AU2008227237B2 - Photo bioreactor with light distributor and method for the production of a photosynthetic culture - Google Patents

Description

Photo bioreactor with light distributor and method for the production of a photosynthetic culture

Field of the invention [0001] The present invention relates to a photo bioreactor comprising an aqueous liquid comprising a photosynthetic culture and a light distributor. The invention further relates to such light distributor. The invention also relates to a method for the production of a photosynthetic culture in a bioreactor, as well as to the photosynthetic culture product obtainable by such method.

Background of the invention

[0002] Photo bioreactors for growing photosynthetic cultures such as algae are known in the art. It is a challenge to couple the light efficiently in the photosynthetic culture containing liquid. US 3,986,297 for instance discloses a sealed double tank assembly for use in artificially cultivating photosynthetic substances such as chlorella. Accelerated growth of highly pure culture is obtained by means of a combination of a plurality of nozzles to emit mixed gases of carbon dioxide and ammonia, sources of light for intermittent application of light substantially similar to natural light, and agitator vanes for agitation of culture fluid in an inner tank, and an outer tank for temperature control. Here, the light source is not solar light, but is a xenon lamp, which is, according to US 3,986,297, substantially similar to the natural light. US 6,602,703 discloses a photo bioreactor for cultivating a photosynthetic organism. This photo bioreactor provides features that allow cleaning of the light source. The photo bioreactor has a container for containing a liquid culture medium for cultivating photosynthetic organisms and light -emitting tubes mounted within the container. The photo bioreactor also has cleaning devices mounted within the container for cleaning the outer surface of the light-emitting tubes and actuators for actuating the cleaning devices. The light tubes may be neon tubes.

[0003] The above photo bioreactors apply artificial lighting. US 4,699,086 uses solar light and discloses a fish feeding plant utilizing a solar ray collecting device and a algae cultivating device installed in the sea, a lake, or a pond, etc. The plant comprises a structure made of cylinders and constructed by vertically setting up cylinders in water and connecting the respective cylinders with each other by use of horizontal cylinders, a solar ray collecting device installed on the water surface above the structure, and a culture device for cultivating algae or the like installed in water. Solar rays are collected by the solar ray collecting device and are being transmitted to the culture device for cultivating the algae or the like through an optical conductor cable and employed as a photo-synthesis light source for the algae or the like. The culture device cultivates the algae by utilizing carbon dioxide CO₂, phosphorus, nitrogen, nutritious salt, etc. contained in water. [0004] WO 05068605 describes a reactor for cultivating phototrophic micro organisms, wherein the sunlight is introduced in compartment walls by using one or more moveable collimators. The compartment walls are transparent and from there, light is distributed into the reactor. Such a reactor has an improved collection of radiation and an improved distribution of the radiation into the reactor, thereby providing a more efficient reactor and a more efficient cultivation of phototrophic micro organisms.

[0005] Further, Terry et al. in Enzyme Microb. TechnoL, 1985 (7), 474-487, Tredici et al. in Biotech, and Bioeng. 1998 (57), 187-197 and Mayer et al. in Biotech, and Bioeng. 1964 (VI), 173-190 describe designs for photo bioreactors.

Summary of the invention

[0006] A disadvantage of some of the prior are photo bioreactors described above is the application of artificial light, whereas preferably solar light is used, for instance because of energy and efficiency reasons. Further, an other disadvantage of some of the prior art photo bioreactors may be the sometimes inefficient incoupling of the solar light. In addition, some of the prior art photo bioreactors described above have a relatively complicated construction and use sometimes complicated optics to illuminate the liquid with photosynthetic culture. [0007] Hence, it is an object of the invention to provide an alternative photo bioreactor, which preferably obviates one or more of the above mentioned disadvantages. It is further an object of the invention to provide a photo bioreactor with a relatively cheap construction and relatively cheap optics. Yet, it is further an object to provide an alternative photo bioreactor which allows a good homogenization, such that the light distribution over the photo synthetic cultures is relatively even.

[0008] To this end, in a first aspect the invention provides a photo bioreactor comprising a vessel containing (during use) an aqueous liquid comprising a photosynthetic culture and a light distributor, especially a plurality of light distributors, wherein the (each) light distributor has a surface arranged to receive light and a tapered surface arranged to emit at least part of the received light, wherein at least part of the tapered surface is submerged in the aqueous liquid comprising the photosynthetic culture. The advantage of such photo bioreactor, and especially the use of the light distributor according to the invention, is that light may be distributed efficiently, such as to levels up to about 200-300 μmol/m²/s in the aqueous liquid comprising the photosynthetic culture by relatively simple and cheap means. This concept allows a high illuminated volume fraction (ratio of the volume of the aqueous liquid comprising the photosynthetic culture that receives sufficient light for cell growth to the total volume of the aqueous liquid comprising the photosynthetic culture), for instance at least about 50 %, more preferably at least about 80 %. Whereas for instance in "normal" ponds during algae cultivation only an upper layer of the water can be used, with the invention light penetrates deeper in the pond, and thus more photosynthetic culture is illuminated with light. Moreover, an optimal number of photons (about 50-400 μmol/m²/s; depending on the culture) can be distributed throughout the cultures, whereas in state of the art ponds the upper layer receives a light level of light, which only partially can be used for the photosynthesis. [0009] The light distribution can even be enhanced by adding reflectors to the tapered surface. Hence in an embodiment, at least part of the tapered surface comprises a reflector arranged to reflect at least part of the received light back into the light distributor. Light may in this way be provided to the aqueous liquid even deeper below the liquid's surface.

[0010] In an embodiment, the light distributor has a shape selected from the group consisting of a conical shape, a parabolic shape and a pyramid like shape.

[0011] In another embodiment, the light distributor is a hollow body, wherein the hollow body is optionally suitable for containing a liquid, for instance water. When the hollow light distributor is filled with water (and/or another liquid), the number of reflections within the light distributor may increase. In this way, light may also be provided to the aqueous liquid even deeper below the liquid's surface. The light distributor may also comprise a plurality of materials. For instance, in an embodiment, the hollow light distributor is filled with another solid transparent material. Hence, the cavity of the hollow body may at least partially be filled with (i.e. comprise) a liquid and/or may be at least partially be filled with (i.e. comprise) a solid.

[0012] In a specific preferred embodiment, the photo bioreactor further comprises a second body, the second body comprising a cavity having a tapered surface, wherein the light distributor and the second body are arranged in a configuration wherein the light distributor is at least partly arranged in the cavity and wherein there is a distance between the tapered surface of the cavity of the second body and the tapered surface of the light distributor. Preferably, the cavity and the light distributor have substantially corresponding shapes. In this way, the second body and the light distributor(s) can be arranged in a male-female arrangement and a substantially homogeneous flow between the tapered surface(s) of the cavity(cavities) and the tapered surface(s) of the distributor(s) can be obtained. Preferably, at least part of the void(s) between the tapered surface(s) of the cavity(cavities) and the tapered surface(s) of the distributor(s) has a constant width, i.e. that at least part of the tapered surface(s) of the cavity(cavities) and at least part of the tapered surface(s) of the distributor(s) are arranged at a constant distance.

