AU2015200526B2 - Fire protection systems having reduced corrosion - Google Patents

Abstract

C:\LsersliAppData\L oep\7428027__ 1f1C459DOCX-4/02/2013 A fire protection system comprising at least one sprinkler, a source of pressurized water, a piping network connecting at least one sprinkler to the source of pressurized water, and a nitrogen generator coupled to the sprinkler system. The nitrogen generator may be a 5 nitrogen membrane system or a nitrogen pressure swing adsorption system. The present systems and methods reduce or nearly eliminate corrosion that typically affects conventional fire protection systems, such as caused by oxygen and microbial systems, which can deteriorate or compromise function. Initial, repeated, or continuous displacement of oxygen with nitro gen in the fire protection system significantly reduces or 10 eliminates corrosion. WO 201010305467 PCT,' TS2009/05600fi c'-i -A 4c ) 1 i~~Il-

Description

C:\Use.rs\;Ll'App.yaia,'LocaJ\Te.oip\742au27_5._llC,>4759.DOCX-4/02/201.5 2015200526 04 Feb 2015

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS HAVING REDUCED CORROSION

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a divisional of Australian Patent Application No. 5 2009291941, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

INTRODUCTION

[0002] The present technology relates to fire protection systems, such as sprinkler systems.

[0003] A fire protection system, also known as a fire suppression or fire 10 sprinkler system, is an active fire protection measure that includes a water supply to provide adequate pressure and water flow to a water distribution piping system, where the water is discharged via sprinklers or nozzles. Fire protection systems are often an extension of existing water distribution systems, such as a municipal water system or water well or water storage tank. The deterioration of piping, sprinkler heads, and 15 hydraulics (the ability of the system to deliver water to design specifications) in fire protection systems can be attributed to the quality of the water being supplied from the water distribution source and corrosion of metallic components including ferrous metals, zinc coated ferrous metals (galvanized), and cuprous metal components within the system. 20 [0004] Deterioration and corrosion of fire protection systems may involve several factors. First, oxidative attack of the metal can produce corrosion deposits, or tubercles, that may partially block a water pipe thereby reducing the hydraulic capacity, requiring higher operating pressures and reducing fire protection. Or, in some cases, tubercles may fully block a water pipe or sprinkler head. Second, depletion of biocide in 25 the water (originally applied by the municipal water supplier or water well or water storage tank) due to the presence of tuberculation, organic matter, and microbiological organisms associated therewith may result in microbiological growth. And third, leaks can result from general corrosion and/or microbiologically influenced corrosion, such as oxidation by trapped air, and the use of higher operating pressures. These 1 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 10 15 20 25 WO 2010/030567 PCT/US2009/056000 factors may operate together to severely compromise the performance of the fire protection system. [0005] Microbiological influenced or induced corrosion (MIC) can result when waterborne or airborne microbiological organisms, such as bacteria, molds, and fungi, are brought into the piping network of the protection system with untreated water and feed on nutrients within the piping system. These organisms establish colonies in the stagnant water within the system which can occur even in dry pipe sprinkler networks where residua! water may be present in the piping network after a test or the activation of the system. Over time, the biological activities of these organisms cause problems within the piping network. Both ferrous metal and cuprous metal pipes may suffer pitting corrosion leading to pin-hole leaks. Iron oxidizing bacteria form tubercles, which can grow to occlude the pipes. Tubercles may also break free from the pipe wall and lodge in sprinkler heads, thereby blocking the flow of water from the head either partially or entirely. Even stainless steel is not immune to the adverse effects of MIC, as certain sulfate-reducing bacteria are known to be responsible for rapid pitting and through-wail penetration of stainless steel pipes. [0006] Corrosion within a fire protection system can also occur or can increase following operation or testing of the system. For example, when the piping of a dry pipe or preaction sprinkler system is drained after testing, residual water collects in piping iow spots and moisture is also retained in the atmosphere within the piping. This moisture, coupled with the oxygen available in the compressed air in the piping, increases the pipe internal wall corrosion rate, possibly leading to leaks. Oxygen and microbiological organisms also contribute to the internal pipe wall corrosion rate in wet pipe systems in which the piping is maintained full of stagnant water providing a medium in which the organisms can grow. [0007] In addition to MIC, other forms of corrosion are also of concern. For example, the presence of water and oxygen within the piping network can lead to oxidative corrosion of ferrous materials and zinc coated ferrous metals (galvanized). Such corrosion can cause leaks as well as foul the network and sprinkler heads with iron oxide particles (e.g., rust particles) in the 2 form of hematite (Fe203) or magnetite (Fe304), deteriorating the system hydraulics. In the case of galvanized pipe the corrosion by-product is zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2) or zinc oxide ZnO, also known as white rust. Presence of water in the piping network having a high mineral content can also cause mineral scale deposition, as various dissolved 5 minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc, react with the water and the pipes to form mineral deposits on the inside walls. In the presence of dissolved oxygen, these deposits can act to accelerate corrosion of the pipe just beneath the deposits by a mechanism know as under-deposit corrosion. These deposits can inhibit water flow or can break free and clog sprinkler heads, preventing proper discharge of water in the 10 event of a fire. 2015200526 16 Nov 2016 [0008] A need, therefore, exists in water-based fire protection systems for methods that reduce corrosion of the fire sprinkler system and deterioration of the fire protection system's performance.

15 SUMMARY

[0009] The present technology includes fire protection systems and methods of reducing corrosion in fire protection systems. Fire protection systems can include a sprinkler system that comprises at least one sprinkler, a source of pressurized water, a piping network connecting at least one sprinkler to the source of pressurized 20 water, and a nitrogen generator coupled to the sprinkler system. The nitrogen generator may be a nitrogen membrane system or a nitrogen pressure swing adsorption system. The present systems and methods reduce or nearly eliminate corrosion that typically affects conventional fire protection systems, which can deteriorate or even compromise function. 25 [0009a] There is disclosed a method of operating a wet pipe fire protection sprinkler system having a pipe network, a source of water for the pipe network, at least one sprinkler head including a fusible sprinkler connected with the pipe network, and a nitrogen generator connected with the pipe network, the method comprising: supplying nitrogen gas from the nitrogen generator to the pipe network to increase a 30 pressure in the pipe network above atmospheric pressure; discharging gas from the pipe network after supplying nitrogen gas to the pipe network; supplying water to the pipe network after discharging gas from the pipe network, thereby filling the pipe network with water and compressing nitrogen gas in the pipe 35 network; and 3 venting compressed nitrogen gas from the pipe network using a venting assembly configured to vent gas and not water from the pipe network while supplying water to the pipe network. 2015200526 16 Nov 2016 [0010] Corrosion in the fire protection system is reduced by displacing 5 oxygen within the system using nitrogen from the nitrogen generator. Displacing oxygen with nitrogen includes filling the piping network of the sprinkler system with nitrogen from the nitrogen generator. The nitrogen thereby displaces air, which contains about 21% oxygen, out of the piping. Displacing oxygen with nitrogen can also include filling the piping network with water from the source of pressurized water and providing nitrogen 10 from the nitrogen 3a 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 PCT/IJS2009/056000 10 15 20 25 generator into the water as it fills or is contained in the piping network. The nitrogen added to the water thereby forces dissolved oxygen out of the water into the gas phase which can be continuously and automatically vented out of the system through vents that are specifically designed to remove the trapped gasses from the system. [0011] Embodiments of the present fire protection systems can also include a sprinkier system that is a dry pipe system or a wet pipe system. Theory pipe sprinkler system Includes a dry pipe valve or an electrically or mechanically controlled valve coupling the source of pressurized water to the piping network. The nitrogen generator is operable to pressurize the piping network with nitrogen and maintain the dry pipe valve in a closed position until the fire protection system is actuated or to fill the piping system network of preaction sprinkler systems. The wet pipe sprinkler system has the piping network filled with water from the pressurized water source, where the nitrogen generator provides nitrogen into the water when the water enters or is contained in the piping network. [0012] In some cases, the present sprinkler systems further include a vent positioned within the piping network. The vent allows gas such as air and oxygen that is displaced by pressurized nitrogen or the pressurized nitrogen itself to exit the piping network. The fire protection system may be tested by flowing water into or through the sprinkler system. After testing, oxygen is again displaced with nitrogen by filling the piping network with pressurized nitrogen from the nitrogen generator and/or filling the piping network with water from the source of pressurized water and providing nitrogen from the nitrogen generator into the water as It filis and/or while it is contained in the piping network. [0013] Embodiments of the present fire protection systems can also include a sprinkler system, a nitrogen generator coupled to a nitrogen storage tank, a compressor coupled to the nitrogen generator, the compressor operable to pressurize the nitrogen output of the nitrogen generator into the nitrogen storage tank, a vacuum pump coupled to the sprinkier system, and a drain line coupled to the sprinkler system. The sprinkier system includes at least one sprinkier, a source of pressurized water, and a piping network connecting the at 4 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 PCT/US2009/056000 least one sprinkler to the source of pressurized water. The nitrogen storage tank is coupled to the sprinkler system and the vacuum pump is operable to evacuate at least a portion of a gas within the sprinkler system.

[0014] Methods of reducing corrosion in such fire protection 5 systems can include the following aspects. The nitrogen output of the nitrogen generator is pressurized into the nitrogen storage tank using the compressor. Water contained within at least a portion of the piping network is drained using the drain line. At least a portion of a gas from the drained portion of the piping network is evacuated using the vacuum pump. And the evacuated portion of the 10 piping network is filled using the pressurized nitrogen output within the nitrogen storage tank. The drained portion of the piping network of the sprinkler system may then be filled with water after filling the evacuated portion of the piping network using the pressurized nitrogen output.

[0015] Embodiments of the present fire protection systems can aiso 15 include a sprinkler system comprising at least one sprinkler, a source of pressurized water, and a piping network that includes a gas vent. The piping network couples the at least one sprinkler to a riser, where the riser is coupled to the source of pressurized water. A water reuse tank is coupled to the piping network via a gas vent line and is coupled to the riser or drain line via a water 20 fill/drain line. The water fill/drain line includes a pump. The fire protection system aiso includes a source of nitrogen and a circulation line coupled at two positions to the water reuse tank, coupled to the water fill/drain line, and coupled to the source of nitrogen.

[0016] Methods of reducing corrosion in such fire protection 25 systems can include the following aspects. Water is circulated through the circulation line to and from the water reuse tank while providing nitrogen from the source of nitrogen into the circulation line to deoxygenale the water. The deoxygenated water is pumped from the water reuse tank through the water fill/drain line, through the riser, and into the piping network. The water reuse-30 tank may further be purged with nitrogen gas by providing nitrogen from the source of nitrogen into the circulation line, through the water reuse tank, through the gas vent line, through the piping network, and through the gas vent. The PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 water reuse tank may further be filled with an amount of water from the source of pressurized water through the water fiii/drain line to the circulation line whiie nitrogen from the source of nitrogen is provided into the circulation line. The amount of water can be sufficient to fill the piping network. The wafer may be 5 circulated through the circulation line until the dissolved oxygen content in the water drops below a predetermined threshold to provide deoxygenated water. Nitrogen-enriched gas may also be provided through the gas vent line into at least a portion of the piping network while water is drained from at least a portion of the piping network through the riser and through the water fiii/drain iine into 10 the water reuse tank.

