AU2013204608A1 - System and method for dispensing beverages - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a system and method for dispensing beverages and, in particular, a system and method for supplying, at a first flow rate, beverage from a beverage source to an accumulator which 5 temporarily holds a volume of beverage adjacent the dispense point, and supplying, at a second flow rate, beverage from the accumulator to a dispenser at the dispense point upon operation of the dispenser. In reducing the flow rate from the beverage storage area, beverage tubing and hence python bundle diameters are reduced, which gives rise to a number of 10 benefits. Nj (Y) co N N p ------------------ co 0) co co C\j (D C\j co co C"4 1 ------------------------------ ----------------- oz

Description

1 SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DISPENSING BEVERAGES TECHNICAL FIELD This disclosure relates to a system and method for dispensing beverages and, in particular, a system and method for supplying beverage 5 from a beverage source to an accumulator which may be located adjacent a beverage dispense point and configured to temporarily hold a volume of beverage at the dispense point, wherein beverage is supplied from the source to the accumulator at a first flow rate and from the accumulator to the dispenser at a second flow rate. 10 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Systems for dispensing beverages, such as draft beer and other products, typically utilize a tube to transfer the product from a bulk storage location to a dispense point. Such a tube together with accompanying chilling or glycol tubes are often grouped together into an insulated bundle 15 often referred to as a "python" or "python bundle". Generally, these tubes are sized to allow the beverage to be transferred at a flow rate as is required to flow from the beverage dispenser or tap. The typical flow rate for beer is in the range of 3 to 4 liters per minute. This allows the speed of dispense to be appropriate, the appearance of the 20 dispense and the formation and presentation of the beer to a customer to be within the expectations set by the trade. While some of the product is stored chilled in the python, the chilling of the product from storage temperature to dispense temperature is required to occur at the same speed as the dispense. All of the infrastructure to 25 convey the product at the dispense speed also needs to be able to support the flow rate and avoid excessive pressure drops that can cause operational issues such as gas breakouts that will disrupt the dispense or present poor product.

