AU2005315882B2

AU2005315882B2 - Apparatus and method for determining a maximum correlation

Info

Publication number: AU2005315882B2
Application number: AU2005315882A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Holger Stadali; Carmen Wagner
Original assignee: Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Current assignee: Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Priority date: 2004-12-13
Filing date: 2005-12-12
Publication date: 2009-08-27
Anticipated expiration: 2025-12-12
Also published as: ATE441253T1; EP1825602A1; US7649936B2; AU2005315882A1; DE502005008014D1; DE102004059946A1; WO2006063764A1; DE102004059946B4; US20060161611A1; CN101116258A; EP1825602B1; JP4324222B2; CN101116258B; JP2008530633A; ES2334251T3

Abstract

A device for detecting a correlation maximum value from a sequence of correlation magnitude values includes a means for determining a reference value from correlation magnitude values within an interval of the sequence of correlation magnitude values, the correlation magnitude value to be assessed lying external to interval. A means for determining a threshold value provides the threshold value in dependence on the reference value. A means for comparing the correlation magnitude value to be assessed with the threshold value ascertained for the correlation magnitude value to be assessed is configured to provide, depending on the comparison result, a trigger signal which indicates whether a correlation magnitude value to be assessed is a correlation maximum value.

Description

Device and Method for Determining a Correlation Maximum Description 5 The present invention relates to devices and methods for determining correlation maxima, which are useable, in particular, for digital transmission systems. 10 For a receiver in a digital transmission system to be able to synchronize to a digital signal sent out by a transmitter, the transmitter radiates a digital signal known to the receiver. The receiver's task is to determine the precise time of arrival (TOA) of the signal sent. To 15 determine the time of arrival, the cross-correlation between the digital receive signal and the known digital transmit signal is calculated. Subsequently, the magnitude maximum of the cross-correlation is detected, and the time of arrival of the transmit signal is determined from the 20 position of the correlation magnitude maximum. If a correlation magnitude maximum is to be searched for in a predefined range of correlation magnitude values and/or in a predefined range of indices 1 of a correlation signal, 25 the correlation magnitude maximum may be determined by determining the maximum of all correlation magnitudes present within the predefined range. However, if a correlation magnitude maximum is to be 30 searched for across a continuous signal, i.e. across a stream of samples, assessments must be made continuously as to whether or not the correlation magnitude that has just been calculated represents a valid local maximum. To determine such a local maximum, a specified threshold value 35 may be used along with the rule that a correlation magnitude maximum is at hand when a correlation magnitude to be assessed exceeds the threshold value. However, such a method is not flexible and imprecise since it offers no -2 possibility of adjustment to a changing transmission channel. Thereby, the determination of the correlation magnitude maximum may be flawed. As a result of a flawed determination of the correlation magnitude maximum, a s synchronization between a transmitter and a receiver of a transmission system is not possible, or there may be flawed data transmission. In a first aspect, the present invention provides a device 10 for ascertaining a threshold value for determining whether a correlation magnitude value, to be assessed, from a sequence of correlation magnitude values is a correlation maximum value, the device comprising: is a means for determining a reference value which is implemented to place an averaging window divided into two around the correlation magnitude value to be assessed to determine an interval (A) and another interval (B) of correlation magnitude values of the sequence of 20 correlation magnitude values, wherein the first and the other interval each comprise a defined number of correlation magnitude values and the correlation magnitude value to be assessed is between the first interval (A) and the other interval (B), and 25 wherein the means for determining a reference value is further implemented to determine a reference value from correlation magnitude values within the interval (A) and another reference value from correlation magnitude values 30 within the other interval (B); and a means for determining the threshold value in dependence on the reference value and the other reference value. 35 N:\Melboume\Cases\Patent\72000-72999\P72228.AU\Specis\P72228 AU Specification 2009-7-22.doc 29/07/09 -3 In a second aspect, the present invention provides a device for detecting a correlation maximum value from a sequence of correlation magnitude values, comprising: 5 the above device for ascertaining a threshold value; and a means for comparing the correlation magnitude value to be assessed with the threshold value ascertained for the correlation magnitude value to be assessed, the means 10 being configured to provide a trigger signal based on the comparison results, the trigger signal indicating whether a correlation magnitude value to be assessed is a correlation maximum value. 15 In a third aspect, the present invention provides a method for ascertaining a threshold value for determining whether a correlation magnitude value, to be assessed, from a sequence of correlation magnitude values is a correlation maximum value, the method comprising: 20 placing an averaging window divided into two around the correlation magnitude value to be assessed to determine an interval (A) and another interval (B) of correlation magnitude values of the sequence of the correlation magnitude values, wherein the first and the 2S other interval each comprise a defined number of correlation magnitude values and the correlation magnitude value to be assessed is between the first interval (A) and the other interval (B); determining a reference value from correlation 30 magnitude values within the interval (A) and determining another reference value from correlation magnitude valued within the other interval (B); and determining the threshold value based on the reference value and the other reference value. 35 In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a method for detecting a correlation maximum value from a N \Melboume\Cases\Patent\72000-72999\P72228 AU\Specis\P72228.AU Specification 2009-7-22.doc 29/07/09 - 3a sequence of correlation magnitude values, the method comprising: ascertaining a threshold value according to the above method; and 5 comparing a correlation magnitude value to be assessed with the threshold value ascertained for the correlation magnitude value to be assessed, and, depending on the comparison result, providing a trigger signal, the trigger signal indicating whether a correlation magnitude 10 value to be assessed is a correlation maximum value. One or more embodiments of the present invention is based on the findings that a local maximum which clearly stands out from a correlation floor, the noisy mean value of the is correlation magnitudes, may be determined in a reliable manner in that the correlation floor is continuously calculated by taking the mean while leaving out the correlation magnitude value currently to be assessed, and in that a decision as to a maximum is effected on the 20 basis of the correlation floor currently calculated. The inventive approach enables reliable recognition of a correlation magnitude maximum value in a sequence of correlation magnitude values. In particular, even 25 correlation magnitude maximum values in an indefinitely continuing sequence of correlation magnitude values may be reliably detected. This is advantageous for reliably determining, in a transmission system, the time of arrival TOA of a sequence of transmissions used for 30 synchronization in a receiver. An advantage of the inventive approach is the continuous ascertainment and consideration N:\Melboume\Cases\Patent\72000-72999\P72228.AU\Specis\P72228.AU Specification 2009-7-22.doc 29/07/09 4 of external interference effects when calculating the threshold value for determining the correlation magnitude maximum value. Thereby, the threshold value is adjusted in a flexible manner to changing channel properties. 5 In accordance with one embodiment, the correlation floor ascertained is weighted with a predefined factor. A favorable choice of this threshold-value factor here is dependent on the transmission system contemplated. The use 10 of a threshold-value factor has the advantage that a maximum clearly standing out from the correlation floor is regarded as an actual correlation magnitude maximum and may be used for determining the time of arrival. 15 In accordance with a further embodiment, the correlation floor is continuously calculated in that an averaging window divided into two is placed around the position of the correlation magnitude value to be assessed, and in that averaging is performed with regard to the correlation 20 magnitude values within the divided averaging window. A division of the averaging into two, i.e. the averaging of the correlation floor both before and after the possible correlation peak, is advantageous for avoiding an erroneous detection with a sudden rise of the correlation floor. Such 25 a rise within very few up to one single sample may occur, for example, when in the receive signal, there is initially only receiver noise, but then a very strong interferer begins to transmit. The correlation magnitudes would then increase step up without there being a correlation peak. In 30 fact, however, the higher correlation magnitudes caused by the interferer are also to be considered as an elevated correlation floor, within which a peak of the signal searched for is to be searched. To prevent a stepped rise of the correlation floor from being erroneously detected as 35 a peak which stands out from the previous correlation floor many times over, it is advantageous to place an averaging window both before and after the possible position of a correlation peak.

