AU2016209502A1

AU2016209502A1 - Synergistic granular herbicidal compositions

Info

Publication number: AU2016209502A1
Application number: AU2016209502A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Ariana COHEN; William Roland Leatherwood; Rebecca SCHACKOW
Original assignee: Everris International BV
Current assignee: Everris International BV
Priority date: 2015-01-20
Filing date: 2016-01-19
Publication date: 2017-08-31
Anticipated expiration: 2036-01-19
Also published as: US11197475B2; US20180007891A1; CA2974355A1; AU2016209502B2; CA2974355C; EP3247212A4; EP3247212A1; WO2016118465A1

Abstract

Granular compositions comprising at least one herbicide that inhibits microtubule assembly, at least one herbicide that inhibits cell wall synthesis, and a surfactant, and methods for making and using such compositions, are generally described.

Description

PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465

SYNERGISTIC GRANULAR HERBICIDAL COMPOSITIONS FIELD OF INVENTION

[0001] The invention relates generally to granular compositions including a combination of herbicides comprising at least one herbicide that inhibits microtubule assembly, at least one herbicide that inhibits cell wall (i.e. cellulose) synthesis, and a surfactant are described herein. Methods of using and making such granular compositions are also described.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

[0002] Liquid formulations comprising two herbicides are available to consumers. These formulations are generally effective at controlling weeds, but require high concentrations of active ingredients for acceptable levels of herbicidal control. For example, GEMINI® is a liquid pre-emergent formulation comprising 23.3% prodiamine and 15.5% isoxaben. GEMINI® provides a broad-spectrum pre-emergent control or suppression of more than 125 broadleaf and annual grasses.

[0003] For consumer and professional use, regulations specify the amount of a particular active ingredient that may be applied, in pounds per acre, per year. For example, the regulatory rate in the United States for prodiamine and isoxaben is 1.5 lbs/acre/year and 1.0 lbs/acre/year, respectively.

SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Granular compositions comprising at least two herbicides and a surfactant are provided, as well as making and using such compositions, and fields comprising such compositions. The granular compositions described herein contain significantly less active ingredient than existing liquid formulations and thus are advantageous for the consumer and environment. 1 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465 [0005] In some embodiments, a composition comprises at least one herbicide that inhibits microtubule assembly, at least one herbicide that inhibits cell wall synthesis, and a surfactant.

[0006] In some embodiments, a composition provides enhanced and/or synergistic herbicidal activity against a broad spectrum of weeds.

[0007] In some embodiments, a composition, when applied to a field comprising a plant or crop, results in lower phytotoxicity due to the lower use of actives than previous formulations (e.g., liquid formulations).

[0008] In some embodiments, a method is provided for making and using a composition comprising at least one herbicide that inhibits microtubule assembly, at least one herbicide that inhibits cell wall synthesis, and a surfactant.

[0009] In some embodiments, a method is provided for treating and/or preventing weeds, the method comprising applying any of the compositions described herein to soil and/or a field. In some embodiments, the method is for treating a field comprising applying one or more of the compositions described herein. As used herein, the term “treating weeds” means applying a composition to an area that contains weeds post-germination to control, suppress, or eradicate the weeds. As used herein, the term “preventing weeds” means applying a composition to an area pre-germination of weeds to prevent the germination of the weeds.

[0010] In some embodiments, a field is provided that comprises one or more of the compositions described herein. 2 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE

INVENTION

[0011] Compositions comprising at least one herbicide that inhibits microtubule assembly, at least one herbicide that inhibits cell wall synthesis, and a surfactant are provided.

[0012] The compositions described herein provide a surprising amount of herbicidal activity and a low phytotoxicity, with a low active ingredient concentration. In some embodiments, the compositions have equal or greater herbicidal control when compared to existing formulations, with a reduced amount of active ingredient as compared to the existing formulations. In some embodiments, the compositions have a reduced amount of active ingredient of a formulation, while maintaining the herbicidal control of that formulation. In some embodiments, the compositions have a reduced amount of active ingredient of a formulation, while having greater herbicidal control than that formulation. In some embodiments, the formulations provide for equal or better efficacy as compared to a composition which provides the highest regulatory dosage allowed under current regulations (1.5 lbs/acre/year of prodiamine and 1.0 lbs/acre/year of isoxaben). The expression “reduced amount of active ingredient” means that the composition has one-half (50%) or less of the active ingredient of an existing formulation with the same or substantially similar ingredients. For example, the composition may have 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, or less than 10% of the active ingredient of an existing formulation with the same or substantially similar ingredients. A. Herbicides that inhibit microtubule assembly [0013] In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one herbicide that inhibits microtubule assembly (eg. an herbicide that is in WSSA Group 3). Examples of such herbicides include prodiamine, benefin (benfluralin), butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, Oryzalin, Pendimethalin, trifluralin, DCPA (chlorthal-dimethyl), propyzamide (pronamide), tebutam, dithiopyr, thiazopyr, amiprophos-methyl, butamiphos, and mixtures thereof. 3 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465 [0014] In some embodiments, the composition comprises an herbicide that inhibits microtubule assembly in an amount of between about 0.1 to about 0.45 percent (%) by weight of the composition or between about 0.178 to about 0.450 percent (%) by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one of prodiamine, benefin (benfluralin), butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, Oryzalin, Pendimethalin, trifluralin, DCPA (chlorthal-dimethyl), propyzamide (pronamide), tebutam, dithiopyr, thiazopyr, amiprophos-methyl, or butamiphos in an amount of between about 0.1 to about 0.45 percent (%) by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one of prodiamine, benefin (benfluralin), butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, Oryzalin, Pendimethalin, trifluralin, DCPA (chlorthal-dimethyl), propyzamide (pronamide), tebutam, dithiopyr, thiazopyr, amiprophos-methyl, or butamiphos in an amount of between about 0.178 to about 0.450 percent (%) by weight of the composition.

[0015] In some embodiments, the composition comprises an herbicide that inhibits microtubule assembly in an amount of about 0.1, 0.15, 0.168, 0.178, 0.2, 0.248, 0.25, 0.3, 0.335, 0.35, 0.355, 0.375, 0.4, or 0.45 percent (%) by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one of prodiamine, benefin (benfluralin), butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, Oryzalin, Pendimethalin, trifluralin, DCPA (chlorthal-dimethyl), propyzamide (pronamide), tebutam, dithiopyr, thiazopyr, amiprophos-methyl, or butamiphos in an amount of about 0.1, 0.15, 0.168, 0.178, 0.2, 0.248, 0.25, 0.3, 0.335, 0.35, 0.355, 0.375, 0.4, or 0.45 percent (%) by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises prodiamine in the amount of about 0.178 to about 0.450 percent (%) by weight of the composition. In other embodiments, the composition comprises prodiamine in the amount of about 0.1, 0.15, 0.168, 0.178, 0.2, 0.248, 0.25, 0.3, 0.335, 0.35, 0.355, 0.375, 0.4, or 0.45 percent (%) by weight of the composition. 4 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465 B. Herbicides that inhibit cell wall synthesis [0016] In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one herbicide that inhibits cell wall synthesis. Examples of such herbicides include isoxaben, flupoxamen, dichlobenil, chlorthiamid, and mixtures thereof.

[0017] In some embodiments, the composition comprises an herbicide that inhibits cell wall synthesis (e.g. those herbicides in WSSA Group 21) in the amount of between about 0.125 to about 0.375 percent (%) by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one of isoxaben, flupoxamen, dichlobenil, or chlorthiamid in an amount of between about 0.125 to about 0.375 percent (%) by weight of the composition.

[0018] In some embodiments, the composition comprises an herbicide that inhibits cell wall synthesis in an amount of about 0.125, 0.165, 0.2, 0.25, 0.275, 0.3, 0.325, 0.335, 0.35, or 0.375 percent (%) by weight of the composition. In other embodiments, the composition comprises at least one of isoxaben, flupoxamen, dichlobenil, or chlorthiamid in an amount of about 0.125, 0.165, 0.2, 0.25, 0.275, 0.3, 0.325, 0.335, 0.35, or 0.375 percent (%) by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises isoxaben in an amount of between about 0.125 to about 0.375 percent (%) by weight of the composition. In other embodiments, the composition comprises isoxaben in an amount of about 0.125, 0.165, 0.2, 0.25, 0.275, 0.3, 0.325, 0.335, 0.35, or 0.375 percent (%) by weight of the composition. C. Surfactants [0019] In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one herbicide that inhibits microtubule assembly, at least one herbicide that inhibits cell wall synthesis, and a surfactant. In some embodiments, the surfactant is alcohol ethoxylate, ethoxylated sorbitan ester (eg. TWEEN® 85), caprylic/capric triglyceride, alkylpolyglucoside (e.g. a C8-10 alkylpolyglucoside), sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, 2-Ethyl hexanol ethylene oxide-propylene oxide (“EO-PO”) 5 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465 nonionic surfactant, sorbitan ester, phosphate ester of polyoxyalkylated fatty alcohol, or mixtures thereof.

[0020] The composition can comprise a surfactant in the amount of between about 2.0 to about 12.0 percent (%) by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a surfactant of alcohol ethoxylate, Ethoxylated Sorbitan Ester (e.g. TWEEN® 85), caprylic/capric triglyceride, alkylpolyglucoside (e.g. a C8-10 alkylpolyglucoside), sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, 2-Ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant, sorbitan ester, or phosphate ester of polyoxyalkylated fatty alcohol present in an amount of about 2.0 to about 12.0 percent (%) by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant in an amount of about 2.0 to about 12.0 percent (%) by weight of the composition.

