight of superabsorbent, g D() = Sample absorption, g/g K = Bag absorption correction K = 1.6 for i = 15 s, 30 s, 45 s, 1, 2, 5, 30 and 60 min. D(i) = A(i)-S-(PxK) S The results are gathered in Table 1, where IM 7110 is the partially neutralised superabsorbent and IM 7100 is the WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 11 conventional superabsorbent. It will be evident from the results that in the case of the partially neutralised superabsorbent IM 7110 absorption is at all times lower than the absorption of the conventional superabsorbent. The results are also shown in Fig. 2, where the absorption D is plotted against time. The curve representing the partially neutralised superabsorbent constantly lies beneath the curve representing the conventional superabsorbent. Table 1 Absorption (g/g) TIME IM 7110 IM 7100 15 sec. 2.4 8.0 30 sec. 18.3 22.9 45 sec. 25.9 32.9 1 min. 28.4 36.9 2 min. 29.6 39.3 5 min. 30.9 40.3 ) 30 min. 32.0 40.5 60 min. 32.8 40.1 All products that are worn in direct contact with the skin can lead to undesired side effects. These side effects can be 5 the result of occlusion, the presence of moisture and factors of a mechanical, microbial and enzymatic nature, and can result in skin irritation, primary or secondary skin WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 12 infections and undesired odours. An increase in pH is a normal occurrence when absorption products are worn against the skin. However, several undesired side effects can occur as a result of or in conjunction with an increase in pH. An example of such undesired side effects is Irritative contact dermatitis which has connection with the surface pH of the skin. Another example of undesired side effects is that certain ) bacteria, such as Proteus, are able to metabolise the substances in urine and other body fluids and therewith give rise to malodorous substances, such as ammdnia and amines, which also cause the pH to increase. The equilibrium of many odorous substances is displaced at high pH values so as to produce more volatile components and therefore become more odorous than at low pH values. The growth of micro-organisms is also favoured by an environment such as that found in an absorbent article, where ) moisture, nutrients and heat are available among other things. High bacteria numbers constitute an infection risk. Furthermore, a high bacteria count also increases the risk of embarrassing malodours caused by the various substances that are formed by the biological or chemical degradation of body fluid constituents, such as the constituents of urine and menstrual fluid. The activity of micro-organisms is greatly dependent on pH and decreases with falling pH values. The pH is lower when the absorbent structure includes ) partially neutralised superabsorbent material in accordance with the invention. The aforementioned undesired side effects are thus abated in an absorbent structure according to the invention.
WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 13 Partially neutralised superabsorbent material is used in absorbent articles described in Swedish Patent Application SE 9702298-2. A reduction in pH value is achieved by virtue of the absorbent structure in the article including a pH regulating substance in the form of a partially neutralised superabsorbent material. It has been observed that a pronounced inhibiting effect is obtained on undesired strains of micro-organisms and that the occurrence of undesired side effects that may result from wearing the article is reduced when the pH of the absorbent article after wetting lies in the range of 3.5-4.9. Examples of the relationship between degree of neutralisation and the pH of the superabsorbent material will be evident from the following Table. The data included in the Table has been taken from SE 9702298-2.
WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 14 Degree of neutralisation % pH 18 4.0 25 4.3 30 4.5 35 4.7 45 5.0 60 5.5 The degree of neutralisation of the inventive superabsorbent material lies between 20 and 50%. Another advantage afforded by the invention is that the occurrence of malodours and skin complaints that may arise from wearing an absorbent article in direct contact with the skin are avoided. The growth-inhibiting effect is based on the observation that the activity of many micro-organisms is greatly dependent on pH and diminishes with decreasing pH, and hence lowering of the pH value will result in diminished activity of the majority of micro-organisms. Enzymes, such as lipases and proteases, have an activity which is highly pH dependent and which diminishes with decreasing pH values, and hence a lowering of pH values will also result in diminished enzyme activity and therewith a reduction in the negative skin influence of such activity. The following examples illustrate the effect achieved in absorbent articles that have an absorbent body which comprises partially neutralised superabsorbent material, in WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 15 comparison with conventional materials of a corresponding kind. An absorbent body that contains absorbent material and absorbed liquid is, by nature, a heterogeneous system from a pH aspect. The system may include superabsorbent material, fibres and liquid that contains several types of ions. In order to obtain reproducible pH values, measurements must be taken at several places in the sample body and the mean value calculated on the basis thereof. DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLES 2, 3, 4 and 5 Test liquid Sterile synthetic urine to which a micro-organism growth medium had been added. The synthetic urine contained monovalent and divalent cations and anions and urea and had been prepared in accordance with information set forth in Geigy, Scientific Tables, Vol. 2, 8th Ed., 1981, p. 53. The micro-organism growth medium was based on information relating to Hook media and FSA media for enterobacteria. The mixture had a pH of 6.6. TEST METHODS WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 16 Method 1, manufacture of absorbent test bodies Absorbent bodies were produced with the aid of a slightly modified sample body former according to SCAN C 33:80. Fluff pulp and superabsorbent material of desired kind were weighed out, whereafter a uniform mixture of fluff pulp and superabsorbent material was passed in an air stream at a subpressure of about 85 mbar through a pipe having a diameter of 5 cm and provided with a bottom-carried metal net and thin tissue placed on said net. The mixture of fluff pulp and superabsorbent material was collected on the tissue disposed on the metal net and formed the absorbent body. The absorbent body was then weighed and compressed to a bulk density of 6 12 cm 3 /g. A number of absorbent bodies designated Sample 1 and Sample 2 of mutually different compositions were then produced as described below. Sample 1 contained superabsorbents IM 7100, i.e. conventional superabsorbents, and Sample 2 contained partially neutralised superabsorbents IM 7110. The absorbent bodies contained chemical cellulose pulp named Korsnas EA. The absorbent bodies had a total individual weight of 0.98 g. The superabsorbent material weight 0.39 gram. The chemical cellulose pulp weighed 0.59 gram. Method 2, measuring the pH of the absorbent body An absorbent body having a diameter of about 50 mm was manufactured in accordance with Method 1. 14 ml of test liquid were added to an absorbent body, sample 1, and 11 ml WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 17 of test liquid were added to another absorbent body, sample 2, and the absorbent bodies then allowed to swell for 30 min. (Different volumes of liquid were added since the amount of liquid absorbed by the superabsorbents varies.) The pH of respective absorbent bodies was then measured with the aid of a surface electrode, Flatbottnad Metrohm pH meter, Beckman 012 or 072. Parallel measurements were taken on at least two mutually different absorbent bodies. pH was measured at 10 points on each absorbent body and the mean value then D calculated. Method 3, measuring bacteria inhibition in absorbent bodies Bacteria suspensions of Escherichia coli (E.c.), Proteus 5 mirabilis (P.m.), Enterococcus faecalis (E.f.) were cultivated in nutrient broth (Nutrient Broth Oxoid CMI) overnight at a temperature of 30 0 C. The graft cultures were diluted and the bacteria contents calculated. The cultures were mixed in different proportions, so that the final blend 0 culture contained about 10 organisms per ml synthetic urine. 10 ml of the synthetic urine were poured into a sterile sputum jar 70.5 x 52 mm, volume 100 ml, and the absorbent body was placed up-side-down in the jar and allowed to absorb liquid for 5 min., whereafter the jar was turned and 5 incubated at 35 0 C for 0,6 and 12 hours respectively, whereafter the bacteria value in the absorbent body was determined. TGE agar was used as the nutrient for measuring the total number of bacteria while Drigalski agar was used for measuring specifically Escherichia coli and Proteus 0 mirabilis, while Slanetz Bartley agar was used for specifically measuring Enterococcus faecalis. The results are shown in the tables below.
WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 18 TEST RESULTS Example 2 5 It will be evident from Table 2 that the absorbent body according to Sample 2 comprising partially neutralised superabsorbents IM 7110 effectively inhibited the growth of Esherichia coli. 0 Table 2 Esherichia coli 0 hours 6 hours 12 hours Sample 1 3.5 7.3 8.9 Sample 2 3.5 3.7 3.3 5 Example 3 It will be evident from Table 3 that the growth of Proteus mirabilis was effectively prohibited in Sample 2, which consisted of an absorbent body that included partially 0 neutralised superabsorbents IM 7110. Table 3 Proteus mirabilis 0 hours 6 hours 12 hours Sample 1 3.2 6.3 9 5 Sample 2 3.2 <2 <2 WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 19 Example 4 It will be evident from Table 4 that the growth of 5 Enterococcus faecalis was effectively inhibited in Sample 2, which consisted of an absorbent body that included partially neutralised superabsorbents IM 7110.
WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 20 Table 4 Enterococcus 0 hours 6 hours 12 hours faecalis Sample 1 3.4 6.3 7.6 5 Sample 2 3.4 3.3 3.4 The measurements in Examples 2-4 were made in accordance with Method 3. 0 It will be evident from Examples 2-4 that inhibition of micro-organism growth was good when using a partially neutralised superabsorbent in an absorbent body. Example 5 5 As will be evident from Table 5, the pH of an absorbent body consisting of Sample 1 that included conventional superabsorbent has a higher pH, above 6 and up to 8.7, after 12 hours. A lower pH of 4.6 is obtained in Sample 2 0 containing partially neutralised superabsorbent, thus a value which is suitable for inhibiting the growth of micro organisms.
WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 21 Table 5 pH 0 hours 6 hours 12 hours Sample 1 6.1 6.2 8.7 5 Sample 2 4.6 4.6 4.6 The measurements were made in accordance with Method 2. The invention thus relates to an absorbent structure in 0 absorbent articles, such as diapers, pants diapers, incontinence protectors, sanitary napkins, panty liners and like articles, wherein the structures comprises at least 40 percent by weight superabsorbent material based on the total weight of the absorbent structure in a dry state in the 5 region or regions where the superabsorbent material is distributed, and wherein the superabsorbent material has a degree of neutralisation between 20 and 50%. A preferred degree of neutralisation is between 25 and 35%. At degrees of neutralisation between 20 and 50%, or between 25 and 35%, 0 there is obtained a pH which is beneficial in counteracting the growth of micro-organisms for instance and in ablating undesired side effects. This also allows the article to be worn for a longer period of time, as a result of lowering the pH and also as a result of the higher absorption capacity of 5 the inventive article. This longer use period afforded by the absorbent structure is highly beneficial coupled with the advantageous slower absorption rate and the lower total absorption of the individual superabsorbent particles, which reduces the risk of gel blocking and lump formations. 0 WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 22 The amount of superabsorbent material present may lie between 40 and 50 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the absorbent structure in a dry state. The proportion of superabsorbent, however, may be higher, for instance up to 90 5 percent by weight. The absorbent structure may also be comprised solely of superabsorbent material. The aforesaid proportion of superabsorbent material in the absorbent structure is primarily based on the total weight of 0 the absorbent structure in a dry state in the region or regions in which the superabsorbent material i;s distributed. Partially neutralised superabsorbent material is used chiefly in the absorbent structure according to the invention. 5 However, the absorbent structure may also include conventional superabsorbent material. In this case, the partially neutralised superabsorbent may be placed in the wetting region while placing the conventional superabsorbent outside said wetting region. One advantage of localising the 0 superabsorbent material that has the lowest degree of neutralisation in the wetting area of the article, i.e. in the crotch area of the article, and localising conventional superabsorbent material in the end parts of the article is that liquid dispersion is enhanced in such a structure from 5 the wetting region to the end parts of said article. This enables the extent to which the total absorption capacity of the absorbent structure is utilised to be increased and also to reduce the danger of gel blocking in the wetting region. 0 Alternatively, superabsorbent distribution may be one in which the partially neutralised superabsorbent is placed in a first zone closer to the wearer, while the conventional superabsorbent is localised in a second zone which is located WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 23 beneath the first zone as seen in a direction from the wearer of the absorbent article. This provides the same advantages as those mentioned above, because liquid will spread from the zone in which the degree of neutralisation is lowest and in 5 which liquid is received first, to the zone containing conventional superabsorbent material. Exploitation of the absorbent article can be increased and the risk of gel blocking in the sheet or layer closest to the wearer reduced. 0 A further example is that the partially neutralised superabsorbent is placed in a layer or sheet in the bottom or lower part of the structure, which hereby can work as a liquid dispersion sheet or layer. 5 The concentration of the partially neutralised superabsorbent material in the aforedescribed examples may be at least 40 percent by weight in those regions in which said partially neutralised superabsorbent material is placed. 0 However, in the preferred embodiments the partially neutralised superabsorbent material is included with the sole purpose of achieving the decrease in pH desired for ablating the undesired side effects. .5 Since partially neutralised superabsorbent can be used in high concentrations, the superabsorbent can be used beneficially in a thin absorbent structure. A thin absorbent structure can be obtained with dry formed, compressed chemithermomechanical pulp, CTMP, chemical pulp, CP, or the 30 like. A thin product is of interest because it can be worn discretely and comfortably.
WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 24 In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the absorbent structure includes dry-formed, compressed CTMP pulp, CP pulp or the like, besides partially neutralised superabsorbent. 5 The absorbent structure is conventionally formed into a mat which is then highly compressed. This results in a very thin absorbent structure. In this case, partially neutralised superabsorbent is mixed in the core. For instance, the superabsorbent may be mixed homogeneously with the cellulose 0 fibres in a so-called mixed layer, or placed between two cellulose-based layers. As with the aforedescribed structure, the amount of neutralised superabsorbent present will correspond to at least 40 percent by weight based on the total weight of the absorbent structure in a dry state in the 5 region or regions in which the superabsorbent material is distributed. The degree of neutralisation is between 20 and 50%, preferably between 25 and 35%. The use of dry-formed, compressed CTMP pulp, CP pulp or the 0 like in the absorbent structure results in a thin product that can be worn discretely. The undesired side effects, such as malodours and skin irritations are avoided at the same time, as described above. The aforementioned drawbacks in the form of gel blocking and lump formation are also avoided, and 5 a high absorption capacity is achieved. Characteristic features of the compressed inventive structure are that the core is thin prior to being wetted and swells and disperses liquid instantaneously as it is wetted. The use 0 of dry-formed, compressed paper pulp in the absorbed structure enables the structure to be given a thinness of from 1 to 3 mm. Cores as thin as 0.5 mm can also be obtained and then used in panty liners, for instance. Child diapers WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 25 need to have a higher absorption capacity, suitable thicknesses in this respect being in the order of up to 8 mm. Preferred thicknesses are from 1 to 8 mm and from 1 to 3 mm respectively. 5 Wearer comfort is retained in spite of the high concentration of superabsorbent, because the partially neutralised superabsorbent has a slower absorbent rate and a lower absorption capacity. 0 The invention also relates to absorbent articles, such as diapers, pants diapers, incontinence protectors, sanitary napkins, panty liners and like articles that include an upper liquid-permeable sheet, a lower liquid-impermeable barrier 5 sheet, and an absorbent structure enclosed therebetween, said absorbent structure being of the kind described above. Absorbent articles also normally include an acquisition/transportation layer between the upper liquid 0 permeable top sheet and the absorbent structure. An acquisition/transportation layer has an open and airy structure and functions to rapidly accept a given volume of liquid and to rapidly conduct this liquid to the absorbent structure. The acquisition/transportation layer may be 5 comprised of a nonwoven material, which can be produced by through-air bonding and carding or by needling of synthetic fibres, such as polyester, polypropylene or mixtures thereof. The aforedescribed acquisition/transportation layer comprising essentially of synthetic, relatively hydrophobic 0 fibres, are not included in that which relates to the absorbent structure in the present patent application. An absorbent article according to the invention can, on the other hand, include such an acquisition/transportation layer.
WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 26 absorbent article according to the invention can, on the other hand, include such an acquisition/transportation layer. According to one preferred embodiment, the article is an incontinence product or a feminine product. By the word "comprise" as used in this document is meant include although with no limitation.
Claims (7)
1. An absorbent structure in absorbent articles such as diapers, pants diapers, incontinence protectors, sanitary napkins, panty liners and like articles, characterised in that the structure comprises at least 40 percent by weight superabsorbent material based on the total weight of the absorbent structure in a dry state in the region or in these regions in which the superabsorbent material is distributed, 0 wherein said superabsorbent material has a degree of neutralisation between 20 and 50%.
2. An absorbent structure according to Claim 1, characterised in that the degree of neutralisation is between 5 25 and 35%.
3. An absorbent structure according to any one of the preceding Claims, characterised in that the absorbent structure includes dry-formed, compressed CTMP pulp, CP pulp 0 or like pulp, in addition to superabsorbent material.
4. An absorbent structure according to Claim 3, characterised in that the absorbent structure has a thickness of 1 mm to 8 mm when dry. 5
5. An absorbent structure according to Claim 3, characterised in that said structure has a thickness of 1 mm to 3 mm when dry. WO00/35505 PCT/SE99/02371 28
6. An absorbent structure according to any one of the preceding Claims, characterised in that said absorbent article is intended for incontinence protectors or feminine products.
