AU2006201999A2 - An antibiotic, compositions containing the antibiotic, and methods for administrating the antibiotic and/or said compositions to livestock - Google Patents
An antibiotic, compositions containing the antibiotic, and methods for administrating the antibiotic and/or said compositions to livestock Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU2006201999A2 AU2006201999A2 AU2006201999A AU2006201999A AU2006201999A2 AU 2006201999 A2 AU2006201999 A2 AU 2006201999A2 AU 2006201999 A AU2006201999 A AU 2006201999A AU 2006201999 A AU2006201999 A AU 2006201999A AU 2006201999 A2 AU2006201999 A2 AU 2006201999A2
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- Prior art keywords
- antibiotic
- weissella
- livestock
- lactic acid
- composition
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- 235000019155 vitamin A Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011719 vitamin A Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010374 vitamin B1 Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011691 vitamin B1 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019164 vitamin B2 Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011716 vitamin B2 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021119 whey protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940098232 yersinia enterocolitica Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
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Description
00 2 AN ANTIBIOTIC, COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THE ANTIBIOTIC, AND METHODS FOR ADMINISTRATING THE ANTIBIOTIC AND/OR SAID COMPOSITIONS TO LIVESTOCK BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the invention In recent years, human food poisoning caused by bacteria belonging to the genus 0Salmonella, Campylobacter, and the like has increased sharply. Contamination by these bacteria has also spread to the chicken and pig farming industries. As a countermeasure, in Japan, reverse disinfectants and the like have been employed to disinfect chicken coops.
Overseas, vaccines have been employed. However, neither of these methods has been able to prevent infection of humans via food poisoning by these bacteria, which remain present in the intestines of livestock.
Antibiotics against salmonella are commercially available in the form of sugars, organic acids, antibiotics, and compound formulations. The infection mechanism of Salmonella has also been studied. Salmonella have type I fimbriae, which are known to bind to mannose-analogous receptors on the cellular surface of the epithelium mucosae in the intestines of livestock, resulting in adherance and infection. In particular, since sugars such as mannose are natural substances, they are highly safe and are anticipated to be highly effective as antibiotics by acting directly on the Salmonella bacteria (Characteristics and Usefulness of Mannan Oligosaccharides, "Friend of the Chicken Rancher", June issue, p. 14-18 (1996), JP10-215790A, W099/08544, JP2001-238608A)). However, mannose is degraded by the enterobacterium present in livestock, and thus has no effect unless it is administered in large amounts. The development of an antibiotic for mannose-degrading bacteria is needed (On the inhibitory effect on Salmonella infection of oligosaccharides in chickens, "Poultry Diseases", Vol. 31, p. 113-117 (1995)).
Furthermore, nisin, an antibiotic substance produced by lactic acid bacteria, has also been investigated for use against Salmonella and Campylobacter bacteria. Nisin has a broad antibiotic spectrum against gram-positive bacteria, but has low antibiotic properties N:\MlclbuumncCfsiPjlcnt\600(X)0999\ A C-tpkw SKOci .r dmcnIm as at I3.05.0l8t 14-May-OS 00 3
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against gram-negative bacteria (Can. J. Microbiol., Vol. 47, p. 322-331 (2001)). Thus, there are examples of nisin being used as an antibiotic in combination with chelating agents (Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 58 p. 977-93 (1995)), TSP (Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 61 p. 839-844 (1998)), lysozyme, and organic acids (WO03/005963).
However, in the intestines of livestock harboring Salmonella, nisin is degraded by digestive enzymes and thus does not have lasting antibiotic activity. Therefore, there is need in the art to develop an antibiotic that is not degraded.
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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, the present invention aims to provide an antibiotic for livestock that is effective at preventing the growth of bacteria responsible for food poisoning in humans in the digestive tract of the livestock, and by extension, a method for preventing the growth of bacteria which causes human food poisoning in the stomach and/or intestines of livestock by the administration to livestock of a feed composition containing such an antibiotic.
It has been found that the antibiotic as described above is a protease-resistant bacteriocin, and can be administered to livestock. This bacteriocin is isolated from lactic acid bacteria which are typically present in the stomach and intestinal juices of livestock.
In this way, it is possible to prevent the growthof bacteria responsible for food poisoning in the digestive tract of the livestock. The present invention was devised on the basis of this discovery.
In one aspect, the present invention provides an antibiotic comprising a proteaseresistant bacteriocin isolated from a lactic acid bacterium.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising the antibiotic as described above and suitable excipients.
In a second embodiment, the present invention provides the composition as described above, wherein said composition is formulated for administration to livestock.
In a third embodiment, the present invention provides the composition as described above, wherein said lactic acid bacterium belongs to a genus selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus, Weissella, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and combinations thereof.
N:WMcIxumc\Cwws PaicntVO -6W99\P60624.AUMSpcvisV\Y624.AU Complee Spci aamcndwmnts sa 13 05.O8.dm I4-May-OS 00 0 4 In a fourth embodiment, the present invention provides the composition as described above, wherein said lactic acid bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus pentosus, Weissella cibaria, Weissella confusa, Weissella hellenica, Weissella kandleri, Weissella minor, Weissella paramesenteroides, Weissella thailandensis,Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Leuconostoc argentinum, Leuconostoc carnosum, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a feed composition comprising the antibiotic as described above.