2 Many systems have multiple dispense points supplied via a common beverage source, such as a keg, further increasing the capacity required of the gas supply and the components between the keg and a distribution manifold. The result is that tubing, fittings, manifolds, foam on beer (FOB) 5 detectors, gas supplies as well as the chilling capacity will need to match or correspond with the instantaneous load of the peak draw period the system may encounter. For example, current tubing inner diameters required to convey the fluid at the desired rate varies depending on the length of the tube, but is 10 normally within the range of 6.3 millimetres to 9.5 millimetres. Observations of beer system use show that while pubs may be busy, the actual peak use from any one particular dispense point or tap is nowhere near the 4 liters per minute that conventional systems are set up for. Analyses of conventional systems indicate a maximum dispense rate of less than 1 liter per minute 15 from any one tap, even under busy trade. There is considerable time when the tap is not open, for example, when staff services a customer requesting what beverage they would like to purchase, obtaining glasses, pouring beverages other than beer, and time taken exchanging money and change. To effect chilling, glycol/water solution is typically circulated in tubing 20 adjacent the beverage lines to either maintain the temperature of the beverage when a heat exchange plate is used and situated in the cool room, or to maintain the beverage at a relatively chilled state when the exchange plate is situated under the counter. This glycol mixture chills the beverage via the exchange plate, maintains the product at a desired temperature 25 within the python, and chills the on-counter fount that supports the dispensers or dispense taps. Due to the high chilling duty, the relatively high fluid viscosity, and the desire to form ice on the fount, dispense systems usually use 12.7 millimeter internal diameter tubing to convey the chilling fluid and many system 30 installers have increased the flow rate of glycol by installing larger capacity 3 pumps. The high capacity glycol pumps are generally located in the cool room and the heat input to the glycol reservoir is considerable. In addition, the cooling fan for the pump allows the rejected heat from the pump motor to be circulated into the cool room, increasing the load on the refrigeration 5 system. The result of multiple beer lines together with multiple glycol lines results in a large diameter python bundle that must be insulated to maintain the internal temperature, prevent excessive heat gain, and avoid condensation formation. Due to the high temperature difference between the 10 glycol and ambient air, the relatively poor insulating effect of flexible insulation, and the size of the tube bundle, a heat gain of approximately 10 12 watts per metre of python has historically been accepted. The instantaneous load/capacity requirements of existing systems are therefore significantly high. 15 In addition, the large number of tubes in the python bundle together with the insulation results in the pythons weighing up to 2 kilos per meter. When average python lengths are 40 meters and maximum runs occasionally exceed 100 meters, the mass of the bundle is a significant manual handling risk. The rigidity of the tubing bundle also increases the 20 manual handling issue further. Manufacture and transport of the python bundle requires that it be coiled. Due to the size and rigidity, the coil is generally greater than 1.2 meters diameter so a special pallet is needed and additional freight costs are typically incurred. The weight of the tubing can also cause the insulation to crush down over time, and python left coiled and 25 not installed experiences loss of insulation thickness in some areas of compression. There are therefore a number of problems and inefficiencies associated with existing systems attempting to achieve a transfer flow rate of beverage from a storage area to a dispense point of 3-4 litres per minute. 30 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 4 In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for dispensing a beverage, wherein a source of said beverage is located a distance away from a dispense point at which beverage is dispensed via a dispenser, said method including: 5 providing a beverage accumulator at a point between the source of said beverage and said dispenser, said beverage accumulator configured to temporarily hold a volume of beverage; supplying said beverage from said source to said accumulator, under pressure, at a first flow rate; and 10 supplying, at a second flow rate, beverage from said accumulator to said dispenser upon operation of the dispenser. In another aspect, the present invention provides a system for dispensing a beverage, said system including: a source of said beverage; 15 a dispense point located a distance away from said source, said dispense point including at least one beverage dispenser; a beverage accumulator located at a point between said beverage source and said dispenser, to which beverage from said source is supplied at a first flow rate, the accumulator configured to temporarily hold a volume 20 of beverage; and wherein supply of beverage from said accumulator to said dispenser at a second flow rate is effected upon operation of the dispenser. In an embodiment, said second flow rate is greater than said first flow rate. 25 In an embodiment, said second flow rate is approximately 4 litres per minute, and said first flow rate is approximately 1 litre per minute.

5 In an embodiment, said accumulator is located at or adjacent said dispense point, and a python tube bundle extends from the beverage source to the accumulator. In an embodiment, the python bundle includes at least one beverage 5 line enclosed by insulation material, wherein beverage from said source to said accumulator is supplied via said beverage line. In an embodiment, said beverage line includes an internal diameter of approximately 4-5 millimetres and an outer diameter of approximately 6-7 millimetres. This results in a python bundle of significantly reduced diameter, 10 which gives rise to a number of benefits as outlined in the following description. In an embodiment, the beverage source is located in a storage location, said python bundle further including at least one glycol line, wherein glycol from a glycol chiller located away from the dispense point is 15 circulated through the python bundle via said glycol line. In an alternate embodiment, the beverage source is located in a refrigerated storage location, said python bundle further including at least one water line, wherein water which has circulated through an air-to-water heat exchanger located in said refrigerated storage location is circulated 20 through the python bundle via said water line. In this embodiment, each accumulator has associated therewith a glycol reservoir and associated refrigeration unit for chilling beverage that is temporarily held in the accumulator. In an embodiment, each accumulator includes a diaphragm that is 25 kept under constant air pressure by a self-venting regulator which is fed via a separate tube in the python bundle in order to maintain a consistent flow rate of beverage from the dispenser.