[0013] Hence, in preferred embodiments, the photo bioreactor according to the invention comprises a plurality of light distributors and optionally further comprises a second body comprising a plurality of cavities. [0014] In an especially preferred embodiment, the photo bioreactor further comprises a construction, wherein the construction comprises the plurality of light distributors. The light distributors may for instance be arranged in such construction or be integrated in the construction. In a specific embodiment, the construction compris ing the plurality of light distributors is a corrugated construction, and the light distributors are corrugations. The light distributors may for instance have tapered surfaces which are wedge-shaped (or V-shaped) or curved, i.e. the corrugations may be wedge-shaped (or V-shaped) or curved, especially parabolically curved. During use of the photo bioreactor, the corrugations are arranged with at least part of the tapered surface submerged in the aqueous liquid comprising the photosynthetic culture. As will be clear to the person skilled in the art, the construction may also comprise a combination of wedge-shaped (or V-shaped) and curved distributors (i.e. here especially corrugations).

[0015] Hence, according to a further aspect, the invention is also direct to such construction comprising a plurality of light distributors.

[0016] The invention provides in a further aspect a method for the production of a photosynthetic culture comprising: providing an aqueous liquid and the photosynthetic culture to a vessel of a photo bioreactor, providing a light distributor according to the invention, especially a plurality of light distributors, or the construction according to the invention, and submerging at least part of the tapered surface(s) of the light distributor(s) in the aqueous liquid comprising the photosynthetic culture, and providing light to the surface(s) arranged to receive light of the light distributor(s). In further aspects, the invention provides the use of the light distributor or the construction according to the invention for distributing light in a photo bioreactor, and the use of the photo bioreactor according to the invention for the production of a photosynthetic culture (i.e. the formation of biomass).

[0017] According to a further aspect, the invention provides a photosynthetic culture produced by the method according the invention, especially wherein the photosynthetic culture comprises algae, even more especially wherein the photosynthetic culture comprises micro algae. Hence, a photosynthetic culture obtainable by the method of the invention is also part of the invention.

Brief description of the drawings

[0018] Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings in which corresponding reference symbols indicate corresponding parts: [0019] Figure 1 schematically depicts in side view a general embodiment and variations thereon of the photo bioreactor and light distributors according to the invention;

[0020] Figures 2 a-2c schematically depict a number of light distributors seen from the side

(2a,2c) and seen from the bottom (2b) ; Figure 2d schematically depicts a variation on these embodiments.

[0021] Figure 3 schematically depicts in side view another embodiment of the photo bioreactor according to the invention;

[0022] Figures 4a-4c schematically depict top views of embodiments of arrangements of light distributors in a vessel;

[0023] Figures 5a-5c schematically depict embodiments of elongated light distributors; figure 5b is a side view of the elongated light distributor of figure 5a or 5b; figures 5a and 5c are perspective views;

[0024] Figures 6a-6c schematically depict embodiments of constructions comprising light distributors, wherein figure 6a schematically depicts as side view of such construction in a photo bioreactor, figure 6b schematically depicts in perspective an embodiment of the construction (such as from figure 6a), and wherein figure 6c schematically depicts an alternative construction with a plurality of light distributors (which are not elongated), and wherein the light distributors have parabolically tapered surfaces.

Detailed description of the preferred embodiments

[0025] Figure 1 schematically depicts in side view a general embodiment and variations thereon of a photo bioreactor 1 and light distributors 30 according to the invention. The photo bioreactor 1 comprises a reactor or vessel 10. Preferably, the photo bioreactor 1 of the invention is a closed photo bioreactor. However, the photo bioreactor 1 may also be open. [0026] Vessel 10 may in an embodiment be a pond or a part thereof, a lake or a part thereof, a part of a brook, a part of a river, part of a canal, or a part of a sea. For instance, vessel 10 may be a man-made vessel with reactor bottom 13 and walls 14, but vessel 10 may also be a pond, or a part thereof, wherein walls 14 are arranged in the pond on the pond bottom 13 to obtain a vessel 10 in the pond. The invention will further refer to vessel 10. Herein, the "term man- made vessel" refers to vessels, containers or reactors wherein wall(s) 14 and bottom 13 are man made, such as a vessel comprising wall(s) 14 and bottom 13 of one or more materials selected from the group consisting of steel, plastic, concrete and other materials that can be used to assemble the vessel. In an embodiment, wall(s) 14 comprise a transparent material. The vessel 10 is arranged and constructed to contain liquid 20. [0027] The vessel 10 contains, at least during use of the photo bioreactor 1, an aqueous liquid 20, preferably water, comprising a photosynthetic culture 21. Hence, vessel 10 is arranged or constructed to contain during use the aqueous liquid 20 comprising a photosynthetic culture 21.

[0028] The photosynthetic culture 21 may comprise (micro) algae, but also other species that can convert radiation of the sun into biomass like for example photosynthetic purper bacteria. The living species that can be grown in a liquid and thereby form biomass and/or other useful material, and for which light is essential to grown, are herein indicated as photosynthetic cultures. With photosynthetic culture 21 are not only meant (green) algae, but all photosynthetic micro organisms, such as the cyanobacteria, the Rhodophyta (red algae), the Chlorophyta (green algae), Dinophyta, Chrysophyta (golden-brown algae), Prymnesiophyta (haptophyta), Bacillariophyta (diatoms), Xanthophyta, Eustigmatophya, Rhaphidophyta, Phaeophyta (brown algae) and photosynthetic purper bacteria. Suitable algae are known to the person skilled in the art. For example, Dunaliella salina, Haematococcus pluvialis, Nannochloropsis sp., Chlorella sp., Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii, Arthrospira sp., Nostoc sp, Scenedesmus, Porphyridium, Tetraselmis, Spirulina sp., etc. can be used. The photosynthetic culture 21 for use in this invention may comprise cell cultures of other organisms like genetically modified (micro) algae, genetically improved (micro) algae, etc.. Also combinations of two or more different photosynthetic cultures may be applied as photosynthetic culture 21. [0029] Advantageously, the invention provides vessel 10 wherein the liquid 20 comprises about 1-50 gram/1 photosynthetic culture 21 . Concentrations of about 5 up to 50 gram/1, or possibly even higher, may be obtained, whereas reactors for the cultivation of photosynthetic culture 21 of the state of the art may comprise liquids containing 2-3 gram/1 photosynthetic culture 21. In this way, the reactor volume may be better utilised than it is the case for reactors in the state of the art. [0030] The photo bioreactor 1 further comprises light distributor 30. Herein the term "a light distributor" also includes a number of light distributors. The light distributor 30 has a surface 31 arranged to receive light 40 and a tapered surface 32 arranged to emit at least part of the received light 40. Surface 31 may therefore also be indicated as light receiving surface 31 and surface 32 may therefore also be indicated as light emitting surface 32. During use of the photo bioreactor 1, the light distributor(s) 30 are arranged in reactor 1 with at least part of the surface 31 above the liquid's surface 22, but preferably the entire surface 31 is found above the liquid surface 22. Likewise, during use of the photo bioreactor 1, the light distributor(s) 30 are arranged in reactor 1 with at least part of the tapered surface 32 in the liquid 20. Preferably at least about 50%, such as about 50-80%, more preferably at least about 70%, such as about 70-90%, and more preferably at least approximately 90%, such as about 90-100%, of the tapered surface 32 is immersed in the liquid during operation of the photo bioreactor 1. [0031] The light distributors 30 may in an embodiment be constructed to be floating. The person skilled in the art knows how to make objects floating, for instance by selecting the type of material and its specific gravity, the shape, the presence of air chambers, etc.

