AU2014216242B2 - Tapered Beam - Google Patents
Tapered Beam Download PDFInfo
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- AU2014216242B2 AU2014216242B2 AU2014216242A AU2014216242A AU2014216242B2 AU 2014216242 B2 AU2014216242 B2 AU 2014216242B2 AU 2014216242 A AU2014216242 A AU 2014216242A AU 2014216242 A AU2014216242 A AU 2014216242A AU 2014216242 B2 AU2014216242 B2 AU 2014216242B2
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- tapered
- beams
- section
- joists
- narrower
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- Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
Abstract
- 17 A closed-section profile tapered beam for use in the construction industry formed from two nested C-section 5 tapered beams 7. 57021151 (GHMatters) P94461.AU. I KRYSTALM 25/08/14 (s') La $
Description
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to beams (which may also be described as sections) made from steel for use in the construction industry, for example in the construction of frames for buildings, and a method of manufacturing such beams .
Background of the Invention
It is known to construct frames for buildings from steel beams. Typically, the frames are made from I15 section beams and/or C-section beams formed from coil steel. These beams tend to have high fabrication costs and be heavy. These known I or C-section beams also provide ideal hosts for birds and other vermin causing hygiene and fouling issues for building users and are a disadvantage on this basis.
The above description should not be taken to be a description of part of the common general knowledge in Australia or elsewhere .
Summary of the Invention
The present invention provides a tapered beam for use in the construction industry that tapers from a wider end to a narrower end.
The tapered beam may have a constant taper angle from the wider end to the narrower end of the beam.
The tapered beam may have a C-section transverse profile .
5702115_l (GHMatters) P94461.AU.1 KRYSTALM 25/08/14
2014216242 26 Aug 2014
The C-section profile beam may include a web and two flanges extending from opposite side edges of the web.
The web and therefore the beam may taper from a wider 5 end to a narrower end.
The C-section profile beam may also include an inturned lip extending from a side edge of each flange.
The C-section profile beam may also include an inturned lip extending from a side edge of one flange.
The tapered beam may be formed from steel plate.
The tapered beam may be a closed-section profile beam.
The term closed-section profile beam is understood herein to mean that the longitudinal walls of the beam define a box that completely encloses an internal volume along the length of the beam.
The closed-section profile beam may be in the form of a closed box formed from two nested C-section tapered beams.
The term nested is understood herein to mean that each C-section tapered beam is at least partially located within the other beam and thereby interconnect the beams and form the closed box beam.
The tapered beam may include a connection member at an end of the beam for allowing the beam to be connected to another beam.
The tapered beam may include the connection member at each end of the beam.
5702115_l (GHMatters) P94461.AU.1 KRYSTALM 25/08/14
2014216242 26 Aug 2014
The connection member may include an end plate for abutting an end plate of a connection member of another beam.
The end plate may be butt welded or otherwise connected to the end of the beam.
The connection member may include a pair of spaced 10 apart gusset plates extending from one face of the end plate and connected to oppositely-facing side walls of the beam.
The end plate may include openings for bolts or other 15 fasteners for connecting together the end plate and the end plate of another beam.
In a situation where the tapered beam is a closed box formed from two nested C-section tapered beams, the C20 section tapered beams may be positioned with respect to each other so that an end section of one beam extends beyond a corresponding end section of the other beam and vice versa, whereby the extended end sections can form mountings for gusset or connection plates.
The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a tapered C-section beam for use in the construction industry that includes folding opposite sides of a flat plate and forming longitudinal flanges of the beam, with the unfolded part of the flat plate forming a web of the beam, and with the beam being tapered from a wider end to a narrower end.
The method may include folding opposite sides of the flat plate so that there is a constant taper angle along the length of the beam.
5702115_l (GHMatters) P94461.AU.1 KRYSTALM 25/08/14
2014216242 26 Aug 2014
The flat plate may be tapered along the length of the plate from the wider end to the narrower end.
The method may include cutting a rectangular flat 5 plate and forming the flat plate with tapered side edges along the length of the plate from the wider end to the narrower end.