In a third aspect, the present invention, provides a method for preventing the growth of the bacteria responsible for food poisoning in humans in the stomach and/or intestines of livestock comprising administering to the livestock the feed composition as described above.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides the method as described above, wherein said bacteria belong to a genus selected from the group consisting of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria, Escherichia coli, Clostridium welchii and Clostridium perfrigens, and combinations thereof.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention is described in detail below.
The antibiotic of the present invention contains a protease-resistant bacteriocin derived from lactic acid bacteria, and can be formulated as a composition for administration to livestock, or formulated into the feed for said livestock.
The "livestock" of the present invention include pigs, as well as poultry, such as chickens, quail, guinea hens, domestic goose, mallards, turkeys, black-meat chickens, and the like.
Generally, "bacteriocin" refers to an antibiotic protein substance (Klaenhammer, Biochemie 60(3): 337-349 (1988)). However, the "protease-resistant bacteriocin" of the present invention refers to bacteriocins that are not degraded by protein degrading enzymes (proteases), in contrast to conventional bacteriocins such as nisin. The N:\Mclx).mcC;ltcw\PlcntWKXY)W)99kP62 Compici Spcri anw ments as a 130.ORJm 14-May-.O 00 bacteriocins of the present invention are not degraded by proteases such as digestive enzymes present in the stomach and intestines of livestock. Examples of such proteases are pepsin (EC3.4.23.1, EC3.4.23.2, EC34.4.23.3) and trypsin (EC3.4.21.4).
In addition to being resistant to proteases such as digestive enzymes, the proteaseresistant bacteriocin that is employed in the present invention also is resistant to, and is not degraded by, proteases derived from the genus Aspergillus, which are employed in brewing and fermentation, as well as proteases derived from meats, which are employed in food processing. Examples of these proteases are "Umamizyme G" (Amano Enzyme, Inc.), a 0protease of the genus Aspergillus that is employed in brewing and fermentation, and cathepsin, a protease from meat that is employed in food processing.
The protease-resistant bacteriocin of the present invention is produced by lactic acid bacteria and is highly safe. This protease-resistant bacteriocin has a bacteriostatic and bactericidal action on the bacteria which are responsible for human food poisoning, and are typically present in the stomachs and intestines of livestock. Thus, when this proteaseresistant bacteriocin, or a culture solution or culture supernatant containing it, is administered as is or is formulated into a feed composition, the bacteriocin is not degraded by protease. Therefore, the bacteriocin is active and suppresses the growth of bacteria which are responsible for human food poisoning, and are present in the stomach or intestines. The infection of such bacteria from the intestines during the handling of livestock in meat processing is thereby prevented. Furthermore, this bacteriocin is derived from lactic acid bacteria, and is safer than conventional chemically synthesized compounds, even when consumed by the livestock in large quantities. It is thus also desirable from the aspect of the health of the livestock.
In the present invention, the term "bacteria responsible for human food poisoning" means bacteria that are constantly present in the stomach and intestines of livestock, and that cause food poisoning of humans when the meat and/or eggs is consumed or handled by humans. Specifically, the "bacteria responsible for human food poisoning" include bacteria of the genera Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria, Escherichia, Clostridium welshii, Clostridium perfingens, Yersinia (Yersinia enterocolitica), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium. Particularly, the "bacteria N:Melboulnc\Caes P;icnn,6OO4JO.60999P60624,AUSpXis\Pf624.AU Compler Spti amcndrmn% 13Q505dMd 14May.08 00 S6 responsible for human food poisoning" are bacteria of the genera Salmonella and Campylobacter.
Bacteria of the genus Salmonella are constantly present in the intestines of livestock, such as pigs and domestic fowl such as chickens. In the processing of livestock, the bacteria adhere to the meat and eggs. When a piece of meat or an egg to which this bacterium has adhered is eaten without having been adequately heated, the result is human food poisoning, which results in severe gastroenteritis, nausea, vomiting, and the like.
Bacteria of the genus Campylobacter are constantly present in the intestines of fowl such as 0chickens, and can contaminate chicken meat during meat processing, and cause human food poisoning, resulting in diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and the like.
The protease-resistant bacteriocin of the present invention can be efficiently manufactured by culturing lactic acid bacteria according to the example below.
The lactic acid bacteria that produce the protease-resistant bacteriocin of the present invention have been isolated from fermented foods, and the like. Any lactic acid bacteria with antibiotic activity that can be detected by the screening method described below may be employed, even when separated from something other than fermented foods, or the like.
The lactic acid bacteria employed in the present invention preferably belong to the genus Lactobacillus, Weissella, Pediococcus, or Leuconostoc. In particular, preferable examples of lactic acid bacteria belonging to the genus Lactobacillus are: Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Lactobacillus pentosus. Preferable examples belonging to the genus Weissella are: Weissella cibaria, Weissella confusa, Weissella hellenica, Weissella kandleri, Weissella minor, Weissella paramesenteroides, and Weissella thailandensis. A preferable example belonging to the genus Pediococcus is Pediococcus pentosaceus. Preferable examples belonging to the genus Leuconostoc are: Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Leuconostoc argentinum, Leuconostoc carnosum, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides.
