AU2007240248B2

AU2007240248B2 - Non-linear dielectrics used as electrical insulation

Info

Publication number: AU2007240248B2
Application number: AU2007240248A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Yang Cao; Michael Francis Ciccarelli; Patricia Chapman Irwin; Christina Lea Mchugh; Manoj Ramprasad Shah; Qi Tan; Abdelkrim Younsi
Original assignee: General Electric Co
Current assignee: General Electric Co
Priority date: 2006-12-15
Filing date: 2007-12-11
Publication date: 2012-06-14
Anticipated expiration: 2027-12-11
Also published as: CA2612802C; RU2007146700A; EP1933444A3; JP2009118719A; US8288911B2; CN101222156B; CN101222156A; US20080143209A1; EP1933444A2; RU2468458C2; AU2007240248A1; CA2612802A1

Abstract

NON-LINEAR DIELECTRICS USED AS ELECTRICAL INSULATION 5 An electrical machine including a winding (34) made of a conductive material is disclosed. The electrical machine also includes an insulating layer (38) disposed around at least a portion of the winding (34) having a dielectric constant that varies as a function of voltage. (NO c~co Co)

Description

Australian Patents Act 1990 - Regulation 3.2 ORIGINAL COMPLETE SPECIFICATION STANDARD PATENT Invention Title Non-linear dielectrics used as electrical insulation The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to me/us: P/00/o Il C 1 f) NON-LINEAR DIELECTRICS USED AS ELECTRICAL INSULATION BACKGROUND 100011 The invention relates generally to insulating systems for electrical machines 5 and machine windings, and more specifically to an insulation system having non-linear dielectric properties. 100021 Electrical machines and devices such as generators, motors, actuators, transformers, etc. are constantly subjected to various electrical, mechanical, thermal, and environmental stresses. Such stresses tend to degrade them, consequently reducing their 10 lives. In an example, a static magnetic field is retained after power is disconnected in a steel core in transformers due to magnetic remanence. When power is further reapplied, residual field causes a high inrush current until effect of the magnetic remanence is reduced, usually after a few cycles of applied alternating current. Overcurrent protection devices such as fuses in transformers connected to long overhead power transmission 15 lines are unable to protect the transformers from induced currents due to geomagnetic disturbances during solar storms that may cause saturation of the steel core, and false operation of transformer protection devices. It has been commonly observed that deterioration of insulation in the foregoing devices is a dominant factor in their failures. 100031 Insulation systems for electrical machines such as generators, motors and 20 transformers have been under constant development to improve performance of the machines. Materials generally used in electrical insulation include polyimide film, epoxy-glass fiber composite and mica tape. Insulating materials generally need to have the mechanical and physical properties that can withstand various electrical rigors of the electrical machines such as lightning and switching surges. In addition, some of the 25 desirable properties of an insulation system include withstanding extreme operating temperature variations, and a long design life. 100041 The aforementioned insulating materials have an essentially constant dielectric constant, which protects them from electrical conduction based on their respective composite breakdown strengths. However, certain factors such as operating temperatures, environment, voltage stresses, thermal cycling and voltage surges from lightning and switching deteriorate the insulating materials over a long period of time thus reducing their useful or operational life. 5 [0005] Therefore, it would be desirable to provide an insulation system that would address the aforementioned problems and meet the current demands of industry applications. BRIEF DESCRIPTION 10 100061 In accordance with one aspect of the invention, an electrical machine is provided. The electrical machine includes a winding made of a conductive material. The electrical machine also includes an insulating layer disposed around at least a portion of the winding having a dielectric constant that varies as a function of voltage. [00071 In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a winding of an electrical 15 machine is provided. The winding includes a polymeric insulation system including at least one polymeric layer having a dielectric constant that varies as a function of voltage. 100081 In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a generator is provided. The generator includes a stator. The generator also includes a rotor configured to generate current in the stator. The generator further includes a winding that includes a 20 plurality of conductors around the stator and surrounded by an insulating layer having a dielectric constant that varies as a function of voltage. [00091 In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method of forming an insulation in an electrical machine is provided. The method also includes disposing an insulating layer around at least a portion of the winding having a dielectric constant that 25 varies as a function of voltage. 