DRAWINGS

[0017] The present technology will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings. 15 [0018] Figure 1 illustrates an embodiment of a fire protection system including a dry pipe sprinkler system constructed in accordance with the present technology; [0019] Figure 2 illustrates an embodiment of a fire protection system including a wet pipe sprinkler system constructed in accordance with the 20 present technology; [0020] Figure 3A illustrates a first embodiment of a portion of a wet pipe sprinkler system including a nitrogen storage tank and a vacuum pump, where the nitrogen storage tank interfaces with the riser, constructed in accordance with the present technology; and 25 [0021] Figure 3B illustrates a second embodiment of a portion of a wet pipe sprinkler system including a nitrogen storage tank and a vacuum pump, where the nitrogen storage tank interfaces with the piping network, constructed in accordance with the present technology; [0022] Figure 4 illustrates an embodiment of a portion of a wet pipe 30 sprinkler system including water reuse tank constructed in accordance with the present technology; and 6 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 [0023] Figure 5 illustrates an embodiment of a portion of a fire protection system for protecting a structure having multiple floors constructed in accordance with the present technology.

[0024] It should be noted that the figures set forth herein are 5 intended to exemplify the general characteristics of apparatus, systems and methods among those of the present technology, for the purpose of the description of specific embodiments. These figures may not precisely reflect the characteristics of any given embodiment, and are not necessarily intended to define or limit specific embodiments within the scope of this technology, 10

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] The following description of technology is merely exemplary in nature of the subject matter, manufacture and use of one or more inventions, and is not intended to limit the scope, application, or uses of any specific 15 invention claimed in this application or in such other applications as may be filed claiming priority to this application, or patents issuing therefrom. The following definitions and non-limiting guidelines must be considered in reviewing the description of the technology set forth herein.

[0026] The headings (such as Introduction" and “Summary”) and 20 sub-headings used herein are intended only for general organization of topics within the present disclosure, and are not intended to limit the disclosure of the technology or any aspect thereof. In particular, subject matter disclosed in the “Introduction" may include novel technology and may not constitute a recitation of prior art. Subject matter disclosed in the “Summary” is not an exhaustive or 25 complete disclosure of the entire scope of the technology or any embodiments thereof. Classification or discussion of a materia! within a section of this specification as having a particular utility is made for convenience, and no inference should be drawn that the material must necessarily or soieiy function in accordance with its classification herein when it is used in any given 30 composition.

[0027] The citation of references herein does not constitute an admission that those references are prior art or have any relevance to the /

PCT/US2OO9/056OOO 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 patentability of the technology disclosed herein. All references cited in the "Detailed Description” section of this specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0028] The description and specific examples, while indicating 5 embodiments of the technology, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the technology. Moreover, recitation of multiple embodiments having stated features is not intended to exclude other embodiments having additional features, or other embodiments incorporating different combinations of the stated features. Specific examples are provided for 10 illustrative purposes of how to make and use the apparatus and systems of this technology and, unless explicitly stated otherwise, are not intended to be a representation that given embodiments of this technology have, or have not, been made or tested.

[0029] As referred to herein, all compositional percentages are by 15 weight of the total composition, unless otherwise specified. As used herein, the word “include,” and its variants, is intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation of items in a list is not to the exclusion of other like items that may also be useful in the materials, compositions, devices, and methods of this technology. Similarly, the terms “can” and “may” and their variants are intended to be non-20 limiting, such that recitation that an embodiment can or may comprise certain elements or features does not exclude other embodiments of the present technology that do not contain those elements or features.

[0030] "A" and "an" as used herein indicate "at least one" of the item is present; a plurality of such items may be present, when possible. "About" 25 when applied to values indicates that the calculation or the measurement allows some slight imprecision in the value (with some approach to exactness in the value; approximately or reasonably close to the value; nearly). If, for some reason, the imprecision provided by "about" is not otherwise understood in the art with this ordinary meaning, then "about" as used herein indicates at least 30 variations that may arise from ordinary methods of measuring or using such parameters. In addition, disclosure of ranges includes disclosure of ail distinct values and further divided ranges within the entire range. 8 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 [0031] Fire protection systems include a sprinkler system having at least one sprinkler, a source of pressurized water, and a piping network connecting the sprinkler(s) to the source of pressurized water. The present technology uses a nitrogen generator coupled to the sprinkler system to reduce 5 corrosion in the fire protection system. Oxygen dissoived in water or present in air within the fire protection system is displaced with nitrogen from the nitrogen generator in order to reduce or eliminate effects of oxidative corrosion of ferrous, zinc coated ferrous (galvanized), and cuprous components and to deprive aerobic microbiological organisms the opportunity to grow within the system, 10 The present fire protection systems and methods for reducing corrosion can use the nitrogen generator to displace all or substantially all of the oxygen within the system. Oxygen within the fire protection system may be in the form of pressurized air, trapped air, including trapped air pockets within a water-filled piping network, or may be dissolved within the water. The rate of corrosion in 15 the system is significantly reduced or eliminated by displacing oxygen with noncorrosive nitrogen, since oxygen is often the primary corrosive specie within the system, [0032] The present systems and methods include ways to operate and test fire protection systems, including ways to fill, drain, and refill the system, 20 in order to control corrosion. For example, corrosion can be most active when fresh oxygenated water and air are introduced into the system piping during any drain and/or fill cycle. Also, when the piping network is drained of water and the metal piping is allowed to sit in a damp state (water wetted metal) with residua! moisture and an air-filled void space, oxygen and the water film can form “flash 25 rust” on the surface of metal piping. The present systems can operate to reduce corrosion during times of testing the system, draining and refilling the system for maintenance, or following activation for fire suppression.

[0033] The fire protection system shouid be designed by qualified design engineers in conjunction with recommendations from the insuring bodies 30 and in view of appropriate building codes and industry standards. For example, sprinkler systems are engineered to meet the standards of the National Fire Protection Association (Quincy, Massachusetts USA; see N.F.P.A. Pamphlet 13, 9 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 “Standard for The Installation of Sprinkler Systems”), Factory Mutual (F.M.), Loss Prevention Council (Johnston, Rl, USA), Verband der Sachversicherer (Koln, Germany), or other similar organizations, and also comply with the provisions of governmental codes, ordinances, and standards where applicable. Common 5 examples of fire protection systems include dry pipe sprinkler systems, including a subset of dry pipe systems known as preaction systems, and wet pipe sprinkler systems.

[0034] A dry pipe sprinkler system Is a fire-protection system that utilizes water as an extinguishing agent. The system includes piping from a dry 10 pipe valve to fusible sprinklers that is filled with pressurized gas. A dry pipe system is primarily used to protect unheated structures or areas where the system is subject to freezing temperatures. The structure must be substantial enough to support the system piping when it is filled with water. An alarm may be provided by a main alarm valve. In conventional dry pipe sprinkler systems, 15 pools of residual water are often left inside the pipe from initial hydrostatic testing, from periodic flow testing, or from condensation of moist air that is used to maintain system pressure. The piping of a conventional system is typically pressurized with air and held at about 10-40 psi so that residual water in the piping is also often saturated with oxygen, where the amount of dissolved 20 oxygen available is based on water chemistry and pressure and is usually in the range of about 10-20 parts per million (ppm).

[0035] In the case of the dry pipe system, the present systems and methods can use nitrogen to fill the piping void space to pressurize the piping and to mitigate the corrosion of the ferrous and cuprous metal components, 25 Nitrogen can be used to pressurize the system, purge the initial quantities of nitrogen and other gases trapped in the piping through one or more vent points in the fire sprinkler system in order to dry the system, and to allow the quantity of nitrogen in the piping to increase and ultimately approach about 95% or more. The dew point of 95% nitrogen is approximately -71 °F, and as such as the 30 nitrogen is introduced to the piping it will absorb moisture in the piping that may exist from hydrostatic testing or from condensation of saturated compressed air that had previously filled the pipe. The process of venting the nitrogen/air gas 10 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 10 20 25 30 WO 2010/030567 PCT/US2009/056000 mixture will absorb water and carry it out of the system through the vent point(s), leaving the system in a significantly dryer state. [0036] in some embodiments, the dry pipe system can be Initially pressurized using a source of pressurized air with or without the addition of nitrogen. Once pressurized, the oxygen content of the pressurized air is reduced by introducing nitrogen into the pressurized piping network and venting some of the pressurized gas mixture. In this way, the oxygen content of the pressurized gas in the system decreases and the nitrogen content of the pressurized gas increases. One or more venting cycles can be used to effectively displace all or substantially all of the oxygen within the pressurized piping network and can aiso serve to absorb and vent any moisture within the piping, as described. [0037] As further applied, the present systems and methods are very useful in dry pipe sprinkler systems employed in freezer or refrigerator applications or in environments where water may freeze. In environments where water may freeze, ice blocks can form in the piping network when compressed air containing or saturated with water is used to pressurize the piping. As the moisture in the compressed air condenses in the piping due to the temperature drop, the water freezes to form ice that may restrict flow or even create an ice block or dam within the piping, preventing further gas or water flow altogether. Regenerative desiccant dryers or membrane dryers have been employed to prevent ice blocks from forming. And while these types of dryers can prevent the introduction of water, they are not effective in removing water that has been trapped in the system from hydrostatic testing or system testing. Flushing and purging with 90% or greater nitrogen gas, with its low dew point, eliminates the need for the regenerative desiccant or other types of air dryers. What is more, due to the difficulty of completely removing residua! water from a complex sprinkler system, the use of dry air for drying the pipe wili not prevent or significantly reduce corrosion in remaining water filled areas or areas containing residua! liquid water or water vapor which might later condense to form liquid water. If dry nitrogen is used as the drying medium, oxygen wili be removed along with the water and water vapor and the corrosion will be substantially reduced or eliminated. 11 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 PCT/IJ S2009/056000 [0038] A wet pipe sprinkler system provides fixed fire protection using piping filled with pressurized water supplied from a dependable source. Closed heat-sensitive automatic sprinklers (e.g., fusible sprinklers) spaced and located in accordance with recognized installation standards are used to detect a 10 15 fire. Upon operation, the sprinklers distribute the water over a specific area to control or extinguish the fire. As the water flows through the system, an alarm is activated to indicate the system is operating. Typically, only those sprinklers Immediately over or adjacent to the fire operate in order to minimize water damage, in conventional wet pipe sprinkler systems, the water pressure can be in excess of about 90 psi, with the water typically saturated with oxygen when it is initially introduced during system filling, thereby providing at least about 35 ppm of dissolved oxygen available for corrosion reactions of ferrous, zinc coated ferrous (galvanized), and cuprous components. The present systems and methods displace this dissolved oxygen in the source water as the water fills or is contained in the wet pipe sprinkler system. [0039] The wet pipe sprinkler system may be installed in any structure not subject to freezing In order to automatically protect the structure, contents, and personnel from loss due to fire. The structure must be substantial 20 enough to support the piping system when filled with water, in some cases, small unheated areas of a building may be protected by a wet system if an antifreeze-loop or auxiliary dry system is installed. 25 [0040] In the case of the present wet pipe systems, nitrogen Is dissolved within the water used to fill the system in order to displace dissolved oxygen and trapped air. For example, nitrogen can be added into the water used to fill the system by using a sparger. The addition of nitrogen displaces any dissolved oxygen within the water and addition of nitrogen may also be used to purge trapped air pockets. In this way, trapped air and oxygen are forced out of one or more vents.

