AU2004292160A1 - Eyeglass manufacturing method - Google Patents

Description

WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 EYEGLASS DISPENSING METHOD Related Applications 100011 This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application no. 60/520,065 filed November 14, 2003, U.S. Provisional Application no. 60/546378 filed on February 20, 2004, U.S. Patent Application no. 10/936,132 filed on September 7, 2004 and U.S. Patent Application no. 10/936,131 filed on September 7, 2004, the entireties of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background of the Invention Field of the Invention [0002] The present invention relates to systems and methods relating to manufacturing optical lenses for correcting aberrations of optical systems such as the human eye. Description of the Related Art [0003] The human eye, and in particular the cornea and lens, can exhibit a variety of optical aberrations that diminish the optical performance of the eye, resulting in blurred vision. The correction of blurred vision by fitting patients with lenses has typically been limited to the correction of low order aberrations only, such as defocus and astigmatism. Traditionally, high order aberrations, e.g. those describable with Zemike polynomials of the third order or higher, could not be corrected using lenses. In addition, due to lens manufacturing limitations and expenses, defocus and astigmatism are typically only corrected in discrete steps, with any correction being made to the nearest one quarter (0.25) diopter. (D) Unfortunately, the resolution of one quarter diopter results in incomplete vision correction. Summary of Certain Inventive Aspects [0004] The system, method, and devices of the invention each have several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this invention as expressed by the claims which follow, its more prominent features will now be discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled "Detailed Description of Embodiments of the Invention" one will understand how the features of this invention provide advantages that include convenient and economical methods of manufacturing customized multi-layer lenses. [0005] One embodiment is a method of making corrective eyeglasses. The method includes obtaining vision parameters of a patient's eyes, obtaining an eyeglass frame comprising at least one mounted optical element, and programming the optical element to define a pattern of refraction that is associated with the vision parameters.

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WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 [0006] Another embodiment is a method of manufacturing customized lenses. The method includes obtaining a lens definition comprising vision parameters of a patient's eyes and a correction for least one optical aberration in the patient's eye. The method further comprises obtaining a frame comprising at least one optical element. The at least one optical element includes a layer of curable material. The method further includes curing the curable material to define a pattern of refraction. The pattern of refraction corrects at least optical aberration in an optical path through the optical element. [00071 Yet another embodiment is a method of manufacturing customized lenses. The method includes obtaining a lens definition comprising vision parameters of a patient's eyes and a correction for least one optical aberration in the patient's eye. The method further includes obtaining a frame comprising at least one optical element. The method includes depositing a layer of material on the at least one optical element. The layer defines a pattern of refraction that corrects the at least one optical aberration in an optical path through the optical element. [0008] Another embodiment is a method of making a customized lens. The method includes obtaining a lens definition comprising vision parameters of a patient's eyes and a correction of at least one optical aberration in the patient's eye. A layer of curable polymer is applied to a framed lens. The method further includes selectively curing the layer to vary the volume of the layer so as to define a surface contour of the layer. The surface contour defines a pattern of refraction that corrects the at least one optical aberration. [0009] Another embodiment is an optical element. The optical element includes at least one lens configured to correct at least one high order aberration. The at least one high order aberration includes at least one of trefoil, coma, spherical aberration, or combinations thereof. [0010] Another embodiment is a method of manufacturing customized lenses. The method includes obtaining a lens definition comprising vision parameters of a patient's eyes and a correction for least one optical aberration in the patient's eye. The method further includes obtaining a frame including at least one optical element. The at least one optical element comprises a layer of curable material. The method further includes selectively curing the layer to vary the volume of the layer so as to define a surface contour of the layer. The surface contour defines a pattern of refraction associated with the lens definition. Brief Description of the Drawings [0011] Figure 1 is a flow chart depicting a process for producing a spectacle lens. [0012] Figure 2 is a flow chart depicting an embodiment of a method of manufacturing a lens for correcting optical aberrations as part of the process of Figure 1. [0013] Figure 3 is a flow chart depicting another embodiment of a method of manufacturing a lens blank as a part of a method of making a lens, such as depicted in Figure 1. -2- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 [0014] Figure 4A illustrates a lens blank at one step of the method depicted in Figure 3. [0015] Figure 4B illustrates the lens blank of Figure 4A at another step of the method of Figure 3. 