6 In an embodiment, supply of beverage from the beverage source to the accumulator and from the accumulator to the dispenser, under pressure, is through use of individual pumps. In an embodiment, said source of beverage is a pressurized container 5 holding said beverage under pressure. In an embodiment, said dispense point is a fount including one or more taps and said dispenser is a dispensing device connected to a fount tap. In an embodiment, said beverage is one or more beers and said beverage 10 source is one or more beer kegs. The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 15 FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a system for dispensing beverages according to an embodiment of the invention utilising a glycol chiller and chiller plate; and FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a system for dispensing beverages according to an embodiment of the invention utilizing a heat exchanger and 20 under counter refrigeration systems associated with each accumulator. Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS The present invention relates, in one aspect, to a system 10 for dispensing beverage wherein beverage is transferred from a beverage 25 source to a beverage dispenser at a dispense point via an accumulator, and wherein the supply of beverage from the source to the accumulator is at a first flow rate, and the supply of beverage from the accumulator to the dispenser is at a second flow rate. In another aspect, the invention relates to 7 a method for dispensing beverage in this manner. The skilled addressee would immediately realize that in being able to supply beverage from a source such as a beer keg located in a store room, to an accumulator which may be located at or adjacent the dispense point, at a lower flow rate (for 5 example) to that of the flow rate of beverage from the accumulator to the dispenser, there is scope for significant load and capacity reductions throughout the system. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a beverage dispensing system 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention, the system including a 10 storage area 12 in which there is located multiple beverage sources 14, which in the embodiment shown are beer kegs, and a glycol chiller 16. The system further includes gas supply components 18 and various other components 20 inside the storage area which are considered known in the art to effect supply of beverage from the storage area to a dispense point, 15 some of these components being shown in FIG. 1 on one or more wall mounted panels 22. Located away from the storage area are one or more dispense points, which in the embodiment shown are 4-tap founts 24 which may be located at front of counter 25. Extending between the storage area and dispense points 20 are python tubes 26 which enclose a number of smaller diameter tubes surrounded by insulation material, the small-diameter tubes carrying beverage to be dispensed as well as glycol from the glycol chiller, via the chiller plate 27, for chilling the beverage tubes. Located beneath each counter is an accumulator or buffer tank 28 25 including a pump (not shown) for pumping beverage from the accumulator to each dispenser, and a self-venting regulator 30 which is described in more detail herein. While the founts shown are 4-tap founts, it is to be understood that each fount 24 may include one or any other number of dispensers. In the embodiment shown, each fount includes four dispensers 31 in which 8 case there may be four beverage tubes associated with the python bundle 26. The system 10 reduces the instantaneous load and capacity requirements compared against conventional systems of this type by 5 introducing an accumulator 28 of ready-to-drink product between the beverage source and the dispenser at the dispense point. In the embodiment shown, the accumulator 28 is shown effectively at the dispense point. Use of an accumulator 28 allows the product to continue to be dispensed at one flow rate, for example, 4 litres per minute, while allowing 10 the refill rate of the accumulator 28 to be a different flow rate, for example, 1 litre per minute. The skilled addressee would appreciate that supplying the accumulator at 1 litre per minute and, in turn, supplying the dispenser upon operation of the dispenser with beverage from the accumulator at 4 litres per minute, the instant chilling load is reduced and there is no longer a need for 15 large diameter tubing from the storage area to the dispense point. There is also a reduction in the immediate load on the gas supply and other components within the system. Reducing the flow rate of product out from the storage area allows the size and diameter of the python bundle 26 to be significantly reduced. Actual 20 implementation of the method and system of the present invention has seen a reduction of the beverage line dimensions. For example, use of the system has seen reductions in beer line diameter down to 4.7 millimetres (inner diameter) and 6.35 millimetres (outer diameter). The accumulator 28 may include a diaphragm (not shown) which is 25 kept under a constant air pressure through use of the self-venting regulator 30 which is fed via a separate tube in the python bundle 26. This results in a consistent flow rate from the dispenser regardless of the amount of product remaining in the accumulator reservoir, or if it is filling or emptying. The skilled addressee would realize that temporarily holding product 30 in each accumulator may result in the product reaching an undesirable 9 dispense temperature. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a beverage dispensing system 50 according to an embodiment of the invention in which the accumulators 28 are kept chilled at a desirable dispense temperature. The skilled addressee would appreciate that the glycol chiller 16 and chiller 5 plate 27 of FIG. 1 are removed from the system and replaced with an air to water heat exchanger or heat exchange coil 52 in the store room 12, which may be refrigerated, and also under counter refrigeration systems or chillers 54 associated with each accumulator 28. Features that are present in system 50 which are also present in system 10 and which have thus already been 10 described, such as accumulator 28 and beverage sources 14, are referenced and described herein using like numerals. While under-bar space is typically at a premium, the installation of prior art, large diameter pythons and use of large tubing results in considerable space being taken up due to the need for bends, joins and 15 connections to the founts. Using python of greatly reduced tubing diameter, as proposed by the present invention, to convey the product allows much easier access into the dispense area and frees up space to fit the point of dispense chillers 54. Each accumulator 28 may include a glycol reservoir (not shown), and having a supply of chilled glycol directly belowthe fount 28, 20 as opposed to within a storage area as shown in FIG. 1, allows for further increases in overall energy efficiency. For example, only a small circulation pump (not shown) is required to supply chilled glycol to flood the fount when a supply is stored directly below the fount. Having an under-counter chill system at each dispense point means 25 that should a system fail, the remaining dispense points will still be operational. Current large glycol units stored in storage units which supply all dispense points typically have no backup system in place. In addition, there will no longer be glycol tubing passing through the python bundle 26, translating into even further reductions in python bundle diameter, although 30 other cooling means may be used as will be described in more detail below.