[0041] There are several factors that can affect corrosion of a fire protection system. These factors include the nature of the materials used in construction of the system and their susceptibility to oxidation. The source water may include biological contaminants, dissolved and/or solid ncnbioiogicai 12 PCT/US2OO9/O56OO0 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 contaminants, trapped air, and dissolved gases. The system can be in constant contact with liquid water, as is the case for a wet pipe system, or the system can be in intermittent contact with liquid water, as is the case for a dry pipe or preaction system when actuated for routine testing or servicing or when 5 activated by a fire, in some cases, once started the corrosion process permits or accelerates further corrosion; for example, the corrosion by-product (e.g., iron oxide) may be shed, sloughing off to expose new metal (e.g., iron) to oxidation. These factors and combinations of these factors can corrode the fire protection system, deteriorate its performance, or even result in system failure. 10 [0042] Fire protection systems are often constructed using ferrous, zinc coated ferrous (galvanized), and/or cuprous metallic pipes and fittings. Pipe materials typically come from the manufacturer or distributor with all of the associated open-air corrosion on the internal and external wails. This can include but is not limited to: iron oxide mill scale caused during the 15 manufacturing process by condensation of water on the metal surfaces and the subsequent generalized oxygen corrosion that results from oxygen attack, the metal loss is typically minimal with no significant pitting; debris from the storage yard on the threads and in the ends of the pipe; and the presence of other solids associated with outside storage, such as spider webs, dead bugs, etc. After or 20 during the installation of the pipe, additional sources of debris and fouiing may end up inside the assembled network of piping, including: residua! cutting oii from the thread cutting process during installation; metal filings from the thread cutting process during installation; various forms of hydrocarbon based thread lubricants; and Teflon® tape used in assembly of the pipe fittings. 25 [0043] The source water used in fire protection systems is generally from a fresh potabie water source with very low total dissolved solids (TDS). The water is generally saturated with oxygen from the atmosphere and contains very little, if any, insoluble suspended solids. It may also contain small (less than about 2 ppm) amounts of residual chlorine from municipal treatment at 30 the source. The water may not contain any detectable levels of microorganisms, however, this does not preclude the presence of microorganisms, as they will simply be difficult to detect at the low levels that exist in the potable water. 13 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 PCT/IJ S2009/056000 10 15 20 25 [0044] Once installed, at least a portion of the fire protection system is filled and charged with water. In the case of a dry pipe system, the piping network is filled with water for initial hydrostatic testing, upon routine testing, or following activation. As the source water fills the piping, ail of the debris that is clinging to the interior waiis will become mobilized. Materials that are insoluble in water (solids) will generaiiy sink to settle and collect in ail of the low spots within the system due to gravity. For example, in long runs of horizontal piping, the solids will collect at the six o’clock position, when viewing a pipe in cross-section. Any hydrocarbon within the system wiil float on the water and will tend to agglomerate (i.e., oil wet) any insoluble particulates that are contacted. It is also difficult to completely remove ail of the air during the water charging process. Whatever air is left in the system creates pockets within the pipes and results in a discrete air/water interface. As the system is pressurized, air will also dissolve into the water and the level of dissolved gases in the water will quickly reach a state of equilibrium. [0045] Oxygen corrosion may be the predominant form of corrosion and metal loss within the fire protection system. Oxygen may enter the fire sprinkler system piping from two sources. First, oxygen may be dissolved in the incoming fresh water that is used to fill the fire sprinkler piping. Second, oxygen is present in any air that is trapped in the fire sprinkler system. Corrosion of fire sprinkler piping, such as mild steel or galvanized piping, can therefore be most active when fresh oxygenated water and air are introduced into the piping during any drain and fill cycle and when the pipeline is drained of water and sits in a moistened state with an air-filled void space. Due to the close proximity of the oxygen to the water film, the oxygen can readily dissolve in the water that that coats the metal and “flash rust" the surface. [0046] Air contains approximately 21% oxygen, and unless the source water is mechanically deaerated to effect oxygen removal, it will generally contain about 8-10 ppm of dissolved oxygen when it first enters the piping. The oxygen will immediately react with any free iron it contacts on the pipe walls according to the following equations: Anodic Reaction: Fe° -> Fe++ + 2e' 14 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567

Cathodic Reaction: Y£)2 + H20 + 2e“ 20K

Electrochemical Reaction: Fe° + V2O2 + H20 -> Fe(OH)2J.

Similar reactions can occur with the oxidation of zinc with respect to galvanized pipe. 5 [0047] The initial fill of water will remove iron from the pipe walls and some small level of metal loss will occur. The metal loss will be most acute at the air/water interface where the dissolved oxygen content will be the highest. The soluble iron that is liberated from the pipe walls at the interface will almost immediately precipitate as iron oxide, iikeiy as ferric oxide (Fe203), commonly 10 known as rust. The iron oxide may adhere to the pipe wall for a time, just beiow the air/water interface, but because of the loose, non-adherent nature of the deposit, it is highly likely that the iron oxide will siough off and settle to the bottom of the pipe. Even slight turbulence or disturbances in the pipe network will cause the deposit to be shed, exposing new free iron, or in the case of 15 galvanized pipe, free zinc for attack by oxygen. As the air-water-metai environment stagnates, the oxygen will be consumed and corrosion will slow down. If left undisturbed, the system could remain at a low general corrosion rate for a long period of time.

[0048] Several factors may accelerate or continue corrosion of the 20 system, however. These include: addition of more oxygen, solids (e.g., iron oxides, particulate matter, etc.), growth of microbiological organisms, mechanical deposit removal, and draining and refilling the system, including testing or actuating the system. Any oxygen that enters the system will affect the equilibrium that exists between iron or zinc in the case of galvanized pipe, water, 25 and oxygen. More oxygen will cause additional free iron or zinc loss and create more solids by precipitating iron oxides or zinc oxides. The metal loss at the air/water interface will once again become the site producing the most reaction and subsequent corrosion.

[0049] Soiids accelerate corrosion by several mechanisms. Under-30 deposit acceleration may occur wherein the area under the solid achieves an anodic-character versus the adjacent metal. This anodic-character will mean that corrosion will be more aggressive under the deposit and pitting will occur. In 15 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 oxygenated systems, the area under the deposit can become oxygen-depleted and can achieve anodic-character versus the adjacent metal. Once again, the corrosion under the deposit will become more aggressive and pitting will occur. Solids also provide an ideal environment for microbiological organisms, such as 5 bacteria, to colonize. In addition, depending on the chemical make-up, the solids may serve as nutrient sources for the bacteria. Slimes and deposits that the bacteria create will also act as deposits under which pitting may occur.

[0050] There are a myriad of different mechanisms that come under the heading of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Generally, 10 MIC refers to corrosion that is effected by the metabolic processes of mixed cultures of microorganisms, typically bacteria and fungi. For example, microorganisms can act to influence corrosion in three different ways. First, microorganisms can produce slimes and deposits that accelerate the under-deposit corrosion mechanisms; e.g., oxygen concentration cells in aerobic 15 environments. Second, microorganisms produce metabolic by-products that directly contribute to the corrosion reaction; e.g., acid (both organic and inorganic acids) producers that solubilize the iron, zinc, or copper present in metal components, such as the system piping network. Third, microorganisms produce metabolic by-products that indirectly contribute to the corrosion reaction 20 by acting as a cathodic depolarizer; e.g., sulfides produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria.

[0051] Various bacteria types may be responsible for deterioration and corrosion of fire sprinkler systems. Acid Producing Bacteria (APB) are a variety of heterotrophic anaerobic bacteria that share the common ability to 25 produce measurable concentrations of inorganic and organic acids. These conditions typically exist under deposits within fire protection systems. As they produce acids, APB cause the pH under the deposit to drop significantly from neutral to acidic with a terminal pH of about 3.5 to about 5.5, These acidic conditions (up to 1000 times more acidic than the source water) are very 30 corrosive and will cause significant metal loss in ferrous metal or cuprous metal components of fire protection systems. Because these acid-producing activities 16 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 occur under anaerobic conditions, APB can exist as partners in corrosion with sulfate reducing bacteria.

[0052] Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) are a group of anaerobic bacteria that generate hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a metabolic by-product of the 5 reduction of sulfate in the water or from a mineral scale deposit. Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, toxic and flammable gas that is characterized by the typical rotten egg odor which is detectable by humans at about 0.005 ppm in the air. Concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the air above 800 ppm are lethal to humans. In the presence of soluble iron, the sulfide anion reacts spontaneously 10 to produce iron sulfide, a finely divided black crystal, which can manifest itself as “black water”. SRB are difficult to detect because they are anaerobic and tend to grow deep within biofiims (slimes) as a part of a mixed microbial community. SRB may not be detectable in the tree-flowing water over the site of the fouling.

[0053] Heterotrophic Aerobic Bacteria (HAB) use oxygen to respire 15 as part of their metabolism. They pose problems in fire protection systems by contributing to slime formations on the pipe walis. As the slimes accumulate solids from the system, conditions are created that favor the acceleration of under-deposit corrosion mechanisms.

[0054] Iron-Related Bacteria (IRB) are typically divided into two 20 sub-groups e.g., iron-oxidizing and iron-reducing bacteria. IRB use iron in their metabolism to create red colored slimes, "red water” and can produce odor problems in fire protection systems. These bacteria function under different reduction-oxidation (redox) conditions and use a variety of nutrients for growth.

[0055] Slime Forming Bacteria (SFB) are able to produce large 25 amounts of slime without necessarily having to use any iron. Iron bacteria also produce slime but usually it is thinner and involves the accumulation of various forms of iron. Slime-forming bacteria generally produce the thickest slime formations under aerobic (oxidative) conditions.

[0056] Depending on the type of bacteria that are involved the 30 corrosion rate in the system can be accelerated by the following mechanisms: (1) slime formation - under-deposit pitting corrosion; (2) acid production - acidic 17 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 pitting corrosion; and (3) sulfide anion production -- cathodic depolarization resulting in pitting corrosion.

[0057] Mechanical deposit removal can allow additional corrosion. Anytime a corrosion deposit is removed from the metal surface, it creates a new 5 site for attack. This will most often occur at the air/water interface and repeated removal of the deposit will create crevices.

[0058] Draining and refilling the system also allows additional corrosion. Each time the system is drained of the fluids and refilled, the high rate of oxygen corrosion that exists with a fresh supply of air will remove a new layer 10 of iron from the pipe walls. Any deposits that exist on the metal surfaces will become oxygen concentration cells in the new oxygen rich fluids and the otherwise low genera! rate of corrosion will be greatly accelerated and pitting will occur.

[0059] The present fire protection systems and methods utilize a 15 nitrogen generator to introduce nitrogen into the system to displace oxygen. The nitrogen generator can provide nitrogen on-demand to fill and/or purge a system as desired, automatically based on a sensor, such as an oxygen sensor, on a periodic basis, or on a continuous basis. The nitrogen generator is capable of generating a stream of gas having a greater concentration of nitrogen than air, 20 where air is about 78% nitrogen. For example, the nitrogen generator may-produce a stream of at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%. or at least 99% nitrogen. The nitrogen produced by the nitrogen generator may be supplied to displace oxygen to below detectable limits in the system, or to displace oxygen below a particular threshold within the fire protection system. For example, 25 dissolved oxygen in the water may be displaced to where it is less than 20 ppm, less than 15 ppm, less than 10 ppm, less than 5 ppm, or less than 1 ppm.