100161 Figure 4C illustrates the lens blank of Figure 4A at the completion of the method of Figure 3. [0017] Figure 4D graphically illustrates another embodiment of a method of manufacturing a lens, similar to the method depicted in Figure 3. [0018] Figure 4E is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method, similar to the embodiment of Figure 4D, of creating an optical element by dispensing a mixture of low and high refractive indices formulations between these two molds. [0019] Figure 5 is a flow chart depicting another embodiment of a method of making an optical lens as part of the process of Figure 1. [0020] Figure 6 is a flow chart depicting an embodiment of a method of making a lens for correcting optical aberration similar to the method depicted in Figure 1, but using a mold. [0021] Figures 7A-7E graphically illustrate steps of making a lens, such as in the method depicted in Figure 6. [0022] Figures 7F-7J graphically illustrate steps of a method making a lens similar to the method depicted in Figures 7A to 7E, except that the layer has a generally uniform thickness and is composed of varying proportions of materials to vary the index of refraction across the surface of the lens. [0023] Figure 8 is a flow chart depicting an embodiment of a method of making a lens blank using a free standing filmy gel of polymer material similar to the method depicted in Figure 6. [0024] Figure 9 is a flow chart depicting an embodiment of a method of making a lens blank using a free standing filmy gel of polymer material into a lens blank for use in, e.g., an embodiment of the method of Figure 1. [0025] Figure 10 is a simplified block diagram depicting one embodiment of a system for producing spectacle lens, e.g., using one embodiment of the method of Figure 1. [0026] Figure 11 is one embodiment of a method of producing spectacles using an embodiment of a system such as depicted in Figure 10. 100271 Figure 12 is one embodiment of a method of producing customized framed lenses. 100281 Figure 13 graphically illustrates another embodiment of a method of manufacturing a lens having a layer with a varying thickness. -3- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 Detailed Description of Certain Embodiments [00291 The following detailed description is directed to certain specific embodiments of the invention. However, the invention can be embodied in a multitude of different ways as defined and covered by the claims. In this description, reference is made to the drawings wherein like parts are designated with like numerals throughout. [0030] Spectacle lens are typically formed by grinding the lens blank to correct the measured optical aberrations and edging a lens blank to fit a pair of spectacle frames. This correction is typically limited to low order aberrations. In addition, the corrections are typically incomplete in that grinding is typically performed to a margin of 0.25 D. [00311 By using a device that measures wavefront aberrations in the eye of patient, much more precise measurements of a patient's eye can be obtained. The resulting measurements can be used to calculate an optimized lens definition. In one embodiment, the lens definition can define a pattern of refractive index that corrects one or more optical aberrations in an optical path through the lens that, when manifested in an optical lens, such as a spectacle lens, corrects the wavefront aberrations of the patient more precisely than is typically possible. Patients will thus be able to see at very near the peak of their own optical capabilities. [00321 It is to be appreciated that, as used herein, "correction" of optical aberrations does not necessarily mean that the optical aberrations are completely eliminated but, rather, is to be understood to generally mean reducing, minimizing, or optimizing the optical aberrations. Moreover, because in some instances increasing certain high order aberrations has been found to improve vision, "correction" of aberrations can also include adding or increasing certain optical aberrations. An optical element may include a thick or thin lens blank, a plano lens, a corrective lens such as a spectacle lens, a contact lens, an optical coating, an intraocular lens, or any other light transmissive component including combinations of other optical elements. A plano optical element, i.e., one that does not possess any refractive power, may be flat, or may have a curve for cosmetic reasons, e.g. to have an appearance mimicking a standard spectacle lens. [00331 Figure 1 is a top level flow chart illustrating a method 100 of making customized lens. Beginning at a step 110, a patient's eye is measured. In one embodiment, the patient's vision parameters, such as low order and/or high order aberrations are measured using an aberrometer (comprising a wavefront sensor, for example). The aberrations can be measured using a wavefront sensor, such as a Shack-Hartmann, diffraction grating, grating, Hartmann Screen, Fizeau interferometer, ray tracing system, Tscheming aberrometer, skiascopic phase difference system, Twymann-Green interferometer, Talbot interferometer, for example. Exemplary aberrometers are described in more detail in U.S. Patent No. 6,721,043 to Platt. B. et. al. in "Light Adjustable Aberration Conjugator", which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other embodiments of an aberrometer are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 10/076218, -4- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 entitled "APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR DETERMINING OBJECTIVE REFRACTION USING WAVEFRONT SENSING," filed February 13, 2002; and U.S. Patent Application No. 10/014037, entitled "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR WAVEFRONT MEASUREMENT," filed December 10, 2001, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In one embodiment, the vision parameters may include data obtained by testing the patient's vision through a trial, or test, lens that is configured to correct one or more high or low order optical aberrations. [00341 In addition to measuring aberrations, other vision parameters can be obtained such as the patient's vertex distance, pupil size, pupil distance, frame information, gaze, or x-y tilt. Further details of taking such measurements are described in U.S. Patent No. 6,682,195, entitled "CUSTOM EYEGLASS MANUFACTURING METHOD," issued on January 27, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. [00351 Moving to step 120, a pattern of refraction in an optical lens is calculated to correct the measured aberrations. The pattern of refraction can be effected in an optical element by, for example, defining a two dimensional pattern of refractive index across the face of the optical element or by varying the thickness of a layer of material comprising the optical element to vary the refractive index and thereby define the pattern of refraction. For example, standard spectacle lens typically defines a pattern of refraction by varying the curvature of the lens material, and thus the thickness of the lens material, over the surfaces of the lens. The curvature of the lens, along with the refractive index of the lens material, defines the pattern of refraction of the standard spectacle lens. Such standard lenses typically correct one or more low order optical aberrations. In one embodiment, the pattern of refraction is at least partially defined in terms of sphere, cylinder, and axis. In such an embodiment, a further pattern of refraction for correcting high order aberrations and residual aberrations resulting from, for example, grinding errors can be further calculated for application to the lens. In other embodiments, the pattern of refraction can be calculated in terms of low and high order Zernike polynomials for application to a material that can be processed or cured to alter its refractive index. [00361 In one embodiment, the vision parameters are used by a vision metric to optimize the lens definition. The lens definition can include the wavemap, a pattern of refraction, a prescription in terms of sphere, cylinder, and axis, or any other relation to a pattern of refraction or correction. In addition, the lens definition may include an optical center, multiple optical centers, single correction zones, multiple correction zones, transition zone, blend zone, swim region, channel, add zones, vertex distance, segmental height, off-axis gaze zone, logos, invisible markings, etc. [00371 Next at step 130, a lens is manufactured to correct both low and high order optical aberrations. One embodiment of such a lens is disclosed in more detail in U.S. Patent -5- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 Application No. 10/218049, entitled "APPARATUS AND METHOD OF CORRECTING HIGH ORDER ABERRATIONS OF THE HUMAN EYE," filed August 12, 2002, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Embodiments of methods of manufacturing the lens may include number of different methods for forming a lens having a calculated pattern of refractive index , such as are described in more detail herein, including depositing of a layer that is cured to include the calculated pattern of refraction, grinding or freeform surfacing of a lens surface, cast molding and combinations thereof. [00381 Figure 2 is a flow chart depicting one embodiment of a method 130 of manufacturing optical lens blank that can receive a pattern of refractive index that is calculated based on the wavefront aberrations from, e.g., a human eye. The method 130 begins at a step 210, where a photosensitive gel layer is formed between a first and second optical element. In one embodiment is a thick and thin lens. Other embodiments can include two thick lenses or two thin lenses. A thick optical lens is generally thicker, can be plano, and generally refers to an optical element that can provide corrective power. While either a thick or thin lens can be contoured to change the refractive power of the element, the thicker lens provides a greater range for contouring. Such contouring can include grinding and polishing, laser ablation, or freeform surfacing. Desirably, the front optical element, the one on which light into the eye is initially incident, is a thin lens that generally provides no power. Note that the radius of curvature of the front optical element generally defines the refractive power of the optical lens blank. The selection of a thick or thin lens for each optical element can be made on the basis of the desired corrective power of the final optical blank. For example, if a higher power lens is desired, two thick lenses can be used. If only minimal low order correction is desired in a particular lens, two thin lenses may be used. [0039] The photosensitive gel layer can be selectively cured to vary its index of refraction. For example, it can be cured in a pointwise, stepwise, or continuous manner to define a two dimensional pattern of refraction that corrects one or more optical aberrations in an optical path through the lens. As used herein, a material that can be cured in such a way may be referred to as having a selectively variable index of refraction. The pattern of refraction of the layer can be produced so