5 In accordance with a further embodiment, a predetermined latency period is adhered to after detecting a correlation magnitude maximum, during which latency period no further 5 correlation magnitude maximum may be detected. Such a latency period has the advantage that with a multi-path channel, correlation maxima of subsequent paths will not be detected. The latency period here depends on an expected distance between two successive correlation maxima, which 10 distance in turn results from an arrangement of transmit signal sequences, used for a synchronization, within the signal sent out. In accordance with a further embodiment, a reversal point 15 of the correlation magnitude curve is ascertained. In particular, a reversal point is determined immediately before a major maximum detected. Determining the reversal point has the advantage that the time of arrival may be determined with considerably more accuracy, since with 20 suitable transmit signals, the reversal point is clearly less sensitive towards multi-path propagation than is the correlation magnitude maximum. This means that subsequent paths have less influence on the position of the reversal point than on the position of the maximum. In addition, the 25 reversal point is more robust against the noise. Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be explained below in more detail with reference to the accompanying figures, wherein: 30 Fig. 1 shows a device for detecting a correlation maximum value with a device for ascertaining a threshold value in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 35 Fig. 2 is a graphic representation of a correlation magnitude signal; 6 Fig. 3 is a further graphic representation of the correlation magnitude signal with a sliding window mean; 5 Fig. 4 is a graphic representation of a correlation magnitude maximum; Fig. 5a is a graphic representation of a correlation magnitude signal; 10 Fig. 5b is a graphic representation of a connection between the detection of a correlation peak in dependence on the threshold value; 15 Fig. 6 is a block diagram of a device for detecting a correlation maximum value in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 7 a block diagram of a receiver with a device for 20 detecting a correlation magnitude maximum in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and Fig. 8A 25 to 81 are overviews of the parameters used in the embodiment shown in Fig 7. In the following description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, identical or similar reference 30 numerals will be used for those elements which are represented in the various drawings and have similar actions, a repeated description of these elements being dispensed with. 35 Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of a device 100 for detecting a correlation maximum value with a device 102 for ascertaining a threshold value in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In accordance with 7 this embodiment, the device 100 for detecting a correlation maximum value is part of a receiver (not shown in Fig. 1) of a data transmission system. For synchronizing the receiver to a signal received, the receiver continuously 5 performs a cross-correlation between values of the signal received and known transmit signal values stored in the receiver, which typically occur periodically in the signal received. The correlation magnitudes calculated in the receiver form a continuous correlation magnitude values 10 signal, i.e. a stream of correlation magnitude values samples. A correlation maximum value is searched for from the sequence of correlation magnitudes so as to determine the time of arrival of the searched-for signal consisting of the known transmit signal values. Subsequently, a 15 correlation magnitude value, currently at hand or currently to be assessed, from the sequence of correlation magnitude values, will be referred to as a correlation magnitude value to be assessed. 20 The device 102 for ascertaining a threshold value for determining whether a correlation magnitude value to be assessed is a correlation maximum value comprises a means 104 for determining a reference value and a means 116 for determining a threshold value. The device 100 for detecting 25 a correlation maximum value further comprises a means 108 for comparing. The device 100 for detecting a correlation maximum value is configured to receive a sequence of correlation magnitude 30 values 112. The sequence of correlation magnitude values 112 is received by means 104 for determining a reference value. Means 104 for determining a reference value is configured to form a reference value 116 from a subrange of the sequence of correlation magnitude values 112 and to 35 provide said reference value 116 to means 106 for determining the threshold value 118.