Of the above lactic acid bacteria, the following are particularly preferable for use in the present invention: Lactobacillus plantarum strain JCM1149, Lactobacillus salivarius strain JCM 1231, Lactobacillus pentosus strain JM 1558, Pediococcus pentosaceus strains JCM5885 and JCM5890, Weissella cibaria strain JCM12495, Weissella confusa strain N:MdlouneCiws\P;tcnt600.O99 P6O624AU\SpsP6624.AU Compic Spci a~ mndnl nts .s a 13 3 .08.dltj14*Ma.y-O0 00 7 JCM 1093, Weissella hellenica strain JCM10103, Weissella kandleri strain JCM5817, Weissella minor strain JCMI 168, Weissella paramesenteroides strain JCM9890, Weissella thailandensis strain JCM 10694, Leuconostoc citreum strain JCM9698, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides strain JCM 11045, Leuconostoc argentinum strain JCM11052, Leuconostoc carnosum strain JCM9695, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain JCM6124.
The bacterial strains referenced by "JCM" depository numbers are stored at the "Japan Collection of Microorganisms" of the Riken Bioresource Center (an Independent Administrative Institution), 2-1 Hirozawa, Wako, Saitama Prefecture, Japan.
Whether or not a given lactic acid bacterium produces the protease resistant bacteriocin (sometimes abbreviated as "PRB") of the present invention can be determined by the following method, for example. That is, in the following method, growth inhibition zones of an indicator strain are formed when PRB is produced in a culture of lactic acid bacteria.
A lactic acid bacterium culture solution is prepared by a typical culture method for lactic acid bacteria (or by a culture method in which lactic acid bacterium of present invention is separated). The culture solution of the lactic acid bacterium is adjusted to pH to 6.0 with NaOH, separated by centrifugation at 12,000 rpm x 10 min, and filtered through 0.45 gtm cellulose acetate with a Disposable Syringe Filter Unit (ADVANTEC to obtain a sample. When antibiotic activity is low, fourfold concentration is conducted under reduced pressure at room temperature. When necessary, tenfold concentration may be conducted.
Listeria innocua ATCC33090T, Bacillus circulans JCM2504T, Bacillus coagulans JCM2257, Micrococcus luteus IF012708, Bacillus subtilis JCM1465T, Bacillus subtilis IAM1381, Lactococcus lactis sub sp. Lactis ATCC 19435, Enterococcusfaecalis JCM5804T, Enterococcusfaecalis JCM5803T, Pediococcus pentasaceus JCM5885, Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917T, and Lactobacillus sakei JCMI 157T are employed as the indicator strain. Antibiotic activity is measured by the spot-on-lawn method, described further below, or the viable bacteria count method, and the indicator strainn which exhibits the strongest antibiotic activity is selected.
N :\Mlclo,umc\CK.ws\Pdcnt\600)04,99P64624 AU\Spcci\P60624 AU Compkn Spcmij mendmemxs;L a( 13.05.08 doc 14-May08 00 8 Aspergillus-derived protease ("Umamizyme G" or the like made by Amano Enzyme, Inc.) is employed as the enzyme.
A 10 to 100 unit/mL quantity of the enzyme described in is added to the sample of and a reaction is conducted by maintaining the mixture at 30 0 C for one or more hours.
The indicator strain that exhibits the greatest antibiotic activity in is plated, 0.01 mL of the sample which has been treated with the enzyme of is added dropwise to 0 a medium in which the indicator strain will proliferate, such as MRS, and culturing is Sconducted for 20 to 24 hours at the optimum temperature for growth of the indicator strain (37 0 C for Listeria innocua, Bacillus coagulans, Enterococcus faecium, and Pediococcus pentosaceus, 30°C for the others). Subsequently, growth inhibition zones of the indicator strain are confirmed.
The composition of the present invention, characterized by containing the proteaseresistant bacteriocin, may include the lactic acid bacterium culture solution which produces the protease-resistant bacteriocin as is, and/or may include the dried bacterial product of such a culture solution, or may include the culture supernatant. Bacteriocin obtained by the separation and purification of any of these may also be included in the composition of the present invention. A suitable excipient or the like, as described further below, may also be added to the composition of the present invention. In brief, an agent exhibiting PRB activity derived from lactic acid bacteria suffices as a component of the composition of the present invention. In passing, the activity of protease-resistant bacteriocin produced from the lactic acid bacteria is present intracellularly, and is secreted extracellularly.
Protease-resistant bacteriocin produced from a culture solution of lactic acid bacteria can be separated and purified as necessary according to the methods commonly employed in this field. Specifically, the bacteriocin can be produced by obtaining a fraction which has the protease-resistant bacteriocin activity and conducting ammonium sulfate precipitation, column chromatography, ethanol precipitation, or the like. The lactic acid bacterium employed in the present invention can be cultured using medium components suited to the bacterial strain employed and production of protease-resistant N:\WcltbumcCascc\PucnIWntX)O.6U0999P60)624 AU\Specis\(624AU Compkcu SpLO' amcndrmrcn is ai 13.OS.O0dcc I4May-4) 00 9 bacteriocin. The use of a culture solution that has been suitably concentrated permits more efficient further processing.
Lactic acid bacteria can be cultured by typical methods, such as those shown below.
A carbon source may be present in the medium employed for the present invention, and may include whey, starch sugar solution, or food-use glucose. A nitrogen source may also be present in the medium employed for the present invention, and may include whey protein concentrate hydrolysis products, corn peptides, soy peptides, commercial IND flavozonesolution materials, low-end distilled spirit lees, or food-use enzyme extracts.