[0021] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a surfactant in the amount of about 2.0, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3.0, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4.0, 4.25, 4.5, 4.69, 4.75, 5.0, 5.25, 5.5, 5.75, 6.0, 6.25, 6.5, 6.75, 7.0, 7.25, 7.5, 7.75, 8.0, 8.25, 8.5, 8.75, 9.0, 9.25, 9.5, 9.75, 10.0, 10.25, 10.5, 10.75, 11.0, 11.25, 11.5, 11.75, or 12.0 percent (%) by weight of the composition. In other embodiments, the composition comprises a surfactant of alcohol ethoxylate, Ethoxylated Sorbitan Ester (e.g. TWEEN® 85), caprylic/capric triglyceride, alkylpolyglucoside (e.g. a C8-10 alkylpolyglucoside), sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, 2-Ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant, sorbitan ester, or phosphate ester of polyoxyalkylated fatty alcohol present in an amount of about 2.0, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3.0, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4.0, 4.25, 4.5, 4.69, 4.75, 5.0, 5.25, 5.5, 5.75, 6.0, 6.25, 6.5, 6.75, 7.0, 7.25, 7.5, 7.75, 8.0, 8.25, 8.5, 8.75, 9.0, 9.25, 9.5, 9.75, 10.0, 10.25, 10.5, 10.75, 11.0, 11.25, 11.5, 11.75, or about 12.0 percent (%) by weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant in an amount of about 2.0, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3.0, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75, 4.0, 4.25, 4.5, 4.69, 4.75, 5.0, 5.25, 5.5, 6 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465 5.75, 6.0, 6.25, 6.5, 6.75, 7.0, 7.25, 7.5, 7.75, 8.0, 8.25, 8.5, 8.75, 9.0, 9.25, 9.5, 9.75, 10.0, 10.25, 10.5, 10.75,11.0, 11.25, 11.5, 11.75, or about 12.0 percent (%) by weight of the composition. D. Granular compositions [0022] In some embodiments, any of the compositions described herein can be a granular composition. The granular composition can comprise a granular carrier such as agglomerated cellulosic fibers (e.g. BIODAC®), dolomitic limestone, wood dust based chemical carriers (e.g. DG LITE™), wood fiber granules (e.g. ECOGRANULE™), crushed corn cob, crushed peanut shells, sand, and granular nitrogen, phosphorus, and/or potassium (“NPK”) fertilizers. The granular composition can comprise 80 to 95 % by weight of granular carrier. The granular composition can comprise about 80 percent (%) by weight, about 82 percent (%) by weight, about 84 percent (%) by weight, about 85 percent (%) by weight, about 86 percent (%) by weight, about 88 percent (%) by weight, about 90 percent (%) by weight, about 92 percent (%) by weight, about 94 percent (%) by weight, or about 95 percent (%) by weight of granular carrier. E. Granular compositions comprising herbicides and surfactants [0023] The composition can be a granular composition comprising at least one herbicide that inhibits microtubule assembly, at least one herbicide that inhibits cell wall synthesis, and a surfactant. In some embodiments, the composition comprises: at least one of prodiamine, benefin (benfluralin), butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, Oryzalin, Pendimethalin, trifluralin, DCPA (chlorthal-dimethyl), propyzamide (pronamide), tebutam, dithiopyr, thiazopyr, amiprophos-methyl, butamiphos, or mixtures thereof; at least one of isoxaben, flupoxamen, dichlobenil, chlorthiamid, or mixtures thereof; and a surfactant. In some embodiments, the composition comprises prodiamine, isoxaben, and a surfactant.

[0024] In some embodiments, the composition can be a granular composition comprising: at least one of prodiamine, benefin (benfluralin), butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, Oryzalin, 7 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465

Pendimethalin, trifluralin, DCPA (chlorthal-dimethyl), propyzamide (pronamide), tebutam, dithiopyr, thiazopyr, amiprophos-methyl, or butamiphos; at least one of isoxaben, flupoxamen, dichlobenil, or chlorthiamid; and alcohol ethoxylate, Ethoxylated Sorbitan Ester (eg. TWEEN® 85), caprylic/capric triglyceride, alkylpolyglucoside (eg. a C8-10 alkylpolyglucoside), sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, 2-Ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant, sorbitan ester, phosphate ester of polyoxyalkylated fatty alcohol, or mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises prodiamine, isoxaben, and 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant.

[0025] The composition can comprise: at least one of prodiamine, benefin (benfluralin), butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, Oryzalin, Pendimethalin, trifluralin, DCPA (chlorthal-dimethyl), propyzamide (pronamide), tebutam, dithiopyr, thiazopyr, amiprophos-methyl, or butamiphos in an amount of about 0.1 to about 0.450 percent (%) by weight of the composition; at least one of isoxaben, flupoxamen, dichlobenil, or chlorthiamid in an amount of about 0.125 to about 0.375 percent (%) by weight of the composition; and alcohol ethoxylate, Ethoxylated Sorbitan Ester (eg. TWEEN® 85), caprylic/capric triglyceride, alkylpolyglucoside (eg. a C8-10 alkylpolyglucoside), sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, 2-Ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant, sorbitan ester, phosphate ester of polyoxyalkylated fatty alcohol, or mixtures thereof in an amount of about 2.0 to about 12.0 percent (%) by weight of the composition. In a preferred embodiment, the composition can be a granular composition comprising prodiamine, isoxaben, and 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant.

[0026] In some embodiments, the composition comprises prodiamine in the amount of 0.178 to 0.450 % by weight of the composition, isoxaben in an amount of about 0.125 to about 0.375 percent (%) by weight of the composition, and 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant in an amount of about 2.0 to about 12.0 percent (%) by weight of the composition.

[0027] In some embodiments, a field comprises any of the compositions described herein. PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465 F. Methods of Making [0028] In some embodiments, the composition is made by combining an herbicide that inhibits microtubule assembly with a surfactant while mixing. The surfactant can be preheated to about 140 °F. An herbicide that inhibits cell wall synthesis is added to the mixture of mixture of the herbicide that inhibits microtubule assembly and the surfactant to form an active ingredient mixture while maintaining temperature and mixing. A suitable solvent can be used to dissolve the active ingredients.

[0029] The active ingredient mixture is then sprayed onto the granular carrier while mixing thoroughly. In some embodiments, the composition is made by combining prodiamine, a surfactant, and isoxaben while mixing, and then the mixture is sprayed onto a granular carrier while mixing thoroughly.

[0030] In some embodiments, the composition is made by combining prodiamine, 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant, and isoxaben while mixing, and then spraying the mixture onto a cellulosic fiber granular carrier while mixing thoroughly. G. Methods of Using [0031] Any of the compositions described herein can be applied to a field. As used herein, the term “field” refers to any area comprising a plant or crop, including a lawn, orchard, meadow, pasture, turf, arboretum, garden, nursey, vineyard, or the like. In some embodiments, any of the compositions described herein can be applied to a field to control, suppress, and/or prevent weeds. In another embodiment, any of the compositions described herein can be applied to a field comprising a plant or crop to control, suppress, and/or prevent weeds. The weeds can be at least one of Annual Bursage (Ambrosia acanthicarpd), Annual Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), Black Medic (Medicago lupulind), Black Mustard (Brassica nigra), Black Nightshade (Solanum nigruni), Blackleaved Fleabane (Cony^a bonariensis), Bracted Plaintain (Plantago aristatd), Bristly Oxtongue 9 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465 (Pirns echioide), Broadleaf Plantain (Plantago major), Buckhom Plantain (Plantago lanceolatd), Burning Nettle (Urtica urens), Burningbush (.Kochia scoparia), Buttercup Oxalis (Oxalispes-caprae), California Burclovcr {Medicagopolymophd), Chamberbitter {Phyllanthus urinaria), Canadian Horseweed {Conypi canadensis), Carolina Geranium (Geranium carolinianum), Carpetweed (Mollugo verticillata), Coast Fiddleneck {Amsinckia mensjesii var. intermedia), Common Chickweed (Stellaria media), Common Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris), Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), Common Mallow (Malva neglectd), Common Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana), Common Purslane (Portulaca oleraced), Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolid), Common Vetch (Vida sativa), Creeping Woodsorrel (Oxalis comiculata), Curly Dock (Rumex cripus), Dandelion (Taraxacum offmnale), Dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifoliurn), Dwarf Fleabane (Conypi ramosissima), Evening Primrose (Oenothera spp), False Daisy (Ecliptaprostrata), Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), Field Burweed (Soliva sessilis), Florida Betony (Stachys flordans), Florida Pusley (Richardia scabra), Fringed Redmaids (Calandrinia riliata), Green Tansymustard (Descurainia pinnata pp. brachycarpa), Hairy Bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), Hairy Galinsoga (Galinsoga quadriradiata), Heath Aster (Symphyotrichum ericoides), Henbit ("Luimium amplexicauli), Honeyvine Milkweed (Cynanchum laeve), Hyssop Spurge (Chamaesyce hyssopifolid), Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea), Ivyleaf Morning-Glory (Ipomoea hederacea), Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium), Knotweed {Polygonum spp), Ladysthumb (Polygonum persicarid), Lanceleaf Groundcherry ('Physalis angulatd), Little Mallow (Malva parviflora), Little Western Bittercress (Cardamine oligospermd), London Rocket {Sisymbrium irio), Marsh Parsley (Cyclospermum leptcphyllum), Mousear Chickweed (Cerastium fontamum pp. vulgar), Mousear Chickweed (Cerastium vulgatuni), Musk Thistle ( Carduus nutans), Nettle-Leaved Goosefoot {Chenopodium murale), Panicle Willoweed (Epilobium brachycapum), Pennsylvania Smartweed (Polygonumpensylvanicum), Pennywort {Hydrocotyle pp), Persian Speedwell (Veronica persicd), Petty Spurge (Euphorbia peplus), Pigweed {Amaranthus pp), Pineappleweed {Matricaria discoidea), Prickly Lettuce (Eactuca serriold), Prickly Sida {Sida pinosd), Prostrate Knotweed (Polygonum aviculari), Prostrate Spurge (Chamaesyce humistratd), Purple Cudweed (Gnaphalium pupureum), Purslane Speedwell (Veronica peregrina), 10 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465