[0032] The light distributor 30 has a top surface 38, which may comprise an opening. When top surface 38 is closed, the top surface 38 comprises the light receiving surface 31 ( i.e. including the embodiment wherein the top surface 38 substantially consists of the light receiving surface 31), when the top surface 38 is open, light 40 may penetrate substantially unhindered to the edges of the light distributor. Such opening may especially be arranged to allow light 40, such as sun light, penetrate into a hollow light distributor 30 (see also below). [0033] However, the light distributor(s) 30 may also be contained in a construction arranged over or in the liquid 20. Such construction is arranged to maintain at least part of the tapered surface 32 during use below the liquid's surface 22 and at least part of the surface 31 arranged to receive light 40 above the liquid's surface 22 (see also above). Embodiments of such construction are schematically depicted in figures 6a-6c (see below).

[0034] Advantageously, the light distributor(s) 30 according to the invention may thus be used for distributing light in a photo bioreactor 1 , wherein the vessel 10 is for instance a pond or a part thereof, a lake or a part thereof, a part of a brook, a part of a river, part of a canal, or a part of a sea. By containing the liquid between walls 14 and bottom 13 and arranging the light distributors 30 in the liquid 20, photo bioreactor 1 is obtained, wherein algae, etc. can be cultivated. Part of the light distributors 30 will protrude from the liquid 20 (i.e. extend from the liquid 20), and this part can receive light 40. In this way, natural ponds, etc. can easily be used as photo bioreactors 1. Hence, the invention also provides a light distributor 30 per se having a surface 31 arranged to receive light 40 and tapered surface 32 arranged to emit at least part of the received light 40. The light distributor 30 according to the invention is especially a light distributor 30 for a photo bioreactor comprising a vessel containing aqueous liquid 20 comprising the photosynthetic culture 21, the light distributor 30 having surface 31 arranged to receive light 40 from a source, such as the sun and/or an artificial source such as one or more lamps and/or one or more LEDs, arranged outside the aqueous liquid 20 (i.e. above the liquid's surface 22 in the container or vessel 10), and tapered surface 32 arranged to emit at least part of the received light 40 into the aqueous liquid 20. [0035] Hence, the light distributor(s) 30 are during use arranged such that at least part of the tapered surface 32 is submerged in the aqueous liquid 20 comprising the photosynthetic culture 21 . The light distributor(s) 30 have a tapered part, having a tapered surface 32 and a part designed to receive light with a surface 31 arranged to receive light 40. During use, the surface 31 arranged to receive light is at least partially arranged above the liquid's surface 22. The photo bioreactor 1 may further comprise additional means to concentrate light 40 into the liquid 20. For instance, surface 31 of the light distributor(s) 30 may comprise lenses, etc.

[0036] As will be clear to the person skilled in the art, the material of the light distributor(s) 30 is essentially transparent. This means that at least part of the light distributor(s) 30, especially those parts that are necessary to receive light 40 and transport this light to at least part of the tapered surface 32 are transparent. Preferably, the light distributor(s) 30 is made of a transparent material. The term "transparent" is known to the person skilled in the art. Transparent herein especially indicates that visible light under perpendicular irradiation of a 1 cm thick piece of material is transmitted for at least about 70 %, more preferably at least about 90%, even more preferably at least about 95%, up to substantially 100% transmission. Transparent materials which can be used may for instance be selected from the group consisting of glass, poly methyl acrylate (PMA), poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) (Plexiglas or Perspex), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), polycarbonate (PC), poly vinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG). In another embodiment, the material comprises an acrylate, for instance PMA or PMMA, especially PMMA. Such materials are also known in the art as transparent plastics. In yet another embodiment, the material comprises transparent plastics commercially known as PERSPEX™ or PRISMEX™. Preferably, the light distributor 30 according to the invention essentially consists of a transparent material.

[0037] Due to the shape of the light distributor(s) 30, the received light will propagate to the light distributor(s) 30 and be transmitted and/or reflected at the tapered surface 32. Light that is transmitted can be absorbed by the photosynthetic culture 21 in the liquid 20 close to the tapered surface 32. Reflected light will propagate further through the light distributor(s) 30 and meet with another part of the tapered surface 32 and may there be transmitted and/or reflected. The more reflections, the lower the received light 40 penetrates into the light distributor(s) 30 and thus the lower in the vessel 10 the received light 40 may be absorbed by the photosynthetic culture 21. Light transmitted into the liquid 20 is indicated with reference number 42.

[0038] The distance between the light distributors 30, indicated as distance d3 between the end parts or "tops" of the tapered surface 32, maybe about 2-200 cm. [0039] In order to promote the number of reflections, in an embodiment at least part of the tapered surface 32 comprises a reflector 33 arranged to reflect at least part of the received light 40 back into the light distributor 30. In figure 1, such reflector 33 is shown. Preferably, the reflector occupies in the range of about 10-90 % of the tapered surface 32; preferably, reflectors are only arranged in/on the upper part of the tapered surface 32. Reflectors are known in the art, and may for instance comprise reflective foils. In an embodiment, the reflector 33 may also be arranged to transmit at least part of the received light 40 (for instance a reflector constructed to transmit between about 2-25% of the received light 40. The reflector(s) 32 may circumferentially surround at least part of tapered surface 32. The reflector 33 may circumferentially surround the light distributor 30, and may occupy in the range of about 10-90% of the tapered surface 32.

[0040] As mentioned above, the more reflections, the lower the received light 40 penetrates into the light distributor(s) 30 and thus the lower in the vessel 10 the received light 40 may be absorbed by the photosynthetic culture 21. Therefore, the light distributor (s) 30 preferably have a shape selected from the group consisting of a conical shape, a parabolic shape and a pyramid like shape. As will be clear to the person skilled in the art, the photo bioreactor 1 may comprise different types of light distributors 30 and during operation (during use) different types of light distributors 30 may be applied. Thus combinations of two or more different types of shapes of light distributors 30 may be applied in the photo bioreactor 1. In an embodiment parabolic shapes are preferred, since it appears that the incident light rays will remain trapped in higher proportion than for curved (round) shapes, and thus light may penetrated deeper in the liquid. Hence, the tapered surface 32 is especially "parabolically curved" or "parabolically tapered" or "parabolically curved tapered".