[0060] Nitrogen generators include nitrogen membrane systems and nitrogen pressure swing adsorption systems. A membrane nitrogen generator is a modular system consisting of pre-filtration, separation, and 30 distribution sections. Controls for the system are included in the nitrogen separation unit. Ambient air enters the feed air compressor, which may be an oil injected rotary screw air compressor, via its inlet filter. Air is compressed and 18 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 travels through an aftercooler and, in many systems, a refrigerated air dryer. Inside the membrane nitrogen generation unit, the first item the feed air comes in contact with is the filtration system, which utilizes a combination of particulate, coalescing, and carbon adsorption technologies. The filters are fitted with 5 automatic condensate drains to prevent the build-up of water within the filters. Units may be fitted with an air circulation heater and controls, which is installed in the air stream before the nitrogen membrane(s), but after the final filter and pressure regulator. The heater maintains a constant temperature of compressed air to the membranes, enhancing stabiiity and performance, 10 [0061] The nitrogen membrane module(s) are located in the heated air stream. On lower purity systems, such as 99% N2 and beiow, the membranes are connected in parallel. On higher purity systems, such as 99% N2 or higher, the membranes may be connected in series or using a combination of series and parallel. Slowing down the flow through the membrane separators 15 will automatically give higher nitrogen purity as well. High purity systems have separate permeate connections. One is strictly waste gas, but the second one is a line that can be re-circulated back to the feed compressor intake to enhance purity and productivity. After the air passes through the membrane bundle(s), it is essentially nitrogen plus trace amounts of inert gasses and the specified 20 oxygen content. A built-in, temporarily, or permanently connected flow meter may be installed to monitor nitrogen flow either continuously or at one or more selected times. The nitrogen membrane module(s) may be operated at ambient temperatures as well to eliminate the need for electricity. Operation at reduced temperatures may yield lower productivity or reduced nitrogen purity. 25 [0062] In a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) nitrogen generator the adsorption technology is a physical separation process, which uses the different adsorption affinities of gases to a microporous solid substance, the so-called adsorbent. Oxygen, for example, has a higher adsorption capacity and/or quicker adsorption time to some carbon molecular sieves compared to nitrogen. This 30 characteristic Is used within the PSA process for the generation of nitrogen from air. The main advantages of this process are the ambient working temperature, 19 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 PCT/US2009/056000 10 15 20 25 which results in low stresses to equipment and adsorbent material, and the low specific power consumption. [0063] The PSA-nitrogen generator typically Includes the main equipment: air compressor, refrigerant dryer, air receiver tank, two adsorber vessels filled with adsorbent material and a product buffer. Each adsorber operates on an alternating cycle of adsorption and regeneration resulting in a continuous nitrogen product flow. PSA-nitrogen generators may be designed with just one adsorber vessel as well in order to simplify the design. [0064] The PSA-nitrogen generator works according to the following process steps. First is an adsorption step, where compressed and dried air at ambient temperature is fed into the PSA-vessel (adsorber) at the compressor discharge pressure. The adsorber is filled with molecular sieves. The remaining moisture and carbon dioxide in the air are removed at lower layers of the bed and oxygen is adsorbed by the upper molecular sieve filling. The remaining nitrogen-rich product gas ieaves the adsorber at the outlet and is fed to the nitrogen buffer. Before the adsorption capacity for oxygen is depleted, the adsorption process is interrupted so that no oxygen can break through at the adsorber outlet. Second is a regeneration\purge step, where the saturated adsorber is regenerated by means of depressurization and additionally by purging with nitrogen produced by the second adsorber in order to remove the adsorbed gases H20, C02, and 02 from the adsorbent bed. The waste gas is vented to the atmosphere. Third is a re-pressurization step, where after regeneration the adsorber is refilled with air and part of the recycled nitrogen. The adsorber is then ready for the next adsorption step, [0065] Suitable nitrogen generators include those available from: Generon IGS (Houston, TX), manufacturer of membrane and PSA nitrogen generators; Ingersoll Rand (Montvale, NJ), manufacturer of membrane and PSA nitrogen generators; On Site Gas (Newington, CT), manufacturer of nitrogen and oxygen generators; South Tek Systems (Raleigh, NC), manufacturer of nitrogen generators; and Air Products (Allentown, PA), manufacturer of nitrogen generators. 20 PCT/IJS2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 [0066] In the case of a dry pipe sprinkler system, the nitrogen generator may be used to purge or recharge the pressurized piping network with nitrogen. For example, pressurized nitrogen within the piping network holds the dry pipe valve in the dosed position to prevent entry of the pressurized water 5 into the piping network. Any leaks in the sprinkler system may cause a loss of pressure. The nitrogen generator may therefore be used to recharge the pressurized piping network as needed and may be configured to do so automatically. For example, the fire protection system may include a pressure gauge to measure the nitrogen pressure against the dry pipe valve. The 10 nitrogen generator may automatically provide pressurized nitrogen when the pressure gauge drops below a predetermined threshold.

[0067] In some embodiments, the dry pipe system can include an air compressor and a nitrogen generator, so that the system piping may be initially pressurized using pressurized air with or without the addition of nitrogen. 15 For example, the air compressor may be used to provide a faster and higher output of compressed air to rapidly pressurize the piping network and hold the dry pipe valve closed in a shorter time span than if the system was pressurized using the nitrogen generator alone. Once pressurized and the dry pipe valve is held closed, oxygen in the pressurized air is displaced by introducing nitrogen 20 into the pressurized piping network and venting some of the pressurized gas mixture, while maintaining the system pressure above the dry pipe valve opening threshold. One or more venting cycles can be used to displace all or substantially all of the oxygen within the pressurized piping network, including any water vapor, in this way, residual liquid water is also evaporated by the 25 introduced dry nitrogen gas and the water vapor is vented from the piping.

[0068] The fire protection system having a dry pipe sprinkler system may also be configured to continuously supply pressurized nitrogen into the piping network using the nitrogen generator, in this case, the nitrogen generator provides a steady stream of pressurized nitrogen into the sprinkler 30 system to keep the dry pipe valve closed. To prevent over-pressurization of the fire protection system components, the system may include a pressure regulator and/or orifice in order to control or limit the pressure in the system. The pressure 21 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 regulator and/or orifice, commoniy known as an air maintenance device, allows pressurized nitrogen to escape at a preset or adjustable limit to prevent overpressurization while maintaining enough pressure within the system to prevent the dry pipe valve from opening, in the event the fire protection system is 5 actuated, due to a fire or for testing, the pressure within the piping network is lost faster than the nitrogen generator can repiace it, even when continuously applying pressurized nitrogen, thereby allowing the dry pipe vaive to open and pressurized water to enter the piping network.

[0069] Continuous venting of the fire protection system using one 10 or more vents or valves facilitates removal of any oxygen within the system while maintaining the required system pressure (of nitrogen) for the fire sprinkler system. In dry or preaction fire sprinkler systems, about 95%+ nitrogen gas (dew point of about -70 °F) may also be used to dehydrate the system by puiling water within the system into the dry nitrogen and venting the gas, thereby 15 eliminating residual water and one of the key components in the corrosion reaction. For example, following testing the piping network may contain residual water and the piping network may be dried by purging with nitrogen.

[0070] In the case of a wet pipe sprinkler system, the nitrogen generator may be used to provide additional water containing dissolved nitrogen 20 in order to purge or recharge the piping network. For example, oxygen from the air may over time enter the sprinkler system through leaks in the system. Oxygen from the air may enter pockets of gas trapped within the system and/or may dissolve into the water contained within the piping network of the wet pipe sprinkier system. The water can be sparged and vented by bubbling nitrogen 25 through the water column in order to strip the oxygen out of the water to a concentration below about 5 ppm, and with adequate sparging time, to below about 1 ppm. At this level In a stagnant fire sprinkler system, oxygen corrosion of ferrous, or zinc coated ferrous (galvanized), or cuprous metal components will be very minimal. 30 [0071] Alternatively, anywhere from a portion of the piping network to the whole piping network may be flushed with fresh water containing dissolved nitrogen. For example, the nitrogen generator may be used to provide nitrogen 22 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 PCT/U S2009/056000 10 20 25 30 to the wet pipe sprinkler system as needed, periodically, or continuously. Where the piping network is already filled with water, nitrogen may be bubbled through the piping network to displace oxygen where nitrogen and the displaced oxygen are allowed to exit one or more vents. The vent is operable and positioned to retain the pressurized water within the wet pipe sprinkler system but allows gas to exit. For example, the vent may include a filter or membrane that Is gas permeable but liquid Impermeable. [0072] The present fire protection systems and methods may further employ one or more oxygen sensors. The fact that nitrogen is an inert and unreactive gas makes it difficult to directly measure the level of nitrogen in a gas. However, oxygen is highly reactive and a variety of oxygen measuring devices are commercially available. The oxygen sensor may be used to defect oxygen within the system and trigger the nitrogen generator to purge or flush the system with nitrogen gas, with water and dissolved nitrogen gas, and/or to bubble nitrogen gas through water already within the system. The oxygen sensor may be used to measure effective displacement of oxygen during the initial setup or installation of the system, following actuation or testing of the system, and/or for monitoring of the system while in service. For example, in a dry pipe sprinkler system one or more oxygen sensors may be positioned in or connected to the piping network to ascertain whether nitrogen supplied by the nitrogen generator has effectively displaced oxygen in the system to below a predetermined threshold or to a level where oxygen is no longer detectable. In the case of a wet pipe system, the oxygen sensor may be used to monitor the water within the piping network to ensure oxygen has been effectively displaced and reduced below a desired threshold or is no longer detectable. [0073] The oxygen sensor may be used in an automated system to trigger the nitrogen generator to purge or flush the system or the system may be manually activated based on a reading provided by the oxygen sensor. For example, the oxygen sensor may be coupled to an alarm indicating that oxygen is present or at an undesirable level within the fire protection system. Suitable oxygen sensors include those provided by: GE Sensing - Panametrics (Billerica, 23 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 MA), built in oxygen analyzers; Maxtec (Salt Lake City, Utah), handheld oxygen analyzers; and AMI (Huntington Beach, CA), built in oxygen analyzers.

[0074] In the case of a fire protection system that includes a wet pipe fire sprinkler system, aspects of corrosion can be further addressed by 5 removing oxygen from the water within the system and from the void space provided by air trapped within the piping network. The amounts of oxygen that can be present in trapped air and dissolved in the water within the piping network provide two significant sources for corrosion. For instance, the following example calculations illustrate the case of a 1,000 gallon wet pipe sprinkler 10 system operating around room temperature; i.e., about 25 °C. When the wet pipe fire sprinkler system piping network is filled with water to 100 psig operating pressure from the riser and no venting of trapped air is provided, the remaining compressed air space can occupy approximately 13% of the piping network volume, which is about 130 gallons. 15 [0075] Oxygen available in the trapped air at 100 psig can be determined as follows. Using Boyle’s law (i.e., PiVi=P2V2, thus V2=PiVi/P2), at 100 psi the volume of air trapped in the 130 gallon void space at 1 atmosphere of pressure is (130 gallons χ 100 psi) / (14.7 psi at 1 atm), which equals about 884 gallons at atmospheric pressure. The 884 gallons of air at 3.785 liters per 20 gallon equals about 3,346 liters of air. As air contains about 20.95% oxygen, there is about 701 liters of oxygen in the trapped air, where 701 liters of oxygen divided by 22.4 liters per mole equals about 31.2 moles of oxygen present.