Rattail Fescue (1Vulpia myuros), Redstem Filaree (Erodium dcutarium), Russian Thistle (Salsola tragus), Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis), Shepherdspurse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), Silversheath Knotweed {Polygonum argyrocoleon), Slender Plantain (Plantago hetercphylld), Southern Waterbuttons (Cotula australis), Spanish needles (Bidens alba), Spiny Sowthistle (Sonchus aspef), Spotted Spurge (Chamaesyce maculata), Stinking Chamomile (Anthemis cotuld), Sunflower (Helianthus spp), Swinecress (Coronopus didymus), Tall Morning-Glory (Ipomoeapurpured), Telegraphplant (Heterotheca grandflora), Thymeleaf Speedwell {Veronica serpyllifolid), Turkey Mullein (Croton setigerus), Venice Mallow (Hibiscus trionurn), Virginia Pepperweed (Vepidium virginicuni), Virginia Winged Rockcress (Sibara virginica), White Clover (Trifolium repens), White Eclipta {Eclipta albd), Whitestem Filaree {Erodium moschatum), Wild Carrot {Daucus carota), Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis), Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), Yellow Sweetclover (Melilotus offianalis), Yellow Woodsorrel (Oxalis strictd), Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua), Barnyardgrass {Echinochloa crus-galli), Broadleaf Signalgrass {Brachiaria platyphylla), Browntop Panicum (Panicum fasdculatuni), Crowfootgrass (Dactyloctenum aegypticum), Fall Panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum), Giant Foxtail (Setana faberi), Goosegrass (Eleusine indica), Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis), Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), Jungle Rice (Echinochloa colonum), Large Crabgrass (Digitana sanguinalis), Lovegrass (Eragrostis spp), Red Sorrell (Rumex acetoselld), Rescuegrass (Bromus catharticus), Smooth Crabgrass (Digitana ischaemum), Sprangletop {Leptochloa spp), Texas Panicum (Panicum texanum), Wandering Jew (Tradescantia %ebrind), Witchgrass (Panicum capillar), Woolly Cupgrass {Eriochloa villosd), and Yellow Foxtail (Setaria lutescens).

[0032] In some embodiments, the composition is applied to a field comprising sedum at least one of “Autumn Joy”, Abelia ‘Edward Goucher’ (Abelia grandiflora cv. Edward Goucher), Glossy Abelia (.Abelia grandiflora), Abelia ‘Sherwood’ (Abelia grandiflora cv. Sherwood), Balsam Fir (Abies balsamed), Concolor Fir (Abies concobr), Flat Top Acacia (Acacia abyssinicd), Prostrate Acacia (Acacia redolent), Shoestring Acacia (Acada stenophylla), Kiwi (Actinidia chinensis), Chocolate Vine 11 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465 (Akebia quintatd), Mimosa, Persian Silk Tree (Albina julibrissin), Lady's Leek, Nodding Onion (Allium cemuum), Australian Tree Fern (Alsophils australis), Saskatoon Serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolid), Bog Rosemary (Andromeda polifolid), Cape Mallow (Anisodonte hypomandarum), Aptenia ‘Red Apple’ (Aptenia cordifolia cv. Red Apple), King Palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), Vine Hill Manzanita (Arctostaphlos densiflord), Bearberry (Arctostaphlos uva-ursi), Cape Weed (Arctotheca calenduld), Marlberry ‘Chirimen’ (Ardisia japonica cv. Chirimen), Argyranthemum ‘Butterfly’ (Argyranthemum fmtescens cv. Butterfly), Sea Thrift ‘Bloodstone’ (Armenia maritime cv. Bloodstone), White Mugwort (Artemesia lactiflora), Foxtail Fem (Asparagus densifloms), Ming Asparagus Fern (Asparagus retrofractus), Cast Iron Plant (Aspidistra elatioi), Japanese Aucuba (Aucuba japonica), Acuba ‘Goldstrike’ (Aucuba japonica cv. Goldstrike), Coyotebush (Baccharis pulularis), Red Bauhinia (Bauhinia galpinii), Japanese Barberry ‘Crimson Pygmy’ (Berberis thunbergii cv. Crimson Pygmy), Japanese Barberry ‘Concord’ (Berberis thunbergii cv. Concord), River Birch (Betula nigrd), Paper Birch {Betula papyriferd), European White Birch (Betula penduld), Bidens ‘Peter’s Gold’ (Bidens ferultfolia cv. Peter’s Gold), Boltonia ‘Snowbank’ (Boltonia asteroides cv. Snowbank), Bougainvillea ‘Barbara Karst’ (Bougainvillea x buttiana cv. Barbara Karst), Bougainvillea ‘California Gold’ (Bougainvillea x buttiana cv. California Gold), Bougainvillea Tink Pixie’ (Bougainvillea x buttiana cv. Pink Pixie), Bougainvillea ‘Scarlet O’hara’ (Bougainvillea x buttiana cv. Scarlet O’hara), Bougainvillea ‘Temple Fire’ (Bougainvillea x buttiana cv. Temple Fire), Bougainvillea ‘Texas Dawn’ (Bougainvillea x buttiana cv. Texas Dawn), Bougainvillea Turple Queen’ (Bougainvillea x buttiana cv. Purple Queen), Bougainvillea ‘Rosenka’ (Bougainvillea x buttiana cv. Rosenka), Bottle Tree (Brachychiton populneus), Brachyscome ‘New Amethyst’ (Brachyscome X cv. New Amethyst), Black Olive (Bucida buceras), Japanese Boxwood (Buxus microphylla), Boxwood ‘Green Beauty’ (Buxus macrophylla cv. Green Beauty), Common Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens), Scotch Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Scotch Heather ‘Spring Torch’ (Calluna vulgaris cv. Spring Torch), Japanese Camellia (Camellia japonicd), Trumpet Creeper ‘Madame Galen’ (Campis x tagliabuana cv. Madame Galen), Sedge ‘Frosty Curls’ (Carex albula cv. Frosty Curls), Hottentot Fig, Ice Plant (Carpobrotus edulis), 12 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465

Feathery Cassia (Cassia artemisioides), Senna (Cassia eremophila), Japanese Plum Yew (Cephalotaxus harringtonia), Carob (Ceratonia siliqua), Ceratostigma plumbaginoides, Chinese Plumbago (Ceratostigma mllmottianurri), Redbud (Cerris canadensis), Orange Flowering Quince (Chaenomeks japonica), Cypress ‘Kosteri’ (Chamaecyparis obtusa cv. Kosteri), Cypress ‘Dwarf Hinoki’ (Chamaecyparis obtusa cv. Dwarf Hinoki), Cypress ‘Torulosa (Chamaecyparis obtusa cv. Torulosa), Cypress ‘Fernspray’ (Chamaecyparis obtusa cv. Fernspray), Cypress ‘Slender Hinoki’ (Chamaecyparis obtusa cv. Slender Hinoki), False Cypress (Chamaecyparis pisifera), False Cypress ‘Squarrosa Minima’ (Chamaecyparis pisifera cv. Squarrosa Minima), False Cypress ‘Threadleaf (Chamaecyparis pisifera cv. Threadleaf), False Cypress ‘Sawara’ (Chamaecyparis pisifera cv. Sawara), False Cypress ‘Moss’ (Chamaecyparis pisifera cv. Moss), Cat Palm, Meow (Chamaedorea cataractarum), Cluster Palm (Chamaedorea costaricana), Parlor Palm (Chamaedorea elegans), European Fan Palm, Mediterranean Fan Palm (Chamaerops humilis), Summersweet (Clethra alnfolia), Japanese Cleyera (Cleyerajaponica), Kafir Lily (Clivia miniata), Breath of Heaven (Coleonemapulchrum), Bush Morning Glory (Convolvulus cneorurri), Ground Morning Glory (Convolvulus mauritanicus), Dogwood ‘Cloud Nine’ (Comusflorida cv. Cloud Nine), Dogwood (Conus florida), Kousa Dogwood (Conus kousd), Smoke Tree ‘Royal Purple’ (Cotinus coggygria cv. Royal Purple), Smoke Tree ‘Coral Beauty’ (Cotinus dammen cv. Coral Beauty), Smoke Tree ‘Eichholz’ (Cotinus dammeri cv. Eichholz), Creeping Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster adpressus), Cranberry Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster apiculatus), Box Leafed Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster buxfolius), Pyrenees Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster congestus), Bearberry Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri), Himalayan Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster himalayan), Rock Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster horiyontalis), Rockspray Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster microphyllus), Green Hawthorn (Crataegus viridis), Japanese Cryptomeria (Cryptomeria japonica), Carrot Wood (Cupaniopsis anacardioides), Mexican Heather (Cuphea hyssopifolid), Leyland Cypress ‘Emerald Isle’ (Cupressocyparis leylandii cv. Emerald Isle), Leyland Cypress ‘Naylor's Blue’ (Cupressocyparis lylandii cv. NayloPs Blue), Arizona Cypress (Cupressus aris^onicus), Arizona Cypress ‘Blue Pyramid’ (Cupressus aris^onicus cv. Blue Pyramid), Italian Cypress (Cupressus sempervirenj, Italian Cypress ‘Glauca’ (Cupressus sempervirens cv. Glauca), 13 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465