[0041] Figures 2a-2c schematically depict a non-limiting a number of possible types of light distributors 30. Figure 2a schematically shows side views of possible light distributors 30 and figure 2b schematically shows views as seen from the bottom of the light distributors 30. The light distributors 30 have an apex or light receiving surface 31 and end part 34. End part 34 is in fact the top of the mathematical objects pyramid, tetrahedron or cone. [0042] Herein, also truncated cones, tetrahedrons or pyramids may be used. Further, also other shapes may be used, such as pentagonal pyramids, triangular cupolas, square cupolas, pentagonal cupolas, pentagonal rotunda s, or elongated types thereof like elongated cones, elongated square pyramids, elongated tetrahedrons, elongated pentagonal pyramids, elongated triangular cupolas, elongated square cupolas, elongated pentagonal cupolas, elongated pentagonal rotundas. The light distributors may be regularly shaped, but may also be irregularly or asymmetrically be shaped. All these shapes, and other shapes are herein indicated as tapered shapes with tapered surfaces 32. As will be clear to the person skilled in the art, tapered surface 32 may thus also include a plurality of surfaces such as 3 (tetrahedron), 4 (square pyramid), etc. Herein, a surface 32 comprising a plurality of surfaces (see also schematic drawings of figure 2b), is indicated as surface 32. As will be clear to the person skilled in the art, the photo bioreactor 1 may comprise different types of light distributors 30 and during operation (during use) different types of light distributors 30 may be applied. Thus combinations of two or more different types of shapes of light distributors 30 may be applied in the photo bioreactor 1. [0043] Herein, for the sake of simplicity further only cones, tetrahedrons and pyramids are discussed. These objects have a (optionally curved) base, which essentially comprises the light receiving surface 31 and a tapered part with a tapered surface 32, which tapers into an apex 34. Note that during use, the apex 34 will be in the liquid 20, whereas the base will at least partially, and more preferably entirely above the liquid's surface 22. [0044] Figure 2a, type I in shows a side view of a conical, tetrahedral or pyramidal light distributor 30; type II is the same as type I, however, the top surface 31, i.e. the surface arranged to receive light 40 is curved, here preferably convex. The tapered surface 32 forms an angle α with a longitudinal axis through the tapered body (i.e. the light distributor 30). Angle α is preferably in the range of about 1-45°, more preferably in the range of about 2-40 °, even more preferably in the range of about 5-35°. Hence, in an embodiment, the tapered surface 32 is straight and has an angle α with a longitudinal axis 100 of the light distributor 30, preferably in the range of about 1-45°.

[0045] Figure 2b shows on the left side views from the end part 34; i.e. seen along the longitudinal axis viewing from the apex 34 side. In case of a square pyramid, the first from left view will be found; in case of a tetrahedron, the second from left view will be found and in case of a cone one of the two right views will be found. By way of example, figure 2 shows from the left to the right a bottom view of a square pyramid with substantially flat surface 32 (although in an embodiment, the surface 32 may also be curved), a tetrahedron with curved surface 32 (although in an embodiment, the surface 32 may also be flat), a parabolic shape and again a parabolic shape, but now with reflector 33. Note that all schematically depicted light distributors 30 may comprise or may not comprise reflector 33 on or at at least part of surface 32.

[0046] Hence, instead of (or in addition to) the light distributors 30 of types I and II, also light distributors 30 may be applied that have a curved tapered surface 32. These types are indicated in figure 2a as types III and IV. The person skilled in the art understands that substantially the same side views as seen from the end part 34 of types I and II will be found. Hence, in an embodiment the invention provides a light distributor 30 wherein the tapered surface 32 is curved. Types III and IV are herein also indicated as "parabolic shapes". Such types may have parabolically curved tapered surfaces 32. [0047] For the sake of illustration, a conical type (which may be of types I -IV) with a reflector 33 is further indicated in figure 2b (right). In figure 2a such reflector 33 is by way of example only depicted in type IV, although all types may have such reflector 33. See also an example of a reflector comprising light distributor 30 in figure 1, wherein the middle light distributor 30 by way of example comprises a reflector 33. [0048] The invention also provides a light distributor 30, wherein the light distributor 30 is a hollow body, and wherein the hollow body is optionally suitable for containing a liquid or a solid material. Figure 2c schematically depicts such hollow type of light distributor 30. The light distributor 30 has a cavity 35, with cavity wall(s) 36. Preferably, the cavity 35 is not filled with the photosynthetic culture 21 comprising aqueous liquid. Preferably, the cavity may be filled with water or another liquid; the cavity 35 , optionally filled with a liquid or solid material, increases the number of reflections. The cavity may be closed, for instance by light receiving surface 31, or may be open, as schematically depicted in figure 2c. Note that by way of example, in figure 2c a variant is schematically depicted wherein at least part of the cavity wall 36 comprises a reflector 37. As mentioned above, when the top surface 38 is closed, the light distributor 30 is substantially closed by light receiving surface 31; when the light distributor 30 would be open, i.e. top surface 38 would comprise an opening the light receiving surface 31 may at least partially coincide with cavity wall(s) 36. The light distributor 30 in figure 2c is schematically depicted with an opening 39. When the light distributor 30 is open, such as in for instance schematically indicated in figure 2c, at least part of the cavity wall(s) 36 may have the function of light receiving surface. [0049] The light distributors 30 have a height hi, and in case of conically shaped distributors 30 (conical or parabolic), a diameter dl. In case of pyramidal shapes (square pyramidal or tetrahedron), or other shapes, the light distributors 30 have a width wl and a length 11. Preferably, hi is in the range of about 5-100 cm, and dl, wl, 11 are independently in the range of about 1-20 cm. The ratio's hl/11, hl/wl and hl/dl are independently preferably in the range of about 5-30. The surface 31 arranged to receive light preferably has an area (indicated with reference 131) of about 4-400 cm², preferably in the range of about 4-100 cm². The tapered surface 32 arranged to transmit light to the aqueous liquid comprising the photosynthetic culture preferably has an area 232 of about 10-4000 cm². Preferably, surface 32 is about 2-50, especially about 2-40 times, more preferably about 4-30, especially about 5- 30 times larger than surface 31. Hence, in a preferred embodiment the ratio of the surface area 232 of surface 32 to the surface area 131 of surface 31 is in the range of about 2-50, especially 2-40, such as about 4-30, like for instance especially 5-30. The person skilled in the art may tune the ranges and ratios of the dimensions depending upon for instance on latitude the photo bioreactor will be applied and optionally on the algae species. When the light distributor 30 is open, i.e. top surface 38 may comprise opening 39, the ratio of the surface area 232 of surface 32 to the surface area 131 of surface 31 may be in the range of about 1-50. When the ratio of 11/Wl is not substantially 1, elongated light distributors 30 may be obtained, which are elongated along an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 100 (see figures 5a-5c and 6a- 6c).