The method may further include folding both flanges and forming in-turned lips extending along the length of the beam.
The method may further include folding one flange only and forming an in-turned lip extending along the length of the beam.
The tapered C-section beam may be formed from steel plate .
The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a tapered beam for use in the construction industry that includes folding opposite sides of a flat plate and forming longitudinal flanges of the beam, with the unfolded part of the flat plate forming a web of the beam, and with the beam being tapered from a wider end to a narrower end, and nesting the beam and another beam formed by the same method together and forming a tapered beam.
The method may include nesting the two tapered beams together by sliding or pushing the beams towards each other from opposite directions and interconnecting the beams .
By way of example, the method may include nesting the two tapered beams together by positioning the beams coaxially with a narrower end of one beam adjacent a wider
5702115_l (GHMatters) P94461.AU.1 KRYSTALM 25/08/14
2014216242 26 Aug 2014 end of the other beam and sliding or pushing the beams towards each other from opposite directions so that the narrower end of the one beam is inserted into the other beam via the wider end of the other beam and the beams become interconnected.
Alternatively, the method may include nesting the two tapered beams together by inserting one beam into the other beam along a longitudinal edge of the other beam and interconnecting the beams.
By way of example, the method may include nesting the two tapered beams together by positioning the beams side by side and moving one beam in relation to the other beam and inserting the one beam into the volume defined by the other beam initially via a longitudinal edge of the one beam and interconnecting the beams.
The method may include manufacturing the tapered beam so that there is a constant taper angle along the length of the beam.
The method may further include folding the flanges and forming in-turned lips of the beam.
The present invention provides a steel frame for a building that includes a plurality of the above-described tapered beams connected together.
The frame may include the tapered beams and beams other than the tapered beams. The other beams may be uniform section beams .
The frame may include upright posts (which may also be described as columns) and roof joists (which may also be described as rafters) extending from the posts, with at least some of the posts and the joists being formed
5702115_l (GHMatters) P94461.AU.1 KRYSTALM 25/08/14
2014216242 26 Aug 2014 from the tapered beams.
The joists may include joists formed from tapered beams connected together in end to end relationship, with narrower ends of tapered beams being connected together and wider ends of tapered beams being connected together.
The posts may include posts formed from tapered beams connected together in end to end relationship, with a narrower end of a preceding tapered beam being connected to a wider end of a successive tapered beam.
The transverse dimensions of the tapered beams of the posts may be selected so that each successive tapered beam continues the taper of each preceding tapered beam and there is a smooth transition from each preceding tapered beam to each successive tapered beam.
In situations where the tapered beams are formed from plate, each successive tapered beam may have a different plate thickness to each preceding tapered beam.
The frame may include knee connections connecting together the posts and the joists and apex connections connecting together the joists at an apex of the frame.
The frame may include narrower ends of the tapered beams at the apex connections.
As used herein, the term longitudinal, and its derivatives such as longitudinally, are intended to mean parallel to a longitudinal axis of the beam. Where the terms longitudinal and its derivatives are used in relation to features such as welds, folds, and steel plates, those terms again indicate reference to the longitudinal axis of the beam that will ultimately be formed using the referred to features. The term
5702115_l (GHMatters) P94461.AU.1 KRYSTALM 25/08/14
2014216242 26 Aug 2014 longitudinal and its derivatives may refer to features that extend the full length of the beam or only part of that length.
Advantages of the tapered beam include, by way of example, the following advantages:
• Lighter - typically 15% lighter than an equivalent hot rolled I-Section - and therefore easier to handle in a manufacturing plant and on site.
• Lower fabrication costs - the tapered beam can be cold formed.
• Vermin proof - being a closed section.