Sago Palm (Cycas revolutd), Dwarf Umbrella Grass (Cyperus albostriatus), Holly Fem (Cyrtomium fortunei), Hollandia-Warminister Broom (Cytisuspraecox), Scotch Broom (Cytisus sccparius), Trailing Indigo Bush (Dalea greggii), Rose Daphne (Daphne cneorurn), Fragrant Daphne (Daphne odorata), Fortnight Lily (Dietes vegetd), Hopseed Bush (Dodonaea viscosd), Diamond Marguerite (Dymondia margaritad), Areca Palm (Dypsis lutescens), Gild Edge Elaeagnus (Elaeagnus ebbengei), Silverberry (Elaeagnuspungens), Fruitland Silver-Berry (Elaeagnus pungens), Red Veined Enkianthus (Enkianthus companulatus), Absynnian Banana (Ensete ventricosuni), Hardy Pampasgrass (Erianthus ravennae), Purple Bell Heather (Erica dnered), Mediterranean Pink Heather (Erica darleyensana), Cornish Heather (Erica vagans), Fleabane ‘Darkest of All’ (.Erigeron spedosus cv. Darkest of All), Escallonia (Escalonia x exoniensis), Red Gum Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), Silver Dollar Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus dnered), Coolibah Tree (Eucalyptus microtheca), Red ironbark Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sideroxylon), Teenie Genie Brushcherry (Eugenia myritifolid), Dwarf Brush Cherry (Eugenia myritifolid), Japanese Spindle Tree ‘Gold Spot' (Euonymus japonicas cv. Gold Spot), Japanese Spindle Tree (Euonymus japonicus), European Beach (Fagus sylvaticd), Aralia Ivy (X Fatshedera li^et), Japanese Aralia (Fatsiajaponica), Blue Fescue (Festuca ovind), Ficus Tree (Ficus benjamind), Forsythia (Forsythia x intermedid), Forsythia ‘Spring Glory’ (Forsythia x intermedia cv. Spring Glory), Weeping Forsythia (Forsythia suspensd), Greenstem Forsythia (Forsythia viridissimd), Shamel Ash (Fraxinus udhei), Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens), Carolina jessamine ifdelsemium sempervirens), Woadwaxen (Genista pilosa), Ginko (Ginko bilobd), Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), Hakonechloa ‘Aureola’ (Hakonechloa macroaureolo cv. Aureola), Common Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiand), Lilac Vine (Hardenbergia mlacea), Boxleaf hebe (Hebe buxifolia), Algerian Ivy (Hedera canadensis), English Ivy (Hedera helix), Sunrose (Helianthemum nummulariuni), Licorice Plant ‘White Licorice’ (Helichysumpetiolare cv. White Licorice), Common Heliotrope (Heliotropiumfragrans), Red Yucca (Heperalo parvifolia), Rose Mallow ‘Disco Bell White’ (Hibiscus moscheutos cv. Disco Bell White), Hosta ‘Francee’ (Hosta x cv. Francee), Hosta Tatriot’ (Hosta x cv. Patriot), Hosta ‘Albomarginata’ (Hosta landfolia f. albomarginata), Narrow Leafed Hosta (Hosta landfolid), Hosta 14 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465 ‘Fortunei’ (Hosta x cv. Fortunei), I losta (Hostaplantqgined), Chameleon Plant (Houttuynia cordatd), Butte Marigold, Angelita Daisy (Hymenoxys acaulis), Flolly ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ (Ilex x cv. Nellie R. Stevens), English Holly (Ilex aquifolium), English Holly ‘Gold Coast’ (Ilex aquifolium cv. Gold coast), Holly ‘San Jose’ (Ilex x aquipemyi cv. San Jose), Holly ‘Savannah’ (Ilex x attenuate cv. Savannah), Dahoon Holly (Ilex cassine), Chinese Holly ‘Burford’ (Ilex comuta cv. Burford), Chinese Holly ‘Needlepoint’ (Ilex comuta cv. Needlepoint), Chinese Holly ‘Dwarf Burford’ (Ilex comuta cv. Dwarf Burford), Chinese Holly (Ilex comuta), Japanese Holly (Ilex crenata), Japanese Holly ‘Convexa’ (Ilex crenata cv. Convexa), Japanese Holly ‘Green Luster’ (Ilex crenata cv. Green Luster), Japanese Holly ‘Hetzii’ (Ilex crenata cv. Hetzii), Japanese Holly ‘Steeds’ (Ilex crenata cv. Steeds), Japanese Holly ‘Stokes’ (Ilex crenata cv. Stokes), Inkberry (Ilex glabra), Inkberry ‘Compacts’ (Ilex glabra cv. Compacts), Meserve Holly ‘Ebony Magic’ (Ilex x meserveae cv. Ebony Magic), Pemy’s Holly (Ilexpemyi), Yaupon Holly (Ilex vomitorid), Yaupon Holly ‘Nana’, Dwarf Yaupon Holly (Ilex vomitoria cv. Nana), Yaupon Holly Tendula’, Weeping Yaupon Holly (Ilex vomitoria cv. Pendula), Japanese Stare Anise (lUidum annisatum), Swordleaf Inula (Inula ensifolid), Momining Glory ‘Blue Dawn’ (Ipomea acuminate cv. Blue Dawn), Japanese Iris ‘Jodelsong’ (Iris ensata cv. Jodelsong), Dwarf Iris (Iris pumila), Siberian Iris ‘Cabernet’ (Ins sibmca cv. Cabernet), Virginia Iris (Ins virginica), Virginia Sweetspire ‘Henry’s Garnet’ (Itea virginica cv. Henry’s Garnet), Scarlet Jungleflame (Ixora cocanea), Winter Jasmine Jasminum nudflomm), Angel Wing Jasmine (Jasminum nitidum), Pink Jasmine (Jasminum polyanthum), Chinese Juniper (Juniperus chinensis), Juniper Old Gold’ (Junipems chinensis cv. Old Gold), Juniper ‘Pfitzeriana Glauca’ (Junipems chinensis cv. Pfitzeriana Glauca), Juniper ‘Sea Green’ (Junipems chinensis cv. Sea Green), Juniper ‘Parsonii’, Parsons Juniper Junipems davurica cv. Parsonii), Creeping Juniper Junipems hori^ontalis), Creeping Juniper ‘Andorra’ Junipems hori^ontalis cv. Andorra), Creeping Juniper ‘Andorra Compacts’ Junipems hori^ontalis cv. Andorra Compacts), Creeping Juniper ‘Bar Harbor’ Junipems hori^ontaBs cv. Bar Harbor), Creeping Juniper ‘Blue Chip Junipems hoH^ontalis cv. Blue Chip), Creeping Juniper ‘Blue Rug’ Juniperus hon^ontalis cv. Blue Rug), Creeping Juniper ‘Huntington’ Junipems 15 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465 hori^ontalis cv. Huntington), Japanese Garden Juniper (Junipems procumbent?), Savin Juniper ‘Broadmoor’ (junipems sabina cv. Broadmoor), Savin Juniper ‘Hicksii’ (junipems sabina cv. Hicksii), Savin Juniper {junipems sabina), Rocky Mountain Juniper ‘Emerald Green’ {Juniperus sccpulomm cv. Emerald Green), Rocky Mountain Juniper ‘Wichita Blue’ (Junipems scopulomm cv. Wichita Blue), Himalayan Juniper (Junipems squamatd), Hollywood Juniper (Junipems tomlosd), Eastern Redcedar Junipems virginiand), Shrimp Plant Justica brandegeand), Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolid), Flamenco Red Hot Poker (Kniphofia uvarid), Crape Myrtle 'Burgundy Cotton' (jMgerstromia indica cv. Burgundy Cotton), Texas Sage (Jxuccphyllum fmtescen.r), Chihuahan Sage ('Leucophyllum laevigatum), Coastal Doghobble ('{Leucothoe axillaris), Drooping Fetterbush ("Leucothoe fontanesiana), Common Privet ‘Lodense’ (JJgustmm vulgare cv. Lodense), Amur Privet JJgustmm amurensd), Japanese Privet, Waxleaf Privet (JJgustmm japonicuni), Japanese Privet ‘Texanum’ (JJgustmm japonicum cv. Texanum), Japanese Privet ‘Variegatum’ (JJgustmm japonicum cv. Variegatum), Glossy Privet (JJgustmm luddum), California Privet (JJgustmm ovalifolium), Chinese Privet (JJgustmm sinenset), Ligustrum ‘Cheyenne’ (JJgustmm vulgare cv. Cheyenne), Sea Lavender, Status (JJmonium peretji), American Sweetgum (JJquidambar styrariflua), Giant Lily Turf (JJricpe giganted), Liriope ‘Big Blue’, Lillyturf ‘Big Blue’ (JJriope muscari cv. Big Blue), Liriope ‘Lilac Beauty’ ('JJricpe muscari cv. Lilac Beauty), Liriope ‘Majestic’ (JJriope muscari cv. Majestic), Liriope ‘Monroe White’ (JJriope muscari cv. Monroe White), Liriope ‘Silvery Sunproof (JJriope muscari cv. Silvery Sunproof), Liriope ‘Variegata’ (JJriope muscari cv. Yariegata), Liriope ‘Silver Dragon’ (JJriope spicata cv. Silver Dragon), Creeping Lirope (JJriope spicata), Cardinal flower, Indian Pink (.Jobelia cardinalis), Winter Honeysuckle Jjonicera fragrantissima), Flowering Woodbine (Jonicera periclymenurri), Flowering Woodbine ‘Serotina’ (Jjonicera periclymenum cv. Serotina), Trumpet Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens), Tatarian Honeysuckle (Jjonicera tataricd), Loropetalum 'Burgundy' (Loropetalum chinense cv. Burgundy), Loropetalum 'Ruby' (Jmoropetalum chinense cv. Ruby), Loropetalum ‘Sizzling Pink’ (Jjoropetalum chinense cv. Sizzling Pink), Loropetalum ‘Razzleberri’ (Jjoropetalum chinense cv. Razzleberri), Moneywort (Lysimaria mummularid), Spotted Loosestrife ('Jysimaria punctata), 16 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465

