AU2020102736A4 - Use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglet - Google Patents
Use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglet Download PDFInfo
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- AU2020102736A4 AU2020102736A4 AU2020102736A AU2020102736A AU2020102736A4 AU 2020102736 A4 AU2020102736 A4 AU 2020102736A4 AU 2020102736 A AU2020102736 A AU 2020102736A AU 2020102736 A AU2020102736 A AU 2020102736A AU 2020102736 A4 AU2020102736 A4 AU 2020102736A4
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/163—Sugars; Polysaccharides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/60—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for weanlings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/22—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
Abstract
The disclosure discloses use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily
ration of weaned piglets, and belongs to the technical field of pig breeding. According to the
use of the disclosure, the adding amount of the seaweed polysaccharides in the daily ration of
the weaned piglets is 400 mg/kg, and the content of polysaccharide in the seaweed
polysaccharides is 30%. Based on the conditions that the growth performance of the piglets is
not influenced, even daily gain of the piglets can be improved remarkably, and piglet diarrhea
frequency and feed-gain ratio are reduced remarkably, the use can alleviate the stress reaction
of the piglets caused by weaning, promote the intestinal structural development and gut
immunity of the weaned pigs, and play a role in replacing the antibiotics completely.
-1/1
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
FIG. 1
Description
-1/1
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
FIG. 1
The disclosure discloses use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets, and belongs to the technical field of pig breeding.
Due to changes in environmental and nutritional factors, early-weaned piglets are susceptible to piglet "early weaning syndrome", which manifests low feed efficiency, disorders of digestion, diarrhea, etc., resulting in seriously restrained growth of piglets. Antibiotics can promote animal growth, reduce diarrhea, increase disease resistance, and thus be widely used in current breeding industry. However, drawbacks of drug residue and bacterial resistance caused by chronic and heavy antibiotic use have been urgent problems to be solved in current "ecological breeding". Thus, gradual and complete replacement of feed antibiotic use has become an inevitable trend; probiotics, acidifiers, and the like are investigated successively to use in replacing antibiotics, but the majority of solutions for replacing antibiotics are under study. There is no completely antibiotic-free swine ration product so far. Therefore, it is important for ecological breeding to develop a completely antibiotic-free swine ration based on the condition that the growth and health of weaned piglets are not influenced.
The disclosure aims to provide use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets. The use can improve the daily gain of the piglets remarkably, reduce piglet diarrhea frequency and feed-gain ratio remarkably, and play a role in replacing the antibiotics completely.
To achieve the above objective, the disclosure adopts the following technical solution:
use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets is provided, where the adding amount of the seaweed polysaccharides in the daily ration of the weaned piglets is 200-800 mg/kg;
preferably, in the use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets, where the adding amount of the seaweed polysaccharides in the daily ration of the weaned piglets is 400 mg/kg; further, the content of polysaccharide in the seaweed polysaccharides is 30%; in the use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets, the daily ration of the weaned piglets includes the following raw materials: 0.02-0.08 percent by mass of seaweed polysaccharides, 48.42-48.48 percent by mass of extruded corn, 10 percent by mass of broken rice, 8 percent by mass of flour, 11 percent by mass of fermented soybean meal, 9.5 percent by mass of extruded soybean, 2.5 percent by mass of imported fish meal, 6 percent by mass of whey powder, 0.9 percent by mass of dicalcium phosphate, 1 percent by mass of stone powder, 0.3 percent by mass of sodium chloride, 0.6 percent by mass of lysine hydrochloride, 0.26 percent by mass of DL-methionine, 0.34 percent by mass of threonine, 0.1 percent by mass of choline chloride, and 1 percent by mass of premix; and the premix provides the following per kilogram of the daily ration: Fe 180 mg, Mn 40 mg, Zn 110 mg, Co 1.5 mg, Se 0.28 mg, Cu 10 mg, VA 7,000 IU, VD3 2,150 IU, VE 220 mg, VK 12 mg, VB1 2.2 mg, VB2 6 mg, VB6 9 mg, VB12 0.024 mg, biotin 2.5 mg, folic acid 0.9 mg, and pantothenic acid 20 mg.