[0076] Oxygen present (dissolved) in the water can be estimated from 870 gallons (i.e., 87% of the piping volume in the example) having 40 parts 25 per million (ppm) of dissolved oxygen; i.e., 02 in water at 100 psi and 25°C is approximately 40 parts per million. At 40 ppm, there are 0.1514 grams oxygen/gallon, where 0.1514 g/gallon x 870 gallons is about 131.7 grams oxygen. At 32 grams per mole of oxygen, this provides (131.7 g / 32 g/mol) about 4.11 moles of oxygen dissolved in the water. 30 [0077] As a result, when the piping network of a wet pipe fire sprinkler system is filled to 100 psi without venting the trapped air, creating a 13% void space, there is approximately eight times as much oxygen available to 24 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 react with the iron in the pipe within the trapped air as there is within the water; i.e., 31.2 moles of oxygen in air divided by 4.11 moles of oxygen dissolved in the water. Consequently, even though the void space only occupies about 13% of the volume of the piping network, it contains almost 90% of the oxygen available 5 for corrosion, in the case of ferrous pipe, the oxygen can attack the iron as follows:

Chemical Reaction Equation: 4 Fe° + 3 02 2 Fe203

Reaction Ratio: 4 parts iron to 3 parts oxygen [0078] Accordingly, the total amount of oxygen available in the 10 present example from both the trapped air and dissolved within the water will react in a stoichiometric ratio of 3 moles of oxygen for every 4 moles of iron to produce iron oxide hematite Fe203. The result is that the about 35 moles of oxygen can react with about 47 moles of iron, in this example, oxygen is the rate limiting component, and if run to completion, the reaction will produce: 35 15 moles 02 χ (32 g/moie) + 47 moles Fe χ (55.85 g/rnole) = about 3,745 grams, or about 8.25 pounds, of hematite (Ρθ2θ3). This assumes that no additional oxygen is introduced to the system.

[0079] The oxidation corrosion reaction can have two negative impacts in wet fire sprinkler systems. First, iron metal can be liberated from 20 metal piping to form a pit in the pipe wall (corrosion) which over time can lead to a failure in piping integrity. Second, significant amounts of iron oxide (hematite) solids can precipitate in the piping network, settle, and can remain trapped in the pipe until physically removed [0080] These example calculations illustrate the Important effect of 25 removing trapped air within the wet pipe fire sprinkler system piping with respect to controlling corrosion and the production of solids. Automatic venting of the trapped air can provide an effective means for accomplishing the removal of the trapped air. From the above analysis, about eight times more oxygen is available for the corrosion reaction with iron from the trapped air compared to the 30 dissolved oxygen that is available in the water. Thus, the present methods and systems to reduce the level of oxygen corrosion can include removing ail or part of the oxygen within the trapped air. 25 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 [0081] Operation of the fire protection system, including testing and maintenance requiring draining and refilling of the system, provides opportunities for oxygen corrosion of the moist, drained fire sprinkler system pipes. Oxygen readily dissolves in fresh water and depending on the pressure and mixing can 5 reach its solubility equilibrium within minutes. In the corrosion ceil, iron that Is located in closest proximity to the air/water interface will be the likely point where the corrosion reactions will take place first. This is due in part to oxygen in the air dissolving into the water where if is available to react with the iron.

[0082] When a wet pipe fire sprinkler system is fiiled with water and 10 then drained, the interior surfaces of the piping network can retain some of the water and are left in a moist, water we tied state. Under these conditions, the mobility of the oxygen from the air in the piping into the thin layer of electrolyte on the metal surface creates a situation wherein oxygen can react with large amounts of iron because anywhere from a portion to essentially all of the metal 15 surfaces are covered with a thin layer of electrolyte, it is during this time that large amounts of iron oxide can form during a “flash-rusting” period. Under these conditions, the oxygen is no longer the rate limiting component, but rather the amount of moist metal controls the corrosion reaction and oxygen is available in excess. Once the iron oxide (e.g., hematite) solids are formed, then 20 under-deposit corrosion mechanisms can accelerate the corrosion rate and conditions can become favorable for the proliferation of microorganisms.

[0083] The present systems and methods include ways to control corrosion during and following the operation, testing, filling, draining, and/or refilling of the fire protection system. There are several ways for removing the 25 trapped air, in particular the trapped oxygen, from the fire sprinkler piping. One way includes venting of the air that becomes trapped during the system filling process. Based on the fire sprinkler system design and the location of the vents, the majority of the trapped air can be removed. The reduction in the rate of corrosion can be directly proportional to the amount of trapped air that can be 30 vented from the system. However, there may be trapped air that cannot be easily vented. 26 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 [0084] Another way to remove trapped air is to drain the water out of the fire sprinkler system, draw a vacuum on the void space and fill the vacuumed void space with nitrogen gas. Depending on the level to which the vacuum is drawn, the void space can be filled with about 95% or higher nitrogen, 5 for example. Then the fire sprinkler system piping can be refilled with water as per the normal filling procedure. Using this approach, whenever the piping system is drained, the trapped gas, which is now mostly nitrogen, will fill the piping system during the time period that the piping would be left open to atmospheric pressure and exposed to air. This will allow from at least a portion 10 to all of the piping system to continue to contain elevated levels of nitrogen gas. This can reduce flash-rusting by oxygen present in the air that can take place during such time periods.

[0085] Yet another way to remove trapped air including oxygen is by chemical removal of the oxygen from the water using one or more water 15 soluble oxygen scavengers; e.g., sodium sulfite or cobalt catalyzed sodium sulfite. Chemical oxygen scavengers such as sodium sulfite, cobalt catalyzed sodium sulfite, and proprietary organic oxygen scavengers, available from a number of suppliers, such as Accepta Water Treatment Technologies, Nafco Chemical Company, Arch Chemicals, are used commercially to pre-treat water 20 that will be used to produce steam in boiler applications. At elevated temperatures, dissolved oxygen must be removed to levels below 0.5 ppm to prevent high temperature oxygen corrosion, in this application, the water may be treated with enough oxygen scavengers to compensate for the oxygen that resides in the trapped void space. 25 [0086] There are several ways to remove dissolved oxygen from water within the fire sprinkler piping, including removing oxygen from fresh water used to fill wet pipe fire sprinkler piping. One or more of the following ways may be used in the present methods and systems. First, a sparging tube may be used, where finely-dispersed nitrogen bubbles are Incorporated into the water 30 stream to “strip" out the oxygen and replace It with nitrogen. Second, a static mixer may be used to provide intimate commingling of nitrogen gas with wafer through a static mixing chamber to strip out the dissolved oxygen. Third, oxygen 27 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 may be removed using a device such as a Liqui-Cei™ membrane contactor, avaiiabie from Membrana, Charlotte, North Carolina, where vacuum extraction of gas is applied while introducing nitrogen gas as the strip gas. A fourth way is through chemical removal, for example, by using sodium sulfite or cobalt 5 catalyzed sodium sulfite to remove dissolved oxygen from the water.

[0087] in some cases, removal of dissolved oxygen in the water is a secondary objective in preventing oxygen corrosion because the oxygen in the water may only represent about 10% of the available oxygen in the wet pipe fire sprinkler system. The other portion of the oxygen may be within air trapped in 10 the system, such as trapped air that may be pressurized when a wet pipe sprinkler system is filled with pressurized water. One or more trapped pockets of air or pressurized air can provide a source of corrosion.

[0088] Methods and systems using nitrogen to remove oxygen from a wet pipe sprinkler system may therefore include the following aspects. 15 [0089] Step 1: Use a nitrogen generator and a compressor to fill a nitrogen storage tank with a sufficient amount nitrogen gas to fill at least a portion up to the entire fire sprinkler sysfem piping volume to atmospheric pressure with nitrogen gas; e.g., about 90% or 95% nitrogen.

[0090] Step 2: Drain the wet pipe sprinkler system of at least a 20 portion up to all of the water possible, for example by using the main drain in the riser room. Close the drain after the system is emptied of the water. For example, draining may be for testing, maintenance, or retrofitting an existing wet pipe sprinkler system with the present nitrogen system.

[0091] Step 3: Draw a vacuum or operate a vacuum pump coupled 25 to the system, for example the vacuum pump may be coupled at the riser at a point just above the wet pipe valve or may be coupled to the main drain piping in multi-level buildings. Turn on the vacuum pump to begin evacuating gas from the piping. Draw down the pressure in the piping, for example down to a pressure of about 1.5 psia. Turn the vacuum pump off. 30 [0092] Step 4: Open the valve from the nitrogen storage tank to fast-fill the evacuated fire sprinkler system piping with nitrogen gas to about atmospheric pressure; i.e., about 14.7 psia or 0 psig. For example, the nitrogen 28 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 from the nitrogen storage tank may fill the evacuated fire sprinkler system piping with nitrogen gas in less than about 20 minutes, less than about 15 minutes, less than about 10 minutes, less than about 5 minutes, or less than about 2 minutes.

[0093] Step 5: Refill the wet pipe sprinkler system with water. 5 When the system is filled with water to about 100 psig, the gas composition in the resulting void space (about 13% of the pipe volume) may be for example about 95% nitrogen gas, depending on the nitrogen concentration used to fill the nitrogen storage tank or the number of times the system is evacuated and refilled with nitrogen. 10 [0094] Steps 2 through 4 may be repeated so that the nitrogen concentration in the system increases incrementally each time the system is evacuated and refilled with nitrogen. This approach does not require venting of the system to remove oxygen. Ail of the add-on components, e.g., the compressor, the nitrogen generator, nitrogen gas storage tank and the vacuum 15 pump, can be located in the riser room, for example.

[0095] In some embodiments, methods and systems using nitrogen to remove oxygen from a wet pipe sprinkler system can further include the following aspects. One or more vents may be included in the system to allow for at least partial venting of the air when filling the system piping network with water 20 so that the resulting void space of air or nitrogen is reduced. For example, the void space of air when the water reaches about 100 psi can be about 13% of the piping network volume. The vent(s) can be used to relieve the compressed air within the void space. As a result, for every increment of air that can be removed from the system with venting, the amount of nitrogen will increase 25 relative to the amount of oxygen in the residual air, following the filling step.

These vents are configured to prevent gas from outside the piping network from entering the piping while the water is being drained from the system. Outside air, with its 21% oxygen content, should not be allowed to leak into the system and piping network. 30 [0096] In some embodiments, methods and systems include one or more means to measure the level of dissolved oxygen in water used to fill a wet pipe sprinkler system or water contained within the piping network once the 29 PCT/U S2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 system Is filled. In order to accurately measure the level of oxygen that Is dissolved in the water, a sample of water can be extracted from the system, for example, from the source water prior to filling or from one or more positions within the piping network. Care should be taken to avoid the introduction of 5 oxygen from the air into the sample water during the sampling process.

[0097] Wet chemical analytical devices are commercially available that can measure the level of dissolved oxygen in water. Such devices include instrumentation systems and visual systems, such as the Oxygen CHEMets™ Kit available from CHEMetrics, Inc., Calverton, VA. A sample port on the system 10 piping network may be used to provide access to water for measurement, such as a flowing stream of water from the pipe. The dissolved oxygen content can be measured from the water.

[0098] The present fire protection systems and methods for reducing corrosion in fire protection systems can provide several benefits and 15 advantages. Such benefits may include, for example, displacement of oxygen, thereby reducing or eliminating the primary corrosive specie within the aqueous environment that exists in a fire sprinkler system. Nitrogen is applied whenever the system is tested or recharged or following actuation in the event of a fire. For example, each time the fire protection system is breached for annual testing 20 or system modification, nitrogen is added to displace oxygen and prevent new oxygen saturated air and/or water from corroding the piping.

