AU2019101156A4 - Single Phase Grid Connected Inverter for Photovoltaic with MPPT Strategy - Google Patents

Single Phase Grid Connected Inverter for Photovoltaic with MPPT Strategy Download PDF

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AU2019101156A4
AU2019101156A4 AU2019101156A AU2019101156A AU2019101156A4 AU 2019101156 A4 AU2019101156 A4 AU 2019101156A4 AU 2019101156 A AU2019101156 A AU 2019101156A AU 2019101156 A AU2019101156 A AU 2019101156A AU 2019101156 A4 AU2019101156 A4 AU 2019101156A4
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photovoltaic
output
current
grid
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Ziming Dong
Zelin Li
Chen Wang
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B11/00—Automatic controllers
    • G05B11/01—Automatic controllers electric
    • G05B11/36—Automatic controllers electric with provision for obtaining particular characteristics, e.g. proportional, integral, differential
    • G05B11/42—Automatic controllers electric with provision for obtaining particular characteristics, e.g. proportional, integral, differential for obtaining a characteristic which is both proportional and time-dependent, e.g. P. I., P. I. D.
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/66—Regulating electric power
    • G05F1/67—Regulating electric power to the maximum power available from a generator, e.g. from solar cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22—The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • H02J2300/26—The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin involving maximum power point tracking control for photovoltaic sources
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of renewable energy source and power electronics. It is a Single Phase Grid Connected Inverter for Photovoltaic. The invention consists of the following steps: firstly, a MPPT modular with particular algorithm is used for finding the maximal power point of PV panels. Secondly, a DC-DC Boost Converter converts PV output power into a 400V DC power. Thirdly, a SPWM Inverter is used to shape it into an AC power which is the same sinusoidal wave as grid current (220V 50Hz). In brief, the present invention can stabilize the output voltage of the photovoltaic power generation system at a given value to meet the power supply requirements. S Start PV panel DC-DC Converter DC flow Converter Filter AC Power Power Grid End Figure P VP PF DC-DC L Converter Inverter -- y) MD,D2 Wt t i * Figure2