as to define a correction to one or more optical aberrations. It is to be appreciated that while certain embodiments of this and other methods are discussed herein with respect to a photosensitive gel layer, other embodiments can use a layer of any other material that has a selectively variable index of refraction, e.g., that can be processed or cured to vary the index of refraction. [0040] In one embodiment, the photosensitive gel layer is formed of a polymer gel that is first formed in, for example, a large sheet. A co-pending U.S. Patent Application, entitled "STABILIZED POLYMER MATERIALS AND METHODS," Attorney Docket No. OPH.031A, entitled "STABILIZED POLYMER MATERIALS AND METHODS," filed on even date, and -6- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 incorporated by reference in its entirety, discloses embodiments of the photosensitive gel layer. A preferred embodiment is formed using a composition including a matrix polymer having a monomer mixture dispersed therein, the matrix polymer being selected from the group consisting of polyester, polystyrene, polyacrylate, thiol-cured epoxy polymer, thiol-cured isocyanate polymer, and mixtures thereof; the monomer mixture comprising a thiol monomer and at least one second monomer selected from the group consisting of ene monomer and yne monomer. [0041] In one embodiment, a sheet of this matrix polymer, or gel, is formed. A portion of this sheet is placed between two optical elements to form a lens blank. A single large sheet can be formed in bulk with portions diced and used to form many lens blanks. The two optical elements are affixed to form a lens blank. The first and second optical elements can be plano lens or have correction power. In one embodiment, lens blanks are prepared to have a range of corrective power in the first and/or second lens, e.g., in a range separated by 0.25 diopter, or I diopter. In preferred embodiment, one or both of the optical elements are a thick lens that can contoured, for example, by grinding and polishing, to provide at least partial correction of one or more low order aberrations. Next at step 215, in such an embodiment, one or both outer surfaces of the optical elements may be contoured. In another embodiment, the lenses can be contoured before affixing the lenses together to form the lens blank. The lenses can be contoured using conventional grinding and polishing methods, or by freeform surfacing using a three axis turning machine such as manufactured by Schneider Optics, LOH, Gerber Coburn Optical, or otherwise formed to provide at least partial correction of optical aberrations. As used herein freeform surfacing refers to any method of point-to-point surfacing or machining. [0042] Next at step 220, a pattern of refraction or refractive index, such as calculated in step 120 of method 100, is formed in the photosensitive gel layer. This pattern is configured to correct optical aberrations in a human eye. In one embodiment, the pattern of refraction formed in the photosensitive gel is calculated to correct high order aberrations and low order aberrations that are not otherwise corrected by, for example, the thin lens of a lens blank, or surfacing of the thin lens from a lens blank. [00431 In one embodiment, this pattern of refractive index can be formed using a source of radiation, e.g., ultraviolet light, having a two dimensional grayscale pattern. A two dimensional grayscale pattern of radiation includes any pattern of radiation that varies in intensity, e.g., grayscale, in a two dimensional pattern when directed onto a surface, e.g., of an optical element. In one embodiment, radiation is directed through a photomask to control the amount of radiation received at different points in the optical element. The photomask can comprise regions that are essentially opaque to the radiation, regions that are essentially transparent to the radiation, and regions that transmit a portion of the radiation. The lens blank is exposed to the radiation for a predetermined time to cure and partially cure the photosensitive polymer such that the pattern of -7- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 refractive index is formed in the lens blank. Other embodiments can use digital mask systems such as Digital Light Projector (DLP) along with a UV light source. The UV light source can include a UV Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VSCEL), triple YAG laser, or a UV-LED. [0044] Moving to step 230, the blank can be edged and mounted to fit a pair of frames for use by the patient. In one embodiment, the step 210 can be performed en mass to provide an inventory of lens blanks that can be conveniently processed (for example, according to steps 210 and 230) at, in some embodiments, a different location, e.g., an optometrist's office where the patient's eye is also measured. [0045] Figure 3 is a flow chart depicting another embodiment of a method for forming the photosensitive gel layer between a lens blank and a lens cover such as in step 210 of Figure 2. Beginning at step 310, passages are formed in the lens blank. The lens blanks can be formed of CR-39 or other suitable materials such as polycarbonate, FinaliteTM (Sola), MR-8 monomer (Mitsui), or any other material known in the art. In one embodiment, these passages can be drilled or cut into the lens blank. Generally, the lens blank is larger than the final lens that is to be fit into a spectacle frame. Thus, the area in which the passages are formed is removed from the final lens and does not inhibit the optical correction of the lens. In another embodiment, the passages are formed along with the lens blank, e.g., in a mold or press. It is to be appreciated that while two passages