The disclosure uses seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets, which can completely replace antibiotics and effectively improve the growth performance of the weaned piglets. Compared with the prior art, the disclosure has the following beneficial effects:
1. The use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets can improve the daily gain of the piglets remarkably, reduce piglet diarrhea frequency and feed-gain ratio remarkably, and plays a role in completely replacing the antibiotics.
2. The use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets can: remarkably lower piglet serum cortisol level; raise albumin level, prominently increase piglet serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and catalase (CAT), and anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL-10) level; significantly reduce levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) in serum; and effectively improve the humoral immunity, antioxidant and anti-stress capabilities of the weaned piglets.
3. The use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets can: remarkably improve the villous height and villous height to crypt depth ratio (V/C) of a piglet; significantly upregulate the expression of mRNAs of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and
Occludin in piglet duodenum and mRNAs of tight junction proteins Occludin and Claudin-1 in piglet jejunum and ileum; prominently downregulate the expression of mRNAs of pro inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-a in piglet jejunum; effectively improve the intestinal structural development and gut mucosal immune function of the piglet and the level of intestinal health of the piglet.
4. The use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets can: remarkably improve the level of propionic acid in piglet cecum and the activity of lactase and maltase in piglet jejunum, along with the activity of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT in piglet jejunal mucosa; effectively improve the activity of digestive and antioxidant enzymes in piglet gut; and increase piglet's digestibility and availability of nutrients.
5. In the disclosure, the daily ration of the weaned piglets containing seaweed polysaccharides has a scientific formula and comprehensive nutrition, is totally antibiotic-free, and effectively improves the health and growth performance of the piglets.
FIG. 1 illustrates sections showing the morphological structure of small intestines of piglets in the Example 2 group and the control group (100 X magnification).
The disclosure will be further described below in combination with examples, but the invention is not limited to the following examples. The method is conventional, unless otherwise specified. All raw materials are commercially available, unless otherwise specified.
Example 1
Use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets was provided, where the adding amount of the seaweed polysaccharides in the daily ration of the weaned piglets was 200 mg/kg; and
the content of polysaccharide in the seaweed polysaccharides was 30%.
For the use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets, the daily ration of the weaned piglets included the following raw materials: 0.02 percent by mass of seaweed polysaccharides, 48.48 percent by mass of extruded corn, 10 percent by mass of broken rice, 8 percent by mass of flour, 11 percent by mass of fermented soybean meal, 9.5 percent by mass of extruded soybean, 2.5 percent by mass of imported fish meal, 6 percent by mass of whey powder, 0.9 percent by mass of dicalcium phosphate, 1 percent by mass of stone powder, 0.3 percent by mass of sodium chloride, 0.6 percent by mass of lysine hydrochloride, 0.26 percent by mass of DL-methionine, 0.34 percent by mass of threonine, 0.1 percent by mass of choline chloride, and 1 percent by mass of premix; and the premix provided the following per kilogram of the daily ration: Fe 180 mg, Mn 40 mg, Zn 110 mg, Co 1.5 mg, Se 0.28 mg, Cu 10 mg, VA 7,000 IU, VD3 2,150 IU, VE 220 mg, VK 12 mg, VB1 2.2 mg, VB2 6 mg, VB6 9 mg, VB12 0.024 mg, biotin 2.5 mg, folic acid 0.9 mg, and pantothenic acid 20 mg.
Example 2
Use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets was provided, where the adding amount of the seaweed polysaccharides in the daily ration of the weaned piglets was 400 mg/kg; and
the content of polysaccharide in the seaweed polysaccharides was 30%.
For the use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets, the daily ration of the weaned piglets included the following raw materials: 0.04 percent by mass of seaweed polysaccharides, 48.46 percent by mass of extruded corn, 10 percent by mass of broken rice, 8 percent by mass of flour, 11 percent by mass of fermented soybean meal, 9.5 percent by mass of extruded soybean, 2.5 percent by mass of imported fish meal, 6 percent by mass of whey powder, 0.9 percent by mass of dicalcium phosphate, 1 percent by mass of stone powder, 0.3 percent by mass of sodium chloride, 0.6 percent by mass of lysine hydrochloride, 0.26 percent by mass of DL-methionine, 0.34 percent by mass of threonine, 0.1 percent by mass of choline chloride, and 1 percent by mass of premix; and
the premix provided the following per kilogram of the daily ration: Fe 180 mg, Mn 40 mg, Zn 110 mg, Co 1.5 mg, Se 0.28 mg, Cu 10 mg, VA 7,000 IU, VD3 2,150 IU, VE 220 mg, VK 12 mg, VB1 2.2 mg, VB2 6 mg, VB6 9 mg, VB12 0.024 mg, biotin 2.5 mg, folic acid 0.9 mg, and pantothenic acid 20 mg.