8 Means 106 for determining the threshold value is configured to determine the threshold value 116 in dependence on the reference value 116 and to provide said threshold value 118 to means 108 for comparing. 5 Means 108 for comparing is configured to compare a correlation magnitude value 120, currently to be assessed, from the sequence of correlation magnitude values 112 with the threshold value 118. Depending on a comparison result, 10 means 108 for comparing is configured to provide a trigger signal 114. The trigger signal 114 indicates whether the correlation magnitude value 120 assessed is a correlation maximum value or a correlation maximum, or is no correlation maximum. For this purpose, means 108 for 15 comparing is configured to compare the correlation magnitude value 120 to be assessed with the threshold value or barrier value 108. In accordance with this embodiment, the trigger signal 114 indicates a maximum when the correlation magnitude value 120 to be assessed exceeds the 20 threshold value 118. In accordance with this embodiment, means 104 for determining a reference value is configured to form the reference value 116 from correlation magnitude values of 25 the sequence of correlation magnitude values 112, which are within a subrange or interval of the sequence of correlation magnitude values 112, the correlation magnitude value 120 to be assessed being external to interval. Means 104 for determining the reference value 116 is configured 30 to form the reference value 116 by means of a combination, for example an averaging of the correlation magnitude values within the interval of the sequence of correlation magnitude values 112. In accordance with this embodiment, an arithmetic mean value is formed from the correlation 35 magnitude values within the interval in means 104 for determining a reference value. Reference value 116 thus corresponds to the correlation floor or the noisy mean 9 value of the correlation magnitudes within the interval, from which the reference value 116 is formed. In accordance with a further embodiment (not shown in Fig. 5 1), a further reference value is formed, in the means for determining a reference value, from correlation magnitude values within a further interval of the sequence of correlation magnitude values, the correlation magnitude value to be assessed being between the interval and the 10 further interval. In accordance with this embodiment, a common reference value is determined in dependence on the reference value and the further reference value. This may be effected, for example, by means of arithmetic averaging from the reference value and the further reference value. 15 Here, a plurality of correlation magnitude values of the sequence of correlation magnitude values may lie between the interval and the further interval. In accordance with this embodiment, the correlation magnitude value to be assessed is arranged centrally between the interval and the 20 further interval, and the interval and the further interval are equal in size. Means 106 for determining the threshold value 108 is configured to determine the threshold value 118 in 25 dependence on the reference value 116. In order that a correlation magnitude value 120 to be assessed can be regarded as an actual correlation magnitude maximum and can be used for determining the time of arrival of the transmit sequence, the correlation magnitude value 120 to be 30 assessed must meet the criterion that its peak be higher, by a predefined factor, than the correlation floor. The correlation floor is determined by reference value 116. Therefore, threshold value 118 is multiplied, in accordance with this embodiment, by means of multiplying the reference 35 value 116 by a threshold-value factor. The threshold-value factor, or weighting factor, is dependent on the transmission system contemplated. Means 106 for determining the threshold is configured to weight the reference value 10 116 with the predetermined weighting factor and to ascertain the threshold value 118 therefrom. The weighting factor may be permanently stored within means 106 for determining the threshold value, or may be variably 5 adjustable. Fig. 2 shows the course of a continuous calculation of the correlation magnitudes. The sequence of correlation magnitude values 112 consists of temporally successive 10 correlation magnitude values plotted in a horizontal time axis. The absolute value of the correlation magnitude values is plotted in a vertical direction. The sequence of correlation magnitude values 112 exhibits a very large number of local maxima, which, however, stem from noise and 15 other undesirable effects. Only one local maximum 260 clearly stands out from the correlation floor, the noisy mean value of the correlation magnitudes. In order to decide whether a correlation maximum value is 20 at hand at a time T, the correlation floor is contemplated before and after time T. Alternatively, it is also possible to contemplate the correlation floor before time T only. This enables a faster determination as to whether a correlation magnitude value to be assessed is a correlation 25 magnitude maximum value. It is possible to dispense with contemplating the correlation floor after time T, in particular, when suddenly rising correlation-floor values may be excluded in a transmission system. 30 In accordance with Fig. 2, time T defines the time of arrival or the time of assessment of the correlation magnitude value 260 to be assessed, which is a correlation magnitude maximum value in Fig. 2. In accordance with this embodiment, the correlation floor across mean-value block A 35 is calculated, on the one hand, and the correlation floor across mean-value block B is calculated, on the other hand. The mean-value blocks A, B designate two subintervals of the sequence of correlation magnitude values 112, of which 11 a reference value is calculated, respectively. In accordance with this embodiment, the interval sizes of the mean-value blocks A, B are the same and have a width windowlengthmean. Thus, there are an equal number of 5 correlation magnitude values or samples of the sequence of correlation magnitude values 112, respectively, in the mean-value blocks A, B. Alternatively, mean-value blocks A, B may have different 10 sizes. Mean-value blocks A, B are spaced away from time T, which corresponds to the correlation magnitude value, to be assessed, of the sequence of correlation magnitude values 112. It may be seen from Fig. 2 that a predefined area C around point T is left out so as to avoid erroneous 15 decisions being made. The non-used area C before and/or after the point T contemplated in each case is a number of correlation magnitude values or samples, the number of which corresponds to the difference windowlengthtotal windowlengthmean. The parameter windowlengthtotal defines 20 the number of samples between time T and that correlation magnitude value sample in mean-value blocks A, B which is furthest away from point T. Fig. 3 shows a further graphic representation of the 25 sequence of correlation magnitude values 112, also referred to as corr below, as well as a time curve of the threshold values 118 which correspond to the weighted reference values 116 and/or the weighted correlation floor. Since both the reference values 116 and the threshold value 118 30 are continuously calculated for each correlation magnitude value 120 to be assessed, the reference values 116 and the threshold values 118 are a continuous sequence of individual samples, in accordance with the sequence of correlation magnitude values 112. In the following, the 35 correlation floor will also be referred to by mean corr, and the weighting factor for weighting the reference value 116 will be referred to by peakmean tresh.