10 The fount 28 is exposed only to low pressure flooding rather than the relatively high pressures experienced when flooding at high flow rates at a long distance as in conventional systems. The chance of leaking glycol is reduced and due to the low pressure of the glycol, the likelihood of 5 crossover glycol into the beer is reduced should an internal leak occur in the fount. Operation of the refrigeration system or chiller 54 at each dispense point may discharge heat, but a fair proportion of this will be balanced by the chilled fount 28 on the bar. The system merely moves the heat from the fount 10 28 into the air while the fount 28 does the reverse. Some heat gains will occur due to the pump(s) (not shown) required to supply the fount with glycol and also incoming product, but compared to other heat sources such as patrons, poker machines, glass washers and plasma TVs, this is considered relatively low. 15 In shifting the supply of glycol to under the counter 25, the beverage lines in the python 26 from the source 14 to the accumulator 28 may need to be chilled. The system 50 may include one or more water lines 56 in the python via similar size tubing used for the beverage, and this will further reduce the overall diameter of the python given that glycol lines typically 20 have a larger diameter. The effect will be that the temperature of the product will be maintained closer to the refrigerated storage area temperature rather than the dispense temperature. As the water has lower viscosity and by trying to maintain a moderately low internal temperature, there is no need to circulate a large volume of water. Testing has shown that 0.5 litres per 25 minute flow of water per chill line is adequate. An issue experienced in many sites where the ambient conditions are tropical and have high temperature and humidity is condensation formation on the surface of the python bundle. Using water at the refrigerated store room temperature results in a significantly reduced temperature drop across 30 the python insulation, which results in less chance of condensation formation 11 on the surface of the python. An air-to-water heat exchange coil 52 that is chilled by the cool air in the storage area is shown FIG. 2 as the means of cooling the water circulating through the python bundle 26. Reducing the python diameter and lowering the flow rate has seen 5 reductions in the python load to approximately one third of conventional configurations. It has been shown that no more additional heat is added to the cool room refrigeration than had been occurring from the rejected heat from high-capacity glycol pumps. Holding the beer in the python at slightly higher temperature than the 10 cool room does add a small amount of extra heat into the point of dispense chiller, but due to the small volume of the tube, this is quite low. In cases where the trade is high the beverage will travel to the accumulator 28 at a rate that will see it enter the chiller 54 at the storage area temperature. When trade is quiet, the chiller 54 will cope with the higher inlet beverage 15 temperature. Refrigerant charge for a 0.5 kilowatt refrigeration unit 54 is in the vicinity of 350 grams. Even for sites with 6 dispense points and hence 6 units 54, the total charge is marginally above 2 kilos. Should one system 54 develop a leak or be damaged, a gas loss of only 350 grams will occur. 20 Given that current systems would normally have a minimum of 5 kilos charge which is all lost if a major leak occurs, the environmental impact through the use of the system 50 is reduced. The under counter chilling unit 54 may be developed as a split system such that the refrigeration deck is separate from the accumulator tank reservoir. Service of either unit would then be 25 simplified as they are accessible and independent. No beverage connections need to be disrupted to work for service personnel to work on a refrigeration unit and vice versa. Use of smaller diameter python tubing provides additional advantages