Example 3
Use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets was provided, where the adding amount of the seaweed polysaccharides in the daily ration of the weaned piglets was 800 mg/kg; and the content of polysaccharide in the seaweed polysaccharides was 30%.
For the use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets, the daily ration of the weaned piglets included the following raw materials: 0.08 percent by mass of seaweed polysaccharides, 48.42 percent by mass of extruded corn, 10 percent by mass of broken rice, 8 percent by mass of flour, 11 percent by mass of fermented soybean meal, 9.5 percent by mass of extruded soybean, 2.5 percent by mass of imported fish meal, 6 percent by mass of whey powder, 0.9 percent by mass of dicalcium phosphate, 1 percent by mass of stone powder, 0.3 percent by mass of sodium chloride, 0.6 percent by mass of lysine hydrochloride, 0.26 percent by mass of DL-methionine, 0.34 percent by mass of threonine, 0.1 percent by mass of choline chloride, and 1 percent by mass of premix; and
the premix provided the following per kilogram of the daily ration: Fe 180 mg, Mn 40 mg, Zn 110 mg, Co 1.5 mg, Se 0.28 mg, Cu 10 mg, VA 7,000 IU, VD3 2,150 IU, VE 220 mg, VK 12 mg, VB1 2.2 mg, VB2 6 mg, VB6 9 mg, VB12 0.024 mg, biotin 2.5 mg, folic acid 0.9 mg, and pantothenic acid 20 mg.
Test Example 1
The test was carried out in a pig farm of Fengcheng City, Jiangxi Province. In the test, 240 24 day-old weaned piglets with an initial body weight of (6.79±0.04) kg were selected and randomized into four treatment groups; each treatment group included six duplicates, and each duplicate included 10 piglets. The control group was fed with corn-soybean meal based diet + antibiotic (75 mg/kg chlortetracycline), and experimental groups 1 to 3 were fed with the daily rations prepared in Examples 1 to 3, respectively. The test period was 21 days.
Husbandry: In the test period, pigs were fed ad libitum with powder feedstuff and adequate drinking water was ensured. Before the test began, pig houses were disinfected completely. The test period was 21 days. Piglet diarrhea was monitored and recorded daily; piglets were weighed in a fasting state at 8:00 a.m. on Days 1 and 21; daily management of test sites and quarantine measures for test piglets were subject to the production procedure of the pig farm.
1 Sample collection and treatment
1.1 After the test, one piglet was randomly selected from each experimental group and 10 mL of blood was drawn via the vena cava anterior in a fasting state; the blood was centrifuged at 3,000 r/min for 10 min at 4°C to separate serum and plasma for use.
1.2 After the test, one piglet with near average weight was randomly selected from each experimental group, fasted for 12 h, and slaughtered. Duodenum, jejunum, and mid-ileum were isolated. After the chyme was washed off from the gut, the gut was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution for 24 h, and paraffin sections were prepared by the conventional method.
1.3 After the test, one piglet with near average weight was selected from each duplicate of seaweed polysaccharide groups and the control group, and slaughtered immediately 12 h after fasting. The duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum of the piglet were isolated to determine the chyme pH. Mid-cecal region and colon were obtained, preserved in liquid nitrogen after wrapping, and then transferred into a refrigerator at -80°C for use.
The jejunum and the ileum were isolated; the intestinal cavity was washed out; intestinal mucosa was scraped carefully on a clean bench, numbered, dispensed in sterile cryogenic vials, and stored in the refrigerator at -80°C.
2 Indices and methods
2.1 Growth performance
Total feed intake was monitored and recorded daily based on each duplicate. Test piglets were weighed in a fasting state on the morning of Days 1 and 21, and relevant records were made based on each duplicate; average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed-gain ratio (F/G) were calculated.