Brief Description of the Drawings
The present invention is now described by way of non20 limiting example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:
Figure 1 is a side elevation of one embodiment of a section of a building frame in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 2 is an enlarged view of the left hand side of the section of the building frame shown in Figure 1;
Figure 3 is a perspective view of an end section of one embodiment of a tapered beam in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 4 is a transverse cross-section through 35 another embodiment of a tapered beam in accordance with the present invention;
5702115_l (GHMatters) P94461.AU.1 KRYSTALM 25/08/14
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Figure 5 is a transverse cross-section through another embodiment of a tapered beam in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 6 is a perspective view of one embodiment of an apex connection for two of the tapered beams shown in Figure 3 in accordance with the present invention, with each tapered beam having an embodiment of a connection member at an end of the beam in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 7 is an exploded view of the apex connection shown in Figure 6;
Figure 8 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a knee connection for two of the tapered beams shown in Figure 3 in accordance with the present invention with each tapered beam having an embodiment of a connection member at an end of the beam in accordance with the present invention; and
Figure 9 is an exploded view of the apex connection shown in Figure 8.
Detailed Description
Figure 1 illustrates a section of one embodiment of a steel frame for a building in accordance with the present invention. The section is a basic frame section only and is illustrative only.
Typically, the frame will be considerably more extensive than the basic frame section shown in the Figure and, by way of example, will include (a) a plurality of the basic frame sections shown in Figure 1 arranged parallel to each other and (b) beams connecting together
5702115_l (GHMatters) P94461.AU.1 KRYSTALM 25/08/14
2014216242 26 Aug 2014 the basic frame sections.
The frame is made from a plurality of tapered beams 7 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention and a plurality of conventional uniform section beams 9. The term beam may also be understood herein to mean section.
With reference to Figures 3, 4 and 6-9, each tapered 10 beam 7 is a closed-section profile beam in that the longitudinal walls of the beam define a box that completely encloses an internal volume along the length of the beam.
Each tapered beam 7 has a wider end 35 and a narrower end 37 (see Figure 2) and has a constant taper angle from the wider end to the narrower end. The constant taper angle is evident from Figure 1. The tapered beams 7 may be of any suitable length and transverse dimensions.
The frame includes a pair of spaced-apart upright posts 3 (which may also be described as columns) and two roof joists 5 (which may also be described as rafters) arranged as shown.
Each of the posts 3 and the joists 5 is formed from a plurality of the closed-section profile tapered beams 7 of the type shown in Figures 3, 4 and 6-9. The joists 5 include uniform section beams 9 as well as tapered beams
7. The posts 3 and the roof joists 5 may be of any suitable length.
The posts 3 are formed from two (or more, if required) closed-section profile tapered beams 7 connected together in end to end relationship, with the narrower end of one tapered beam 7 (the upper of the two beams forming each post) being connected to the wider end of the other
5702115_l (GHMatters) P94461.AU.1 KRYSTALM 25/08/14
2014216242 26 Aug 2014 tapered beam. The transverse dimensions of the tapered beams 7 are selected so that there is a smooth transition from one tapered beam 7 to the other tapered beam 7. The transverse profiles of the posts 3 increases with height from the ground. In situations where the tapered beams 7 are formed from plate (such as steel plate) as described below, each successive tapered beam 7 may have a different plate thickness to each preceding tapered beam 7.
The closed-section profile tapered beams 7 in the joists 5 are connected together in end to end relationship with the narrower ends of tapered beams 7 being connected together and the wider ends of tapered beams 7 being connected together. The ends of the uniform section beams
9 are connected to the wider ends of the adjacent tapered beams 7.
The closed-section profile tapered beams 7 in the posts 3 and the joists 5 and the uniform section beams 9 in the joists 5 include connection members at opposite ends of the beams 7, 9 which facilitate connecting the beams together. The connections between beams 7, 9 include knee connections 11 (Figures 2, 8 and 9) connecting together the posts 3 and the joists 5, and an apex connection 13 (Figures 6 and 7) connecting together the joists 5 at an apex of the frame.
The connection members of each beam 7, 9 include an end plate 29 for abutting an end plate 29 of another beam (as shown in Figure 8) and a pair of spaced apart gusset plates 31 extending from one face of the end plate 29 and connected to oppositely-facing side walls of the beam 7. The end plate 29 includes openings for bolts 51 (Figures 5-9) or other suitable fasteners for connecting together the end plate 29 and the end plate 29 of another beam 7,
9.