Description

Single Phase Grid Connected Inverter for Photovoltaic with MPPT
Strategy
Field of The Invention
This invention is in the field of renewable energy source (RES), power electronics and automatic control
Background of The Invention
In recent years, with the rapid growth of the global population and the development of productivity, human demand for energy has increased dramatically. Whether in industry or life, energy issues have always been an enormous problem facing humanity At present, the most popular energy sources are fossil fuels, tidal energy, hydro energy, wind energy and solar energy, among which these energy sources can be divided into renewable energy and non-renewable energy. The representative of non-renewable energy is fossil fuels. Although this is a relatively efficient and stable energy source, the burning of fossil fuels can pollute the atmosphere and cause global warming. And fossil fuels have a limited amount of storage, and the rate of regeneration cannot meet human demand for energy In contrast, renewable energy does not have a disproportionate impact on the environment, and renewable energy is an energy that will never be exhausted compared to fossil fuels.
2019101156 30 Sep 2019
Among them, solar energy is one of the representatives of renewable energy. The data shows that solar energy is multiplying as a new energy source. By the end of 2016, solar photovoltaic power plants have reached 300 gigawatts (GW) worldwide. And from the statistical point of view, since 2000, the installed capacity has seen a growth factor of about 57. According to this development rate, solar photovoltaic power generation equipment will reach 3000 to 10000 GW in 2030. By then, it will provide a lot of energy for humans to help humans produce and live better.
In addition to the advantages mentioned above, photovoltaic power generation systems have many other benefits. First, solar energy is a clean energy source that is entirely free of pollution. When humans use solar energy, they do not need to consider the pollution and natural hazards caused by this kind of energy. Therefore, solar energy is a kind of energy suitable for widespread promotion. Secondly, the cost of a solar photovoltaic power generation system is lower than that of other energy forms, but it has excellent energy conversion efficiency and is a cheap and high-quality energy source. The low Maintenance cost and decreasing facility price are making photovoltaic increasingly popular. Finally, the development of solar energy can be an independent supply of energy. By changing aggregate energy supply to regional or even independent energy supply, the losses caused by transporting energy will
2019101156 30 Sep 2019 be significantly reduced, resulting in more efficient energy conversion and more energy savings. But we have to admit that solar photovoltaic systems also have some shortcomings. For example, voltage power is unstable and the pollution of solar panels during the production. Due to the influence of daily illumination time, intensity and day and night alternation, the photovoltaic grid cannot independently output a stable current, and a unique control system must be relied upon to ensure that the output voltage remains stable. This topic is the question explored in this paper, how to control the photovoltaic inverter system to ensure that the output voltage is stable.
Proper design and controls of the inverter system are of great importance in both connecting PV array to power grid smoothly and improving PV generation efficiency (finding PV Maximum power point tracking). We can adjust the output current of PV array into the same period and phase with the power grid by using a series of the closed-loop control system. Meanwhile, we use a particular algorithm perturbation and observation (P&O) to trace the maximum output point of the PV array. We built the experiment in a simulation system, through which we can adjust the parameters and simulate an ideal lighting model to explore and experiment with actual problems. Our system will eventually be able to output a stable voltage to convert solar energy into electricity using solar
2019101156 30 Sep 2019 panels.
In summary, the photovoltaic grid-connected power generation system converts the received solar radiation energy into direct high-voltage current through high-frequency direct current conversion and then converts it into a sinusoidal wave with the same frequency and the same phase as the grid voltage. AC power is input to the grid. Therefore, the inverter has become the core part of the photovoltaic grid-connected power generation system. The research on various types of photovoltaic grid-connected inverters has become an important research direction in the field of photovoltaic grid-connected power generation. Application Technology for Solar Energy will be a significant problem for human beings, both now and in the future, and will be a way to solve energy problems.
SUMMARY
In order to handle unstable DC power from photovoltaic array to the power grid, keep the PV array at the maximum power point, and solve the shortcomings and deficiencies of the fossil fuels, this invention proposes an inverter system with a series of feedback control loops. The structure of our circuit includes: PV array, MPPT Modular, DC-DC boost converter, SPWM Inverter, and a filter.
In order to obtain AC power, we use maximum power point tracking modular to realize the real time control of the output voltage of P V array
2019101156 30 Sep 2019 in our circuit. The output power is boost to 400V through boost converter. Furthermore, this power is shaped into a sinusoidal AC power by the SPWM inverter. After going through the filter, this power is able to send into power grid smoothly.
A series of feedback control loops are used in our circuit to keep the whole system stable and maintain all the parameters around the ideal value. The first control loop is used to control boost converter and the principle can be expressed below: after MPPT modular output the ideal voltage of PV panel, the real time PV panel voltage is compared with it. The error is sent to PI controller so that we can get the reference current of the PV panel. After comparing the real time PV panel current with the reference current of the PV panel, we send the error to the PI controller and get modulation signal which is used to control the boost converter. One of our innovation in this part is that the perturb and observe algorithms is used to realize the maximum power point tracking. The algorithms are coded in MPPT C block in our circuit.
The next feedback control loop is the SPWM inverter control loop. Firstly, in order to keep the DC bus voltage stable at 400V, we compare 400V with the real time DC bus voltage (the output voltage of boost converter), sending the error into PI controller, and thus we get a DC signal. The inner part of this control loop is an AC current control loop, the reference current of this loop comes from the result of the multiple of
2019101156 30 Sep 2019 the DC signal above, and an AC signal which is constant with grid current. After comparing this reference current with SPWM output current, we use the error from it to produce the control signal for the SPWM inverter. It is also mentioned in this part that we use a software phase locked loop (PLL) in this circuit to sample the real time phase of the power grid. The algorithms used to realize PLL is coded in the C block phase in our circuit, the principle of PLL C block is tracking the phase of grid current by Park’s Transformation (a mathematical method which is widely used in electrical engineering).
As a result, all the functions are realized so that the system is stable around the ideal parameters. According to the results of the simulation in our circuit, the unstable power from the photovoltaic array can smoothly and stably send to the power grid.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING
Figure 1 is the structure of Single Phase Grid Connected Inverter for Photovoltaic.
Figure2 is the simplified circuit of the inverter system
Figure3 is the output characteristics of the photovoltaic panel
Figured is the Perturb&Observe Algorithms
Figure5 is the DC-DC Boost Converter
Figure6 is the converter on-stage mood
Figure? is the converter off-stage mood
2019101156 30 Sep 2019
Figure8 is the flow of DC-DC boost converter
Figure9 is the flow of SPWM Inverte
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Circuit Design
Function
Figure 1 shows the structure of Single Phase Grid Connected Inverter for Photovoltaic. Figure 2 is the simplified circuit of the inverter. As mentioned before, this inverter system is utilized to feed energy from a PV array into the power grid and keep the PV panel working at its maximal power point, so the system should fulfill functions below:
A. Keep the voltage across PV panels at their maximal power point
B. Shape the output current into the same sinusoidal waveform as grid current
C. If the PV array voltage is lower than the grid voltage, boost the PV array voltage into a proper one.
Principle and components