Southern Magnolia {Magnolia grandiflord), Saucer Magnolia (Magnolia x soulangeand), Magnolia ‘Royal Star’ {Magnolia stellate cv. Royal Star), Oregon Grape (Mahonia aquafolium), Leather Leaf Mahonia ‘Beali’ (Mahonia japonica cv. Beali), Creeping Mahonia (Mahonia repens), Ice Plant (Malephora luteold), Mandevilla ‘Red Riding Hood’ (Mandevilla splendens cv. Red Riding Hood), Ostrich Fern (Matteucria struthicpterij, Banana Shrub, Port Wine Magnolia (Michelia figo), Maiden Grass, Eulalia (Miscanthus sinensii), Maiden Grass ‘Silberfeder’ (Miscanthus sinensis cv. Silberfeder), Maiden Grass ‘Yaku Jima’ (Miscanthus sinensis cv. Yaku Jima), White Mulberry (Moms albd), Banana (Musa acuminata), Creeping Myoporum Tutah Creek’ (Myoporum parvifolium cv. Putah Creek), Southern Wax Myrtle (Myrica ceriferd), Northern Bayberry (Myricapennsylvanicd), Nandina (Nandina domesticd), Ozark Sundrops, Evening Primrose (Oenothera missouriensis), Evening Primrose ‘Siskiyou’ (Oenothera speciosa cv. Siskiyou), Olive* (Oka eurcpaed), Sensitive Fem (Onoclea sensibilii), Mondo Grass ‘Nanus’ (Ophiopogon japonicas cv. Nanus), Mondo Grass (Ophiopogon japonicus), Hopflower (Origanum libanoticum), Sweet Osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrant), Holly Osmanthus {Osmanthus heterophyllus), Holly Osmanthus ‘Gulf Tide’ ('Osmanthus heterophyllus cv. Gulf Tide), Trailing African Daisy (Osteospermum fruticosurn), Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), Japanese Spurge ‘Green Sheen’ {Pachysandra terminalis cv. Green Sheen), Tree Peony (Paeonia suffruticosd), Penstemon ‘Apple Blossom’ (Penstemon x gloxinoides), Moss Phlox (Phlox subulatd), Pygmy Date Palm (Phoenix roebelenit), New Zealand Flax ‘Jack Spratt’ (Phormium tenax), Common Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius), Obedient Plant ‘Vivid’ (Physostegia virginiana cv. Vivid), Weeping Norway Spruce (Picea abies cv. Pendula), Spreading Norway Spruce {Picea abies cv. Elegans), Norway Spruce (Picea abies), White Spruce (Picea glaucd), Dwarf Alberta Spruce (Picea glauca cv. Conica), Colorado Blue Spruce {Piceapungens), Hoop’s Blue Spruce (Piceapungens cv. Hoopsii), Blue Spruce ‘Kosteri’ {Piceapungens cv. Kosteri), Pieris, Japanese Andromeda {Pirnsjaponica), Pieris ‘Mountain of Fire’ (Pieris japonica cv. Mountain of Fire), Pieris ‘Snowdrift1 (Pieris japonica cv. Snowdrift), Pieris ‘Temple Bells’ (Pierisjaponica cv. Temple Bells), Pieris ‘Valley Rose’ (Pierisjaponica cv. Valley Rose), Pieris ‘Valley Valentine’ (Pieris japonica cv. Valley Valentine), Mugo Pine (Pinus mugp, 17 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465

Bristlecone Pine (Pinus aristatd), Canary Island Pine (Pinus canadensis), Shore Pine, Lodgepole Pine {Pirns contortd), Eldarica Pine (Pinus eldaricd), Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii), Aleppo Pine (Pinus halfensii), Bosnian Pine (Pinus leucodermis), Black Pine (Pinus nigra), Longleaf Pine (Pinuspalustns), Monterey Pine (Pinus radiatd), Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus), Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris), Scotch Pine ‘Fastigiata’ (Pinus sylvestds cv. Fastigiata), Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda), Japanese Black Pine (Pinus thunbergii), Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiand), Queensland Pittosporum (Pittospomm rhombifolium), Kohuhu ‘Golf Ball’ (Pittospomm tenuifoRum cv. Golf Ball), Japanese Pittosporum (Pittospomm tobira), Japanese Pittospomm ‘Wheeler’s Dwarf (Pittospomm tobira cv. Wheeler’s Dwarf), Sycamore (Platanus ocddentalis), California Sycamore (Platanus racemosd), Plumbago (Plumbago auriculata), Plumbago (Plumbago capensis), Buddhist Pine, Yew Podocarpus (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Sweet Pea Shrub (Polygala fruticosa), Christmas Fem (Polystichum acrostichoidei), Tassel Fern (Polystichum polyblephamni), Eastern Cottonwood (Pcpulus deltoidei), Strawberry Cinquefoil (Potentilla fragiformis), Shrubby Cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa), Cinquefoil ‘Floppy Disc’ (Potentilla fruticosa cv. Floppy Disc), Cinquefoil ‘Gold Drop’ (Potentilla fruticosa cv. Gold Drop), Cinquefoil ‘Goldfmger’ (Potentilla fruticosa cv. Goldfinger), Cinquefoil ‘Red Ace’ (Potentilla fruticosa cv. Red Ace), Cinquefoil ‘Sunset’ (Potentilla fruticosa cv. Sunset), Cinquefoil ‘Tangerine’ (Potentilla fruticosa cv. Tangerine), Spring Cinquefoil (Potentilla vemd), Chilean Mesquite (Prosopis chilensis), Cherry Laurel, English Laurel (Pmnus laurocerasus), Cherry Laurel Otto Luyken’ (Prunus laurocerasus cv. Otto Luyken), Carolina Cherry Laurel (Pmnus caroliniand), Carolina Cherry Laurel ‘Bright 'n Tight’ (Pmnus caroliniana cv. Bright ‘n Tight), Dwarf Flowering Almond (Pmnus glandulosd), Yoshino Cherry (Pmnus x yedoensis), Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menfesii), Strawberry Guava (Psidium cattkianurn), Scarlet Firethom (Pyracantha coccined), Scarlet Firethorn ‘Lalandei’ (Pyracantha cocanea cv. Lalandei), Pyracantha, Chinese Firethorn (Pyracantha fortuneand), Pyracantha ‘Monon’ (Pyracantha fortuneana cv. Monon), Pyracantha ‘Red Elf (Pyracantha fortuneana cv. Red Elf), Pyracantha ‘Rutgers Hybrid’ (Pyracantha fortuneana cv. Rutgers Hybrid), Pyracantha, Formosa Firethorn (Pyracantha koidsyumii), Pyracantha ‘Victory’ (Pyracantha koidyumii cv. Victory), 18 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465

Pyracantha ‘Santa Cruz’ {Pyracantha koids^umii cv. Santa Cruz), Bear Oak (Quercus ilicifolia), Pin Oak (Quercus palusths), Willow Oak (Quercus phellos), Eastern Red Oak Quercus rubrd), Shumard Oak (Quercus shumardii), Mexican Hat (Ratibida columniferd), Majesty Palm (Ravenea rivularis), Indian Hawthorn (Rhaphiolepis indica), Indian Hawthorn ‘Charisma’ (Rhaphiolepis indica cv. Charisma), Indian Hawthorn ‘Enchantress’ (Rbcphiolepsis indica cv. Enchantress), Indian Hawthorn ‘Springtime’ (Rhaphiolepis indica cv. Springtime), Indian Hawthorn ‘Ballerina’ (Rhaphiolepis indica cv. Ballerina), Yeddo Hawthorne (Rhaphiolepis ovata), Azalea ‘Fashion’ {Rhododendron x cv. Fashion), Azalea Wakaebisu’ (Rhododendron x cv. Wakaebisu ), Azalea ‘George Tabor’ {Rhododendron x cv. George Tabor ), Azalea ‘Delaware Valley White’ (Rhododendron x cv. Delaware Valley White), Azalea ‘Girard’s Roberta’ (Rhododendron x cv. Girard’s Roberta), Azalea ‘Girard’s Crimson’ (Rhododendron x cv. Girard’s Crimson), Exbury ‘Azalea Golden Flare’ (Azalea x cv. Golden Flare), Azalea ‘Helmut Vogel’ (Rhododendron x cv. Helmut Vogel), Azalea ‘Hershey Red’ (Rhododendron x cv. Hershey Red), Azalea ‘Inga’ (Rhododendron x cv. Inga), Azalea ‘Irene Koster’ (Rhododendron x Irene Koster), Azalea ‘President Clay5 (Rhododendron indicum cv. President Clay ), Azalea ‘Tradition’ (Rhododendron x Tradition), Rhododendron ‘Elizabeth’ (Rhododendron forrestii x griersonianum cv. Elizabeth), Flame Azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum), Klondyke Azalea (Rhododendron calendulaceum cv. Klondyke), Azalea ‘Cannon's Double’ (Azalea x cv. Cannon’s Double), Dwarf Purple Rhododendron (Rhododendron impeditum), Azalea ‘Blue Danube’ {Rhododendron x kaempferi cv. Blue Danube), Great Laurel Rosebay Rhododendron {Rhododendron maximuni), Korean Rhododendron (Rhododendron mucronulatuni), Kurume Azalea {Rhododendron obtusum), Rhododendron ‘Chionoides’ {Rhododendron xponticum cv. Chionoides), Rhododendron ‘Dwarf Scarlet Wonder’ (Rhododendron x cv. Dwarf Scarlet Wonder), Rhododendron ‘Trilby’ (Rhododendron racemosum cv. Trilby), Rhododendron ‘Ramapo’ (Rhododendron x cv. Ramapo), Azalea ‘Gumpo Pink’ (Azalea x cv. Gumpo Pink), Azalea ‘Higasa’ {Azalea x cv. Higasa), Lady Banks’ Rose (Rosa banksiae), Leatherleaf Fern {Rumohra adiantiformis), Spineless Butchers Broom (Ruscus hypophylluni), Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica), Green Lavender Cotton (Santolina virens), Dwarf Bamboo (Sasapygmaea), 19 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465