12 It may be seen from Fig. 3 that the sequence of correlation magnitude values 112 consists of a multiplicity of individual correlation magnitude values, or samples, 360a, 360b. Correlation magnitude values which are arranged 5 temporally before the correlation magnitude value 260 are referred to by reference numeral 360a, and correlation magnitude values successive in time are referred to by reference numeral 360b. In accordance with Fig. 2, the mean-value blocks A, B around the correlation magnitude 10 value 260, to be assessed, at time T, are referred to by A, B. The interval C, in turn, indicates the distance between the mean-value blocks A, B, the correlation magnitude value 260 to be assessed being arranged in the center of the interval C. 15 It becomes clear from Fig. 3 why a certain area C around the sample 260 contemplated, at time T, is not taken into account in the calculation of the correlation floor. The empty space C results in that the detection of the 20 correlation maximum value 260 becomes easier, since in the area C, the correlation floor is considerably lower than in areas A, B, wherein the influence of the peak entails a clear rise in the correlation floor. This effect goes back to the choice of the transmit sequence, which results in 25 the correlation peak. Sequences causing a correlation peak, in the direct surroundings of which the correlation flow is minimal, are preferably used for such correlation sequences. Therefore, the width of interval C is determined in dependence on the correlation sequences used which cause 30 the correlation peak utilized for synchronization. Fig. 4 illustrates a further criterion of detecting a maximum in the continuous signal processing. Before a decision is made, in accordance with this embodiment, as to 35 whether a new maximum is at hand for which a trigger signal is given to the external, several conditions need to be met in order to avoid a detection of wrong peak. For this purpose, in addition to the correlation magnitude value 260 13 currently to be assessed, a further correlation magnitude value 360a is temporally stored in a memory (not shown in the figures) along with the correlation-floor values or threshold values ascertained for these values 260, 360a. 5 Subsequently, AK and BK shall be correlation magnitude values samples placed in a memory buffercorr (not shown in the figures). AM and BM shall be the associated values of the correlation floor in a memory buffer meancorr (not 10 shown in the figures). AK is to refer to the oldest sample, and BK is to refer to that sample, included into the current step, in the sequence of correlation magnitude values 112 with which the maximum-related decision for AK is to be made. It can be seen from Fig. 4 that the 15 correlation magnitude values AK, BK are both above the threshold value 118 and are thus potential correlation maximum values. In order to decide whether one of the correlation magnitude values AK, BK is a correlation maximum value, both samples AK and BK are required in the 20 memory buffer corr. For a maximum, the contemplated sample AK must be larger than or equal to the sample BK which has been read in last. For determining a time of arrival of a signal sequence with 25 a multi-path channel, one should only ever contemplate the arrival of the first signal path. Therefore, only the first maximum which meets the above criteria is of interest in the detection of the correlation magnitude maximum. Preferably, therefore, the detector is switched off for a 30 certain latency period after the first maximum has been detected in order that the subsequent paths are not detected. Since the transmitter usually periodically radiates the sequence known in the receiver and used for correlation so as to enable a continuous determination of 35 position and/or of the TOA, the detector is switched on again after the latency period has expired so as to be able to determine the time of arrival for the arrival of the next transmit signal.