[0099] Nitrogen has many beneficial characteristics for use within a fire protection system. For example, it is inert and will not participate, augment, support, or reinforce corrosion reactions, it can be used as a stripping gas to 25 remove oxygen from the water and/or from the void space above the water with adequate venting. If venting is continued, the concentration of oxygen in the water and in the void space can be reduced to near zero. Nitrogen is non-toxic, odorless, colorless, and very “green,” as it is not a greenhouse gas and may be generated on-site and on-demand from air using a nitrogen generator. Where 30 the fire protection system is coupled to a municipal water supply, with nitrogen there is no concern about toxicity or contamination of the water supply should any backflow occur from the fire protection system to the municipal water, as 30

PCT/US2OO9/056OOO 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 might be the case with other chemical additives. What is more, any water treated with nitrogen that must be discharged into the municipal sewer system Is non-toxic and will contain little or no iron oxide resulting from corrosion of the piping. The present systems and methods using nitrogen also reduce or 5 eliminate oxidation and degradation of elastomeric seats found in valves and other components of the fire protection system.

[0100] Nitrogen displacement of oxygen can also serve to inhibit growth of aerobic microbioiogical organisms within the fire protection system and may even result in death of these organisms. Aerobic forms of microbiai 10 contaminants generally pose the greatest risk of creating slimes in fresh water systems. These slimes pose serious risks to fire sprinkler systems because they can impact the hydraulic design of the fire sprinkler system if they form in sufficient quantities as sessile (attached) populations. These slimes can aiso slough off of the pipe walls and lodge in sprinklers and vaives. The present 15 systems and methods substantially reduce or even eliminate growth of these aerobic microbiological organisms and prevent subsequent slime formations. Colonies of microorganisms often exist as mixed consortia of aerobic, anaerobic and facultative anaerobic organisms living in a symbiotic relationship wherein byproducts from one organism are used as nutrient sources for another organism. 20 When the aerobic organisms are eliminated, the dynamic of the mixed consortia of organisms changes and the entire community can degrade.

[0101] The present systems and methods employ a nitrogen generator that may provide several advantages. Nitrogen generators are a cost-effective means for continuous administration of nitrogen to the fire protection system. 25 They obviate the need for gas cylinder inventory, changing out of gas cylinders, and risks associated with handling gas cylinders. Nitrogen generators only require a compressed air supply to separate atmospheric nitrogen from oxygen.

[0102] The present systems and methods can be used in conjunction with other components and methods in order to further reduce corrosion or treat 30 corrosion and the effects of corrosion. For example, fire protection systems can be sterilized to control bacteria using chemical treatments and/or heated gases or liquids. Solids may be eliminated by cleaning and flushing the system. 31 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567

Corrosion can also be reduced in fire protection systems through the application of appropriate corrosion inhibiting chemicals that are added to the water that enters the fire protection system piping.

[0103] Corrosion inhibitors are commercially available that can 5 significantly reduce the rate of oxygen corrosion in ferrous and cuprous metals.

The corrosion inhibitors are generally proprietary formulations that can inhibit either the anodic or cathodic half reaction of the corrosion cell. There are also proprietary formulations that can be used to provide biocidal activity wherein the microbes within the fire sprinkler system piping are killed by exposure to toxic 10 levels of the biocidal formulations. These products indirectly reduce the level of corrosion by preventing the proliferation of microorganisms and thereby preventing their corrosion accelerating activities including cathodic depolarization, under-deposit acceleration or acid attack of the ferrous, zinc coated ferrous (galvanized), or cuprous metallic components. In every instance, 15 the use of nitrogen augments the reduction in corrosion that can be afforded through the use of corrosion inhibiting chemicals or microbiocida! chemicals.

[0104] The present technology is further described in the following examples. The examples are illustrative and do not in any way limit the scope of the technology as described and claimed. 20 EXAMPLE 1 - Dry Pipe System [0105] An embodiment of the present fire protection system comprises a dry pipe sprinkler system. The dry pipe sprinkler system utilizes water as an extinguishing agent. The system piping from the dry pipe valve to the fusible 25 sprinklers is filled with pressurized nitrogen. In some cases, the system is an air check system or further includes an air check system. An air check system is a small dry system which is directly connected to a wet pipe system. The air check system uses a dry valve and a nitrogen generator but does not have a separate alarm. The alarm is provided by the main alarm valve. 30 [0106] A dry pipe system is primarily used to protect unheated structures or areas where the system is subject to freezing. Under such circumstances, it may be installed in any structure to automatically protect the 32 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 structure contents and/or personnel from loss due to fire. The structure must be substantial enough to support the system piping when filled with water. The system should be designed by qualified design engineers in conjunction with recommendations from insuring bodies. 5 [0107] The dry pipe system may include several components.

Although various dry pipe systems constructed according to the present technology will function in a similar manner, the components and arrangements may vary due to the application of different sets of standards. For example, the size and geometry of the fire protection system is based on the particular 10 installation and coverage.

[0108] The water supply includes an adequate water supply taken from a city main, an elevated storage tank, a ground storage reservoir and fire pump, or a fire pump taking suction from a well and pressure tank.

[0109] Underground components include piping of cast Iron, ductile 15 iron or cement asbestos; control valves and/or post indicator valves (PIV); and a valve pit. The valve pit is usually required when multiple sprinkler systems are serviced from a common underground system taking supply from a city main: two OS & Y valves, check valves or detector check, fire department connection (hose connection and check valve with ball drip). Depending on local codes for 20 equipment and building requirements, a back-flow preventer, fuil-fiow meter, or combinations of equipment may be required.

[0110] Auxiliary equipment includes fire hydrants with outlets for hose line and/or fire truck use.

[0111] Portions of the system inside the structure include the following. 25 A check valve must be incorporated If not already provided in the underground system. A control valve, such as a wall PIV or OS&Y must be incorporated if a control valve is not already provided in the underground piping for each system. A dry pipe valve with the following features: the dry-pipe valve and pipe to the underground system must be protected from freezing, for example, the structure 30 or enclosure should be provided with an automatic heat source, lighting, and sprinkler protection; a nitrogen generator (automatic or manual) in conjunction with a system compressed air source capable of restoring pressure to the 33 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 system in 30 minutes or less; an accelerator Is required when system capacity exceeds about 500 (1892,5 liters) gallons; a water motor alarm or electric pressure switch; and valve trim and pressure gauges.

[0112] Fire department connection to the system is provided by a hose 5 connection and check valve with a ball drip, if it is not already provided as part of the underground components.

[0113] The system piping progressively increases in size in proportion to the number of sprinklers from the most remote sprinkler to the source of supply. The pipe size and distribution is determined from pipe schedules or 10 hydraulic calculations as outlined by the appropriate standard for the hazard being protected.

[0114] Sprinklers include various nozzles, types, orifice sizes, and temperature ratings, as known in the art. Sprinklers installed in the pendent position must be of the dry pendant type when the piping and sprinkler are not in 15 a heated area that may be subject to freezing temperatures. Sprinklers are spaced to cover a design-required floor area.

[0115] The system includes an inspector’s test and drain components and a test drain valve can be provided. All piping is pitched toward a drain. A drain is provided at ail low points. A two-valve drum drip may be required. An 20 inspector’s test can be provided on each system. The inspector’s test simulates the flow of one sprinkler and is used when testing the system to ensure that the alarm will sound and the water will reach the farthest point of the system in less than one minute.

[0116] The system includes various pipe hangers as needed. 25 [0117] The point of incorporation for the nitrogen discharge from the nitrogen generator can be at a point just above the dry pipe valve on the main riser. The point of entry into the piping can be a pipe equipped with a check valve to prevent backflow to the nitrogen generator, [0118] One or more oxygen sensors can be positioned in the piping 30 network. The oxygen sensor(s) is positioned at or near the end of a length of pipe in the piping network. In this way, when the piping network is filled with pressurized nitrogen for service or when the piping network is purged with 34 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 nitrogen for drying after testing or actuation, the oxygen sensor is used to ensure that ail or an appropriate level of oxygen is displaced as the nitrogen stream is allowed to exit one or more vent within the piping network, which may be located at a terminal point in the piping network, 5 [0119] The fire protection system operates as follows. When a fire occurs, the heat produced will operate a sprinkler causing the nitrogen pressure in the piping system to escape. When the pressure trip-point is reached (directly or through the accelerator), the dry-pipe valve opens allowing water to flow through the system piping and to the water motor alarm or electric pressure 10 switch to sound an electric alarm. The water will continue to flow and the alarm will continue to sound until the system is manually shut off. A dry-pipe valve equipped with an accelerator will trip more rapidly and at a higher air-pressure differential. Component parts of the dry-pipe system operate in the following manner. 15 [0120] The dry valve operates as follows. When the nitrogen pressure in the dry system has dropped (from the fusing of an automatic sprinkler) to the tripping point of the valve, the floating vaive member assembly (air plate and water clapper) is raised by the water pressure trapped under the clapper. Water then flows into the intermediate chamber, destroying the valve differential. As 20 the member assembly rises, the hook pawi engages the operating pin which unlatches the clapper. The clapper is spring-loaded and opens to the fully opened and locked position automatically.

[0121] The accelerator operates on the principal of unbalanced pressures. When the accelerator is pressurized, nitrogen enters the inlet, goes 25 through the screen filter into the lower chamber and through the anti-flood assembly into the middle chamber. From the middle chamber the nitrogen siowiy enters the upper chamber through an orifice restriction in the cover diaphragm. In the SET position the system nitrogen pressure is the same In aii chambers. The accelerator outlet is at atmospheric pressure. When a sprinkler 30 or release operates, the pressure in the middle and lower chambers will reduce at the same rate as the system. The orifice restriction in the cover diaphragm restricts the nitrogen flow from the upper chamber causing a relatively higher 35 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 pressure in the upper chamber. The pressure differentia! forces the cover diaphragm down pushing the actuator rod down. This action vents the pressure from the lower chamber to the outlet allowing the inlet pressure to force the clapper diaphragm open. The pressure in the accelerator outlet forces the anti-5 flood assembly closed, preventing water from entering the middle and upper chambers. On a dry pipe system, the nitrogen pressure from the accelerator outlet is directed to the dry pipe valve intermediate chamber. As the nitrogen pressure increases in the intermediate chamber, the dry valve pressure differential is destroyed and the dry valve trips allowing water to enter the dry 10 pipe system. On a pneumatic release system, the outlet pressure is vented to atmosphere, speeding the release system operation.

[0122] With reference to Figure 1, the city main 1 provides pressurized water to the underground fire main 3 and to a fire hydrant 5. A key valve 7 is used to control flow of water into the underground fire main 3 and a post 15 indicator valve 9 can measure pressure. The system also includes a test drain 11, a ball drip 13, and a fire department connection 15. A check valve 17 positioned near the fire department connection 15 prevents backflow into the system. A water motor alarm drain 19 runs from the water motor alarm 27 and a test drain valve 21 controls flow to the test drain 11. A dry pipe valve 23 controls 20 pressurized water flow from the underground fire main 3 to the cross main 29 and the piping network in response to pressurized nitrogen within the piping network. A nitrogen generator 25 is connected past the dry pipe valve 23 on the cross main 29 and piping network side and uses a check valve 26 to prevent backflow into the nitrogen generator 25. A pressure maintenance device 31 is 25 used to measure nitrogen pressure in the piping network. An alarm test valve 33 and drain cup 35 can be used for testing. Another check valve 37 is positioned to prevent backflow from the system into the underground fire main 3. A drum drip 39 and drain valve and plug 41 are positioned in the piping network. One or more upright sprinklers 43 and pendent sprinklers 45 are positioned and spaced 30 within the piping network to provide fire protection coverage. An inspector’s test valve 47 and an inspector’s test drain 49 are positioned at a terminal portion of the piping network to allow testing and purging of the system. One or more 36 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 oxygen sensors 51 may be positioned near the inspector’s test vaive 47 and inspector's test drain 49, adjacent to system vents and at other terminal portions of the piping network, to measure oxygen and ensure ail oxygen or an acceptable level of oxygen is purged from the system. 5 EXAMPLE 2 - Wet Pipe System [0123] An embodiment of a fire protection system comprises a wet pipe sprinkler system. The wet pipe system may include several components; however, various wet pipe systems constructed according to the present 10 technology will function in a similar manner, and the components and arrangements may vary due to the application of different sets of standards. For example, the size and geometry of the fire protection system is based on the particular installation and coverage.