2 DRAWINGS 100101 These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the 5 drawings, wherein: [00111 FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of an alternating current generator including a stator and a rotor with windings employing a non-linear or varying dielectric material as insulation in accordance with the invention; [00121 FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a stator bar of a dynamoelectric machine 10 including a non-linear dielectric insulation system in accordance with the invention; 100131 FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the non-linear dielectric insulation system in FIG. 2 in accordance with the invention; 100141 FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a corner of a conductor in the stator bar of FIG. 2 experiencing electrical stress; 15 100151 FIG. 5 is a graphical comparison of dielectric constant as a function of electric field intensity of polyvinylidene fluoride film without and with fillers, all of which may be used in an electrical machine and with windings in accordance with the invention; and 100161 FIG. 6 is a graphical illustration of electric field strength around the corner in FIG. 4. 20 DETAILED DESCRIPTION [00171 As discussed in detail below, embodiments of the present invention include an insulation system using non-linear or varying dielectric property materials. As used herein, the term "non-linear" refers to a non-uniform change in dielectric constant with voltage. The insulation system disclosed herein may be employed in machines operating 25 at high voltages such as, but not limited to, dynamoelectric machines. The insulation system includes an inherent adaptive property such that the dielectric constant of the non 3 linear dielectric may increase at locations in the machine insulation experiencing high electrical stress and provide desirable electrical protection to the machine. The electrical protection is obtained through electrical stress smoothing and reduction in the local electric field intensity. The nonlinear dielectric materials also provide improved thermal 5 conductivity of the insulation system thereby allowing more heat to be removed from a metal, such as, but not limited to, copper of a stator bar system to outside environment. [00181 Turning now to the drawings, FIG. I is diagrammatic illustration of an alternating current generator 10 including a stator 12 and a rotor 14. The stator 12 has surrounding windings 16. The windings 16 are, in the illustrated embodiment, stator 10 windings. Similarly, the rotor 14 has surrounding windings 18. The stator windings 16 and the rotor windings 18 employ a non-linear dielectric material as insulation. Some non-limiting examples of the non-linear dielectric materials that may be used for the insulation include polyetherimide, polyethylene, polyester, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polyvinylidene fluoride coploymers 15 films, which may be filled with at least one nanofiller. In a particular embodiment, the nanofiller may include ceramic fillers such as, but not limited to, lead zirconate, lead hafnate, lead zirconate titanate, lanthanum-doped lead zirconate stannate titanate, sodium niobate, barium titanate, strontium titanate and barium strontium titanate. The stator 12 may be excited by a current source 20 and a potentiometer or other resistive circuit 22 20 that has a variable resistance to regulate current into the stator windings 16. The rotor 14 may include multiple slip rings 24 to transfer power to and from the rotor 14. The slip rings 24 may include multiple brushes 26 that provide electrical connection to the rotor 14. 100191 FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a stator 28 of a dynamoelectric machine with a 25 non-linear dielectric insulation. The stator 28 may include multiple stator bars 30 and 32 that may be identical and may be disposed upon each other. The stator bars 30 may include multiple windings 34 that include multiple conductors 36 with non-linear dielectric insulation 38 between each of them. In a presently contemplated embodiment, the stator bars 30 may include two tiers 40 of hollow insulated conductors 36 that may be 30 separated by a vertical layer 42 of non-linear dielectric insulation. A non-linear dielectric 4 insulation layer 44 may also be applied on a top surface 46 and a bottom surface 48 of each of the tiers 40 of conductors 36. The conductors 36 may further be surrounded on sides by a layer of non-linear dielectric insulation forming a ground wall insulation 50. In a presently contemplated embodiment, the conductors 36 may be made of copper. In 5 an example, the number of layers of ground wall insulation may typically vary from 7 to 16 layers of the non-linear dielectric composite insulation wound or wrapped depending on withstanding capability of an individual layer and the level of operating voltage to which the conductors 36 are being subjected. 100201 In a particular embodiment, the non-linear dielectric insulation may include a 10 mixed composite of a glass cloth, an epoxy binder, mica paper and a filler of size ranging from at least about 5 nm. Some non-limiting examples of the filler may include a micron filler and a nano filler. As noted above, such fillers may include lead zirconate, lead hafnate, lead zirconate titanate, lanthanum-doped lead zirconate stannate titanate, sodium niobate, barium titanate, strontium titanate, barium strontium titanate and lead 15 magnesium niobate. In another example, the non-linear dielectric insulation may include polyetherimide, polyethylene, polyester, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polyvinylidene fluoride coploymers. Some non-limiting examples of mica may include muscovite, phlogopite, anandite, annite, biotite and bityte. The glass cloth may have varying amounts