14 Fig. 5a shows part of the sequence of correlation magnitude values 112 and shows, in particular, three maximal correlation magnitude maximum values 260, 560, 560', 5 wherein the correlation maxima 260, 560' correspond to actual correlation maxima, but the correlation maximum 560 has been caused by a multi-path propagation and is thus not a valid maximum for synchronization. With multi-path propagation, in addition to the detection of maximum of the 10 direct path, one or even several additional peaks may be detected, with a certain delay, for which the trigger signal is not to be set, however. In this embodiment, the trigger signal is set equal to 1, when a valid correlation maximum value has been detected. To prevent the trigger 15 signal from being reset with a maximum caused by multi-path propagation, the detection means is deactivated for a predefined latency period. In this embodiment, the latency period is indicated by minsamples_bw2peaks. The external parameter minsamplesbw2peaks is needed for indicating how 20 many samples of the correlation sequence 112, at a minimum, need to exist between two valid peaks 260, 560' to enable giving the trigger signal to the outside. For this purpose, the time of the last valid maximum value detected is stored, and an internal parameter samples_lastpeak is set 25 to a value of 0, if the last peak detected occurred as early as at least minsamplesbw2peaks samples ago. For all other values between 1 and minsamplesbw2peaks - 2 of the parameter samples_lastpeak, no new maximum is detected, although other conditions would possibly be met. In Fig. 30 5a, the correlation peak 560 is not detected as a valid combination maximum, since the correlation magnitude value 560 lies within the interval minsamplesbw2peaks after the correlation magnitude value 260 detected as a valid maximum. 35 In accordance with a further embodiment, the combination value magnitudes, or signals, from which the correlation magnitude values are ascertained, are up-sampled to perform 15 the detection of the correlation magnitude maximum in a manner which is more refined than in the sample clock. This does not represent anything other than a special form of interpolation between the associated correlation magnitude 5 values in the sample clock. Thus, an increase in the accuracy of the estimation of the time of arrival may be achieved in that the complex correlation magnitude values are up-sampled, for example after combining partial correlations. This is usually effected by means of zero 10 insertion and low-pass filtering. Subsequently, the magnitude of the up-sampled complex correlation magnitude values is calculated, and this magnitude is used for further operations. On account of the up-sampling filter, samples may turn negative. However, for negative values, 15 there can be no correlation peak, which is why cases for which the samples are smaller than zero are excluded. Valid correlation magnitude values must be larger than zero. In order that a new correlation maximum value may be 20 recognized at the time of sample BK in Fig. 4, the following conditions must be met. As the first condition, the last peak detected must have occurred more than minsamplesbw2peakssamples ago, that is 25 samples_lastpeak > minsamplesbw2peaks - 1 must apply and thus, sampleslastpeak = 0 must apply in the algorithm. Thereby, interference effects due to multi-path propagation are reduced. 30 As the second condition, the correlation magnitude value AK and the correlation floor AM in Fig. 4 need to be larger than zero. 35 As the third condition, the correlation magnitude value AK in Fig. 4 must be larger than the weighting factor peakmeanthresh multiplied by the correlation-floor value AM, that is 16 AK > peakmeanthresh * AM must apply. This ensures that the correlation magnitude 5 value AK is above the threshold value. As the fourth condition, AK must be larger than or equal to BK, i.e. 10 AK > BK must apply. The first condition already results in that all points 15 directly subsequent to the detected maximum, for which points the fourth condition would also be met, are already excluded. If the first condition did not exist, one would need the three samples AK, BK and CK in accordance with Fig. 4 for detecting a maximum. In this case, there would 20 be a maximum at AK if in Fig. 4, sample CK were smaller than sample AK, and if the latter would at the same time be larger than or equal to sample BK. If all four conditions are met, the trigger signal trigger 25 = 1 is set, and the ratio peak2mean of the value AK to AM is transferred to a central arithmetic unit (not shown in the figures). Fig. 5b shows a graphic representation illustrating the 30 probability of an erroneous detection of a correlation peak in dependence on the threshold value. On the horizontal axis, the threshold value is indicated relative to the correlation value. The error probability shown in Fig. 5b applies to an individual correlation value picked out at 35 random, which is possibly a candidate for a correlation peak. If, thus, a correlation peak is to be detected in a sequence of correlation values, the probability of an erroneous detection is increased accordingly.

17 Beside the estimated time of arrival on account of a detected correlation peak, a quality of this estimation may also be provided. For this purpose, in accordance with an 5 embodiment, the ratio of the correlation peak, i.e. of a correlation magnitude value recognized as a maximum, to the associated correlation floor is calculated. The larger this value, the more reliable the detection of the maximum has been. Alternatively, the current signal-to-noise ratio SNR 10 may be estimated. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, such an SNR estimation is used, and the estimated SNR is output as a quality value, so as to be able to assess the reliability of the detection of a maximum. 15 The SNIR estimation (SNIR = signal to noise plus interference ratio) is a suitable measure of quality when there is only one propagation path and/or when the first path is considerably stronger than the following ones 20 and/or when all the following paths arrive considerably later than the first path and are weaker than same. With specific settings, the SNIR estimation is reliable for SNIRs between -20 db and +10 db. For ascertaining the SNIR estimation, the maximum of the squared correlation 25 magnitudes in the sub-sample raster is determined. An estimation of the average immunity to noise, interferences and other sources of disturbance such as quantization and intermodulation occurs during the entire 30 burst received. To this end, only the first solvable path is contemplated as a useful signal. All subsequent paths are treated as interferences. Accordingly, a high SNR may be estimated when two paths are unsolvably close together. Nevertheless, the second path may highly corrupt the TOA 35 estimation of the first path. The consequence thereof is that the SNIR quality measure is suitable only for solvable paths, the first one of which is the strongest.