7. An absorbent article such as a diaper, pant diaper, incontinence protector, sanitary napkin, panty liner and the like, comprising an upper liquid-permeable sheet, a bottom liquid-impermeable barrier sheet, and an absorbent structure 3 enclosed therebetween, characterised in that the absorbent structure is of the kind defined in one or more of Claims 1 to 6.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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SE9804361 | 1998-12-16 | ||
SE9804361A SE513374C2 (en) | 1998-12-16 | 1998-12-16 | Absorbent structure in an absorbent article, comprising a partially neutralized superabsorbent material, and an absorbent article comprising the absorbent structure |
PCT/SE1999/002371 WO2000035505A1 (en) | 1998-12-16 | 1999-12-15 | An absorbent structure in an absorbent article, comprising a partially neutralised superabsorbent material, and an absorbent article that comprises the absorbent structure |
Publications (2)
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AU3091300A true AU3091300A (en) | 2000-07-03 |
AU763783B2 AU763783B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 |
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AU30913/00A Ceased AU763783B2 (en) | 1998-12-16 | 1999-12-15 | An absorbent structure in an absorbent article, comprising partially neutralised superabsorbent material, and an absorbent article that comprises the absorbent structure |
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US (1) | US6974890B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1140230A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2002532154A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20010101227A (en) |
AU (1) | AU763783B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR9916289B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2352866A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX240950B (en) |
PL (1) | PL197154B1 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2234947C2 (en) |
SE (1) | SE513374C2 (en) |
TW (1) | TW414706B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000035505A1 (en) |
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SE518409C2 (en) * | 2000-12-22 | 2002-10-08 | Sca Hygiene Prod Ab | Absorbent structure, preparation thereof and use in various forms of hygiene articles |
JP2004530777A (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2004-10-07 | ビーエーエスエフ アクチェンゲゼルシャフト | Acidic high swelling hydrogel |
US7172585B2 (en) | 2001-07-03 | 2007-02-06 | Sca Hygiene Products Ab | Absorbent product |
JP2003088551A (en) * | 2001-09-19 | 2003-03-25 | Sumitomo Seika Chem Co Ltd | Absorber and absorptive article using it |
ES2254760T3 (en) * | 2001-10-01 | 2006-06-16 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | HYDROGEL POLYMER MIX OF DIFFERENT VALUE OF PH. |
US7799007B2 (en) | 2001-12-28 | 2010-09-21 | Sca Hygiene Products Ab | Absorbent article with two-piece construction and method of making the same |
US7166671B2 (en) | 2002-12-10 | 2007-01-23 | Cellresin Technologies, Llc | Grafted cyclodextrin |
US8129450B2 (en) | 2002-12-10 | 2012-03-06 | Cellresin Technologies, Llc | Articles having a polymer grafted cyclodextrin |
DE602005023444D1 (en) | 2004-05-24 | 2010-10-21 | Cellresin Tech Llc | AMPHOTERE GEPFROPFTE BARRIER MATERIALS |
EP1715140A1 (en) * | 2005-04-21 | 2006-10-25 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Turbine blade with a cover plate and a protective layer on the cover plate |
CN101534872A (en) | 2006-11-17 | 2009-09-16 | Sca卫生用品公司 | Absorbent articles comprising an organic zinc salt and an anti-bacterial agent or alkali metal chloride or alkaline earth metal chloride |
CN101534871A (en) | 2006-11-17 | 2009-09-16 | Sca卫生用品公司 | Absorbent articles comprising acidic cellulosic fibers and an organic zinc salt |
DE102007007203A1 (en) | 2007-02-09 | 2008-08-14 | Evonik Stockhausen Gmbh | Water-absorbing polymer structure with high ammonia binding capacity |
JP5485805B2 (en) * | 2010-06-15 | 2014-05-07 | 住友精化株式会社 | Water absorbent resin |
WO2012160435A2 (en) | 2011-05-23 | 2012-11-29 | Procalcado-Produtora De Componentes Para | Highly absorbent insole and its uses |
EP2535698B1 (en) * | 2011-06-17 | 2023-12-06 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Absorbent article having improved absorption properties |
US10870959B1 (en) | 2020-04-06 | 2020-12-22 | Steven Gass | Snowplow blade assembly |
EP4279043A1 (en) | 2022-05-17 | 2023-11-22 | Ontex BV | Absorbent article with patterned active material |