[0124] The wet pipe sprinkler system provides fixed fire protection 15 using piping filled with pressurized water supplied from a dependable source.

Closed heat sensitive automatic sprinklers, spaced and located in accordance with recognized installation standards, detect a fire. Upon operation, the sprinklers distribute the water over a specific area to control or extinguish the fire. As the water flows through the system, an alarm is activated to indicate the 20 system is operating. Only those sprinklers immediately over or adjacent to the fire operate, minimizing water damage.

[0125] A wet pipe sprinkler system may be installed in any structure not subject to freezing in order to automatically protect the structure, contents, and/or personnel from loss due to fire. The structure must be substantial enough 25 to support the piping system when filled with water. Using water as its extinguishing agent, one wet system may cover as much as 52,000 square feet in a single fire area, for example. The system should be designed by qualified fire protection engineers in conjunction with insuring bodies. Sprinkler systems are engineered to meet provisions of governmental codes, ordinances, and 30 standards where applicable. Small unheated areas of a building may be protected by a wet system if an antifreeze-loop or auxiliary dry system is installed. 37 PCT/ΪΙS2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 [0126] The nitrogen discharge from the nitrogen generator can be at a point just above the wet pipe aiarm vaive on the main riser. The point of entry into the piping can be a pipe equipped with a check vaive to prevent backflow to the nitrogen generator. The injection pipe protrudes through the main riser pipe 5 to about the center of the pipe at which point a sparging element (e.g., fritted steei) may be attached to the pipe to allow micro dispersion (i.e., sparging) of millions of nitrogen gas bubbles into the water. A sparging device may or may not be required to adequately strip the dissolved oxygen out of the water with the nitrogen gas. A simple injection quiil may be sufficient to bubble the nitrogen 10 through the water although it may not be as efficient in removing the dissolved oxygen in the water.

[0127] One or more oxygen sensors can be positioned in or connected to the piping network. The oxygen sensor(s) can be positioned at or near the end of a length of pipe in the piping network. In this way, when the piping 15 network is placed in service and filled with water that is bubbled with nitrogen to displace oxygen, or when the piping network is purged or flushed for testing, the oxygen sensor is used to ensure that ail or an appropriate level of oxygen Is displaced from within the system as the nitrogen-laden water flows through the piping network. Pressurized water containing nitrogen can be allowed to exit 20 terminal valves, such as an inspector’s valve, or via a sprinkler used for testing or additionally operating as a valve.

[0128] The wet pipe sprinkler system operates as follows. In the normal set condition, the system piping is filled with water that is saturated or nearly saturated with nitrogen. For example, as the water fills the system it can 25 be sparged with nitrogen and/or nitrogen may be added to an already water-filled system by directing nitrogen through the piping and venting gas including purged air/oxygen.

[0129] When a fire occurs, heat operates a sprinkler allowing the water to flow. The alarm valve clapper is opened by the flow of water allowing 30 pressurized water to enter the aiarm port to activate the connected alarm device(s). When using a variable pressure water supply, the water flowing through the alarm port overcomes the retard chamber’s drain restriction, filling 38 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 10 15 20 25 WO 2010/030567 PCT/US2009/056000 the retard chamber then activating the connected alarm device(s). The alarm will continue to sound until the flow of water Is manually turned off. [0130] The normal conditions for the wet pipe system include the following. All water supply control valves are open and secured. Alarm test shut-off valve is in ALARM position. The water gauge valves are open. The water supply pressure gauge (lower gauge) equals that of the known service-line pressure. The system pressure gauge (upper gauge) reading is equal to or greater than the water supply pressure gauge reading. Incoming power to all alarm switches is on. Main-drain valve, auxiliary drain valves, and inspectors test valves are closed. The sprinkler head cabinet contains appropriate replacement sprinklers and wrenches. Temperature is maintained above freezing for at least the water-filled portions of the system. If the fire department connection Is used, make sure the automatic drip valve is free, allowing accumulated water to escape. The sprinklers are in good condition and unobstructed. [0131] With reference to Figure 2, the city main 1 provides pressurized water to the underground fire main 3 and fo a fire hydrant 5. A key vaive 7 is used to control flow of water into the underground fire main 3 and a post indicator vaive 9 can measure pressure. The system aiso includes a main alarm valve drain 53, fire department connection 15, and a water motor alarm 27. A riser 57 connects pressurized water from the underground fire main 3 to a wet pipe alarm valve 59. Past the wet pipe alarm vaive 59, the nitrogen generator 25 is connected to the system piping 61. A sparging element (not shown) is positioned inside the piping to sparge nitrogen from the nitrogen generator 25 into the water within the system piping 61. One or more upright sprinklers 43 or pendent sprinklers 45 are positioned and spaced within the piping network to provide fire protection coverage. These include a pendent sprinkler on drop nipple 63, An inspector’s test valve 47 and drain 49 allow testing and/or purging of the system. One or more oxygen sensors 51 are positioned near the Inspector’s test vaive 47 and inspector’s test drain 49, adjacent to any system vents and at other terminal portions of the piping network, to measure oxygen 39 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 and ensure aii oxygen or an acceptable level of oxygen is purged from the system. EXAMPLE 3 - Filling a Wet Pipe Sprinkler System 5 [0132] A first embodiment of a wet pipe sprinkler system using nitrogen gas to control corrosion is filled with water according to the following aspects. With reference to Figure 3A, a portion of a fire protection system 300 is shown. The fire protection system 300 includes a compressor 305 coupled to a nitrogen generator 310. The nitrogen generator 310 is further coupled to a 10 nitrogen storage tank 315 that is further coupled to a riser 320 leading to a piping network 325 of a wet pipe sprinkler system. Valves 330, 335, 340 may be positioned within the respective couplings between the compressor 305, nitrogen generator 310, nitrogen storage tank 315, and riser 320. The riser 320 is further coupled to a main drain line 345 including a valve 350. The main drain line 345 15 is coupled to the riser 320 at a system control valve 370. A vacuum pump 355 is coupled to a vacuum tank and water separator 360 that is coupled to the riser 320 via a valve 365. The vacuum pump 355 can be a liquid ring vacuum pump, for example. The nitrogen generator 310 and vacuum tank and water separator 360 can be coupled to the main drain line 345 including valves 375 and 380, 20 respectively. The nitrogen storage tank 315 may also have a valve and water drain. Additional valves 385 and 390 can be used to isolate portions of the system 300. For example, closing valves 385 and 390 can isolate the vacuum pump 355 and vacuum tank and water separator 360 from other parts of the system 300. 25 [0133] Methods of operating the system 300 can include the following aspects. The nitrogen storage tank 315 is pre-filled with a sufficient quantity of nitrogen gas to fill the entire fire sprinkler piping network 325 with about 95+% nitrogen gas at atmospheric pressure. If only a portion of the piping network 325 is drained, then less nitrogen gas is required. Water is drained out of the wet 30 pipe fire sprinkler system using the main drain line 345. Water supply to the liquid ring vacuum pump 355 is turned on, the vacuum pump 355 is actuated, and the empty piping network 325 is evacuated to about 1.5 psi, whereupon the 40 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 vacuum pump 355 is turned off. The valve 340 between the nitrogen storage tank 315 and the riser 320 is opened to fast-fili the evacuated piping network 325 to atmospheric pressure with about 95+% nitrogen gas. The valve 340 from the nitrogen storage tank 315 is then dosed. The wet pipe fire sprinkler system Is 5 then filled with water as per normal filling procedures.

[0134] A second embodiment of a wet pipe sprinkler system using nitrogen gas to control corrosion is filled with water according to the following aspects. With reference to Figure 3B, a portion of a fire protection system 300B is shown. The fire protection system 300B includes a compressor 305 coupled 10 to a nitrogen generator 310. The nitrogen generator 310 is further coupled to a nitrogen storage tank 315 that is further coupled to a piping network 325 of a wet pipe sprinkler system. Valves 330, 335, 340 may be positioned within the respective couplings between the compressor 305, nitrogen generator 310, nitrogen storage tank 315, and the piping network 325. A riser 320 is coupled to 15 the piping network 325 and to a main drain line 345 including a valve 350. The main drain line 345 is coupled to the riser 320 at a system control valve 370. A vacuum pump 355 is coupled to a vacuum tank and water separator 360 that is coupled to the piping network 325 via a valve 395. The vacuum pump 355 can be a liquid ring vacuum pump, for example. The nitrogen generator 310 and 20 vacuum tank and water separator 360 can be coupled to water drains including valves 375 and 380, respectively. The nitrogen storage tank 315 and the vacuum tank and water separator 360 may be coupled to the piping network 325 using a common line after valves 340 and 395, as shown. An additional valve 341 may be positioned in the common line at or near the piping network 325. 25 The additional valve 341 and coupling to the piping network 325 can be located at an end of a main or branch line of the piping network 325. The nitrogen storage tank 315 may also have a valve and water drain.

[0135] Methods of operating the system 300B can include the following aspects. The nitrogen storage tank 315 is pre-filled with a sufficient quantity of 30 nitrogen gas to fill the entire fire sprinkler piping network 325 with about 95+% nitrogen gas at atmospheric pressure. If only a portion of the piping network 325 is drained, then less nitrogen gas is required. Water is drained out of the wet 41 PCT/US2009/0560Q0 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 pipe fire sprinkler system using the main drain line 345. Valves 395 and 341 are opened, the water supply to the liquid ring vacuum pump 355 is turned on, the vacuum pump 355 is actuated, and the empty piping network 325 is evacuated to about 1.5 psi, whereupon the vacuum pump 355 is turned off. Vaive 395 Is 5 closed. Valves 340 and 341 between the nitrogen storage tank 315 and the piping network 325 are opened (if not already opened) to fast-fiil the evacuated piping network 325 to atmospheric pressure with about 95+% nitrogen gas. Valve 340 from the nitrogen storage tank 315 and valve 341 are then closed. The wet pipe fire sprinkler system is then filled with water as per norma! filling 10 procedures. EXAMPLE 4 - Filling, Draining, and Refilling a Wet Pipe Sprinkler System [0138] An embodiment of a wet pipe sprinkler system using nitrogen gas to control corrosion can be operated and/or tested according to the following 15 aspects, which include filling, draining, and refilling of the system. With reference to Figure 4, a portion of a fire protection system 400 is shown. The fire protection system 400 includes a nitrogen generator 405, where the nitrogen generator 405 may also be configured with a compressor and nitrogen storage tank, for example, as illustrated in Figure 3. The nitrogen generator 405 is 20 coupled to a circulation line 410 via a nitrogen injection line 415. The circulation line 410 runs to and from a water reuse tank 420 having a gas volume 425 and a liquid water volume 430. The circulation line 410 is further coupled to a water fiil/drain line 435, where the water fiil/drain line 435 is coupled to the water reuse tank 420 and to a riser 440 running to a piping network 445 of a wet pipe 25 sprinkler system. The water fiil/drain line 435 can be split so that it is coupled to the riser 440 and can run to a drain. A pump 455, such as a centrifugal pump, is positioned in the water fiil/drain line 435 between the water reuse tank 420 and the coupling with the circulation line 410.