18 In the SNIR estimation, and when keying-in a bit into a long burst, errors arise due to three influences. Firstly, the energy of the radiated-off sequence is very slightly different for a transmitted bit ==0 than for a transmitted 5 bit ==l. In addition, an error arises when the exact correlation peak is not found during sampling, but when only a point on its edge is found. In addition, a frequency offset leads to an error. 10 In accordance with a further embodiment, a reversal point before the main maximum in the window contemplated is searched for on the correlation magnitude sequence 112. This means that firstly, the main maximum is determined, subsequently, one goes back in time on the correlation 15 magnitude curve 112 until the first reversal point is found. For the search for the reversal point, the first and second differentiations of the correlation magnitude function 112 are required. Since this function is at hand in a sampled manner only, the differentiations may only be 20 calculated in an approximative and, also, in a sampled manner. Thus, the location of the reversal point initially is detectable only in the oversampling raster or in the sampling raster. In order to determine the location of the reversal point in a highly precise manner, a, for example, 25 linear interpolation between the samples and/or the sample times around the reversal point eventually also needs to be performed. From this very highly resolved estimation of the reversal-point position, the time of arrival may eventually be determined in a highly precise manner. An interpolation 30 between adjacent samples may be taken from Fig. 5a, for example. Individual samples for example, the maximum correlation magnitude values 260, 560, 560' are marked by crosses, and the continuous line connecting the individual samples represents an interpolation of the individual 35 samples. Fig. 6 shows a diagrammatic representation of a further embodiment of a device 100 for detecting a correlation 19 maximum value from a continuous sequence of correlation magnitude values 112. The sequence of correlation magnitude values 112 is provided as an input 112 to device 100 for detecting. Depending on the detection of a correlation 5 maximum value, the trigger signal 114 is output. The device 100 for detecting the correlation maximum value comprises a device 102 for ascertaining the threshold value with a means 104 for determining a reference value and a means 106 for determining a threshold value. In addition, the device 10 100 for detecting a correlation maximum value comprises a means 108 for comparing the threshold value 118 with the correlation magnitude value 120 to be assessed. In this embodiment, means 104 for determining a reference 15 value comprises a means 632 for forming a moving mean value, a delaying means 634 and an addition means 636. The means 632 for forming a continuous mean is configured to continuously form a mean of received correlation magnitude values of the sequence of correlation magnitude values 112. 20 The mean value is formed of an interval length determined by the parameter 642 windowlengthmean. A moving mean currently provided is provided to the addition means 636 and to the delaying means 634 as a first reference value 644. The delaying means 634 is configured to delay the 25 received reference value 644 by a number of samples, the number of which depends on the parameter 646 windowlengthtotal and windowlengthmeans. The delaying means 634 is configured to provide the delayed reference value to the addition means as a second reference value 30 648. The addition means 636 is configured to add the first reference value 644, which has been formed from a first interval, and the second reference value 648, which has been formed from a less recent interval, and to provide this, as a reference value 650, to means 106 for 35 determining the threshold value 118. In this embodiment, means 106 for determining the threshold value is a multiplying means which multiplies the reference value 650 with a predetermined constant, and provides the product as 20 a threshold value 118 to means 108 for comparing. Alternatively, a weighting of the reference value 650 may also be performed in means 108 for comparing. 5 Device 100 for detecting a correlation maximum value comprises a further delaying means 652 configured to delay the correlation magnitude values of the sequence of correlation magnitude values 112 by a number of samples defined by the parameter 654 windowlength total and to 10 provide them to means 108 for comparing. This ensures that means 108 for comparing receives, at a defined assessment time, a correlation magnitude value 120 to be assessed and a threshold value 118 calculated with regard to the correlation magnitude value 120 to be assessed. 15 Additionally, parameters 656 peakmean thresh and minsamples_bw2peaks are provided to means 108 for comparing. In the following description of device 100 for detecting a 20 correlation maximum value, the further delaying means 652 will be referred to as block 0-6-1, means 632 for calculating the mean will be referred to as block 0-6-2, the delaying means 634 will be referred to as block 0-6-3, the addition means 636 will be referred to as block 0-6-4, 25 the multiplying means 106 as block 0-6-5, and the means for comparing 108 as block 0-6-6. The sequence of correlation magnitude values 112 is provided to block 0-6-1 and to block 0-6-2 via the signal Net13. Block 0-6-1 is connected to block 0-6-6 via the signal Net76. Blocks 0-6-3 and 0-6-4 30 are connected to block 0-6-2 via Net49. Block 0-6-3 is connected to block 0-6-4 via Net50. Block 0-6-4 is connected to block 0-6-5 via Net55, and block 0-6-5 is connected to block 0-6-6 via Net67. In a simulation environment (not shown in the figures) of data type, the 35 nets mentioned may be real and may comprise a data rate B block_4(tbc).

21 The device 100 for detecting a correlation maximum is referred to as block 0-6. In block 0-6, all correlation maxima are to be found, and a trigger pulse is to be given to a functional level 0 (not shown in the figures) for each 5 maximum found. The output trigger of this level thus only possesses the value of 0 if no new maximum is detected, and the value of 1 in the event of a maximum being detected. In order to find all correlation peaks in the correlation signal Input 112, and to output a trigger pulse in response 10 to finding a correlation peak, the correlation floor of the input signal Input first needs to be calculated at level 0 6, with the help of which correlation floor a decision may be taken per sample, at the end of this level in block 0-6 6, as to whether or not there is a new maximum. For 15 calculating the correlation floor in means 104, parameters windowlengthmean and windowlengthtotal are required, which are transferred to this level of hierarchy from the outside. 20 Firstly, in block 0-6-2, the moving mean of the signal Input arriving at the input is calculated across a window of the length of windowlengthmean samples. For the decision as to whether a correlation magnitude value 120 currently to be assessed is a correlation maximum value, 25 the correlation floor must be considered before and after this point, but at the same time, a predefined area around this point must be left out so as to avoid erroneous decisions in block 0-6-6. The non-used area before and/or after the point considered magnitudes to 30 (windowlengthtotal - windowlengthmean) - samples, respectively. In order to meet both conditions, the signal resulting from the averaging is added, in block 0-6-4, with the signal 35 delayed by (2 * windowlengthtotal - windowlength mean) samples in block 0-6-3. In Fig. 2, this corresponds to an addition of the mean-value block A with the mean-value block B.