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PH23760A (en) * | 1985-05-15 | 1989-11-03 | Procter & Gamble | Disposable absorbent articles |
PH26954A (en) * | 1985-05-15 | 1992-12-03 | Procter & Gamble | Disposable absorbent articles |
US4657537A (en) | 1985-05-15 | 1987-04-14 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Disposable absorbent articles |
CA1321062C (en) | 1988-04-21 | 1993-08-10 | Stanley Roy Kellenberger | Absorbent products containing hydrogels with ability to swell against pressure |
DE3910563A1 (en) | 1989-04-01 | 1990-10-04 | Cassella Ag | HYDROPHILIC, SWELLABLE Graft Copolymers, THE PRODUCTION AND USE THEREOF |
US5241009A (en) * | 1990-05-07 | 1993-08-31 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Polymeric composition containing carboxy nueutralized with lithium or potassium |
DE69219705T2 (en) | 1991-09-11 | 1997-11-27 | Kimberly Clark Co | Composite absorbent materials and absorbent articles containing them |
US5827255A (en) * | 1992-07-27 | 1998-10-27 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Sanitary napkin comprising an absorbent core having a density gradient |
SE501699C2 (en) | 1993-06-21 | 1995-04-24 | Moelnlycke Ab | Superabsorbent material with delayed activation time and absorbent articles containing the same |
NZ268535A (en) * | 1993-06-30 | 1998-05-27 | Procter & Gamble | Absorbent article comprising layers of superabsorbent material |
US5977014A (en) * | 1993-10-22 | 1999-11-02 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Absorbent composite structure formed of a substrate and cross-linkable hydrogel polymer particles |
US5599335A (en) * | 1994-03-29 | 1997-02-04 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Absorbent members for body fluids having good wet integrity and relatively high concentrations of hydrogel-forming absorbent polymer |
US5849000A (en) * | 1994-12-29 | 1998-12-15 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Absorbent structure having improved liquid permeability |
SE514465C2 (en) * | 1996-05-31 | 2001-02-26 | Sca Hygiene Prod Ab | Absorbent structure and production of absorbent structure by matting on high loft materials |
JP3675601B2 (en) * | 1996-09-12 | 2005-07-27 | ユニ・チャーム株式会社 | Absorber |
SE511838C2 (en) | 1997-06-17 | 1999-12-06 | Sca Hygiene Prod Ab | Reduction of undesirable side effects when using absorbent articles by means of pH control |
US5981689A (en) * | 1997-11-19 | 1999-11-09 | Amcol International Corporation | Poly(vinylamine)-based superabsorbent gels and method of manufacturing the same |
US6222091B1 (en) * | 1997-11-19 | 2001-04-24 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Multicomponent superabsorbent gel particles |
-
1998
- 1998-12-16 SE SE9804361A patent/SE513374C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1999
- 1999-12-13 TW TW088121778A patent/TW414706B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-15 EP EP99964876A patent/EP1140230A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-12-15 US US09/857,374 patent/US6974890B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-12-15 JP JP2000587823A patent/JP2002532154A/en active Pending
- 1999-12-15 KR KR1020017007467A patent/KR20010101227A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-12-15 RU RU2001119448/15A patent/RU2234947C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-15 MX MXPA01005875 patent/MX240950B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-15 WO PCT/SE1999/002371 patent/WO2000035505A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-12-15 CA CA002352866A patent/CA2352866A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-12-15 AU AU30913/00A patent/AU763783B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-12-15 PL PL348872A patent/PL197154B1/en unknown
- 1999-12-15 BR BRPI9916289-0A patent/BR9916289B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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RU2234947C2 (en) | 2004-08-27 |
WO2000035505A1 (en) | 2000-06-22 |
BR9916289A (en) | 2001-10-16 |
MXPA01005875A (en) | 2002-03-27 |
SE9804361D0 (en) | 1998-12-16 |
JP2002532154A (en) | 2002-10-02 |
BR9916289B1 (en) | 2011-05-31 |
SE513374C2 (en) | 2000-09-04 |
KR20010101227A (en) | 2001-11-14 |
SE9804361L (en) | 2000-06-17 |
AU763783B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 |
CA2352866A1 (en) | 2000-06-22 |
PL348872A1 (en) | 2002-06-17 |
PL197154B1 (en) | 2008-03-31 |
EP1140230A1 (en) | 2001-10-10 |
MX240950B (en) | 2006-10-10 |
US6974890B1 (en) | 2005-12-13 |
TW414706B (en) | 2000-12-11 |
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