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2014216242 26 Aug 2014
In another embodiment (not shown) of the present invention, the end plates 29 are welded to the ends of the beams 7, 9 and the gusset plates 31 are not required.
In the arrangement shown in Figures 1 and 2 the closed section profile tapered beams 7 are formed from two nested C-section tapered beams 15. This is illustrated in Figures 3 and 4. These Figures show the same basic tapered beam construction but are different embodiments due to the different transverse dimensions of the beams.
Figure 5 illustrates one embodiment of a C-section tapered beam 15 that, together with another such C-section tapered beam 15, is used in the construction of the closed-section profile tapered beam 7 shown in Figure 4.
With reference to Figure 5, the C-section tapered beam 15 is formed from steel plate and includes a web 17, two flanges 19 extending from opposite side edges 23 of the web, and two in-turned lips 21 extending from side edges 25 of the flanges.
In another embodiment (not shown) of the present invention the C-section tapered beam 15 includes one in25 turned lip 21 only.
Whilst not shown in Figure 5 but nevertheless evident from other Figures, the web 17 and therefore the beam 15 tapers from a wider end 35 to a narrower end 37 with a constant taper angle along the length of the beam 15.
The C-section tapered section 15 is shown as a standalone beam in Figure 5. The C-section tapered beam 15 is of itself an embodiment of a tapered beam in accordance with the invention and could be used in the construction of building frames.
5702115_l (GHMatters) P94461.AU.1 KRYSTALM 25/08/14
2014216242 26 Aug 2014
With reference to Figures 3 and 9, the two C-section tapered beams 15 are positioned with respect to each other in the closed section tapered profile beam 7 so that an end section of one beam 15 extends beyond a corresponding end section of the other beam 15 and vice versa, whereby opposed side walls of the extended end sections form mountings 27 for the gusset plates 31.
The two C-section tapered beams 15 may be nested 10 together by positioning the beams 15 co-axially with a narrower end 37 of one beam adjacent a wider end 35 of the other beam and sliding or pushing the beams 15 towards each other from opposite directions so that the narrower end 37 of the one beam 15 is inserted into the other beam
15 via the wider end 35 of the other beam and the beams become interconnected. Basically, this process slides or pushes the narrower end 37 of the one beam 15 towards the narrower end 37 of the other beam 15.
Alternatively, the two C-section tapered beams 15 may be nested together by inserting one beam 15 into the other beam 15 along a longitudinal edge of the other beam 15 and interconnecting the beams .
It can readily be appreciated that the C-section tapered beam construction is a convenient basic unit for forming the closed-section profile tapered beam 7.
Many modifications may be made to the embodiments of the present invention described above without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
By way of example, whilst the steel frame shown in the Figures includes a combination of tapered beams 7 and uniform section beams 9, the present invention is not limited to this arrangement and extends to arrangements in which all of the beams of the steel frame are tapered
5702115_l (GHMatters) P94461.AU.1 KRYSTALM 25/08/14
2014216242 26 Aug 2014 beams 7.
By way of further example, whilst the steel frame shown in the Figures includes a combination of tapered beams 7 and uniform section beams 9 that are the same length, the present invention is not limited to this arrangement and extends to arrangements in which the beams have different lengths.
By way of further example, whilst the steel frame shown in the Figures includes closed section profile tapered beams 7, the present invention is not limited to this arrangement and extends to arrangements which include other types of tapered beams, such as C-section tapered beams shown by way of example in Figure 5.
5702115_l (GHMatters) P94461.AU.1 KRYSTALM 25/08/14
- 14 2014216242 05 Jun2018
Claims (4)
- Claims1. A tapered beam for use in the construction industry that tapers from a wider end to a narrower end and is a5 closed-section profile beam formed from two nested Csection tapered beams each having a transverse C-section profile and has a connection member at an end of the beam for allowing the beam to be connected to another beam, wherein the C-section profile includes a web and two10 flanges extending from opposite side edges of the web, wherein the web and therefore the C-section profile taper from the wider end to the narrower end, and wherein the connection member includes an end plate for abutting an end plate of a connection member of another beam.15
- 2. The beam defined in claim 1 having a constant taper angle from the wider end to the narrower end of the beam.