ADFI= feed intake/number of days
ADG= (final weight - initial weight)/number of test days
F/G = total feed intake (kg)/total gain (kg)
2.2 Diarrhea frequency
In the test period, piglet diarrhea was recorded regularly at 8:00 a.m. and 14:00 p.m. daily. The formula of the diarrhea frequency is as follows:
Diarrhea frequency (%) = total diarrheal frequency/(number of test piglets xnumber of test days) x 100%
2.3 Blood biochemical parameters
Serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), cortisol (COR), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined by Mindray BS-420 Biochemical Analyzer; all test kits were purchased from Biosino Bio-Technology and Science Incorporation.
2.4 Serum antioxidant indices
Optical density (OD) values of serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined by the ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and indices of samples were calculated finally. All the above indices were tested by test kits from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute.
2.5 Immunoserologic parameters
Serum IgA, IgG, IgM, complement 3(C3), complement 4 (C4), cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) were determined by radioimmunoassay. All test kits were purchased from Biosino Bio-Technology and Science Incorporation.
2.6 Morphological structure of intestinal tissue
Well-fixed intestinal tissues were removed; after hematein-eosin (HE) staining, villus lengths (V) and crypt depths (C) of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were measured by Motic Images Advanced 3.2 software, and five visual fields were observed for each section. Villus length/crypt depth (V/C) was calculated.
2.7 Intestinal permeability
Plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) and D-lactate levels were tested by test kits from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute.
2.8 Intestinal content pH
Intestinal samples were collected, and pH values of duodenum, proximal and distal jejunum, mid-ileum, and cecal contents were measured immediately by the pH meter, three measurements were repeated for each intestinal segment, and records were made.
2.9 Intestinal volatile fatty acids
One gram (1 g) of thawed contents of cecum and colon were weighed accurately, mixed well with 1 ml of ultrapure water, and centrifuged at 15,000 r/min for 15 min at 4°C. Supernatant was transferred and fixed with 25% metaphosphoric acid at a 9:1 volume ratio; volatile fatty acid level was determined by gas chromatography (GC).
2.10 Intestinal digestive enzyme activity
Accurately, 0.3 g ofjejunal mucosa sample was weighed, mixed well with 2.7 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) under grinding at a low temperature, and centrifuged at 3,000 r/min for 10 min at 4°C; supernatant was collected, i.e., 10% small intestinal mucosa homogenate; activity of jejunal sucrase, lactase, and maltase was tested by test kits from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute.
2.11 Intestinal mucosal antioxidase activity
Ten percent (10%) jejunal mucosa homogenate was collected, and the activity of SOD, GSH Px, and CAT and the MDA level were tested by test kits from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute.
3 Data processing and statistical analysis
Test data were processed preliminarily by Excel 2013 software, and then one-way ANOVA was performed by SPSS 17.0 software. All groups of data expressed as "mean standard error"; P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
4 Results
4.1 Effects of seaweed polysaccharides on the growth performance and diarrhea frequency of weaned piglets
From Table 1-1, compared with the control group, addition of 400 (Example 2 group) and 800 mg/kg seaweed polysaccharides (Example 3 group) in the ration can increase daily gain of the piglets remarkably and reduce piglet diarrhea frequency and feed-gain ratio significantly (P<0.05). In addition, there is no significant difference in growth performance between piglets in the Example 2 group and the Example 3 group. Thus, in consideration of such factors as economic benefits, the Example 2 group and the control group are selected for further investigation.
Table 1-1 Effects of seaweed polysaccharides on the growth performance and diarrhea frequency of weaned piglets
Item Control group Example 1 group Example 2 group Example 3 group
Initial weight (kg) 6.79±0.12 6.75±0.10 6.80±0.11 6.81±0.11
Final weight (kg) 10.79±0.2 11.05±0. 1 5 ab 11.37±0.13a 11.48±0.10a
Daily gain (g) 202.25±6.30c 2 1 6 . 3 8±2. 7 3bc 2 2 8 . 1 3±5. 6 2 ab 233.38±1.28a
Daily feed intake (g) 327.88±2.84 329.83±6.60 336.24±5.79 339.00±5.23
Feed-gain ratio (F/G) 1.64±0.03a 1.56±0.03ab 1.47g0.03b 1.45±0.02b
Diarrhea frequency (%) 7.86±0.55a 7.70,1.02a 4.51 1.00b 4. 16 ±0. 5 4b
NOTE: Different superscript capitals and lowercases in the same row of data indicate significant differences (P<0.05); the same or no letter indicate insignificant differences (P>0.05).