Additionally, various organic and inorganic products, and items containing such products, that are required for the growth of lactic acid bacteria and enzyme production, such as phosphates, magnesium salt, calcium salt, manganese salt, other salts, vitamins, and yeast extract may be suitably added to the medium. The culturing temperature and period may be set according to those typical in common lactic acid bacteria culturing methods; for example, in a stationary culture, the temperature and time period for culture may be 30 to 37'C and 12 to 36 hours, respectively.
In the present invention, the antibiotic effect on the bacteria responsible for human food poisoning in the stomach and intestines of livestock can be confirmed by inhibition of the growth of indicator strains and the food poisoning-causing bacteria in an artificial stomach juice treatment solution containing trypsin, pepsin, and the like, or may be confirmed by in vivo oral administration to real animals to examine whether or not there is a reduction in the bacteria responsible for human food poisoning in the stomach and intestines.
The antibiotic and compositions of the present invention may be employed in various forms. Examples are powders, granules, and tablets. Excipients, fillers, and the like may be suitably added as needed. When a lactic acid bacterium culture solution is employed as the composition of the present invention, the proportion of the lactic acid bacterium of the present invention in the composition may be determined relative to the quantity of bacteria responsible for human food poisoning in the stomach and intestines of the livestock, the season, and the like. When the protease-resistant bacteriocin is of high purity or the specific activity is high, a small quantity is administered, and when the N \Nhlcltx,.c\Cikes\Pzitc.IVW)04AW99\P60624.AU\Spii UEM 24 Complu: Spe i amcndmnts ;m I 3.05M dm I4-May4OS 00 medium itself is being administered or the specific activity is low, a high ratio is administered.
The time of administration of the antibiotic or composition of the present invention is not specifically limited so long as the antibiotic effect of the present invention is exhibited. Administration is possible at any time. However, feeding is desirable prior to shipment of the livestock or domestic fowl for meat processing. Blending or formulating the antibiotic into the livestocks' feed permits particularly efficient administration.
IN The dose of the antibiotic or composition of the present invention that is 0administered is not specifically limited so long as the antibiotic effect of the present invention is exhibited. For example, the dose may be suitably adjusted based on the lactic acid bacterium employed and the animal to which it is being administered so that the effect of the present invention is exhibited.
The feed composition of the present invention contains the above-described antibiotic or composition of the present invention. The ratio of the antibiotic or composition in the feed composition is normally 0.1 to 10 weight percent, preferably 2 to weight percent. The feed composition is not specifically limited; a commercial product may be employed as is, or, in addition to corn, wheat, barley, soy lees, and other vegetable materials, meat bone meal (MBM), chicken meal, fish paste, and other animal materials may be suitably added to a commercial product as necessary. Furthermore, carbohydrates, fat, protein, inorganic substances (such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, and phosphorus), vitamins (such as vitamins A, B1, B2, and and various other nutrients may be added as necessary.
The present invention is specifically described below through the following nonlimiting Examples.
<Reference Example 1> The method of screening lactic acid bacteria that produce protease-resistant bacteriocin will be described based on the example of separation from the fermented food matsoon.
To separate the lactic acid bacteria, 0.5 percent of fermented milk matsoon (a type of fermented food) samples were added to a liquid media which permits the growth of N: \McIN,.\Ciscs\P,cnt\6000-999\P60624 AUSpccis\P6062?4AU Compleic Spcci anwrdmcnts as 1 I3.O3.Od I4.tay.O8 00
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^1 11 lactic acid bacteria, such as MRS medium (Table 1 below) and M17 medium (Table 2 below. The samples were cultured at 30 to 37 0 C (preculturing). Culturing was conducted for one, five, or ten days, respectively. Upon completion of culturing, the bacteria were cultured on the above-described agar (1.2 percent) medium containing 0.5 percent calcium carbonate and the lactic acid bacteria colonies that grew were collected.
Table 1 MRS medium composition (Merck) Peptone 10.0 g/L Lab-Lemco' Powder 8.0 g/L Yeast extract 4.0 g/L Glucose 20.0 g/L Tween 80 1.0 g/L Potassium Monopotassium 2.0 g/L dihydrogen phosphate(KH 2
PO
4 Sodium acetate 5.0 g/L Ammonium citrate 2.0 g/L Magnesium sulfate 7 0.20 g/L hydrate(MgSO 4 7H 2 0) Table 2 M17 medium composition (Merck) Soymeal derived peptone 5.0 g/L Meat derived peptone 2.5 g/L Casein derived peptone 2.5 g/L Yeast extract 2.5 g/L Meat extract 5.0 g/L lactose 5.0 g/L N \chrulhclunc\Cscs\';,lcnl\6000 .6099\PO624 AU\SpccisU()624AU Complete Specia mndmcnts 3s w 13.030 dtw 14-May.(O 00
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Ascorbic acid 0.5 g/L P-glycerophosphoric acid 19.0 g/L sodium Magnesium sulfate 0.25 g/L The lactic acid bacteria that were collected were similarly cultured in the liquid medium and under the culture conditions as set forth above (the original culture). Next, the lactic acid bacteria were inoculated onto MRS agar medium plates to which prefiltered "Umamizyme G" (Amano Enzyme, Inc.), a protease derived from Aspergillus oryzae, had been added, and cultured for 24 hours at 30°C. These plates were then layered with Lactobacilli AOAC medium (Table 3 below), mixed with indicator strains, and cultured for 24 hours at 30°C, which resulted in growth inhibition zones of indicator strains to form.