[0050] Referring to figure 2d, the light distributors 30 may also have asymmetrical shapes, for instance as schematically depicted in this figure. Part of the external surface that is arranged to be submerged in the aqueous liquid 21 during use of the photo bioreactor 1 may be substantially non-tapered straight and part of the external surface, may be tapered, i.e. may be tapered surface 32, as defined herein. Referring to types I and II, part of the external surface that is arranged to be submerged in the liquid 20 has α=0°, and part of the external surface that is arranged to be submerged in the liquid 20 has 0°<α<90°. This may be advantageous in relation to the latitude where the photo bioreactor 1 is to be applied. When using such asymmetric light distributors 30, in general about half of the external surface that is arranged to be submerged in the aqueous liquid 21 during use of the photo bioreactor 1 may be non- tapered straight (i.e. vertical relative to earth's surface or relative to the liquid surface 22), and half of the external surface that is arranged to be submerged in the aqueous liquid 21 during use of the photo bioreactor 1 may comprise the tapered surface 32 as defined herein. For the sake of understanding, the part of the external surface that is arranged to be submerged in the aqueous liquid 21 during use of the photo bioreactor 1 is further indicated with reference 432; the non- tapered (straight) surface is indicated with reference 430. Hence, the part of the external surface 430 that is arranged to be submerged does essentially not comprise light receiving surface 31. Hence, in an embodiment of the light distributor 30 according to the invention, the light distributor 30 has surface 31 arranged to receive light 40 and external surface 432 that is arranged to be submerged in the aqueous liquid 21 during use of the photo bioreactor 1, wherein at least part of the external surface 432 comprises tapered surface 32 arranged to emit at least part of the received light 40, and optionally part of the external surface 432 comprises non-tapered (straight) surface 430. As will be clear to the person skilled in the art, the ratio of the surface area of surface 432 to the surface area of surface 31 may be in the range of about 2-50, more especially about 5-30 (see further also above). [0051] Also these embodiments may comprise a reflector 33 , as indicated in figure 2d, type IV. Hence, in order to promote the number of reflections, in an embodiment at least part of the tapered surface 32 and at least part of the non-tapered surface 430 may comprises reflector 33 arranged to reflect at least part of the received light 40 back into the light distributor 30. In figure 2dl, such reflector 33 is shown. Preferably, the reflector occupies in the range of about 10-90 % of the tapered surface 32 and the non-tapered surface 430; preferably, reflectors are only arranged in/on the upper part of the tapered surface 32 and non-tapered surface 430.

[0052] Further, as will be clear to the person skilled in the art, light distributors 30 with asymmetrically tapered surface 32 may also be applied. For instance, in an embodiment light distributor may have tapered surface 32 that is partly curved tapered and partly straight tapered. Assuming types I and III in figure 2d to be connected to each with mutual face 430, an embodiment of light distributor 30 with asymmetrically curved tapered surface 32 is obtained.

[0053] In a specific embodiment, the photo bioreactor 1 according to the invention further comprises a second body 60. This is schematically shown in figure 3. This second body 60 comprises a cavity 61 having a tapered surface 62. In this way, in the vessel 10 , such as a reactor or a (part of a) pond, the light distributor 30 and the second body 60 may be arranged in a configuration wherein the light distributor 30 is at least partly arranged in the cavity 61. To enable flow of the liquid 20, there is a distance d2 between the tapered surface 62 of the cavity 61 of the second body 60 and the tapered surface 32 of the light distributor 30. The light distributor 30 and the cavity 61 of second body 60 are in this way arranged in a male- female configuration. As will be clear to the person skilled in the art, the cavity 61 and the light distributor 30 preferably have substantially corresponding shapes. The shape of the tapered surface 62 of the cavity 61 substantially corresponds to the shape of the tapered surface 32 of the light distributor 30. For instance, when the light distributor 30 is a cone, a cone like cavity 61 is provided. Hence, the shape of the cavity 61, or its surface 62 on the one hand, and the shape of the light distributor 30, or its tapered surface 32 on the other hand are at least partially congruent and are constructed to allow the light distributor 30 enter at least part of the cavity 61 (male-female configuration), while maintaining at least distance d2 between the respective surfaces. The second body 60 may be arranged on the bottom of the vessel 10. For instance, such second body 60 may be arranged on the bottom of a pond, etc. In principle, the second body 60 may also be floating. The second body 60 may be made of one or more material(s) as described above, but may also consist of one or more other materials. In the embodiments described herein, it is not essential that the second body 60 comprises a transparent material. [0054] The distance d2 between the light distributor 30 and the tapered surface 62 of the cavity 61 of the second body 60 may also be indicated as shortest distance. This distance may vary over the surface 62 of the cavity and the surface 32 of the light distributor 30. The distance d2 will in general be in the range of about 2-15 cm. Preferably, the distance is selected to have an optimum light distribution into the liquid 20. A larger distance d2 than the penetration depth of the light 42 is in principle not necessary. Due to the distance d2, a channel or void 64 is created between the light distributor 30 and the cavity 61. This channel may be used to enable a uniform Ho w. In this way, the light can substantially equally be distributed over photosynthetic culture 21 , while flow in the cavity is such that it enables continuous refreshing of the culture on the surface and the middle of the channel. [0055] Optionally, at least part of the tapered surface 62 of the cavity 61 of the second body 60 may comprises a reflector 63.

[0056] Preferably, the photo bioreactor 1 comprises a plurality of light distributors 30. The plurality of light distributors 30 may comprise for instance 10-10000 light distributors 30 per vessel 30. Further, the plurality of light distributors 30 may comprise more than one type of light distributors 30. The light distributors 30 of the plurality of light distributors 30 may have substantially the same dimensions but also a range of dimensions of the light distributors 30 may be applied. As mentioned above, the photo bioreactor 1 may comprise different types of light distributors 30 and during operation (during use) different types of light distributors 30 may be applied. Thus combinations of two or more different types of shapes of light distributors 30 may be applied in the photo bioreactor 1.

[0057] Correspondingly, preferably, the second body 60 comprises a plurality of cavities 61. The plurality of cavities 61 may comprise for instance 10-10000 cavities 61 per second body 60. Further, the plurality of cavities 61 may comprise more than one type of cavities 61 (i.e. differently shaped tapered cavities 61). The cavities 61 of the plurality of cavities 61 may have substantially the same dimensions but also a range of dimensions of the cavities 61 may be applied. The plurality of cavities 61 of the second body 60 create per se one or more protrusions 65 (i.e. the elevation(s) 65 between cavities 61). In fact, the combination of a plurality of light distributors 30 and the second body 60 comprising a plurality of elevations 65 can be seen as a plurality of stalactites and stalagmites wherein these are arranged offset from each other (i.e. a stalagmite is not right below a stalactite). The combination of a plurality of light distributors 30 and the second body 60 comprising the plurality of cavities 61 are preferably arranged in a male- female configuration, preferably such that each light distributor 30 is at least partially arranged in a cavity 61. Thereby, at least part of the tapered surface(s) 32 of the light distributor(s) 30 is circumferentially surrounded by at least part of the tapered surface(s) 62 of the cavity (cavities) 61. Hence, the invention is also directed to a method comprising providing a plurality of light distributors 30 and providing second body 60 comprising a plurality of cavities 61 and arranging the light distributors 30 and the cavities 61 in a male-female configuration (in vessel 10).

[0058] Embodiments of arrangements of a plurality of light distributors 30 are schematically depicted in top view in figures 4a, 4b and 4c. Figure 4a shows an arrangement of conically (including parabolic) shaped light distributors 30, figure 4b shows an arrangement of square pyramidal shaped light distributors 30 and figure 4c shows an arrangement of tetrahedral shaped light distributors 30. As will be clear to the person skilled in the art, combinations of differently shaped light distributors 30 may also be applied, for instance a plurality of conically and pyramidal shaped light distributors 30. These may preferably be regularly arranged in the vessel 10. Preferably, the shape of the light distributor 30 and the corresponding cavity 61 are substantially the same; i.e. a conically shaped light distributor 30 and an inverse conically shaped cavity 61; a tetrahedral shaped light distributor 30 and an inverse tetrahedral shaped cavity 61, etc.