The whole inverter system can be divided into three parts. First, an MPPT modular with a particular algorithm is used for controlling the voltage over PV panels. Secondly, a DC-DC Boost Converter converts PV output power into a 400V DC power. Third, an SPWM Inverter is used to shape
2019101156 30 Sep 2019 it into an AC power, which is the same sinusoidal wave as grid current (220V 50Hz).
A.MPPT (1) output characteristics of the photovoltaic panel: the concept of MPPT Figure3 shows the output characteristics of the photovoltaic panel (I-U characteristic and P-U characteristic). The output power of the PV array is related to its output characteristics, and solar irradiation, ambient temperature and load conditions are all factors that could affect the output characteristics of the PV array. When solar radiation and ambient temperature are regarded as constant values, the output of the photovoltaic array varies with a different output voltage as the figure shows. Furthermore, the output power of the PV array can reach the maximum value only at a certain output voltage value. This voltage value is called maximum power point (MPP), and the procedure of real-time adjustment of PV panels’ output power by a specific control method to operate PV panel at its maximum output power point or its vicinity is called maximum power tracking of the PV system (MPPT).
(2) Perturb&Observe Algorithms: one method to accomplish MPPT Perturb&Observe Algorithms is one of the most widely used methods to accomplish MPPT tracking procedure of the photovoltaic system. The principle is as follow: A small amplitude disturbance (AV) is added to the
2019101156 30 Sep 2019 operating voltage value of PV array (V), and the operating voltage is set to (V+AV). Then the output power of PV array is compared with the output power before the disturbance, if the output power value increases more than before the disturbance, it means that the disturbance direction is selected correctly, and the disturbance can be continued in the same direction (+AV); if the output power value is smaller than the previous power, the next disturbance is in the opposite direction (-AV) . By repeating the steps above, we can maximize the PV array’s output power. It is also worth to mention that this algorithm does not make the system work at the maximum power point at rest, but finally the system can work at steady state in a small range near the maximum power point. The flow chart of Perturb&Observe Algorithms is illustrated in Figure 4.
B.DC-DC Boost Converter (l)Introduction:Figure5 shows the circuit diagram of the boost converter. A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps up voltage (while stepping down current) from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductors (a diode and a transistor) and at least one energy storage element: a capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. Filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are generally added to such a converter's output (load-side
2019101156 30 Sep 2019 filter) and input (supply-side filter) to reduce voltage ripple.
(2)Working principle of Boost Converter: On-state(Figure 6): the switch (IGBT or MOSFET) is closed, resulting in an increase in the inductor current, which means the DC source feed power to the inductor. Off-state(Figure 7):the switch is open and the only path offered to inductor current is through the flyback diode D, the capacitor C and the load R. This results in transferring the accumulated energy during the On-state into the capacitor. If the inductor and the capacitor is big enough to keep the power stable, the input current and output voltage can be regarded as a continuous pure DC power.
According to energy conservation law, the energy accumulated in the inductor which means:
Uxlx ton = (Uo-Ui)xIx to (4-1) where Ui is the input voltage of boost converter, Uoff is its output voltage, u and toff is the time for on-stage and off-stage respectively.
T=ton+toff (4-2) T is time for one period.
D=y (4-3) D is duty cycle.
With the three formulas above, we can get the expression used for the controlling of boost converter:
Co = —x Ui (4-4)
1-D
According to formula (4-4), the boost ratio of the converter can be easily io
2019101156 30 Sep 2019 handled by changing duty cycle by means of PWM modulation.
C.SPWM Inverter
The SPWM (Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation) method is a relatively mature and widely used PWM method. When the narrow pulse with the same impulse and different shape is added to the link with inertia, the effect is basically the same. The SPWM method is based on the conclusion that the pulse width is sinusoidal and the PWM waveform equivalent to the sine wave is SPWM. The waveform controls the on/off of the switching device in the inverter circuit so that the area of the pulse voltage output is equal to the area of the desired output sine wave in the corresponding interval, and the inverter circuit can be adjusted by changing the frequency and amplitude of the modulation wave.
Procedure
1. The Boost circuit and the SPWM circuit are the essential parts of this system. We use these two circuits to increase the DC voltage of the photovoltaic array to a certain extent, and then invert it into an AC current that meets the grid amplitude and frequency requirements. In order to stabilize the DC bus voltage at 400V, we use the DC output voltage of the boost circuit as the feedback value of the SPWM circuit control loop and compare it with the reference value (400V) to obtain the error, which is used to adjust the SPWM circuit. Besides, the inductor current in the
2019101156 30 Sep 2019 boost circuit is used as the feedback value of the boost circuit control loop. During our simulation experiment, a separate boost circuit is first fabricated and simulated; a separate SPWM circuit is fabricated and debugged as well. Finally, these two circuits are combined to form a circuit which can invert a DC power into 220V AC power, and then simulated debugging is performed to realize power transmission.
2. In order to enable the inverter to send energy into the grid smoothly, we added control links to ensure that the inverter system could output a sine wave with the same amplitude and frequency as the grid. After sampling the current output by the SPWM inverter, we compared it with a signal with the same amplitude and frequency as grid waveform to obtain the error value and refer to this error value to control the SPWM circuit (AC current control loop). The AC current control loop forms a dual-loop feedback system with the DC bus control loop described above to adjust the SPWM circuit control signal.
3. In order to achieve the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) function, we use Perturb&Observe Algorithms to obtain the current maximum power point and adjust the photovoltaic terminal voltage through a closed-loop control system. In order to implement this algorithm, we add a program module to the circuit and calculate the maximum power point (a voltage value), and use it as a reference value. In this module, the PV terminal voltage and output current are input first, and then the average
2019101156 30 Sep 2019 power of the PV cell output during one control period is calculated. Then, through the control system, a slight disturbance is applied to the voltage of the photovoltaic terminal to increase or decrease the voltage, and the average power of the photovoltaic battery output in one cycle is calculated again and compared with the average power of the previous control cycle. If the power is in an upward trend, the disturbance is continued in the disturbance direction; otherwise, the disturbance is performed in the opposite direction, and the above steps are repeated to finally stabilize the photovoltaic terminal voltage near the maximum power point. In our program, we take 0.1 seconds as a control period. By sampling the instantaneous value of 100 sine wave cycles within 0.1 seconds, the program uses the cumulative method to obtain the approximate integral value. The effective value (RMS) of the photovoltaic terminal voltage and output current. The variable k is used to record the direction of the disturbance (when k is 1, the voltage is disturbed in the increasing direction; when k is -1, the voltage is disturbed in the decreasing direction), and the disturbance step is 2V Through debugging, the photovoltaic panel terminal voltage can quickly and efficiently track the reference value (maximum power point) output by the algorithm.
4. The last part of the circuit is the phase-locked loop (PLL). If the phase-locked loop is not added to the circuit, although the amplitude and
2019101156 30 Sep 2019 frequency of the inverter output current can be kept consistent with the grid current, if the phase of the output current is inconsistent with the grid current, it will still not be smoothly connected to the grid. By adding a program module, we calculate the current phase of the grid current and further generate an AC signal of the same frequency and phase as the grid current. We compare this signal as a reference value with the inverter system output current and control it to achieve software phase locking.
To summarize the whole system,the energy flow is shown as Figure 1, Figure8 and Figure9 is the control flow charts of DC-DC boost converter and SPWM Inverter respectively.