4.2 Effects of seaweed polysaccharides on blood biochemical parameters of weaned piglets
As shown in Table 1-2, compared with the control group, piglets in the Example 2 group show a significant decrease in serum cortisol level (P<0.05); the albumin level shows an increasing trend (P=0.052); in addition, the alkaline phosphatase activity increases by 19.40%, but the difference is insignificant (P>0.05).
Table 1-2 Effects of seaweed polysaccharides on blood biochemical parameters of weaned piglets
Item Control group Example 2 group P value
TP (g/L) 32.13±0.63 33.37±0.94 0.318
ALB (g/L) 14.40±1.09 17.12±0.26 0.052
GLB (g/L) 17.73±1.20 16.24±0.93 0.368
COR (ng/mL) 85.51±4.21 72.47±3.20 0.033
ALP (U/L) 146.88±22.09 175.38±16.02 0.377
4.3 Effects of seaweed polysaccharides on serum antioxidant indices and immunoserologic parameters of weaned piglets
From Table 1-3, compared with the control group, addition of 400 mg/kg seaweed polysaccharides (Example 2 group) in the ration significantly improves piglet serum T-AOC (P<0.05), remarkably increases the activity of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT (all P<0.05), and tends to reduce MDA (P=0.064).
From Table 1-4, compared with the control group, serum levels of C3 and C4 increase significantly in piglets of the 400 mg/kg seaweed polysaccharides group (Example 2 group), where the C4 level increases by 50% (P<0.05), and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF a decreases significantly (both P<0.05). In addition, the piglet serum anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level of the Example 2 group is 65.6% higher than that of the control group (P<0.05); moreover, serum IgG tends to increase (P=0.09) and IL-1 tends to decrease (P=0.075).
Table 1-3 Effects of seaweed polysaccharides on serum antioxidant indices of weaned piglets
Item Control group Example 2 group P value
T-AOC (U/mL) 5.87±0.83 10.02±0.43 0.004
SOD (U/mL) 60.17±3.64 77.80±1.96 0.005
GSH-Px (U/mL) 352.45±18.33 438.38±22.07 0.024
CAT (U/mL) 44.99±2.92 70.25±3.74 0.002
MDA (nmol/mL) 5.05±0.33 4.05±0.27 0.064
Table 1-4 Effects of seaweed polysaccharides on immunoserologic parameters of weaned piglets
Item Control group Example 2 group P value
IgA (g/L) 1.25±0.09 1.30±0.05 0.653
IgG (g/L) 19.63±0.86 21.98±0.78 0.090
IgM (g/L) 2.34±0.04 2.39±0.06 0.540
C3 (g/L) 0.16±0.01 0.22±0.01 0.001
C4 (g/L) 0.02±0.00 0.03±0.00 0.019
IL-6 (pg/mL) 174.88±7.25 130.53±5.53 0.003
IL-10 (pg/mL) 9.78±0.63 16.20±1.09 0.002
IL-1 (pg/mL) 36.26±1.74 30.49±2.55 0.075
TNF-a (pg/mL) 79.84±4.38 59.60±2.87 0.018
4.4 Effect of seaweed polysaccharides on morphological structure of intestinal mucosa of weaned piglets
As can be seen from the drawings, the control piglet has fine, short, and sparse small intestinal villi; the piglet has thick, long and densely arranged small intestinal villi.
From Table 1-5, the villous height and the villous height to crypt depth ratio (V/C) increase significantly in piglets of the Example 2 group (both P<0.05), but there is no significant difference in crypt depth between both groups (P>0.05).