of woven density. Some non-limiting 20 examples of the glass cloth are listed below in Table 1. Table 1: Count Yams Weight Thickness Streth Style Weave Warp Fill oz/ydA2 g/mA2 mils mm Warp lbf/in Fill Ibf/in 1076 Plain 60 25 0.96 33 1.8 0.05 120 20 1070 Plain 60 35 1.05 36 2 0.05 100 25 6060 Plain 60 60 1.19 40 1.9 0.05 75 75 1080 Plain 60 47 1.41 48 2.2 0.06 120 90 108 Plain 60 47 1.43 48 2.5 0.06 80 70 1609 Plain 32 10 1.48 50 2.6 0.07 160 15 1280/1086 MS Plain 60 60 1.59 54 2.1 0.05 120 120 Glass cloth of various woven densities, weights, thicknesses and strengths have been listed. A first example of the glass cloth is of a1076 glass type with a plain weave having 5 a warp count of 60 and a weight of 33 g/m 2 . Similarly, other examples include 1070, 6060, 1080, 108, 1609, and 1280 glass types. Glass acts as a mechanical support for the insulation system and also adds inorganic content to the composite that improves the thermal conductivity of the final composite system. The mica acts as the primary 5 insulation for the composite. The epoxy binder is the only organic portion of the composite insulation system and acts as the glue to hold the system together. Further, the nonlinear filler provides the nonlinear response to the insulation system as well as improving the thermal conductivity of the composite. 100211 There are several ways to incorporate a filler into an insulation composite. 10 Some non-limiting examples include extrusion of the filler and polymer forming a filled polymer system, solvent dispersion of the filler and polymer with subsequent evaporation of the solvent forming a film and using screen printing or dip coating techniques for incorporating the filler into the crossover points of the warp and weft fibers of the glass cloth. Furthermore, it has been found that silane treatment such as, but not limited to, 3 15 Glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane of the filler and the glass is important to desirable adhesion of the filler to the glass cloth and final composite structure. The choice of filler incorporation method depends on the final structure of the insulation composite. In an example, filled polymer films usually use extrusion, or solvent dispersion. In another embodiment, tapes of mica, glass cloth and epoxy resin usually use screen printing or dip 20 coating on the glass cloth technique. [00221 An electrical field stress may be experienced in regions around the conductors 36 and the layer of ground wall insulation 44 during machine operation. The non-linear dielectric insulation enables a more uniform distribution of electrical field. A stator bar armor 52 may shield the conductors 36. The stator bar 30 may also include a side ripple 25 spring 54, a wedge body 56 and a wedge slide 58. In a particular embodiment, the stator bar armor 52, the side ripple spring 54, the wedge body 56 and the wedge slide 58 may be non-metallic. A non-limiting example of the bar armor 52 may include a glass fiber with a resin containing carbon powder for conductivity. In another example, the bar armor 52 may include a polyester fiber with a resin containing carbon powder. A non-limiting 30 example of a material used in the side ripple spring 54 may be a glass fiber with carbon 6 powder and a resin. Regions around the side ripple spring 54, the wedge body 56 and the wedge slide 58 may not experience a significant amount of electrical field stress. The stator bars 32 and 34 may be further enclosed by a metal core 60 of the dynamoelectric machine. 5 [00231 FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the stator bar 30 in FIG. 2 illustrating insulating layers of non-linear dielectric material. The stator bar 30 may include two tiers 40 of hollow conductors 36, as referenced in FIG. 2. The tiers 40 may be separated from each other by a vertical layer 42 of non-linear dielectric insulation, as referenced in FIG. 2. The vertical layer 42 may also be referred to as a vertical separator. The conductors 10 36 may be insulated from each other by a layer 38 of non-linear dielectric insulation, as referenced in FIG. 2. The layer 38 may also be referred to as a strand insulation. Further, a top layer 64 and a bottom layer 66 of non-linear dielectric insulation may be applied to a top surface and a bottom surface of each of the tiers 40 of the conductors 36 as referenced in FIG. 2. The top layer 64 and the bottom layer 66 may also be referred to as 15 transposition fillers. A layer 70 of non-linear dielectric insulation may also be applied on sides of the conductors 36. [00241 FIG. 4 is an exemplary schematic illustration of electrical field stress experienced at a comer 80 of the electrical conductor 36 in FIG. 2. The corner 80 may include a non-linear dielectric insulation layer 64 and a non-linear dielectric insulation 20 layer 70, as referenced in FIG. 3. The corner 80 is a region on the conductor 36 that may undergo maximum electrical field stress during operation. It is desirable to reduce the electrical stress. A reduction in electrical stress may increase a voltage rating of the machine. The non-linear dielectric insulation layers 64 and 70 distribute the electrical field uniformly at the corner 80 so as to minimize stress that has occurred due to an 25 uneven distribution of the electrical field. As the electrical field stress increases at the corner 80, the non-linear dielectric layers 64 and 70 adapt accordingly so as to provide a more uniform electrical field distribution 82 around the corner 80 than would be present if conventional uniform dielectric strength materials were used, thus protecting the conductor 36 from potential electrical damage. 