22 Since the addition of both mean-value blocks A, B (shown in Fig. 2) entails doubling the power, the samples of the incoming signal are multiplied by 0.5 in block 0-6-5. The 5 signal obtained at the end of the calculation of the correlation floor is referred to as mean corr. For the combination floor value resulting from mean-value blocks A, B to contribute to the decision concerning the 10 correlation magnitude value to be assessed, the correlation signal arriving at the input is delayed by (windowlengthtotal) - samples in block 0-6-1. The delayed correlation signal is referred to by corr. The two signals corr and meancorr may now be passed to block 0-6-6 for 15 determining the position of the correlation maxima. Signals corr and mean corr, which previously have been calculated at level 0-6, are now applied to block 0-6-6. Here, corr refers to the delayed correlation signal, and 20 mean corr refers to the respectively associated values of the correlation floor. In addition, parameters peakmean thresh and minsamplesbw2peaks, which are passed on to this level from 25 externally, are also required at the level 0-6-6. For one pair of input samples (corr, mean corr) each, block 0-6-6 provides an output sample trigger with elements 0 or 1. A one is given to the outside in the sample clock 30 Bclock_4 for each detected maximum, otherwise a zero. At the start of block 0-6-6, the internal parameter sampleslastpeak is set to the value of zero. The parameter sampleslastpeak is utilized to avoid an erroneous 35 detection of a peak due to multi-path propagation. Before a decision as to whether there is a maximum may be taken, initially two successive samples of the signal corr 23 need to exist in a buffer corr, and two associated values of the signal mean corr need to exist in a buffer meancorr. Thus, for the first pair of input samples (corr, 5 meancorr), the output signal trigger = 0 is given to the outside without making a decision. Once the second sample pair has been read in, a decision concerning a minimum may be made for the correlation sample first read in. If it is a maximum, the parameter sampleslastpeak = 1 and trigger = 10 1 is set, i.e. a 1 is given to the outside. If there is no maximum, however, a zero is passed on at the trigger signal. This leads to a delay by 1 in the output signal as compared 15 with the input signal, since it is only in the (n + 1) th output sample "position" that one obtains information as to whether a new maximum has been detected in the n-th correlation sample corr. 20 In the further process, prior to the decision concerning a maximum, the oldest sample in the buffer buffer corr is replaced by the new input sample corr, and accordingly, the oldest sample in the buffer buffermeancorr is replaced by the input sample mean corr. In addition, trigger is set to 25 = 0, and the parameter samples_lastpeak, if it is different from zero, is incremented by 1. If, then, sampleslastpeak = minsamples_bw2peaks - 1 30 is true for this parameter, sampleslastpeak is reset to equal zero, and this value is not changed up to the next detection of a maximum. Fig. 7 shows a block diagram of a receiver with a device 35 100 for detecting a correlation maximum value in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A mixer 772 passes on a receive signal 770, mixed into the (complex) baseband, to a filter 774 in a sample clock B clock. The 24 filter 774 is connected downstream from mixer 772. A receive signal generated by the matched filter 774 is correlated with a known signal sequence in a subsequent correlation block 776. The correlation block 776 is 5 configured to continuously provide correlation magnitude values, from which the maximum is subsequently determined. The correlation magnitude values may be up-sampled in a following up-sample block 778. In the subsequent device for detecting a correlation maximum value, the position of the 10 correlation maxima is calculated, and a trigger signal is output. The preceding parameters will be defined in the subsequent figures 8a to 8i. 15 Parameter windowlength_ total defines the number of samples used in the averaging, plus those not considered in the averaging since they lie between the interval and the correlation magnitude value to be assessed. 20 The Parameter windowlength mean defines the number of samples used for averaging. The Parameter peakmean thresh describes the threshold that 25 must be exceeded by the ratio between the correlation and the mean value of the correlation. The Parameter minsamples bw2peaks defines the minimum difference between two detectable peaks. 30 The Parameter peak2mean defines the ratio of the correlation magnitude value to the correlation floor in the event of a detected peak, rounded to one decimal place. 35 The Parameter tnoprecorrvals defines a number of correlation magnitude values before the expected correlation peak.

25 The Parameter t SNIRcorrfact defines a length correction factor for the estimated SNIR of the T burst. The Parameter t SNIRtresh defines a threshold for an 5 estimated SNIR from which a detected peak in a T burst is said to be valid. toa defines an estimated time of arrival of the t-burst start, the T burst being the signal sequence known to the 10 receiver and used for correlation. Even though in the preceding embodiments, reference has been made to a digital communication system, the inventive approach may also be used for detecting a threshold value 15 and/or a maximum for any sequence of values desired. If the sequence of values is a sequence of correlation values or correlation magnitude values, these may be ascertained by means of cross-correlations, auto-correlations or other types of correlation. The individual correlation magnitudes 20 may also be made up of individual partial correlation magnitudes. The detection of a correlation magnitude maximum and/or the time of occurrence of the correlation magnitude maximum, and thus the time of arrival of a sequence of values received, may be used, in addition to 25 synchronization, also for all any other purposes wherein a time of arrival of a known sequence used for correlation is to be determined. Depending on the circumstances, the inventive method for 30 ascertaining a threshold value as well as the inventive method for detecting a correlation maximum value may be implemented in hardware or in software. The implementation may be effected on a digital storage medium, in particular a disc or CD with electronically readable control signals 35 which may be cooperate with a programmable computer system such that the respective method is performed. Generally, the invention thus also consists in a computer program product with a program code, stored on a machine-readable - 26 carrier, for performing the inventive method when the computer program product runs on a computer. In other words, the invention may thus be realized as a computer program with a program code for performing the method when 5 the computer program runs on a computer. In the claims which follow and in the preceding description of the invention, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary 1o implication, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" is used in an inclusive sense, i.e. to specify the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the invention. 15 It is to be understood that, if any prior art publication is referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms a part of the common general knowledge in the art, in Australia or any 20 other country. N:\Melbourne\Cases\Patent\72000-72999\P72228.AU\Specis\P72228 AU Specification 2009-7-22.doc 29/07/09

Claims

1. A device for ascertaining a threshold value for determining whether a correlation magnitude value, to be 5 assessed, from a sequence of correlation magnitude values is a correlation maximum value, the device comprising: a means for determining a reference value which is implemented to place an averaging window divided into two io around the correlation magnitude value to be assessed to determine an interval (A) and another interval (B) of correlation magnitude values of the sequence of correlation magnitude values, wherein the first and the other interval each comprise a defined number of 15 correlation magnitude values and the correlation magnitude value to be assessed is between the first interval (A) and the other interval (B), and wherein the means for determining a reference value is 20 further implemented to determine a reference value from correlation magnitude values within the interval (A) and another reference value from correlation magnitude values within the other interval (B); and 25 a means for determining the threshold value in dependence on the reference value and the other reference value.

2. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the means for determining is configured to determine the reference 30 value by means of taking the mean from the correlation magnitude values within the interval (A, B).

3. The device as claimed in claims 1 or 2, wherein the means for determining the threshold value is configured to 35 determine the threshold value by weighting the reference value with a predetermined weighting factor. N:\Melboume\Cases\Patent\72000-72999\P72228.AU\Specis\P'72228 AU Specification 2009-7-22.doc 29/07/09 - 28

4. The device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, further having a correlation means for determining the correlation magnitude values of the sequence of correlation magnitude values from a correlation between a 5 receive sequence and a transmit sequence.

5. The device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein there are a plurality (C) of correlation magnitude values of the sequence of correlation magnitude values io between the correlation magnitude value to be assessed and the interval (A, B).

6. The device as claimed in claim 5, wherein the number (C) of correlation magnitude values ranging between the is value to be assessed and the interval (A,B) depends on the length of the transmit sequence.

7. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the correlation magnitude values of the sequence of 20 correlation magnitude values are successive in time; and wherein the means for determining the reference values comprises an mean-value means for providing a moving mean value across a number of correlation magnitude values corresponding to the interval size (A) and the 25 further interval size (B), and a delaying means for providing a delayed mean value, configured to delay the mean value depending on the width of the interval (A) and the distance of the interval (A) and the further interval (B); and 30 an addition means for adding the mean value and the delayed mean value, the mean value corresponding to the further reference value, and the delayed mean value to the reference value. 35

8. The device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the correlation magnitude values of the sequence of correlation magnitude values are cross-correlation N:\Meltoume\Cases\Patent\72000-72999\P72228.AU\Specis\P72228.AU Spacification 2009-7-22.doc 29/07/09 - 29 magnitude values.

9. The device as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the sequence of correlation magnitude values is a 5 continuous sequence of correlation magnitude values.

10. A device for detecting a correlation maximum value from a sequence of correlation magnitude values, comprising: 10 a device for ascertaining a threshold value as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9; and a means for comparing the correlation magnitude value to be assessed with the threshold value ascertained for the correlation magnitude value to be assessed, the means is being configured to provide a trigger signal based on the comparison result, the trigger signal indicating whether a correlation magnitude value to be assessed is a correlation maximum value. 20

11. The device for detecting a correlation maximum value from a sequence of correlation magnitude values as claimed in claim 10, wherein the means for comparing further comprises a storage means for storing a preceding correlation magnitude value to be assessed, and further 25 being configured to provide the trigger signal based on a comparison of the correlation magnitude value to be assessed with the preceding, stored correlation magnitude value. 30

12. The device for detecting a correlation maximum value from a sequence of correlation magnitude values as claimed in claims 10 or 11, wherein the means for comparing comprises a deactivating means configured to deactivate the means for comparing for a predetermined latency period 35 as a result of detecting a correlation maximum value, the latency period depending on a predetermined temporal distance of two periodically successive correlation N \Melboume\Cases\Patent\72000-72999\P72228. AU\Specis\P72228.AU Specification 2009-7-22 doc 29/07/09 - 30 maximum values.

13. The device for detecting a correlation maximum value from a sequence of correlation magnitude values as claimed 5 in any one of claims 10 to 12, further comprising a means for determining a reversal point of the sequence of correlation magnitude values, configured to provide, in response to a correlation maximum value being detected, temporal information about an occurrence of a reversal io point preceding the correlation maximum value.

14. The device for detecting a correlation maximum value from a sequence of correlation magnitude values as claimed in claim 13, wherein the temporal information indicates a 15 number of correlation magnitude values ranging between the correlation maximum value and the reversal point.

15. The device for detecting a correlation maximum value from a sequence of correlation magnitude values as claimed 20 in claim 13 or 14, further comprising an interpolation means configured to interpolate the sequence of correlation magnitude values, and the means for determining a reversal point being configured to perform the calculation of the reversal 25 point on the basis of the interpolation.

16. The device for detecting a correlation maximum value from a sequence of correlation magnitude values as claimed in any one of claims 10 to 15, further comprising a means 30 for ascertaining a difference between the magnitude of the correlation maximum value detected and the reference value.

17. A method for ascertaining a threshold value for 35 determining whether a correlation magnitude value, to be assessed, from a sequence of correlation magnitude values is a correlation maximum value, the method comprising: N :Melbourne\Cases\Patent\72000-72999\P72228.AU\Specis\P72228 AU Specification 2009-7-22 doc 29/07/09 - 31 placing an averaging window divided into two around the correlation magnitude value to be assessed to determine an interval (A) and another interval (B) of correlation magnitude values of the sequence of the s correlation magnitude values, wherein the first and the other interval each comprise a defined number of correlation magnitude values and the correlation magnitude value to be assessed is between the first interval (A) and the other interval (B); 10 determining a reference value from correlation magnitude values within the interval (A) and determining another reference value from correlation magnitude valued within the other interval (B); and determining the threshold value based on the 15 reference value and the other reference value.

18. A method for detecting a correlation maximum value from a sequence of correlation magnitude values, the method comprising: 20 ascertaining a threshold value as claimed in claim 17; and comparing a correlation magnitude value to be assessed with the threshold value ascertained for the correlation magnitude value to be assessed, and, depending 25 on the comparison result, providing a trigger signal, the trigger signal indicating whether a correlation magnitude value to be assessed is a correlation maximum value.

19. A computer program having a program code for 30 performing the method as claimed in claims 17 or 18, when the computer program runs on a computer.

20. A device or a method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, and substantially as herein described 35 with reference to the accompanying drawings. N:\Melboure\Cases\Patent\72000-72999\P72228.AU\Specis\P72228 AU Specification 2009-7-22.doc 29107/09