Skull Cap (Scutellaria resinosa), Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Giant Sequoia (S equoiadendron giganteuni), Japanese skimmia (Skimmia japonica), Reeves Skimmia (Skimmia reevesiana), Paraguay Nightshade (Solatium rantonnetii), Spirea 'Anthony Watered (Spiraea x bumalda cv. Anthony Waterer), Spirea ‘Magic Carpet’ (Spiraea japonica cv. Magic Carpet), Spiraea ‘Neon Flash’ (Spiraea japonica cv. Neon Flash), Spiraea ‘Shirobana’ (Spiraea japonica cv. Shirobana), Vanhoutte Spirea (Spiraea japonica x vanhouttei), Marmalade Bush (Streptosolen jamesonit), Mahogany (Swietenia mahogani), Common Lilac (Syringa vulgaris), Magenta Cherry (Sysygium paniculatum), Japanese Yew (Taxus cupidatd), Yew (Taxus media), Cape Honeysuckle (Tecomaria capensis), Japanese Ternstroemia ("Temstroemia gymnanthera), Bush Germander (Teucrium fruticans), Yunnan Meadow Rue (Thalictrum dipterocapum), Yellow Oleander ('Thevetia neriifolia), Arborvitae, American Arborvitae (Thuja ocddentalis), Arborvitae ‘Emerald’ (Thuja ocridentalis cv. Emerald), Arborvitae ‘Globe’ (Thuja ocddentalis cv. Globe), Arborvitae ‘Little Giant’ (Thuja ocddentalis cv. Little Giant), Arborvitae ‘Dark Green’ (Thuja ocddentalis cv. Dark Green), Arborvitae ‘Pyramidal’ (Thuja ocddentalis cv. Pyramidalis), Arborvitae ‘Rheingold’ (Thuja ocddentalis cv. Rheingold), Arborvitae ‘Techny’ (Thuja ocddentalis cv. Techny), Woodward's Arborvitae (Thuja ocddentalis cv. Woodwardii), Arborvitae ‘Aurea Nana’ (Thuja orientalis cv. Aurea Nana), Princess Flower (Tihouchina urvilleana), Asian Star Jasmine, Star Jasmine ('Trachelospermum asiaticuni), Windmill Palm (Trachycarpus fortunei), Canada Hemlock, Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Society Garlic ("Tulbaghia molaced), Chinese Elm (Ulmus panifolid), Koreanspice Viburnum (Viburnum carlesii), David Viburnum (Viburnum davidii), Japanese Viburnum (Viburnum japonicum), Wayfaring Tree (Viburnum lantana), Sweet Viburnum (Viburnum odoratissimum), Japanese Snowball (Viburnum plicatum), Doublefile Viburnum (Viburnum plicatum f. tomentosum), Prague Viburnum (Viburnum x pragense), Canary Island Viburnum (Viburnum tinus subsp. rigidum), Tea Viburnum (Viburnum setigerum), Sandankwa viburnum (Viburnum suspensum), Laurustinus (Viburnum tinus), Laurustinus ‘Spring Bouquet’ (Viburnum tinus cv. Spring Bouquet), American Cranberrybush Viburnum (Viburnum trilobum), Wright’s Viburnum (Viburnum wightii), Bigleaf Periwinkle (Vinca major), 20 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465

Dwarf Periwinkle (Vinca minor), Mexican Fan Palm (Washingtonia robusta), Shiny Xylosma QCylosma senticosa), Spanish Bayonet (Yucca aloifolid), Yucca Adam's Needle (Yucca filamentosd), and Cardboard Palm (Zamia furfuraced).

[0033] Any of the above described compositions can have a synergistic effect of reduced phytotoxicity as compared to a composition comprising at least about 1.5 times the amount of active ingredient. In some embodiments, the composition comprises an herbicide that inhibits microtubule assembly (e.g. an herbicide that is in WSSA Group 3), an herbicide that inhibits cell wall synthesis {e.g. those herbicides in WSSA Group 21), and a surfactant, and has a synergistic effect of reduced phytotoxicity at a time of greater than about 3, greater than about 7, greater than about 14, greater than about 21, greater than about 28, greater than about 60, or greater than about 90 days after treatment. In another embodiment, the composition comprises prodiamine, isoxaben, and a surfactant, and has a synergistic effect of reduced phytotoxicity at a time of greater than about 3, greater than about 7, greater than about 14, greater than about 21, greater than about 28, greater than about 60, or greater than about 90 days after treatment. In some embodiments, the composition comprises prodiamine, isoxaben, and 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant, and has a synergistic effect of reduced phytotoxicity at a time of greater than about 3, greater than about 7, greater than about 14, greater than about 21, greater than about 28, greater than about 60, or greater than about 90 days after treatment. In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises prodiamine in an amount of about 0.178 to about 0.450 percent (%) by weight of the composition, isoxaben in an amount of about 0.125 to about 0.375 percent (%) by weight of the composition, and 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant in an amount of about 2.0 to about 12.0 percent (%) by weight of the composition, and has a synergistic effect of reduced phytotoxicity at a time of greater than about 3, greater than about 7, greater than about 14, greater than about 21, greater than about 28, greater than about 60, or greater than about 90 days after treatment. 21 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465 [0034] In some embodiments, any of the compositions described herein can be applied to weeds with a synergistic herbicidal activity. In another embodiment, the composition has equal or higher herbicidal activity than a composition comprising greater the amount (eg. about 1.5 times the amount) of agriculturally active ingredient at a time of greater than about 3, greater than about 7, greater than about 14, greater than about 21, greater than about 28, greater than about 60, or greater than about 90 days after treatment.

[0035] In some embodiments, the composition comprises prodiamine, isoxaben, and 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant, and has a synergistic level of herbicidal activity at a time of greater than about 3, greater than about 7, greater than about 14, greater than about 21, greater than about 28, greater than about 60, or greater than about 90 days after treatment. In another embodiment, the composition comprises prodiamine in an amount of about 0.178 to about 0.450 percent (%) by weight of the composition, isoxaben in an amount of about 0.125 to about 0.375 percent (%) by weight of the composition, and 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant in an amount of about 2.0 to about 12.0 percent (%) by weight of the composition, and has a synergistic level of herbicidal activity at a time of greater than about 3, greater than about 7, greater than about 14, greater than about 21, greater than about 28, greater than about 60, or greater than about 90 days after treatment. The composition can comprise prodiamine in an amount of about 0.178 to about 0.450 percent (%) by weight of the composition, isoxaben in an amount of about 0.125 to about 0.375 percent (%) by weight of the composition, and 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant in an amount of about 2.0 to about 12.0 percent (%) by weight of the composition, and has an equal or greater herbicidal activity than a composition comprising a greater amount of prodiamine and/or isoxaben at a time of greater than about 3, greater than about 7, greater than about 14, greater than about 21, greater than about 28, greater than about 60, or greater than about 90 days after treatment. 22 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465 [0036] Any of the compositions described herein can have the same efficacy as a composition comprising a greater amount (e.g. twice of the amount) of the active ingredients. In an embodiment, the composition comprises prodiamine in an amount of about 0.178 to about 0.450 percent (%) by weight of the composition, isoxaben in an amount of about 0.125 to about 0.375 percent (%) by weight of the composition, and 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant in an amount of about 2.0 to about 12.0 percent (%) by weight of the composition, and has a reduced amount of active ingredient as compared to a composition comprising an amount of isoxaben and prodiamine, but the same efficacy as the comparative composition.

[0037] Any of the compositions described herein can be applied to field at an amount equivalent to about 50 %, 55 %, 57.5%, 60 %, 62.5 %, 65%, 67.5 %, 70 %, 72.5 %, 75 %, 77.5 %, or about 80 % of the 1.5 lbs/acre/year usage limit for prodiamine and 1.0 lbs/acre/year limit for isoxaben.

[0038] The following specific examples are presented to further illustrate certain aspects of the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. In the following examples, all percentages and parts are by weight unless otherwise specified. 23 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465

EXAMPLES

Example 1 [0039] Several formulations were made to demonstrate how effective surfactants were at releasing the active ingredients from granular carriers. Each formulation was made with 0.65% prodiamine and 0.5% isoxaben.

Table 1.