Table 1-5 Effect of seaweed polysaccharides on morphological structure of small intestinal villi of weaned piglets
Example 2 SEM P value Item Control group group
Duodenum
Villous height, gm 201.48 248.46 15.88 0.041
Crypt depth, gm 56.81 49.53 2.21 0.100
Villus length/crypt depth (V/C) 3.54 5.03 0.35 0.018
Jejunum
Villous height, gm 193.06 252.89 14.25 0.019
Crypt depth, gm 58.40 52.19 2.20 0.185
Villus length/crypt depth (V/C) 3.15 5.10 0.38 0.006
Ileum
Villous height, gm 183.48 254.29 16.88 0.020
Crypt depth, gm 55.80 47.04 4.77 0.414
Villus length/crypt depth (V/C) 3.65 5.41 0.37 0.004
4.5 Effect of seaweed polysaccharides on intestinal permeability of weaned piglets
From Table 1-6, compared with the control group, addition of 400 mg/kg seaweed polysaccharides in the ration can significantly reduce the piglet serum D-lactate level (P<0.05), and serum DAO activity also decreases by 42.71%, but the significant difference is not reached (P>0.05).
Table 1-6 Effect of seaweed polysaccharides on intestinal permeability of weaned piglets
Item Control group Example 2 group P value
DAO (U/L) 3.02±0.57 1.73±0.19 0.078
D-Lactate (ng/mL) 495.65±28.97 352.94±26.73 0.022
4.6 Effects of seaweed polysaccharides on intestinal pH and volatile fatty acids of weaned piglets
As shown in Table 1-7, compared with the control group, all intestinal segments of piglets show no significant changes in pH value after addition of 400 mg/kg seaweed polysaccharides in the ration (Example 2 group) (P>0.05). From Table 1-8, after addition of 400 mg/kg seaweed polysaccharides in the ration (Example 2 group), in the piglet cecum, propionic acid level increases by 32.41% (P<0.05), and levels of acetic acid, butyric acid, and total acid rise by 15.76%, 17.95%, and 18.81%, respectively, but there is no significant difference (all P>0.05). From Table 1-9, there is no significant difference in volatile fatty acids in piglet colon between the Example 2 group and the control group, but levels of acetic acid, butyric acid, and total acid rise by 17.15%, 31.55%, and 12.42% in the Example 2 group (P>0.05).
Table 1-7 Effect of seaweed polysaccharides on intestinal pH of weaned piglets
Item Control group Example 2 group P value
Duodenum 6.57±0.17 6.79±0.11 0.277
Proximaljejunum 6.77±0.05 6.38±0.20 0.111
Distaljejunum 7.08±0.16 6.94±0.09 0.495
Ileum 7.65±0.08 7.40±0.10 0.166
Proximal cecum 7.05±0.16 6.82±0.24 0.467
Cecal contents 6.75±0.11 6.59±0.13 0.477
Table 1-8 Effect of seaweed polysaccharides on volatile fatty acids in ceca of weaned piglets
Item Control group Example 2 group P value
Acetic acid (gg/mL) 1,440.59±135.67 1,676.77±198.57 0.364
Propionic acid (pg/mL) 454.69±24.33 602.04±42.39 0.005
Isobutyric acid (gg/mL) 27.36±3.06 28.26±4.63 0.877
Butyric acid (pg/mL) 215.19±33.33 253.82±36.84 0.466
Isovaleric acid (gg/mL) 27.56±4.21 27.34±5.90 0.976
Valeric acid (gg/mL) 49.38±7.87 43.11±5.77 0.942
Total acid (pg/mL) 2,214.81±98.13 2631.37±234.95 0.158
Table 1-9 Effect of seaweed polysaccharides on volatile fatty acids in colons of weaned piglets
Item Control group Example 2 group P value
Acetic acid (gg/mL) 1,355.61±37.75 1588.15±182.85 0.259
Propionic acid (pg/mL) 530.73±53.76 520.47±65.07 0.907
Isobutyric acid (gg/mL) 39.27±2.35 41.99±6.22 0.697
Butyric acid (pg/mL) 230.16±15.77 302.78±47.22 0.195
Isovaleric acid (gg/mL) 42.79±3.00 40.48±7.83 0.792
Valeric acid (gg/mL) 70.32±3.76 58.88±6.86 0.200
Total acid (pg/mL) 2,268.90±88.22 2552.78±222.72 0.282
4.7 Effect of seaweed polysaccharides on intestinal digestive enzyme activity in colons of weaned piglets
From Table 1-10, compared with the control group, the activity of jejunal lactase and maltase significantly increase (P<0.05) andjejunal sucrase activity rises by 20.44% in the Example 2 group, but the significant difference is not reached (P>0.05).