are discussed herein, additional passages can be formed in the lens blank to, e.g., allow faster or more even filling of the cavity between the lens blank and lens cover. [0046J Next at step 320, the lens blank is mated with the lens cover by spacing the lens cover and lens blank at a predetermined distance determined by a spacer, or gasket. In one embodiment, the spacer is a solid material placed between the lens blank and cover. However, any method of maintaining the predetermined distance between the blank and cover can be used. Moving to step 330, a seal is formed around the perimeter of the lens blank and lens cover to form a sealed cavity therebetween. In one embodiment, an adhesive spacer with a thickness in the range of 1 to 100 mil is sandwiched between the lens blank and cover lens to form and seal the cavity. In one embodiment, the adhesive spacer is approximately 20 mil thick. [0047] In another embodiment, mating the lens blank and lens cover to make a cavity therebetween includes a taping method. A cavity is formed by holding two lens blanks apart mechanically, e.g., by clamps or a jig, to control the thickness of the cavity. A tape or similar material is applied around the edges of the mated lens blank and cover to form a sealed cavity by wrapping the deformable elastic tape or a rubber gasket over the edges of two lens blanks and holding them together with a clamp. Further, in one embodiments, rather than forming a passage through the lens blank at step 310, the passage is formed through the spacer or tape, e.g., via inserting a syringe or other dispenser through the tape or gasket. -8- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 [0048] Continuing to step 340, a curable material formulation, in one embodiment, a photosensitive material, made, e.g., of Thiol-Ene, or a composition as described above, is mixed, degassed and transferred to a syringe in a clean environment. Using a fluid dispenser, such as a dispenser from EFD, Inc., or a mechanical-type dispenser, such as a syringe, the mixed formulation is injected through one of the passages into the cavity while the passage is for venting of the air from the cavity. In some embodiments, the material may be dispensed through a passage in the spacer or seal. In one embodiment, such a passage may be formed by the syringe used to dispense the curable material. Next at step 350, the injected lens blank is placed in an oven maintained at an elevated temperature (for example, approximately 750 C) to cure the injected material to form the photosensitive film. In another embodiment, the curing process can be performed at room temperature, depending upon the curing properties of the injected material. [00491 Figures 4A-4C depict side views of a lens 401 at various steps of manufacture using an embodiment of the method of Figure 3. In particular, Figure 4A depicts a lens 401 following completion of steps 310, 320, and 330 of the method of Figure 3. A lens cover 410 is spaced from a lens blank 412 by adhesive backed spacers 414. The spacers 414 act as a gasket surrounding the edge of lens assemblies to form a cavity 416. Two or more passages 418 are formed in the lens blank 412 to allow material to be introduced into the cavity 416. [00501 Figure 4B depicts the lens 401 of Figure 4A upon completion of the step 340 of Figure 3 in which the photosensitive material has been introduced into the cavity 416 to form a layer 420. Figure 4C depicts the lens 401 following the step 350 of the method of Figure 3. Heat or other curing method, e.g. UV light, is applied to the layer 420 to form a photosensitive gel 422. [00511 Figure 4D graphically illustrates another embodiment of a method of manufacturing a lens, similar to the method depicted in Figure 3 using a cast molding approach. As described above, a low or high refractive index formulation is dispensed between two optical molds. In one embodiment, the optical molds may define a shape, e.g., a radius of curvature, that forms a selected low order prescription in the lens formed by the mold. Beginning as shown in block 452, the formulation that has been dispensed between two optical molds is selectively irradiated to create low or high order aberration corrected region 453, as shown in block 454. In one embodiment, the formulation in the mold is irradiated with a two-dimensional grayscale pattern of radiation. The two-dimensional grayscale pattern of irradiation can be generated by passing a approximately uniform light beam through a photomask, a filter such as a liquid crystal display screen, or by generating a two dimensional pattern of light such as from a two-dimensional array of light emitting diodes or a DLP with a UV light source. As shown in block 456, the formulation is then replaced with a second high or low refractive index formulation. As is next shown in block 458, the entire mold is irradiated a second time to cure the second formulation. In one embodiment, the second formulation is also irradiated with a two-dimensional grayscale pattern to -9- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 cure any remaining low or high order aberrations. Moving to block 460, the lens is then removed from the molds, edged, mounted in a frame, and dispensed to the patient. In one embodiment, the irradiation shown in blocks 452 and 458 is performed at room or elevated temperatures. [0052] Alternately, the cast molding method may involve controlled deposition of two or more formulations of low and high refractive index on one of the optical molds to correct for high order aberrations followed by correction for low order aberrations by filling a space between two optical molds, which may provide radii of curvature to correct a low order prescription, with a low or high refractive index formulation. Thermal or light induced polymerization at room or elevated temperatures allows polymerization of the formulation between the molds. The cured optical element may then be removed from the mold, edged, mounted in frames, and dispensed to the patient. 