7 10025] In another illustrated embodiment of the invention, a method 84 of forming an insulation in an electrical machine may be provided. An insulating layer having a dielectric constant that varies as a function of voltage may be disposed around at least a portion of the winding in step 86. In a particular embodiment, the insulating layer may 5 have a thermal conductivity of at least about 0.5 W/mK. In another embodiment, the insulating layer may be made of mica, epoxy resin, glass cloth and a ceramic filler. In yet another embodiment, the glass cloth and the ceramic filler may be coated with silane. In a presently contemplated embodiment, the ceramic filler may be attached to the glass cloth via a technique of screen printing or dip coating. 10 100261 Improved thermal conductivity of the insulation system is also an essential property for the design of new high energy density devices. The insulation system with an improved thermal diffusion eliminates excess heat harmful to the insulation system that may be produced in high energy density electrical machines. Inorganic materials and glasses have higher thermal conductivity than organic systems. In an example, an epoxy 15 resin system has a thermal conductivity of approximately 0.2 W/mK and typical inorganic oxides are in the range of 10-20 W/mK. Inorganic nitrides have even higher conductivities. Some non-limiting examples include aluminum nitride with a thermal conductivity of 170 W/mK and boron nitride with a thermal conductivity of 55 W/mK. Thus, addition of inorganic compounds and a reduction in overall organic content of a 20 mixture improves thermal conductivity of composite insulation systems. In an example, thermal conductivity of a base epoxy, a glass cloth, mica insulation composite ranges from 0.25-0.35 W/mK depending on the type of glass and level of resin content. With the addition of the nonlinear oxides mentioned earlier, the thermal conductivity of the filled epoxy, glass cloth, mica composite can achieve at least about 0.5 W/mK. 25 EXAMPLES: [0027] The examples that follow are merely illustrative and should not be construed to limit the scope of the claimed invention. 100281 FIG. 5 is a graphical comparison 90 of dielectric constant as a function of electric field intensity for a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film without fillers and with 8 fillers. The X-axis 92 represents electric field intensity in kV/mm. The Y-axis 94 represents dielectric constant of the PVDF film. Curve 96 represents dielectric constant of a PVDF film without a filler. As can be seen, the dielectric constant does not vary significantly as a function of the electric field intensity. Curve 98 represents dielectric 5 constant of a PVDF film with 20% by volume of a micron lead zirconate filler. Similarly, curves 100, 102, and 104 represent dielectric constant as a function of electric field intensity for a PVDF film with 20% by volume of a nano lead zirconate filler, 40% by volume of a micron lead zirconate filler and 40% by volume of a nano lead zirconate filler respectively. As observed, the dielectric constant increases significantly from about 10 30 to peak at about 80 as a function of electric field intensity in the case of 40% by volume of a nano lead zirconate filler. Hence, addition of nanofillers in the PVDF film increases the variation of the dielectric constant with electrical field and enhances adaptability of an insulation system to fluctuations in electrical field stress. [00291 FIG. 6 is a graphical illustration 110 of the electrical field profile at the corner 15 80 in FIG. 4 as a function of distance from the conductor 36 in FIG. 2 having a non-linear dielectric insulation layer. The X-axis 112 represents distance from the conductor 38 through the non-dielectric insulation layer in mm. The Y-axis 114 represents electric field intensity in kilovolts/mm. As can be seen from curve 116, the electric field is stable at 10 kV/mm with the distance from the conductor 36. In electrostatics, product of the 20 dielectric constant and electric field depends on potential difference and dielectric properties of a medium. If the dielectric constant were held constant, the local electric field on a surface adjacent to an electrically conducting element would be very high due to its relatively small area. The electric field would then decrease and reach a minimum at an outermost surface of the insulation that is at ground potential. However, if the 25 dielectric constant were allowed to increase with the electric field, this compensating effect would force a uniformity across the entire material as shown. Thus, the non-linear dielectric insulation layer provides a generally uniform field distribution within the conductor eliminating or reducing the possibility of electrical damage to the conductor. [00301 While only certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described 30 herein, many modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. It is, 9 therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention. 10031] Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or 5 "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. [00321 The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an 10 acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates. 100331 The reference numerals in the following claims do not in any way limit the scope of the respective claims. 10