Table 3: Lactobacilli AOAC medium composition Lactobacilli AOAC medium composition (Difco) Peptonized milk 15.0 g/L Yeast extract 5.0 g/L Dextrose 10.0 g/L Tomato juice 5.00 g/L Monopotassium dihydrogen 2.0 g/L phosphateKH 2
PO
4 Polysorbate 80 1.0 g/L Other methods can be employed to add the protease, such as 1) mixing the protease with the indicator strain, 2) coating the protease on agar medium, 3) adding the protease in the course of cultivating lactic acid bacteria colonies (in this process, the protease can be added at the start of the culture, during the culture, or once the culture is complete), and 4) after cultivating lactic acid bacteria colonies, eliminating the bacterial mass or killing the bacteria in the culture solution, adding to plates containing the indicator strains a suitable N:\MclNumC;scsPacnj000999\P60i624AU\Spcs\P60624 AU Compkvu Spzci ,mcndnls a% a 1305 Ogdoc 14-May-08 00 13 quantity of sample containing protease, and confirming the formation of the inhibition zones. Methods 1) to 4) above are given by way of example and are not limitations. Nor is the protease limited to "Umamizyme G".
Next, protease-resistant bacteriocin activity was evaluated by antibiotic spectral analysis. The antibiotic spectrum was examined by the spot-on-lawn method, in which the culture solution supernatant of a lactic acid bacteria exhibiting antibiotic activity was sequentially diluted and spotted on an antibiotic activity plate, described further below.
IN First, antibiotic activity samples were prepared. The culture solution of a strain Shaving antibiotic activity collected by the above-described method was centrifugally separated for 10 min at 10,000 rpm, yielding a culture supernatant. The culture supernatant was then passed through a filter to obtain a sterile sample. The sample was then diluted in twofold steps to prepare a 2" diluted solution. When the activity was low, as needed, reduced pressure concentration was conducted in twofold steps at room temperature to prepare a 2" 3 diluted solution.
Next, the mixed indicator strain was cultured on an antibiotic activity plate. The indicator strains in Table 4 below were cultured on TSBYE medium (Table 5 below), TSB medium (Table 6 below), or MRS medium. The genera Bacillus and Micrococcus were cultured with shaking, while other strains were cultured in a stationary manner. Bacillus coagulans, Listeria, Pediococcus, and Enterococcus were cultured at 37°C, the other strains at 30 0
C.
Table 4 Strain Medium/culture Culture method temperature Bacillus coagulans JCM2257 TSBYE/37 Shaking Bacillus subtilis JCM 1465T TSBYE/30 Shaking Bacillus subtilis IAM1381 TSBYE/30 Shaking Bacillus circulans JCM2504T TSBYE/30 Shaking Micrococcus luteus IFO 12708 TSBYE/30 Shaking N:U\leltx~ume\ascs\PalenlWOU)6099\P6 062 4U CompkLe Spcei amehmC5L as at I3.O.8dnJc I4-May.OX 00 Listeria innocua ATCC33090T TSBYE/37 Stationary Pediococcus pentosaceus JCM5885 MRS/37 Stationary Enterococcusfaecalis JCM5803T MRS/37 Stationary Enterococcusfaecium JCM5804T MRS/37 Stationary Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ATTC 19435 MRS/30 Stationary Lactobacillus plantaruim ATCC 1491 7T MRS/30 Stationary Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei JCM I157T MRS/30 Stationary Leuiconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides MRS/30 Stationary JCM6I 24T Lactobacillus kimchi JCMI10707T MRS/30 Stationary Table 5: TSBYE Medium Composition TSBYE medium composition Table 6: TSB Medium Composition Bacto Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) medium composition (Di fco) Pancreatic digest of casein 17.0 g/L Enzymatic digest of soybean 3.0 g/L meal Dextrose 2.5 g/L Sodium chloride 5.0 g/L Monopotassium dihydrogen 2.5 g/L phosphate( KH 2
PO
4 Antibiotic activity plates were also prepared. A 1 0 mL quantity of MRS agar medium (1.2 percent agar) and 5 mL of Lactobacilli AQAC agar medium (1.2 percent agar) NA\t~clbhmc\Cas\Ptent\60X)0.60999\P60624 AU\Speis\P6O624.AU Compktw Sp~ui awrkdmenLs as at 13 05.08do 1 4 -May08 00 were separately sterilized by heating to 121°C for 15 min and maintained at 55°C. The sterilized MRS agar medium was dispersed on a sterile Petri dish and placed on a clean bench for one hour. Next, 50 pL of indicator strain culture solution was mixed with Lactobacilli AOAC agar medium maintained at 55°C and layered onto the MRS plate. The plate was placed on a clean bench with the plate cover off for 15 minutes to dry out the surface.
The antibiotically active samples prepared above were added dropwise in increments of 10 pL, the covers were put on the plate, and drying was conducted for about San hour. The plates were cultured for 20 hours at the culture temperatures of the various indicator strains and the formation of growth inhibiting zones was examined. Antibiotic activity (AU/mL) was defined as follows. Antibiotic activity (AU/mL) (maximum dilution ratio at which growth inhibition zones formed) x 1,000/10.