[0059] Referring to figures 4a, 4b and 4c, the light distributors 30 may be packed in a hexagonal packing, such as schematically depicted in figures 4a and 4c, and in a cubic packing, such as schematically depicted in figures 4b. Preferably, a closed packing is applied, i.e. that the area of liquid surface 22 (under perpendicular irradiation) radiated directly by such radiation (this area is indicated in figures 1, 3, 4a-4c and 6a with reference 122) and not radiated by light transmitted through the tapered surface 32 is as small as possible, while preferably the area of liquid 20 irradiated by light through the tapered surface 32 is as large as possible (this area is indicated in the side views in figures 1, 3 and 6a with reference 332). Referring to figures 1, 3, 6a and 6b, this may be the case when closed packings are applied, and where the light distributors 30 are adjacent to each other. Then, the light distributors 30 may be in physical contact to adjacent light distributors 30 (not depicted). Preferably, the light distributors 30 are arranged such that the longitudinal axes 100 are substantially parallel. Preferably, the light distributors 30 are in physical contact with adjacent light distributors 30. [0060] Further embodiments of the light distributor 30 are schematically depicted in figures 5a-5c.

[0061] In figure 5 a, the light distributor 30 has an elongated curved shape or an elongated parabolic shape. Referring to figure 2a, types III and IV, the light distributor 30 as schematically depicted in figure 5a could by way of illustration be obtained by an elongation along one axis perpendicular to longitudinal axis 100. In this way a kind of curved, or more especially parabolically, tapered surface 32 may be obtained. Especially a parabolic curved tapered surface 32 gives good results. Further, this embodiment is indicated as elongated curved light distributor 30. Such elongated curved light distributor 30 may be hollow or may be closed, i.e. top surface 38 may comprise an opening (as indicated in figure 5a with reference 39) or may be closed. Especially, such top surfaces 38 comprise opening 39 . Surface 31 arranged to receive light is therefore the inner surface of the elongated curved light distributor 30. [0062] The curved tapered surface 32 has an end part 34, and since this end part is also elongated, this end part may also be understood as taper edge, indicated with reference 134. Further, the elongated curved light distributor 30 may have a front and back surface, indicated with reference 132. Hence, in a specific embodiment, the elongated curved light distributor 30 is a partial enclosure, formed by tapered surface 32 and front and end surface 132. [0063] The length of such elongated curved light distributor 30, indicated with reference L2, may for instance be in the range of about 0.5-10 m, such as about 1-5 m. The width dl may for instance be about 1-50 cm, such as about 1-20 cm, especially about 10-20 cm. The height hi may be about 5-100 cm, about 10-50 cm, especially 20-40 cm. The ratio's hl/11, hl/wl and hl/dl are independently preferably in the range of about 5-30. The ratio of the length L2 and height hi, will at least about be 1, more especially at least about 5, even more especially at least 10. For instance, the ratio L2/hl may be in the range of about 1-1000, such as about 2- 200.

[0064] Preferably, surface 32 is about 2-50, especially about 2-40 times, more preferably about 4-30, such as preferably about 5-30 times larger than surface 31. Hence, in a preferred embodiment the ratio of the surface area 232 of surface 32 to the surface area 131 of surface 31 is in the range of about 5-30. Note however, as mentioned above, the cavity may be closed, for instance by light receiving surface 31 , but may in an embodiment also be open, as schematically depicted in figure 2c. When the light distributor 30 is open, i.e. top surface 38 may comprise opening 39, the ratio of the surface area 232 of surface 32 to the surface area 131 of surface 31 may be in the range of about 1 -50.

[0065] The front and end surface 132 may independently have an angle β relative to top surface 38; β may for instance 90°, and will in general be in the range of about 70-90°. [0066] In another embodiment, a wedge-shaped light distributor is provided, as schematically depicted in figure 5c. Here, the same details as described above, especially in relation to figures 5a and 5b apply, with the exception that the curved surface 32, is an elongated V- shaped surface 32. Thus, referring to figure 2a, types I and II, the light distributor 30 as schematically depicted in figure 5 c could by way of illustration be obtained by an elongation along one axis perpendicular to longitudinal axis 100. In this way a kind of V-shaped or wedge-shaped tapered surface 32 may be obtained. Hence, the elongated V-shaped light distributor 30 or the elongated wedge-shaped light distributor 30 as schematically depicted in figure 5 c may also be an embodiment of the light distributor 30 of the invention. [0067] During use, the elongated V-shaped light distributor 30 or the elongated wedge-shaped light distributor 30, or the elongated curved light distributor 30 are arranged with at least part of the tapered surface 32 submerged in the aqueous liquid 20 comprising the photosynthetic culture 21. The photo bioreactor 1 may comprise one or more of such elongated light distributors 30. When a plurality of such elongated tapered light distributors 30 is applied, a kind of corrugated construction, indicated with reference 300, may be applied. [0068] In figure 6a, schematically an embodiment of the photo bioreactor 1 is depicted, which further comprises construction 300 , wherein a construction 300 comprises the plurality of light distributors 30 . The light distributors 30 may for instance be arranged in such construction 300 or be integrated in the construction 300 . In a specific embodiment, the construction 300 comprising the plurality of light distributors 30 is a corrugated construction 300, and the light distributors 30 are corrugations (as depicted). [0069] As described above, the light distributors 30 may for instance have tapered surfaces which are wedge-shaped (or V-shaped) or curved, i.e. the corrugations may are wedge-shaped (or V-shaped) or curved (as depicted), especially parabolically curved (or parabolically tapered). During use, the corrugations are arranged with at least part of the tapered surface 32 submerged in the aqueous liquid 20 comprising the photosynthetic culture 21.

[0070] Figure 6b schematically depicts such construction 300. Such construction 300 may be one integral piece of material. Hence, in an embodiment, the construction 300 comprising a plurality of light distributors 30 is a single unit, especially a single piece of material. The photo bioreactor 1 may optionally co mprise a plurality of such structures 300, and may optionally comprise supports and or joists (not depicted) for supporting the construction 300. The light distributors are schematically depicted with curved tapered surface 32, however, the tapered surface 32 may also be wedge-shaped, as mentioned above (see also figure 5c) . Preferably however, the tapered surface 32 is parabolically tapered. [0071] Figure 6c shows an embodiment of construction 300, also comprising a plurality of light distributors 30, but which are not elongate, at least not in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, as described above, and as schematically depicted in figures 2a-2d and 3 a- 3 d and 4a-4c.