- 3. The beam defined in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the Csection profile includes an in-turned lip extending from a side edge of each flange.20 4. The beam defined in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the Csection profile includes an in-turned lip extending from a side edge of one flange.5. The beam defined in any one of the preceding claims wherein the connection member includes a pair of spaced25 apart gusset plates extending from one face of the end plate and connected to oppositely-facing side walls of the beam.6. The beam defined in claim 5 wherein the C-section tapered beams are positioned with respect to each other so30 that an end section of one beam extends beyond a corresponding end section of the other beam and vice versa, whereby the extended ends form mountings for the gusset plates .7. A method of manufacturing a tapered beam as defined35 in any one of the preceding claims for use in the construction industry that includes folding opposite sides of a flat plate and forming longitudinal flanges of the10339629_1 (GHMatters) P94461.AU.12014216242 05 Jun2018- 15 beam, with the unfolded part of the flat plate forming a web of the beam, and with the beam being tapered from a wider end to a narrower end, and nesting the beam and another beam formed by the same method together and5 forming a tapered beam.8. The method defined in claim 7 includes nesting the two tapered beams together by sliding the beams towards each other from opposite directions and interconnecting the beams.10 9. The method defined in claim 7 includes nesting the two tapered beams together by inserting one beam into the other beam along a longitudinal edge of the other beam and interconnecting the beams .10. The method defined in any one of claims 7 to 915 includes folding opposite sides of the flat plate so that there is a constant taper angle along the length of the beam.11. The method defined in any one of claims 7 to 9 wherein the flat plate is tapered along the length of the20 plate from the wider end to the narrower end.12. The method defined in claim 11 includes cutting a rectangular flat plate and forming the flat plate with tapered side edges along the length of the plate from the wider end to the narrower end.25 13. A steel frame for a building that includes a plurality of the tapered beams defined in any one of claims 1 to 6 connected together.14. The frame defined in claim 13 includes upright posts and roof joists extending from the posts, with the posts30 and the joists being formed from the tapered beams.15. The frame defined in claim 14 wherein the joists include joists formed from the tapered beams connected together in end to end relationship, with narrower ends of tapered beams being connected together and wider ends of35 tapered beams being connected together.16. The frame defined in claim 14 or claim 15 wherein the posts include posts formed from the tapered beams10339629_1 (GHMatters) P94461.AU.12014216242 05 Jun2018- 16 connected together in end to end relationship, with a narrower end of a preceding tapered beam being connected to a wider end of a successive tapered beam, and with the transverse dimensions of the tapered beams being selected5 so that each successive tapered beam continues the taper of each preceding tapered beam and there is a smooth transition from each preceding tapered beam to each successive tapered beam.17. The frame defined in any one of claims 14 to 16 10 includes knee connections connecting together the posts and the joists and apex connections connecting together the joists at an apex of the frame.10339629_1 (GHMatters) P94461.AU.12014216242 05 Jun 20181/6Figure 12014216242 05 Jun 2018Figure 22014216242 05 Jun 20189/2Figure 32014216242 05 Jun 201815,
- 4/6Figure 4Figure 52014216242 05 Jun 20189/9Figure 6Figure 72014216242 05 Jun 201827 79/9Figure 8Figure 9
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2014216242A AU2014216242B2 (en) | 2013-08-26 | 2014-08-26 | Tapered Beam |