[0137] A valve 460 is positioned at the point where the circulation line 30 410 is coupled to the water fiil/drain line 435. The valve 460 is operable to open or close water flow between the water reuse tank 420 through the water fiil/drain 42 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 line 435 to the riser 440, The valve 460 is also operable to open or close water flow in the circulation line 410 running to and from the water reuse tank 420.

[0138] Another valve 465 is positioned at the split of the water fill/drain line 435 before coupling to the riser 440 and to the drain. The valve 465 Is 5 operable to open or close water flow through to the water fill/drain Sine 435 to the coupling between the system control vaive 450 and the piping network 445, or to open or close water flow through the water fill/drain line 435 to the drain.

[0139] A means for mixing nitrogen gas and water, such as an inline static mixer 470, is positioned in the circulation line 410 between the coupling 10 with the nitrogen injection line 415 and the portion of the circulation line 410 running to the water reuse tank 420. The inline static mixer 470 is operable to mix a stream of nitrogen gas from the nitrogen injection line 415 from the nitrogen generator 405 with water flow in the circulation line 410. Addition of nitrogen gas can force or strip dissolved oxygen from the water where it collects 15 within the gas volume 425 of the water reuse tank 420, leaving the liquid water volume 430 with a reduced dissolved oxygen content or substantially no dissolved oxygen content.

[0140] A gas vent Sine 475 Is coupled to the gas volume 425 portion of the water reuse tank 420 and to one or both of the riser 440 and the piping 20 network 445. A valve 480 is positioned in the gas vent line 475 where it splits from the water reuse tank 420 to the riser 440 and the piping network 445. The valve 480 is operable to open or close gas flow between the gas volume 425 of the water reuse tank 420 through the gas vent line 475 to the riser 440, or to open or close gas flow between the gas volume 425 of the water reuse tank 420 25 through the gas vent line 475 to the piping network 445. A check valve 490 is positioned in the gas vent line 475 at or before the coupling to the piping network 445. A similar check valve (not shown) can also be positioned at or before the coupling of the gas vent line 475 to the riser 440. The check valve 490 operates to prevent water from the piping network 445 from entering the gas vent line 475, 30 for example, once the piping network 445 of the wet pipe sprinkler system Is filled with water. 43 PCT/IJ S2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 [0141] A gas vent 485 is positioned in the piping network 445 and is operable to vent gas from the piping network 445. Additionai gas vents can also be positioned at various points throughout the piping network, typicaiiy at or near terminal points within the network. The gas vent 485 may be configured to vent 5 gas only and prevent the venting of water.

[0142] Methods of operating the system 400 can include the following aspects. The piping network 445 of the wet pipe sprinkler system can be filled with deoxygenated water (e.g., nitrogen-enriched water). The water reuse tank 400, which may be empty, is purged with nitrogen gas, where nitrogen-enriched 10 gas can be vented into the piping network 445 of the fire protection system, affording positive displacement of gas within the system with gas exiting out of the gas vent(s) 485. The venting may be performed in a continuous fashion or at one or more selected times or intervals. Water supply line pressure is used to fill the water reuse tank 420 with water (if empty) through the circulation line 410 15 using the nitrogen injection line 415 and mixing of nitrogen gas with water via the inline static mixer 470, where water can be supplied to the circulation line 410 via the water fill/drain line 435 and riser 440. Once the water reuse tank 420 has enough water to fill the wet pipe sprinkler system piping network 445, filling Is stopped and the water within the liquid water volume 430 of the water reuse tank 20 420 is circulated. Nitrogen gas Injection may be continued during water circulation until the dissolved oxygen content In the water fails below about 1.0 ppm, for example. At this point, the gas vent line vaive 480 is closed, circulation of water is stopped, and the centrifugal pump 455 is used to fill the piping network 400 of the wet pipe sprinkler system with deoxygenated water. The 25 deoxygenated water is pumped from the water reuse tank 420 into the piping network 445 using the centrifugal pump 455 via the water fill/drain line 435 and riser 440. Nitrogen injection may be continued in order to fill the gas volume space 425 in the water reuse tank 420 as water is emptied to fili the piping network 445. 30 [0143] The wet pipe sprinkler system piping network 445 can be drained to permit servicing or testing of the fire protection system. The gas vent line 475 is opened to allow nitrogen-enriched gas from the gas volume 425 of the 44 PCT/IJ S2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 water reuse tank 420 to fill void space created in the piping network 445 as the system is drained of water. Water is drained from the piping network 445 into the water reuse tank 420 via the water fiil/draln line 435 coupied to the riser 440 until the piping network 445 is essentially empty and substantially all of the water 5 is captured in the water reuse tank 420. The water may be drained from the piping network 445 into the water reuse tank 420 using gravity or a pump 455. The piping network 445 of the wet pipe sprinkler system can then be refilled with the captured water from the liquid water volume 430 in the water reuse tank 420, where the water may already be sufficiently deoxygenated or may be further 10 deoxygenated using the nitrogen generator 405 and inline static mixer 470 and circulating the water in the water reuse tank 420 via the circulation line 410 and pump 455.

[0144] Components of the system 300 illustrated in Figure 3 may be included in the system 400, including the vacuum pump 355. Thus, the system 15 400 can include the associated operational aspects of system 300, such as fast filling of evacuated piping network 445 with nitrogen gas prior to initial fill of the system 400. EXAMPLE 5 - Multi-Level Fire Protection System 20 [0145] The present fire protection systems may be installed in structures having more than one level or floor. For example, multistory buildings can be protected using a fire protection system that is coupled to piping networks on each floor.

[0146] Such fire protection systems can include a riser for delivering 25 water that runs from the main sprinkler equipment room to each floor to be protected, where a piping network is coupled to the riser at each floor. The riser may provide pressurized water to the piping network on each floor and may also be used to drain water from the piping network(s). For example, the source of pressurized water to the riser may be shut off using a valve and the riser drained 30 of water where one or more of the piping networks on one or more floors are also drained of water through the riser. The riser may therefore supply pressurized water to the piping network(s) and may be used to drain the piping 45 PCT/US20G9/0560Q0 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 network(s). in addition, when the piping network(s) and riser are drained of water, the riser may be used to provide nitrogen from a nitrogen generator or a nitrogen storage tank into the riser and various piping networks. For example, in the case of a wet pipe sprinkler system, the drained riser and piping networks 5 can be evacuated with a vacuum pump, fast-filled with nitrogen, and refilled with water as described.

[0147] Fire protection systems can further include a drain line in addition to the riser. In such cases, the riser can provide pressurized water to the piping networks on the various floors and the drain line can be used to drain 10 the piping networks. Valves in the couplings between the piping networks, riser, and drain line can be used to isolate portions of the fire protection system and allow draining/filling of the entire system or just portions of the system. For example, pressurized water entering the piping network on one floor may be shut off via a valve and a valve to the drain line opened to drain only this particular 15 isolated piping network. In this way, the piping network on one floor may be serviced while pressurized water can still be provided to the piping networks on the other floor(s) via the riser, in addition, the piping network(s) can be drained of water using the drain line while the pressurized water from the riser is isolated using a valve. The drained piping network(s) can then be evacuated through the 20 drain line using a vacuum pump and fast-fiiled with nitrogen. The valve to the piping network(s) from the riser is then opened to refill the piping network with water in the case of a wet pipe system.

[0148] Fire protection systems can still further include a gas line in addition to the riser and the drain line. The riser provides pressurized water to 25 the piping networks on the various floors, the drain line can be used to drain the piping network(s), and the gas line can provide nitrogen into the piping nefwork(s). Valves in the couplings between the piping networks, riser, drain line, and gas line can be used to isolate portions of the fire protection system and allow draining/filling of the entire system or just portions of the system. The 30 piping network(s) can be drained of water using the drain line while the pressurized water from the riser is isolated using a valve. The drained piping network(s) can then be used to evacuate the air in the piping through the drain 46 PCT/US2009/056000 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 line or through the gas line using a vacuum pump and fast-fiiied with nitrogen supplied via the gas line. The valve to the piping network(s) from the riser is then opened to refill the piping network with water in the case of a wet pipe system. The gas line may also be used to provide compressed air in addition to 5 nitrogen, for example.

[0149] With reference to Figure 5, a cross-section view of a portion of a fire protection system 500 for protecting a structure having multiple floors is shown. A gas line 505, riser 510, and drain line 515 are coupled to piping networks 555 on multiple floors of a structure. A source of nitrogen and 10 optionally compressed air is coupied to the gas line 505 at 520, a source of pressurized water is coupled to the riser 510 at 525, and a drain and/or water reuse tank is coupled to the drain line 515 at 530; these features may be located in a main equipment room (not shown). A valve 535 can control flow of pressurized water through the riser 510. Couplings of the gas line 505, riser 15 510, and drain line 515 to each of the piping networks 555 can include a sprinkler control valve 540, sprinkler drain valve 545, and gas connection valve 550, as shown.

[0150] Often the piping network(s) 555 and associated portions of the fire protection system are positioned behind wails 575 and finished ceilings 565 20 where the sprinkler heads 560 are exposed to the area to be protected on each floor 570. The gas line 505, riser 510, and drain line 515 can traverse multiple floors 570 and connect to one or more piping networks 555 configured as necessary to protect each floor 570.

[0151] Aspects of such multistory fire protection systems can be used 25 in conjunction with aspects of the wet pipe sprinkler systems, dry pipe sprinkler systems, preaction sprinkler systems, and method of operating such systems as described herein. For example, features of the multistory fire protection system can be readily combined with features of the various fire protection systems as described herein and as illustrated in Figures 1,2, 3A, 3B, and 4. 30 [0152] The embodiments and the examples described herein are exemplary and not intended to be limiting in describing the fuil scope of apparatus, systems, and methods of the present technology. Equivalent 47 PCT/US2OO9/O56OO0 2015200526 04 Feb 2015 WO 2010/030567 changes, modifications and variations of some embodiments, maieriais, compositions and methods can be made within the scope of the present technoiogy, with substantially similar results. 48

Claims (7)

1. THE CLAIMS DEFINING THE INVENTION ARE AS FOLLOWS:

   1. A method of operating a wet pipe fire protection sprinkler system having a pipe network, a source of water for the pipe network, at least one sprinkler head including a fusible sprinkler connected with the pipe network, and a nitrogen generator connected with the pipe network, the method comprising: supplying nitrogen gas from the nitrogen generator to the pipe network to increase a pressure in the pipe network above atmospheric pressure; discharging gas from the pipe network after supplying nitrogen gas to the pipe network; supplying water to the pipe network after discharging gas from the pipe network, thereby filling the pipe network with water and compressing nitrogen gas in the pipe network; and venting compressed nitrogen gas from the pipe network using a venting assembly configured to vent gas and not water from the pipe network while supplying water to the pipe network.
2. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising repeating supplying nitrogen gas and discharging gas from the pipe network, thereby increasing concentration of nitrogen gas in the pipe network.
3. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein repeating includes supplying nitrogen gas and discharging gas from the pipe network prior to supplying water to the pipe network, until the nitrogen concentration in the pipe network is established at a desired level.
4. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the desired level includes a nitrogen concentration of at least about 95%.
5. 5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising draining water from the pipe network, wherein draining includes substantially preventing air from entering the pipe network.
6. 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising refilling the pipe network with water after draining water from the pipe network, thereby filling the pipe network with water and compressing nitrogen gas in the pipe network.
7. 7. The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the pipe network comprises a multistory pipe network.