[0072] Figure 6a schematically depicts an embodiment wherein the photo bioreactor 1 further comprises construction comprising the plurality of light distributors 30. Figures 6a-6b schematically depict embodiments wherein the construction 300 comprising the plurality of light distributors 30 is a corrugated construction 300, and the light distributors 30 are corrugations, especially wherein the light distributors 30 have tapered surfaces (32) which are wedge-shaped (see Fig. 5c) or curved (see figures 6a-6c, and also figures 5a-5b). Note that in figures 6a-6c the light distributors 30 are not adjacent; they may however be adjacent. [0073] An advantage of using the construction 300 may also be that relatively easy a closed photo bioreactor 1 may be provided. The term closed photo bioreactor especially relates to bioreactors that are substantially closed. This may not imply a hermetically sealed photo bio reactor 1, but a substantially closed photo bioreactor 1. The fact that in an embodiment the photo bioreactor is substantially closed but not hermetically sealed" is meant in the sense that the area 122 of liquid surface 22 radiated directly and not radiated by light transmitted through the tapered surface 32 is as small as possible (but not always zero), while preferably the area 332 of liquid 20 irradiated by light through the tapered surface 32 is as large as possible. Hence, the construction 300 may be used as a kind of cover to the photo bioreactor 1. [0074] Especially, the shape and the dimensions of the light distributors 30 mentioned herein may be designed by the person skilled in the art to trap the light as much possible and to distribute this evenly over the liquid 20. The person skilled in the art may take due care of the latitude of the application of the photo bioreactor 1 . As mentioned above, combinations of two or more different types of shapes of light distributors 30 may be applied in the photo bioreactor 1 or in the construction 300, such as wedge-shaped, parabolic, and asymmetric (see also below) light distributors 30, respectively.

[0075] Referring to figures 5a-5c, 6a and 6b, also the corrugation(s) may be asymmetric, similarly as describe above. Likewise (as described above), this may apply to the light distributors 30 of construction 300 as schematically depicted in figure 6c. Hence, also the elongated light distributors 30, for instance in construction 300, may be asymmetric. [0076] The photo bioreactor 1 may comprise an inlet for a carbonaceous nutrition for the photosynthetic culture, such as an inlet for CO₂; the liquid 20 may for instance be aerated, but air may also be bubbled through the liquid 20. Likewise, a CO 2 containing gas or pure CO₂ gas may be used to aerate or bubble the liquid 20. Hence, the photo bioreactor 1 may comprise an inlet for a CO₂ comprising fluid. Further, if desired, an aqueous liquid 20 comprising or not comprising the photosynthetic culture 21 may be added and/or removed. Hence, the photo bioreactor 1 (i.e. especially vessel 10) may further comprise an inlet for introducing the aqueous liquid 20 and optionally an outlet for removing the aqueous liquid 20. Especially, the photo bioreactor 1 may comprise an inlet and an outlet for introducing and removing at least part of the photosynthetic culture 21, respectively. As will be clear to the person skilled in the art, the photo synthetic culture 21 is preferably introduced and/or removed while being present in the liquid 20. Hence, the photo bioreactor 1 further comprises an outlet for removing at least part of the photosynthetic culture 21. Further, the photo bioreactor 1 may further comprise an inlet for introducing nutrition for the photosynthetic culture, such as minerals (in addition to CO₂). As will be clear to the person skilled in the art, one or more inlets and outlets may be combined. Harvesting of the photosynthetic culture 21 can be done by means known in the art. Preferably, there is a flow through the reactor. Hence, to this end the reactor comprises an inlet 11 and an outlet 12. Inlet 11 is arranged introduce aqueous liquid, optionally comprising the photosynthetic culture 21, and outlet 12 is arranged to remove aqueous liquid, and optionally photosynthetic culture 21. Hence, in an embodiment, harvesting the photosynthetic culture may be done by removing aqueous liquid 20 comprising the photosynthetic culture 21 through opening 12. Therefore, in an embodiment the photo bioreactor comprises one or more inlets for introducing one or more selected from the group consisting of a CO₂ comprising fluid, an aqueous liquid (optionally comprising the photosynthetic culture 21), and nutrition for the photosynthetic culture 21 and one or more outlets for removing one or more selected from the group consisting of the photosynthetic culture 21 and aqueous liquid 20. The terms "inlet" and "outlet" may also refer to a plurality of inlets and outlets, respectively. Peripheral equipment, optionally or not, known to the person skilled in the art such as pumps, valves, filters, recirculation pipe(s), heating equipment, illumination devices, temperature sensors, flow sensors, sensors for sensing the concentration of one or more chemicals, etc. are not depicted in the schematic drawings. [0077] According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for the production of a photosynthetic culture 21. An aqueous liquid 20 and the photosynthetic culture 21 (i.e. including providing an aqueous liquid 20 comprising the photosynthetic culture 21) is provided to the vessel 10, which will contain the liquid 20 during operation of the photo bioreactor 1. Further, one or more light distributors 30 according to the invention (vide supra) are provided to the photo bioreactor 1, i.e. are arranged in the vessel 10.

[0078] In an embodiment, in the presence of the liquid 20, the one or more light distributors 30 are arranged to submerge at least part of the tapered surface 32 of the light distributor 30 in the aqueous liquid 20. The one or more light distributors 30 may be arranged in the liquid 20 after providing the liquid 20, but when the one or more light distributors 30 are in an embodiment comprised in a construction, it is also possible that the photo bioreactor 1 is filled with liquid 20 and the photosynthetic culture 21 (i.e. including the embodiment of providing an aqueous liquid 20 comprising the photosynthetic culture 21) until at least part of the tapered surface(s) 32 of the one or more light distributors 30 are submerged in the liquid 20. As will be clear to the person skilled in the art, during use of the photo bioreactor 1, the liquid surface 22 will be maintained at a height such that the light receiving surface(s) 31 are at least partially below the liquid's surface 22 (see also above).

[0079] Light 40 is provided to the surface 31 arranged to receive light 40. Light 40 may be one or more of solar light or artificial lighting (such as Xe lamps and or Ne lamps). Preferably solar light is applied. [0080] The method may further comprising providing one or more of a CO₂ comprising fluid, an aqueous liquid and nutrition for the photosynthetic culture; and harvesting at least part of the photosynthetic culture 21. Harvesting may be done by means known in the art. In order to have a good light distribution over the photosynthetic culture 21, the method preferably further compris es providin g a flow in the aqueous liquid 20 comprising the photosynthetic culture 21 in the vessel 10. Such flow may be obtained by introducing aqueous liquid at for instance inlet 11 and removing aqueous liquid 20, and optionally the photosynthetic culture 21, via outlet 12. With this method, biomass can be produced, which can be used for generating energy and/or providing useful compounds such as fatty acids, etc. [0081] The invention is therefore also directed to the photosynthetic culture products obtained by the method for the production of the invention. Especially algae lipids are a mixture of storage lipids and membrane lipids. Eicosapentaenoic acid (one of the high value algae derived lipid product) is present in micro algae mostly in the form of glycolipids and phospholipids. When harvesting micro algae from the photo bioreactor 1 of the invention, the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) may be predominantly in the form of membrane lipid instead of storage lipid as the cells are presumably on the exponential growing phase. Since membrane lipids are much more abundant than the storage lipids, thereby the cultured cells may be more efficient in rendering the desired product. Micro algae ( in particular Nannochloropsis) cultivated in the photo bioreactor may have about 40% or more by weight of lipids in the form of glyco-diacylglycerides and phospho-diacylglycerides, and at least about 5%, especially at least about 10% by weight of fatty acids consisting of EPA.

[0082] It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. Use of the verb "to comprise" and its conjugations does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those stated in a claim. The article "a" or "an" preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. The invention may be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements, and by means of a suitably programmed computer. In the device claim enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. [0083] The term "substantially" herein, will be understood by the person skilled in the art. The term "substantially" may also include embodiments with "entirely", "completely", "all", etc. Hence, in embodiments the adjective substantially may also be removed. Where applicable, the term "substantially" may also relate to 90% or higher, such as 95% or higher, especially 99% or higher, even more especially 99.5% or higher, including 100%. The term "comprise" includes also embodiments wherein the term "comprises" means "consists of. [0084] The photo bioreactor, light distributor and construction herein are amongst others described during operation. As will be clear to the person skilled in the art, the invention is not limited to methods of operation or devices in operation.