| AU2018211254A AU2018211254A1 (en) | 2013-08-26 | 2018-08-01 | Tapered Beam |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2013903234A AU2013903234A0 (en) | 2013-08-26 | Tapered Beam | |
| AU2013903234 | 2013-08-26 | ||
| AU2014216242A AU2014216242B2 (en) | 2013-08-26 | 2014-08-26 | Tapered Beam |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2018211254A Division AU2018211254A1 (en) | 2013-08-26 | 2018-08-01 | Tapered Beam |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU2014216242A1 AU2014216242A1 (en) | 2015-03-12 |
| AU2014216242B2 true AU2014216242B2 (en) | 2018-06-21 |
Family
ID=52629209
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2014216242A Active AU2014216242B2 (en) | 2013-08-26 | 2014-08-26 | Tapered Beam |
| AU2018211254A Abandoned AU2018211254A1 (en) | 2013-08-26 | 2018-08-01 | Tapered Beam |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2018211254A Abandoned AU2018211254A1 (en) | 2013-08-26 | 2018-08-01 | Tapered Beam |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (2) | AU2014216242B2 (en) |
Citations (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB498281A (en) * | 1937-08-27 | 1939-01-04 | Geoffrey Murray Boyd | Improvements in built-up structural members |
| US3039414A (en) * | 1960-05-31 | 1962-06-19 | Rosanes Jacob | Method of producing hollow four-sided tapering beams or columns from sheet metal |
| US3224151A (en) * | 1962-06-26 | 1965-12-21 | Inland Steel Products Company | Roof beams and supporting columns |
| US3283464A (en) * | 1960-05-10 | 1966-11-08 | Litzka Franz | Honeycomb girders and method for making same |
| AU5281073A (en) * | 1972-03-27 | 1974-09-05 | Unitedstates Gypsum Company | Nesting structural member |
| US4342177A (en) * | 1979-06-18 | 1982-08-03 | Smith Donald A | Prefabricated steel frame building construction components and methods |
| AU1695388A (en) * | 1987-06-01 | 1988-12-01 | Roofing Centre Pty Ltd, The | Purlin bridging |
| GB2232175A (en) * | 1989-05-16 | 1990-12-05 | Hilltop Sections Limited | Metal partition studding |
| JPH03262843A (en) * | 1990-03-14 | 1991-11-22 | Misawa Homes Co Ltd | Joining structure for column and beam |
| US6298630B1 (en) * | 2000-05-18 | 2001-10-09 | Verost Russell L. | Wall plate for attaching beams to masonry walls |
| US6591573B2 (en) * | 2001-07-12 | 2003-07-15 | David L. Houghton | Gusset plates connection of beam to column |
-
2014
- 2014-08-26 AU AU2014216242A patent/AU2014216242B2/en active Active
-
2018
- 2018-08-01 AU AU2018211254A patent/AU2018211254A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB498281A (en) * | 1937-08-27 | 1939-01-04 | Geoffrey Murray Boyd | Improvements in built-up structural members |
| US3283464A (en) * | 1960-05-10 | 1966-11-08 | Litzka Franz | Honeycomb girders and method for making same |
| US3039414A (en) * | 1960-05-31 | 1962-06-19 | Rosanes Jacob | Method of producing hollow four-sided tapering beams or columns from sheet metal |
| US3224151A (en) * | 1962-06-26 | 1965-12-21 | Inland Steel Products Company | Roof beams and supporting columns |
| AU5281073A (en) * | 1972-03-27 | 1974-09-05 | Unitedstates Gypsum Company | Nesting structural member |
| US4342177A (en) * | 1979-06-18 | 1982-08-03 | Smith Donald A | Prefabricated steel frame building construction components and methods |
| AU1695388A (en) * | 1987-06-01 | 1988-12-01 | Roofing Centre Pty Ltd, The | Purlin bridging |
| GB2232175A (en) * | 1989-05-16 | 1990-12-05 | Hilltop Sections Limited | Metal partition studding |
| JPH03262843A (en) * | 1990-03-14 | 1991-11-22 | Misawa Homes Co Ltd | Joining structure for column and beam |
| US6298630B1 (en) * | 2000-05-18 | 2001-10-09 | Verost Russell L. | Wall plate for attaching beams to masonry walls |
| US6591573B2 (en) * | 2001-07-12 | 2003-07-15 | David L. Houghton | Gusset plates connection of beam to column |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2018211254A1 (en) | 2018-08-16 |
| AU2014216242A1 (en) | 2015-03-12 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FGA | Letters patent sealed or granted (standard patent) |