Claims (2)

  1. CLAIM
    1. A single phase grid connected inverter for photovoltaic with mppt strategy, wherein the DC bus control comprises:
    the boost circuit is controlled by a closed-loop control system to stabilize the output DC voltage at 400V; after sampling, the feedback value is compared with the reference value; the error signal is obtained and input into the PI controller to output the control signal for the next control system.
  2. 2. The single phase grid connected inverter for photovoltaic with mppt strategy according to claim 1, wherein the AC current control comprises: the closed-loop control system is used to control the AC current output from the SPWM inverter circuit to synchronize with the power grid current; the output signal value of the feedback signal SPWM inverter circuit is sampled and compared with the reference value grid-connected current, and the error signal is input into the PI controller to control the controlled signal which is the driving signal of the SPWM circuit; the reference current value is obtained by multiplying the amount of direct current outputted through the DC bus controller by the amount of alternating current obtained by the phase locked loop in the multiplier.
AU2019101156A 2019-09-30 2019-09-30 Single Phase Grid Connected Inverter for Photovoltaic with MPPT Strategy Ceased AU2019101156A4 (en)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113595143A (en) * 2021-08-24 2021-11-02 华北电力大学（保定） Distributed photovoltaic power PV configuration and power limit setting method based on life estimation
CN113783234A (en) * 2021-08-24 2021-12-10 华北电力大学（保定） Photovoltaic power generation PV configuration and power limit optimization method for maximizing net power generation amount

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113595143A (en) * 2021-08-24 2021-11-02 华北电力大学（保定） Distributed photovoltaic power PV configuration and power limit setting method based on life estimation
CN113783234A (en) * 2021-08-24 2021-12-10 华北电力大学（保定） Photovoltaic power generation PV configuration and power limit optimization method for maximizing net power generation amount
CN113595143B (en) * 2021-08-24 2023-09-15 华北电力大学（保定） Distributed photovoltaic power source PV configuration ratio and power limit setting method based on life estimation
CN113783234B (en) * 2021-08-24 2023-10-31 华北电力大学（保定） Photovoltaic power generation PV configuration and power limit optimization method with maximum net increase power generation capacity

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