The antibiotic spectra of the samples were analyzed in this manner, and were found to be resistant to protease and exhibit broad antibiotic spectra.
The present invention is described through embodiments below. However, the present invention is not limited thereto.
<Example 1> The lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus pentosaceus JCM5885, Pediococcus pentosaceus JCM5890, Lactobacillus plantarum JCM 149, and Lactobacillus salivarius JCM 1231, obtained from type cultures, were precultured and cultured on MRS liquid medium (Table 1 above). The culture temperature was 37°C. The above lactic acid bacteria were inoculated onto and cultured for 24 hours on MRS agar medium plates to which "Umamizyme a protease derived from Aspergillus, had been added in quantities of 0 U/mL (none added), 200 U/ML, and 400 U/mL. In culturing, 100 mL of MRS medium was added to a 500 mL Sakaguchi flask, 100 mL of the above culture solution was inoculated, and the medium was shaken 100 times/min.
Next, Lactobacillus sakei strain JCMI 157, which does not produce bacteriocin, was employed as an indicator strain, and Lactobacilli AOAC medium was layered. These plates were cultured for 24 hours at 30°C, resulting in the formation of growth inhibition N:V.Iclb)ume\Cns\Ptent.AU\Sr\P60624.AU Comprm SP mndcniaL O I .O.O I4May-O 00
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16 zones in the indicator strains (Table 7 below). From these results, each of the strains is shown to be producing protease-resistant bacteriocin.
Table 7 Strain protease (U/mL) 0 200 400 0 Pediococcus pentosaceus JCM5885 15 15 0 Pediococcus pentosaceus JCM5890 10 12 12 Lactobacillus plantarum JCM 1149 15 17 23 Lactobacillus salivarius JCM 1231 13 18 18 Lactobacillus sakei JCM 1157 was employed as indicator strain. The values in the table indicate the diameters of the growth inhibition zones.
<Example 2> Lactococcus lactis NCD0497 (a bacterium producing nisin A) and Lactococcus lactis NCIMB702054 (a bacterium producing nisin Z) were separately cultured in MRS liquid medium at 30°C. In the same manner as in Example 1, antibiotic evaluation was conducted using Lactobacillus sakei strain JCM 1157 as an indicator strain. Instead of nisin-producing bacterial strains, 10 tL of "nisin A 1,000 IU/mL solution" made by ICN Biomedical was spotted on MRS agar medium plates and the above antibiotic evaluation was conducted (without using bacterial strains).
Although indicator strains growth inhibition zones formed in the absence of protease, antibiotic activity due to nisin decreased as the protease concentration rose (see Table 8).
N \Cmc,\s\i t\60000.f,&)99Y\M 24.AL\F Srr s\P6624.AU Compkw S1,-i a-nrndtns m at 1105.08 d- 14- MJy) 00
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17 Table 8 Strain protease (U/mL) 0 200 400 Nisin A added (not containing any bacteria 30 ND ND producing bacteriocin) Lactococcus lactis NCD0497 (a bacterium 30 13 ND producing nisin A) Lactococcus lactis NCIMB702054 (a 30 13 ND bacterium producing nisin Z) Lactobacillus sakei JCM1157 was employed as indicator strain. The values in the table indicate the diameters of the proliferation inhibition zones.
ND not detected Example 3> Pediococcus pentosaceus JCM5885, Lactococcus lactis NCD0497 (a bacterium producing nisin and Lactobacillus sakei strain JCM 1157 were separately cultured and the culture solutions were centrifugally separated for 10 minutes at 10,000 rpm to obtain culture supernatants. After adding 200 U/mL of "Umamizyme G" to the culture supernatants and conducting protease treatment for 24 hours, the supernatants were filtered through 0.45 utm cellulose acetate ("DISMIC25CS" made by ADVANTEC) to obtain sterile samples. The spot-on-lawn method was employed to examine the antibiotic spectra.
This revealed that Pediococcus pentosaceus JCM5885 exhibited antibiotic activity even when treated with protease, as opposed to the nisin-producing bacteria culture solution and Lactobacillus sakei JCM 1157, which do not produce bacteriocin (see Table It was thus understood that Pediococcus pentosaceus JCM5885 produced protease-resistant bacteriocin.
N:\icltxiumc\Cascs\P~cni6()O 699P6624 AUV5pws\O624.AU Compkcaw Sp i a rmcndmines as at 13O5.Ogdat 14-May-(8 00 Table 9 \Sample strains Pediococcus Lactococcus Lactobacillus pentosaceus lactis sakei Indicator strains\ JCM5885 NCD0497 JCM I 157T Listeria innocua 50 ND ND ATCC33090T Bacillus circulans 100 50 JCM2504T Bacillus coagulans 100 ND ND JCM2257 Micrococcus lutens 100 ND ND IFOI 2708 Bacillus subtilis 100 ND JCM 1465T Lactococcus lactis subsp. 50 ND ND Lactis ATCC 19435 Enterococcusfaecium 100 ND ND JCM5804T Enterococcus faecalis 100 ND JCM5809T Lactobacillus planta rum 100 ND ATCC 149 17T Lactobacillus sakei 50 ND ND JCM I 157T After treating the culture Solution with protease, antibiotic activity was measured by the spot-on-lawn method using the culture supernatant. The values indicated antibiotic activity.