Claims

1. An electrical machine including: a stator and rotor winding made of a conductive material; and 5 an insulating layer including at least one nonlinear ceramic filler including one of lead zirconate, lead hafnate, lead zirconate titanate, lanthanum-doped lead zirconate stannate titanate and sodium niobate, said insulating layer is disposed around at least a portion of the winding having a dielectric constant that increases with increase in electric field intensity. 10

2. The electrical machine of claim 1, the insulating layer including polymer composites.

3. The electrical machine of claim 2, wherein the polymer composites include 15 polyetherimide, polyethylene, polyester, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene fluoride copolymers.

4. The electrical machine of any one of claims I to 3, the insulating layer including a thermal conductivity of at least about 0.5 W/mK. 20

5. A stator and rotor winding of an electrical machine including a polymeric insulation system including at least one polymeric layer and at least one nonlinear ceramic filler including one of lead zirconate, lead hafnate, lead zirconate titanate, lanthanum doped lead zirconate stannate titanate and sodium niobate, said insulation system having a 25 dielectric constant that increases with increase in electric field intensity.

6. The winding of claim 5, wherein the dielectric constant increases with voltage.

7. The winding of claims 5 or 6, wherein the polymeric insulation system includes 30 polymer composites. - 12

8. A generator including: a stator; a rotor configured to generate current in the stator; and a winding including a plurality of conductors around the stator and surrounded by 5 an insulating layer including at least one nonlinear nanofiller, said insulation system having a dielectric constant that increases with increase in electric field intensity.

9. The generator of claim 8, further including a winding including a plurality of conductors around the rotor and surrounded by the insulating layer.

10 10, The generator of claims 8 or 9, wherein the insulating layer is disposed between the plurality of conductors in the stator.

11. The generator of any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the insulating layer is disposed 15 vertically between a plurality of tiers of the plurality of conductors in the stator.

12. A method of forming an insulation in an electrical machine including a stator and rotor winding and disposing an insulating layer around at least a portion of the winding, said insulating layer including at least one nonlinear ceramic filler including one of lead 20 zirconate, lead hafnate, lead zirconate titanate, lanthanum-doped lead zirconate stannate titanate and sodium niobate, and said insulation system having a dielectric constant that increases with increase in electric field intensity.

13. An electrical machine, substantially as herein described with reference to the 25 accompanying drawings,

14. A winding of an electrical machine, substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings. 30

15. A generator, substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings, C \NRPonbhDCC\KMH4144739_I DOC.22A)5/12()] - 13

16. A method of forming an insulation in an electrical machine, substantially as herein described.