Table 1-10 Effect of seaweed polysaccharides on jejunal mucosal disaccharidase activity of weaned piglets
Item Control group Example 2 group P value
Sucrase (U/mg) 75.60±4.40 91.05±8.33 0.199
Lactase (U/mg) 104.97±3.28 118.40±7.58 0.008
Maltase (U/mg) 144.41±9.48 240.46±11.19 0.001
4.8 Effect of seaweed polysaccharides on intestinal mucosal antioxidase activity of weaned piglets
As shown in Table 1-11, piglets of the Example 2 group show a significant increase in activity of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT in the jejunal mucosa, and a remarkable decrease in MDA level (P<0.05).
Table 1-11 Effect of seaweed polysaccharides on intestinal mucosal antioxidase activity of weaned piglets
Item Control group Example 2 group P value
SOD (U/mL) 179.67±4.61 209.02±6.90 0.012
GSH-Px (U/mL) 24.11±3.77 42.39±3.27 0.011
CAT (U/mL) 2.41±0.16 3.02±0.09 0.019
MDA (nmol/mL) 1.98±0.14 1.35±0.05 0.006
Test results indicate that:
(i) compared with the control group, piglets of the Example 2 group and the Example 3 group show a significant increase in ADG and decreases in feed-gain ratio and diarrhea frequency;
(ii) addition of 400 mg/kg seaweed polysaccharides can improve stress reaction of the piglets caused by weaning;
(iii) compared with the control group, addition of 400 mg/kg seaweed polysaccharides in the ration can significantly improve serum antioxidant capacity of the piglets, regulate inflammatory cytokines, and boost the body immunity;
(iv) addition of 400 mg/kg seaweed polysaccharides in the ration can improve the morphological structure of the small intestine, and increase the villous height and the villous height to crypt depth ratio;
(v) addition of 400 mg/kg seaweed polysaccharides in the ration can partly reduce the intestinal permeability of the piglets, and maintain normal physical barrier function of the small intestine;
(vi) 400 mg/kg seaweed polysaccharides have some regulatory effects on volatile fatty acids in ceca and colons of weaned piglets;
(vii) addition of 400 mg/kg seaweed polysaccharides in the ration can significantly increase the activity of jejunal lactase and maltase in the piglets, indicating that piglets' digestive and absorptive abilities of carbohydrates are enhanced; and
(viii) addition of 400 mg/kg seaweed polysaccharides in the ration improves the jejunal mucosal antioxidase activity of the piglets, and partly alleviates the intestinal oxidative stress caused by weaning.
Claims (2)
1. Use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets, wherein the adding amount of the seaweed polysaccharides in the daily ration of the weaned piglets is 400 mg/kg, and the content of polysaccharide in the seaweed polysaccharides is 30%.
2. The use of seaweed polysaccharides for replacing antibiotics in daily ration of weaned piglets according to claim 1, wherein: the daily ration of the weaned piglets comprises the following raw materials: 0.04 percent by mass of seaweed polysaccharides, 48.46 percent by mass of extruded corn, 10 percent by mass of broken rice, 8 percent by mass of flour, 11 percent by mass of fermented soybean meal, 9.5 percent by mass of extruded soybean, 2.5 percent by mass of imported fish meal, 6 percent by mass of whey powder, 0.9 percent by mass of dicalcium phosphate, 1 percent by mass of stone powder, 0.3 percent by mass of sodium chloride, 0.6 percent by mass of lysine hydrochloride, 0.26 percent by mass of DL-methionine, 0.34 percent by mass of threonine, 0.1 percent by mass of choline chloride, and 1 percent by mass of premix; and
the premix provides the following per kilogram of the daily ration: Fe 180 mg, Mn 40 mg, Zn 110 mg, Co 1.5 mg, Se 0.28 mg, Cu 10 mg, VA 7,000 IU, VD3 2,150 IU, VE 220 mg, VK 12 mg, VB1 2.2 mg, VB2 6 mg, VB6 9 mg, VB12 0.024 mg, biotin 2.5 mg, folic acid 0.9 mg, and pantothenic acid 20 mg.
Polysaccharides Control group
Duodenum
FIG. 1 Jejunum -1/1-
Ileum
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