Antibiotic activity (AU/mL) Maximum dilution ratio at which inhibition circles formed x 1,000/ N:)%Ietm~me. ss\Pitnt\4X)X)"99P6024AU\Specis\P60624.AU Conmpict Speci onwenMcnls s at 1105.08 dtv 14.N1y.(Th 00 19 ND not detected.
<Example 4> Culture solutions of the various lactic acid bacteria shown in Table 10 Pediococcus pentosaceus JCM5885, Lactobacillus plantarum JCM 1149, Lactobacillus salivarius JCM 1231, Leuconostoc citreum JCM9698, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides JCM9696 and JCM11045, Lactococcus lactis NCIMB702054 (a bacterium producing nisin I\ Z) were enzymatically treated in the same manner as in Example 3, and antibiotic activity was measured by the spot-on-lawn method using Bacillus subtilis as the indicator strain. In the same manner as in Example 3, "Umamizyme G" was employed. Furthermore, 100 units/mL of a-amylase derived from Bacillus subtilis (Wako Junyaku) was added to the culture solutions of the lactic acid bacteria, and reacted for more than an hour at Similarly, employing Bacillus subtilis IAM1381 as the indicator strain, antibiotic activity was measured by the spot-on-lawn method to check the effect of a-amylase on antibiotic activity.
As shown in Table 10, culture solutions of Weissella cibaria JCM 12495, Weissella confusa JCM 1093, Weissella hellenica JCM 10103, Weissella kandleri JCM5817, Weissella minor JCM 1168, Weissella paramesenteroides JCM9890, Weissella thailandensis JCM 10694, Pediococcus pentosaceus JCM5885, Lactobacillus plantarum JCM 1149, Lactobacillus salvarius JCM 123 1, Lactobacillus pentosus JCM 1558, Leuconostoc citreum JCM9698, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides JCM9696 and JCM 11045, Leuconostoc argentinum JCM 11052, Leuconostoc carnosum JCM9695, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides JCM6124 exhibited antibiotic activity even when treated with protease. Thus, each of these strains was determined to produce protease-resistant bacteriocin. It was confirmed that the antibiotic activity of these culture solutions decreased when treated with aamylase. The residual activity of Table 10 was calculated as follows: Antibiotic activity (AU/mL) maximum dilution ratio at which inhibition zones formed x 1,000/10 x (inhibition circle diameter of enzyme treatment sample/diameter of inhibition circle of control).
N.WMcltul.m\C;es\Pate,,1\6000000)-N 9\ AU\ pcsrKP(624.AU Cpkwr Spi ndm. nls .t I 13,05 0 9 d- 1-Mq- 00 Table Strain Residual antibiotic activity Control Umamizyme ct-Amylase Nisin producer Lactococcus lactis NCIMB702054 100 nd 100 PRB producers Weissella cibaria JCM 12495 100 100 Weissella confusa JCM 1093 100 70 Weissella hellenica JCM 10 103 100 100 Weissella kandleri JCM5817 100 100 Weissella minor JCM 1168 100 100 Weissella paramesenteroides JCM9890 100 100 Weissella thailandensis JCM 10694 100 100 Pediococcus pen tosaceuts JCM5 885 100 90 Lactobacillus plantarum JCMI 1149 100 80 Lactobacillus salivarius JCM 1 231 100 80 Lactobacillus pen tosus 1AM 1558 100 100 Leuconostoc citreum JCM9698 100 80 Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides 100 100 JCM9696 Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides 100 100 JGMI 11045 Leuconostoc argentinum JCM 11052 100 100 nd Leuconostoc carnosum JCM 9695 100 100 Leuconostoc mesenteroides JCM6 124 100 100 <Example 5: Evaluation of antibiotic activity following treatment with artificial gastric and intestinal juices> Culturing of lactic acid bacteria N:W.1ieIu..NCssP,tI-t)99\P6O624U\P64ASpcis\P6O624.AU Compk-i, awmcnmentsms~ tl I 35.08.dom 14-May.OS 00 21 Lactococcus lactis NCIMB8780 (a strain producing nisin Lactococcus lactis NCIMB702054 (a strain producing nisin Lactobacillus salivarius JCM1231 (a strain producing PRB), and Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917 (indicator strain) were cultured at 30°C and Lactobacillus gasser JCM1131 (a strain not producing bacteriocin) and Pediococcus pentosaceus JCM5885 (a strain producing PRB) were statically cultured at 37°C in MRS medium for 24 hours.
Treatment with artificial gastric and intestinal juices After adding 0.2 percent NaCI and 0.2 percent pepsin (1:5,000) to the culture solution of the lactic acid bacterium so to adjust the pH to 2, the culture solution was treated with protease for two hours at 41°C (artificial gastric juice treatment). After adding 0.2 percent trypsin (1:5,000) to adjust the pH to 6, the culture solution was treated with protease for two hours at 41°C (artificial intestinal juice treatment). In the course of these treatments, lactic acid and caustic soda were employed as pH adjusting agents.