No. Surfactant % AI % AI % Released % Released Isoxaben Prodiamine Isoxaben Prodiamine 1 5% 2-Ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant 0.128 0.135 25.652 20.840 2 5% Ethoxylated Sorbitan Ester 0.099 0.017 19.756 2.598 3 5 % alcohol ethoxylate 7 mol 0.081 0.067 17.734 9.210 4 5% alcohol ethoxylate 12 mol 0.080 0.044 16.808 7.037 5 5% 2-Ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant 0.039 0.113 22.883 48.584 6 5% Cfj-Cm alkylpolyglucoside 0.036 0.006 7.144 0.989 7 2.5% alcohol ethoxylate 7 mol 0.033 0.017 6.692 2.648 8 No Surfactant 0.023 0.011 4.587 1.706 9 5% sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate 0.018 0.010 3.646 1.533 10 1 % alcohol ethoxylate 7 mol 0.010 0.027 2.345 4.028 11 standard in water 0.010 ND 1.320 0.000 [0040] The results in Table 1 demonstrate that formulations that include 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO proved the best in releasing maximum amount of the actives off the carrier compared to the other formulations.

Example 2 [0041] Several formulations were made to compare the herbicidal activity of compositions comprising varying amounts of isoxaben and prodiamine, as well as varying types of surfactants and amount of surfactant. Twelve formulations were prepared, with formulations 1—10 using 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO as the surfactant, and Formulations 11—12 using alcohol ethoxylate as the surfactant. 24 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465 [0042] The Formulations were tested on seven weed species, and the tests were run in at least two locations. Standard soilless nursery substrates and irrigation practices were used. The trials were designed as randomized complete block trials with five blocks and three replicates. This trial was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replicates, with an application rate of 11.2 g/m2.

[0043] Compositions were made according to the Table 2:

Table 2. Treatment Isoxaben % Prodiamine % Surfactant Surfactant % Formulation #1 0.25 0.355 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO 7 Formulation #2 0.25 0.75 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO 2 Formulation #3 0.5 0.355 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO 2 Formulation #4 0.25 0.375 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO 3.5 Formulation #5 0.25 0.375 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO 2 Formulation #6 0.25 0.355 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO 3.5 Formulation #7 0.335 0.128 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO 1.19 Formulation #8 0.085 0.128 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO 4.69 Formulation #9 0.085 0.503 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO 1.19 Formulation #10 0.165 0.248 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO 2.31 Formulation #11 0.5 0.65 alcohol ethoxylate 1 Formulation #12 0.5 0.65 alcohol ethoxylate 5 Untreated - - - - [0044] The formulations of Table 2 were applied to the weed species, and the percentage of control was measured as shown in Table 3. 25 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465

Table 3: Percentage Control of Weed Seed Germination. Treatments and related formulation information are given on the left. Degree of control over the 90 day period is given where available. The figures represent percent control for all locations. Groundsel screening was terminated at flowering and Hairy Bittercress screening was terminated at

Trt. Formula Component % Isox. Prod. Surf. 3 7 Days After Treatment 14 21 28 60 90 Annual Bluegrass 1 0.25 0.355 7 100% 100% 96% 93% 90% 56% 64% 2 0.25 0.75 2 100% 100% 91% 85% 82% 67% 72% 3 0.5 0.355 2 100% 100% 69% 73% 62% 42% 53% 4 0.25 0.375 3.5 100% 100% 81% 76% 66% 50% 56% 5 0.25 0.375 2 100% 100% 79% 76% 69% 42% 42% 6 0.25 0.355 3.5 100% 100% 75% 72% 67% 44% 53% 7 0.335 0.128 1.19 100% 100% 73% 57% 42% 8% 17% 8 0.085 0.128 4.69 100% 100% 50% 42% 27% 17% 8% 9 0.085 0.503 1.19 100% 100% 72% 74% 71% 42% 39% 10 0.165 0.248 2.31 100% 100% 78% 73% 60% 42% 44% 11 0.5 0.65 1 100% 100% 82% 75% 66% 53% 44% 12 0.5 0.65 5 100% 100% 92% 91% 84% 42% 50% Days After Treatment Formula Component % 3 7 14 21 28 60 90 Trt. Isox. Prod. Surf. Chickeweed 1 0.25 0.355 7 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 2 0.25 0.75 2 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 3 0.5 0.355 2 100% 99% 100% 100% 100% 100% 98% 4 0.25 0.375 3.5 100% 99% 100% 99% 99% 99% 96% 5 0.25 0.375 2 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 96% 6 0.25 0.355 3.5 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% 90% 7 0.335 0.128 1.19 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 92% 8 0.085 0.128 4.69 100% 98% 98% 97% 96% 81% 79% 9 0.085 0.503 1.19 100% 99% 99% 99% 99% 99% 86% 10 0.165 0.248 2.31 100% 100% 98% 99% 99% 98% 96% 11 0.5 0.65 1 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 12 0.5 0.65 5 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 98% Days After Treatment Formula Component % 3 7 14 21 28 60 90 Trt. Isox. Prod. Surf. Groundsel 1 0.25 0.355 7 100% 100% 92% 91% 85% 2 0.25 0.75 2 96% 100% 73% 72% 63% 3 0.5 0.355 2 92% 100% 84% 80% 71% 4 0.25 0.375 3.5 96% 100% 73% 72% 58% 5 0.25 0.375 2 96% 100% 81% 79% 72% 6 0.25 0.355 3.5 92% 100% 76% 78% 68% 26 WO 2016/118465 PCT/US2016/013829 7 0.335 0.128 1.19 100% 100% 59% 66% 54% 8 0.085 0.128 4.69 81% 100% 42% 43% 27% 9 0.085 0.503 1.19 100% 100% 56% 47% 43% 10 0.165 0.248 2.31 0"- 00 00 100% 67% 66% 54% 11 0.5 0.65 1 100% 100% 82% 83% 76% 12 0.5 0.65 5 100% 100% 84% 80% 74% Days After Treatment Formula Component % 3 7 14 21 28 60 90 Trt. Isox. Prod. Surf. Hairy Bittercress 1 0.25 0.355 7 100% 100% 100% 97% 100% 100% 2 0.25 0.75 2 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% 3 0.5 0.355 2 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 4 0.25 0.375 3.5 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99% 5 0.25 0.375 2 100% 100% 100% 97% 100% 99% 6 0.25 0.355 3.5 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 97% 7 0.335 0.128 1.19 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 97% 8 0.085 0.128 4.69 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 86% 9 0.085 0.503 1.19 100% 100% 95% 94% 94% 75% 10 0.165 0.248 2.31 100% 100% 97% 100% 100% 99% 11 0.5 0.65 1 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 12 0.5 0.65 5 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Days After Treatment Formula Component % 3 7 14 21 28 60 90 Trt. Isox. Prod. Surf. White Clover 1 0.25 0.355 7 100% 100% 81% 77% 95% 98% 95% 2 0.25 0.75 2 100% 100% 71% 77% 84% 86% 69% 3 0.5 0.355 2 100% 100% 70% 80% 86% 0"- OO OO 90% 4 0.25 0.375 3.5 100% 100% 67% 83% 85% 89% 90% 5 0.25 0.375 2 100% 100% 69% 63% 84% 83% 63% 6 0.25 0.355 3.5 100% 100% 64% 67% 89% 91% 82% 7 0.335 0.128 1.19 100% 100% 80% 77% 92% 91% 80% 8 0.085 0.128 4.69 100% 100% 51% 37% 73% 72% 40% 9 0.085 0.503 1.19 100% 100% 41% 33% 73% 73% 43% 10 0.165 0.248 2.31 100% 100% 44% 70% 75% 76% 48% 11 0.5 0.65 1 100% 100% 74% 70% 91% 90% 77% 12 0.5 0.65 5 100% 100% 79% 83% 94% 94% 0"- 00 00 Days After Treatment Formula Component % 3 7 14 21 28 60 90 Trt. Isox. Prod. Surf. Canada Horseweed 1 0.25 0.355 7 100% 100% 100% 100% 96% 98% 97% 2 0.25 0.75 2 100% 100% 100% 100% 96% 95% 95% 3 0.5 0.355 2 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 95% 87% 4 0.25 0.375 3.5 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 84% 82% 27 WO 2016/118465 PCT/US2016/013829 5 0.25 0.375 2 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 91% 87% 6 0.25 0.355 3.5 100% 100% 100% 100% 96% 95% 95% 7 0.335 0.128 1.19 100% 100% 100% 100% 96% 91% 90% 8 0.085 0.128 4.69 100% 100% 90% 100% 87% 74% 74% 9 0.085 0.503 1.19 100% 100% 100% 94% 91% 74% 72% 10 0.165 0.248 2.31 100% 100% 80% 100% 100% 88% 90% 11 0.5 0.65 1 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 93% 92% 12 0.5 0.65 5 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 95% 92% Days After Treatment Formula Component % 3 7 14 21 28 60 90 Trt. Isox. Prod. Surf. Crabgrass 1 0.25 0.355 7 100% 100% 98% 99% 98% 99% 73% 2 0.25 0.75 2 100% 100% 98% 100% 99% 100% 80% 3 0.5 0.355 2 100% 100% 95% 96% 92% 85% 47% 4 0.25 0.375 3.5 100% 100% 94% 97% 97% 93% 80% 5 0.25 0.375 2 100% 100% 96% 96% 97% 99% 80% 6 0.25 0.355 3.5 100% 100% 96% 96% 88% 92% 60% 7 0.335 0.128 1.19 100% 100% 73% 73% 72% 20% 13% 8 0.085 0.128 4.69 100% 100% 74% 80% 78% 32% 7% 9 0.085 0.503 1.19 100% 100% 85% 95% 97% 93% 66% 10 0.165 0.248 2.31 100% 100% 95% 93% 90% 66% 39% 11 0.5 0.65 1 100% 100% 93% 95% 96% 92% 67% 12 0.5 0.65 5 100% 100% 99% 99% 98% 99% 93% [0045] Table 3 demonstrates that compositions comprising isoxaben and prodiamine in reduced amounts of active ingredient can result in equal or greater herbicidal control as compared to a composition comprising isoxaben and prodiamine with double the active ingredient.