to those already described. For example, it provides for improved assembly 30 of the python in that one can easily cable the tubing in a spiral along its 12 length. The smaller diameter bundle is also much more flexible and can be directed around corners, such as around walls and across multiple stories in environments where, for example, a storage area may be on a different level to that of the dispense point, and does not create kinks in the tubing when 5 rolled. The additional length of the tube required to create the spiral is estimated to be only around 2 percent. This cabled bundle, being much smaller in outer diameter and also more flexible, means it can be rolled onto a smaller spool and therefore the manual handling is much easier. The weight of a python with 16 beer and 8 chill lines, for example, in a 10 conventional python is approximately 2 kilos per meter. The system embodied herein allows for a reduction in outer diameter which results in a weight of less than 0.5 kilos per meter. Using small diameter tube and a lower flow rate further provides that traditional stainless quick-connect fittings to join tubing to manifolds and 15 other components is no longer required, and push-fit fittings, for example, may be utilized. Due to the compact nature of the tubing and connections, a beverage panel 22 which is shown by way of example in FIGS. 1 and 2, which typically contains all the pumps, manifolds, foam on beer (FOB) detectors, and other 20 connections, may be developed to allow all the serviceable components to be in one location within the storage area rather than spread across the storage area walls as is current practice. This will allow cellar staff to access these items even when the storage area is full of kegs, for example. A drop lead (not shown) may be run from this location to each dispense point. 25 The gas supply components 18 shown in the schematic of FIG. 1 is typically required during beverage trade-outs, that is, to push any remaining beverage out of the lines using gas. However, it is to be understood that trade out may be effected without the gas supply component given that the beverage lines are of such a small diameter, and any residual beverage 30 between the storage area and accumulator is negligible. In conventional 13 python systems, most of the beer in the increased diameter lines is wasted, whereas in the present system one may simply turn off the keg 14 or isolate the beer at a feed manifold or the like, and the accumulator 28 will fully empty the contents due to the diaphragm (not shown) being driven by the 5 backup air pressure. The method and system of the present invention therefore provides a number of benefits and advantages over conventional beverage dispensing systems including reducing initial system cost, reducing energy usage, and improving reliability and aiding in the transport and installation of such 10 systems. While some implementations are described above, these should not be viewed as exhaustive or limiting, but rather should be viewed as exemplary, and are included to provide descriptions of various features. It will be understood that various modifications may be made. For example, 15 the steps of the described exemplary processes can be performed by one or more different entities, systems, and or system components. Similarly, other components that are described as separate can be combined, and components can include multiple separate sub-components. With regard to the processes described above, the steps of the described processes can be 20 performed in any order that achieves the described results. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. Throughout this specification and claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as 25 "comprises" and "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. The reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgement or any form or suggestion that the 30 prior art forms part of the common general knowledge in Australia.