The above digestive enzyme treatment was conducted to prepare the following samples: a culture solution (broth A) containing the bacterial mass of the lactic acid bacteria cultured in MRS, a sterile supernatant (sup. A) obtained by centrifugally separating broth A for 10 min at 10,000 rpm and passing it through a 0.45 .pm cellulose acetate filter ("Dismic25cS" made by ADVANTEC), a digestive enzyme treatment solution (broth and a sterile supernatant of broth B (sup. B).
Antibiotic activity test Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC14917, unaffected by lactic acid, was employed as an indicator strain. A 50 jtL quantity of this bacterium was plated on a "GAM" agar plate (Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.). The surface of this plate was dried well, after which it was spotted with 10 pL spots of the samples prepared in paragraph above and cultured for 24 hours at 30 0 C. The formation of growth inhibition zones was confirmed. The results are given in Table 11 below. The numbers in the table indicate the diameter (mm) of the growth inhibition zones. When subjected to artificial gastric and intestinal juice treatment, nisin lost its antibiotic activity while the protease-resistant bacteriocin retained its antibiotic activity.
N:Wihoum\Cas\PatenW)O*OOiO999\P60624.AU\Spvis60624AU Compkle Spci Imendamwns asa 13.05.08dm, 14.NIay4J8 00
O
Table 11 Control Pepsin Control Antibiotic Trypsin Strains substance broth broth A sup. A B sup B A B Lactobacillus gasseri JCM 1131 (type (lac) nd nd nd nd strain) Lactococcus lactis NCIMB8780 Nisin A 16 15 nd nd Lactococcus lactis NCIMB702054 Nisin Z 15 10 nd nd Pediococcus pentosaceus JCM5885 PRB 5 5 3 3 Lactobacillus salivarius JCM 1231 PRB 5 5 3 3 nd=not detected <Example 6: Campylobacter proliferation inhibition test (live bacteria count evaluation> Sample preparation Lactic acid bacteria were cultured and filtered by the method set forth in of Example 5 to prepare a sterile supernatant.
Campylobacter proliferation inhibition test (live bacteria count evaluation) Precultured Campylobacterjejuni strain 702 was suspended to 106 cells/mL in Brucella medium and 1 percent of the culture supernatant of lactic acid bacteria was added.
The Campylobacter live bacteria count was made using CCDA medium. Compared to the non-addition system (control), the PRB-producing bacterial supernatant markedly inhibited the proliferation of Campylobacter, as shown in Table 12.
N \Mclhtatmc\Clrses\Patcnt\NOO-6O999P60624AU \Spcs\PX24AU Compk-ic Spec amcmiicnis as it 13.05ORdx 14-May-08 00
O
23 Table 12 Antibiotic Campylobacterjejuni Strains substance Ohr 6hr 24hr Control 5.7xl0 6 6.3x106 2.3x10 Pediococcus pentosaceus PRB 5.1x106 4.9x10 6 JCM5885 Lactobacillus salivarius PRB 5.3x10 6 4.1x10 6 n.d.x 00 JCM1231 n.d.=not detected In the claims which follow and in the preceding description of the invention, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" is used in an inclusive sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the invention.
All references, including any patents or patent applications, cited in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference. No admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. The discussion of the references states what their authors assert, and the applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinency of the cited documents. It will be clearly understood that, although a number of prior art publications are referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that any of these documents forms part of the common general knowledge in the art, in Australia or in any other country.
N:\ilelhoumeC;i. ,s\P\itcnl\600004A)9"\P606 4/AU\S pccir\P6 4.AU Compkte SpLi armcnd~mcnts as W I 3.5.OX do 14-May-OX
Claims (9)
1. An antibiotic comprising a protease-resistant bacteriocin isolated from a lactic acid bacterium.
2. A composition comprising the antibiotic according to claim 1 and one or more suitable excipients.
S3. The composition according to claim 2, wherein said composition is formulated for administration to livestock.
4. A composition comprising a lactic acid bacterium belonging to a genus selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus, Weissella, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and combinations thereof.
The composition according to claim 4, wherein said lactic acid bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus pentosus, Weissella cibaria, Weissella confusa, Weissella hellenica, Weissella kandleri, Weissella minor, Weissella paramesenteroides, Weissella thailandensis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Leuconostoc argentinum, Leuconostoc carnosum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and combinations thereof.
6. A feed composition comprising an antibiotic according to claim 1 or a composition according to claim 2.
7. A feed composition comprising a composition according to claim 4 or claim
8. A method for preventing the growth of bacteria responsible for human food poisoning in the stomach and/or intestines of livestock, comprising administering an antibiotic according to claim I or a composition according to claim 2 or claim 3 to said livestock.
9. A method for preventing the growth of bacteria responsible for human food poisoning in the stomach and/or intestines of livestock, comprising administering a composition according to any one of claims 4 to 7 to said livestock. The method according to claim 8 or claim 9 for preventing the growth of bacteria responsible for human food poisoning, wherein said bacteria are of the genus selected from N:Mcltoutnc\CCws\Pciic,,tVOK)O-f,0999\P606 \pec P24 AU Co npk-Ct Sp. i airndm nls as atI O3 O$.di0 I4-My-O8 00 the group consisting of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria, Escherichia coli, Clostridium welchii and Clostridium perfingens, and combinations thereof. 14:.kiINumeC:%s\~itntV)()-6t)9\P)62.ASp~iP6624AUC-npkw Sp-i L d n1 w 1 I3.05 09 d-c 4-M~y-08
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