[0046] A composition comprising 0.25 % isoxaben and 0.355 % prodiamine, as well as 7.0 % of 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant, resulted in equal or greater herbicidal control as compared to a composition comprising 0.5 % isoxaben and 0.65 % prodiamine (double the amount of isoxaben and prodiamine), as well as 5.0 % alcohol ethoxylate. 28 WO 2016/118465 PCT/US2016/013829

Example 3 [0047] The formulations of Table 2 were tested for potential phytotoxicity against herbicide sensitive species Sedum “Autumn Joy”. Plants were rated on a 5 to 1 quality scale with 5 being a top quality plant and 1 being a dead plant.

Table 4: Sedum ‘Autumn Joy’ Phytotoxicity Ratings. Plants were evaluated at the end of the growing period.

Trt. Formula Component % Isoxaben Prodiamine Surfactant Rating 1 0.25 0.355 7 5.00 2 0.25 0.75 2 4.00 3 0.5 0.355 2 5.00 4 0.25 0.375 3.5 4.00 5 0.25 0.375 2 4.00 6 0.25 0.355 3.5 5.00 7 0.335 0.128 1.19 3.80 8 0.085 0.128 4.69 4.00 9 0.085 0.503 1.19 4.50 10 0.165 0.248 2.31 4.80 11 0.5 0.65 1 4.00 12 0.5 0.65 5 2.00 [0048] The results in Table 4 demonstrate that a composition comprising isoxaben and prodiamine with a reduced amount of active ingredient can result in a higher plant quality rating (i.e. lower phytotoxicity) than a plant with a higher amount of active ingredient.

[0049] Not only does a reduced amount of active ingredient result in lower phytotoxicity, but comparing formulation 11 to formulation 12 demonstrates that increasing a surfactant percentage dramatically reduces the plant quality. The plant quality of, for example, formulation 1 is surprisingly high, given that the active ingredient has been reduced and the surfactant percentage is comparatively high. Additionally, doubling the surfactant percentage (comparing formulation 1 to formulation 6), did not result in a reduced plant quality, but, instead, increased the plant quality. 29 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465 [0050] A composition comprising 0.25 % isoxaben and 0.355 % prodiamine, as well as 7.0 % of 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant, resulted in less or equal phytotoxicity as compared to a composition comprising 0.5 % isoxaben and 0.65 % prodiamine (double the amount of isoxaben and prodiamine), as well as 5.0 % alcohol ethoxylate.

Example 4 [0051] Several formulations were made to compare the phytotoxicity of compositions comprising various pre-emergent herbicidal compositions. Seven formulations were prepared according to Table 5. Formulations D, E, and F were prepared with 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO in an amount of 7% of the weight of the composition.

[0052] The phytotoxicity of the formulations was tested in at least two locations. Standard soilless nursery substrates and irrigation practices were used. The trials were designed as randomized complete block trials with five blocks and three replicates.

Table 5: Formulas of Treatments

Treatments Active Ingredients % AI gAI · 1000 ft2 A Trifluralin 2.00 20.9 Isoxaben 0.5 5.2 B Dimethenamid 0.75 7.8 Pendimethalin 1.00 10.4 C Oxyfluorfen 2.00 20.9 Pendimethalin 1.00 10.4 D Isoxaben 0.25 2.6 Prodiamine 0.4 4.2 E Isoxaben 0.25 5.2 Prodiamine 0.4 8.3 F Isoxaben 0.25 10.4 Prodiamine 0.4 16.7 G Untreated 0.0 0.0 [0053] The formulations of Table 5 were applied to the plant species, and the phytotoxicity was measured as shown in Table 6. 30 PCT/US2016/013829

Table 6. Phytotoxicity of the Formulations of Table 4. The values are percent of the plant showing a phytotoxic response.

Days After Treatment 7 16 28 41 56 75 86 Trt. Aster ‘Woods Pink’ A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B C D 2.5 37.5 42.5 30 32.5 17.5 15 0 0 5 0 2.5 0 0 E 2.5 0 0 0 5 5 0 F 0 5 2.5 0 5 5 2.5 G 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Days After Treatment 7 14 28 41 57 77 83 99 Trt. Loroptalum ‘Chinense Ruby’ A 0 0 10 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 B 0 0 7.5 7.5 15 12.5 17.5 22.5 C 0 0 10 2.5 5 0 5 0 D 0 0 5 2.5 2.5 0 2.5 0 E 0 0 2.5 2.5 0 0 2.5 0 F 0 0 5 5 5 0 5 5 G 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Days After Treatment 7 14 28 41 57 77 83 99 Trt. Abelia ‘Edward Goucher’ A 0 0 0 2.5 2.5 0 5 5 B 0 0 0 5 12.5 10 17.5 15 C 0 0 0 2.5 2.5 0 0 0 D 0 0 0 7.5 2.5 0 5 5 E 0 0 0 2.5 5 0 0 0 F 0 0 0 5 5 0 2.5 5 G 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Days After Treatment 14 30 60 86 Trt. Hibiscus ‘White Wing’ A — — — — B C D 0 0 22.5 11.7 0 0 0 0 E 0 0 0 0 F 0 0 0 7.5 G 0 0 0 0 WO 2016/118465 31 PCT/US2016/013829 WO 2016/118465 [0054] The results in Table 6 demonstrate that a composition comprising isoxaben and prodiamine with a reduced amount of active ingredient can result in a lower phytotoxicity percentage than a plant with a higher amount of active ingredient.

[0055] The plant quality of, for example, formulation D is surprisingly high, given that the active ingredient has been reduced as compared to that of formulations A-C. Additionally, the phytotoxicity percentage of formulations D, E, and F, which contained equal amounts of isoxaben and prodiamine applied at 1, 2, and 4x strength, respectively, showed little difference in the phytotoxic response in the plants.

Example 5 [0056] Several formulations of 0.65% prodiamine and 0.5% isoxaben were made with various surfactants, and applied to pineapple weed, sticky chickweed, large crabgrass, and common purselane. The percentage of control for each formulation after 60 days of treatment is described in Table 7.

Table 7.

No. Surfactant (1 %) Pineapple Weed Stickv Chickweed Lame Craberass Common Purselane 1 2-Ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant - 100% 97% 99.5% 2 Alcohol ethoxylate 12 mol 84% 95% 96% 96% 3 Alcohol ethoxylate 7 mol 90% 100% 99% 100% 4 None 75% 94% 95% 83% [0057] The results in Table 7 demonstrate that a composition comprising 0.65% prodiamine, 0.5% isoxaben, and a surfactant of 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO, alcohol ethoxylate 12 mol, or alcohol ethoxylate 7 mol has a better herbicidal control level than a composition comprising 0.65% prodiamine, 0.5% isoxaben, and no surfactant. 32

Claims

1. A granular composition comprising a first herbicide that inhibits microtubule assembly, a second herbicide that inhibits cell wall synthesis, and a surfactant.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first herbicide is prodiamine, benefin (benfluralin), butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, Oryzalin, Pendimethalin, trifluralin, DCPA (chlorthal-dimethyl), propyzamide (pronamide), tebutam, dithiopyr, thiazopyr, amiprophos-methyl, butamiphos, or mixtures thereof.

3. The composition of claims 1 or 2, wherein the first herbicide is present in an amount of about 0.1 to about 0.45 percent (%) by weight of the composition.

4. The composition of any one of claims 1—3, wherein the second herbicide is isoxaben, flupoxamen, dichlobenil, chlorthiamid, or mixtures thereof.

5. The composition of any one of claims 1—4, wherein the second herbicide is present in an amount of about 0.125 to about 0.375 percent (%) by weight of the composition.

6. The composition of any one of claims 1—5, wherein the surfactant is alcohol ethoxylate, ethoxylated sorbitan ester, caprylic/capric triglyceride, alkylpolyglucoside, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, 2-Ethyl hexanol ethylene oxide-propylene oxide (EO-PO) nonionic surfactant, sorbitan ester, phosphate ester of polyoxyalkylated fatty alcohol, or mixtures thereof.

7. The composition of any one of claims 1—6, wherein the surfactant is about 2.0 to about 12.0 percent (%) by weight of the composition.

8. The composition of any one of claims 1—7, further comprising a granular carrier.

9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the granular carrier is agglomerated cellulosic fibers, dolomitic limestone, wood dust based chemical carriers, wood fiber granules, crushed com cob, crushed peanut shells, sand, granular fertilizers, or mixtures thereof.

10. A composition comprising about 0.15—0.3 percent (%) isoxaben, about 0.3—0.4 percent (%) prodiamine, and about 2.0—12.0 percent (%) 2-ethyl hexanol EO-PO nonionic surfactant.

11. A method of treating a field comprising applying the composition of any one of claims 1—10 to the field.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the composition is applied to a field at an amount equivalent to about 65% of the 1.5 lbs/acre/year usage limit for prodiamine and 1.0 lbs/acre/year limit for isoxaben.

13. A method of treating or preventing weeds comprising applying the composition of any one of claims 1—10 to the weeds.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the weeds are annual bluegrass, bittercress, Canada horseweed, chickweed, crabgrass, foxtail, goosegrass, groundsel, hairy bittercress, henbit, oxalis, spurge, white clover, or combinations thereof.

15. The method of claims 13 or 14, wherein the composition is applied to weeds at an amount equivalent to about 65% of the 1.5 lbs/acre/year usage limit for prodiamine and 1.0 lbs/acre/year limit for isoxaben.

16. A field comprising the composition of any one of claims 1—10.