Claims (37)

Claims

1. A photo bioreactor (1) comprising a vessel (10) containing an aqueous liquid (20) comprising a photosynthetic culture (21) and a light distributor (30), wherein the light distributor (30) has a surface (31) arranged to receive light (40) and a tapered surface (32) arranged to emit at least part of the received light (40), wherein at least part of the tapered surface (32) is submerged in the aqueous liquid (20) comprising the photosynthetic culture (21).

2. The photo bioreactor (1) according to claim 1, wherein the photo bioreactor (1) further comprises a construction (300) comprising a plurality of light distributors (30).

3. The photo bioreactor (1) according to claim 2 , wherein the construction (300) comprising the plurality of light distributors (30) is a corrugated construction (300), and the light distributors (30) are corrugations.

4. The photo bioreactor (1) according to claim 3, wherein the light distributors (30) have tapered surfaces (32) which are wedge-shaped or curved.

5. The photo bioreactor (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the light distributor (30) has a shape selected from the group consisting of a conical shape, a parabolic shape and a pyramid like shape.

6. The photo bioreactor (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the light distributors (30) have tapered surfaces (32) which are parabolically curved.

7. The photo bioreactor (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the light distributor (30) has a shape selected from the group consisting of a truncated cones, tetrahedrons, pentagonal pyramids, triangular cupolas, square cupolas, pentagonal cupolas, pentagonal rotundas, elongated square pyramids, elongated tetrahedrons, elongated pentagonal pyramids, elongated triangular cupolas, elongated square cupolas, elongated pentagonal cupolas, and elongated pentagonal rotundas.

8. The photo bioreactor (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least part of the tapered surface (32) comprises a reflector (33) arranged to reflect at least part of the received light (40) back into the light distributor (30).

9. The photo bioreactor (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising a second body (60), the second body (60) comprising a cavity (61) having a tapered surface (62), wherein the light distributor (30) and the second body (60) are arranged in a configuration wherein the light distributor (30) is at least partly arranged in the cavity (61) and wherein there is a distance (d2) between the tapered surface (62) of the cavity (61) of the second body (60) and the tapered surface (32) of the light distributor (30).

10. The photo bioreactor (1) according to claim 9, wherein the cavity (61) and the light distributor (30) have substantially corresponding shapes.

11. The photo bioreactor (1) according to any one of claims 1-10, comprising a plurality of light distributors (30) with 10-10000 light distributors (30) per vessel (10).

12. The photo bioreactor (1) ac cording to any one of claims 1-11, comprising a second body (60) according to any one of claims 4-5, comprising a plurality of cavities (61).

13. The photo bioreactor (1) according to any one of claims 1-12, wherein the vessel (10) comprises vessel selected from the group consisting of a man-made vessel, a pond, a part of a pond, a lake, a part of a lake, a part of a brook, a part of a river, a part of a canal, or a part of a sea.

14. The photo bioreactor (1) according to any one of claims 1-13, wherein the photo bioreactor (1) is a closed photo bioreactor (1).

15. A light distributor (30) for a photo bioreactor (1) comprising a vessel (10) containing an aqueous liquid (20) comprising a photosynthetic culture (21), the light distributor (30) having a surface (31) arranged to receive light (40) from a source arranged outside the aqueous liquid (20) and a tapered surface (32) arranged to emit at least part of the received light (40) into the aqueous liquid (20).

16. The light distributor (30) according to claim 15, wherein the light distributor (30) has a shape selected from the group consisting of a conical shape, a parabolic shape and a pyramid like shape.

17. The light distributor (30) according to claim 15, wherein the light distributor (30) has a shape selected from the group consisting of a truncated cones, tetrahedrons, pentagonal pyramids, triangular cupolas, square cupolas, pentagonal cupolas, pentagonal rotundas, elongated square pyramids, elongated tetrahedrons, elongated pentagonal pyramids, elongated triangular cupolas, elongated square cupolas, elongated pentagonal cupolas, and elongated pentagonal rotundas.

18. The light distributor (30) according to any one of claims 15-17, wherein the tapered surface (32) is straight and has an angle α with a longitudinal axis (100) of the light distributor (30).

19. The light distributor (30) according to claim 15, wherein the tapered surface (32) is curved.

20. The light distributor (30) according to claim 19, wherein the tapered surface (32) is parabolically curved.

21. The light distributor (30) according to any one of claims 15-20, wherein at least part of the tapered surface (32) comprises a reflector (33) arranged to reflect at least part of the received light (40) back into the light distributor (30).

22. The light distributor (30) according to claim 21, wherein the reflector (33) is arranged to transmit at least part of the received light (40).

23. The light distributor (30) according to any one of claims 15-22, wherein the light distributor (30) is a hollow body, wherein the hollow body is optionally suitable for containing a liquid or a solid material.

24. The light distributor (30) according to any one of claims 15-23, wherein the light distributor essentially consists of a transparent material, and wherein the ratio of the surface area of surface (32) to the surface area of surface (31) is in the range of 2-50, more especially 5-30.

25. A construction (300) comprises a plurality of light distributors (30).

26. The construction (300) according to claim 25, wherein the construction (300) is a corrugated construction (300), and the light distributors (30) are corrugations.

27. The construction (300) according to according to any of claims 25-26, wherein the light distributors (30) have tapered surfaces (32) which are wedge-shaped or curved.

28. The construction (300) according to any of claims 25-27, wherein the light distributors

(30) have tapered surfaces (32) which are parabolically curved.

29. Use of the light distributor (30) according to any one of claims 15-24 for distributing light in photo bioreactor (1).

30. Use of the construction (300) according to any one of claims 25-28 for distributing light in a photo bioreactor (1).

31. A method for the production of a photosynthetic culture (21) comprising: providing an aqueous liquid (20) and the photosynthetic culture (21) to a vessel (10) of a photo bioreactor (1); providing a light distributor (30) according to one of claims 15-24 or the construction (300) according to any one of claims 25-28; submerging at least part of the tapered surface(s) (32) of the light distributor(s) (30) in the aqueous liquid (20) comprising the photosynthetic culture (20) ; and providing light to (40) the surface(s)

(31) arranged to receive light of the light distributor(s) (30).

32. The method according to claim 31, further comprising providing a flow in the aqueous liquid (20) comprising the photosynthetic culture (21) in the vessel (10).

33. The method according to any one of claims 31-32, comprising providing a plurality of light distributors (30) and providing a second body (60) according to any one of claims 4-7 comprising a plurality of cavities (61) and arranging the light distributors (30) and the cavities (61) in a male-female configuration.

34. The method according to any one of claims 31-33, wherein the photosynthetic culture comprises algae.

35. A photosynthetic culture produced by the method according to any one of claims 31- 34.

36. The photosynthetic culture according to claim 35, wherein the photosynthetic culture comprises algae.

37. The photosynthetic culture according to claim 35-36, wherein the photosynthetic culture comprises micro algae.