Claims (29)

1. A method for dispensing a beverage, wherein a source of said beverage is located a distance away from a dispense point at which beverage is dispensed via a dispenser, said method including: 5 providing a beverage accumulator at a point between the source of said beverage and said dispenser, said beverage accumulator configured to temporarily hold a volume of beverage; supplying said beverage from said source to said accumulator, under pressure, at a first flow rate; and 10 supplying, at a second flow rate, beverage from said accumulator to said dispenser upon operation of the dispenser.

2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said second flow rate is greater than said first flow rate.

3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said second flow 15 rate is approximately 4 litres per minute, and said first flow rate is approximately 1 litre per minute.

4. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said accumulator is located at or adjacent said dispense point, and a python tube bundle extends from the beverage source to the accumulator. 20

5. A method according to claim 4, wherein the python bundle includes at least one beverage line enclosed by insulation material, wherein beverage from said source to said accumulator is supplied via said beverage line.

6. A method according to claim 5 wherein said beverage line includes an internal diameter of approximately 4-5 millimetres and an outer diameter of 25 approximately 6-7 millimetres.

7. A method according to either claim 5 or claim 6, wherein the beverage source is located in a storage location, said python bundle further including at least one glycol line, wherein glycol from a glycol chiller located away 16 from the dispense point is circulated through the python bundle via said glycol line.

8. A method according to either claim 5 or claim 6, wherein the beverage source is located in a refrigerated storage location, said python bundle 5 further including at least one water line, wherein water which has circulated through an air-to-water heat exchanger located in said refrigerated storage location is circulated through the python bundle via said water line.

9. A method according to claim 8, wherein each accumulator has associated therewith a glycol reservoir and associated refrigeration unit for 10 chilling beverage that is temporarily held in the accumulator.

10. A method according to any one of claims 4 to 9, wherein each accumulator includes a diaphragm that is kept under constant air pressure by a self-venting regulator which is fed via a separate tube in the python bundle in order to maintain a consistent flow rate of beverage from the 15 dispenser.

11. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein supply of beverage from the beverage source to the accumulator and from the accumulator to the dispenser, under pressure, is through use of individual pumps. 20

12. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said source of beverage is a pressurized container holding said beverage under pressure.

13. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said dispense point is a fount including one or more taps and said dispenser is a 25 dispensing device connected to a fount tap.

14. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said beverage is one or more beers and said beverage source is one or more beer kegs.

15. A system for dispensing a beverage, said system including: 17 a source of said beverage; a dispense point located a distance away from said source, said dispense point including at least one beverage dispenser; a beverage accumulator located at a point between said beverage 5 source and said dispenser, to which beverage from said source is supplied at a first flow rate, the accumulator configured to temporarily hold a volume of beverage; and wherein supply of beverage from said accumulator to said dispenser at a second flow rate is effected upon operation of the dispenser. 10

16. A system according to claim 15, wherein said second flow rate is greater than said first flow rate.

17. A system according to claim 15 or claim 16, wherein said second flow rate is approximately 4 litres per minute, and said first flow rate is approximately 1 litre per minute. 15

18. A system according to any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein said accumulator is located at or adjacent said dispense point, and a python tube bundle extends from the beverage source to the accumulator.

19. A system according to claim 18, wherein the python bundle includes at least one beverage line enclosed by insulation material, wherein beverage 20 from said source to said accumulator is supplied via said beverage line.

20. A system according to claim 19 wherein said beverage line includes an internal diameter of approximately 4-5 millimetres and an outer diameter of approximately 6-7 millimetres.

21. A system according to either claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the 25 beverage source is located in a storage location, said python bundle further including at least one glycol line, wherein glycol from a glycol chiller located away from the dispense point is circulated through the python bundle via said glycol line. 18

22. A system according to either claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the beverage source is located in a refrigerated storage location, said python bundle further including at least one water line, wherein water which has circulated through an air-to-water heat exchanger located in said refrigerated 5 storage location is circulated through the python bundle via said water line.

23. A system according to claim 22, wherein each accumulator has associated therewith a glycol reservoir and associated refrigeration unit for chilling beverage that is temporarily held in the accumulator.

24. A system according to any one of claims 18 to 23, wherein each 10 accumulator includes a diaphragm that is kept under constant air pressure by a self-venting regulator which is fed via a separate tube in the python bundle in order to maintain a consistent flow rate of beverage from the dispenser.

25. A system according to any one of claims 15 to 24, wherein supply of 15 beverage from the beverage source to the accumulator and from the accumulator to the dispenser, under pressure, is through use of individual pumps.

26. A system according to any one of claims 15 to 25, wherein said source of beverage is a pressurized container holding said beverage under 20 pressure.

27. A system according to any one of claims 15 to 26, wherein said dispense point is a fount including one or more taps and said dispenser is a dispensing device connected to a fount tap.

28. A system according to any one of claims 15 to 27, wherein said 25 beverage is one or more beers and said beverage source is one or more beer kegs.

29. A method according to claim 1, or a system according to claim 15, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying Figures. 30