100531 Figure 4E is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method, similar to the embodiment of Figure 4D. As shown in block 470, two formulations are dispensed between two optical molds. The formulations can include a mixture of low and high refractive indices formulations. In one embodiment, the high refractive index formulation comprises acrylate components that undergo fast photopolymerization while the low refractive index formulation comprises vinyl or allyl components that undergo relatively slower photopolymerization as compared to the acrylate components. Alternately, the low refractive index formulation may comprise fast reacting acrylate components and the high refractive index formulation may comprise slow reacting vinyl or allyl components. [0054] As shown in block 470, the formulation in the optical molds can be exposed on one side to spatially modulated high intensity light radiation to define a cured volume having a refractive index that corrects high order aberrations, while the other side of the mold may be concurrently exposed to spatially modulated low intensity light for correcting low order aberrations. The low and high intensity modulated light crosslinks the fast and slow reacting formulations at different speeds where the fast curing formulation is selectively cured to a greater extent as compared to the slow curing formulation which barely undergoes any curing. If there is a need to control the extent of photopolymerization of one formulation over the other, step-growth photopolymerization of thiol and ene components (low or high refractive index) may be incorporated. One embodiment uses the method of frontal-polymerization, where the polymerization front is easily monitored, to control the depth of photopolymerization of one of the two formulations. Also, based on the amount of photoinitiator, photoinitiator-additive (UV absorber or inhibitor) present in the formulation, the depth of curing can be controlled. The curing front can be controlled to create a contour surface corresponding to the correction of low or high order aberration needed in this formulation. Block 472 illustrates the resulting cured contoured volume in the lens. The uncured material can be removed from the mold and replaced with a -10- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 second layer of curable material. This second material can be further cured to produce the lens, which can then be removed from the mold as illustrated in block 474. [00551 In order to overcome any physical phase separation between the two cured formulations, one of the components in the formulation may be selected to be the same. Additionally, the lenses can be engraved with fiduciary marks to locate the segmental height, addition zones, etc. As shown in block 474, the fully corrected lenses can be removed from the optical mold and after the edging process, these lenses can be mounted in the frame and dispensed right at the optics lab. The above-described process of cast molding advantageously corrects aberration zones in the customized lens with precision and accuracy as they are controlled during the cast molding process. Additionally, the contour surface corresponding to the low and the high order aberration corrections may be precisely controlled in the lens. The low and high intensity modulated light can be directed into the lens from either side. Blocks 480, 482, and 484 illustrate another embodiment of the method shown in blocks 470, 472, 474. In embodiment shown in block 480, the orientation of the low and high intensity radiation is reversed with respect to the embodiment illustrated in block 470. 100561 Figure 5 depicts one embodiment of a method 500 of performing the step 210 of Figure 2. Beginning at step 510, spacer materials are prepared for placement between a thick and thin lens blank. Beginning at step 510, a pair of optical elements, e.g., lens blanks are cleaned. Each of the lens blanks can be formed of a material such as CR-39, polycarbonate, FinaliteTM (Sola), MR-8 monomer (Mitsui), 1.67, 1.71, 1.74 materials, or any other suitable material as would be apparent to one of skill in the art. In one embodiment, the optical elements include a thick and thin lens blank. In other embodiments, two thick or two thin lens blanks may be used, depending upon the corrective power of the lens to be produced. Because any contaminants formed into an optical lens can cause aberrations, the materials used in the process should be kept very clean. A gas such as argon, nitrogen, or air, preferably filtered, can be blown over the optical elements to remove contaminants. Next at step 512, spacer materials are applied to the thin lens. In one embodiment, the spacer materials include 2 layers of 10 mil ceramic tape for a 20 mil gap, which are cut into small rectangles. Others embodiment can use other thicknesses of tape or other types of gasket, including adhesive gasket materials. [0057] Moving to step 520, the lens filler material is mixed. The material can include any suitable photosensitive material described herein. Continuing at step 522, an amount of the filler material having a predetermined mass is measured and applied to the thin lens. [0058] In addition to other contaminants, air bubbles in the filler material can also cause optical aberrations in the final lens. Thus, next at step 524, the thin lens is placed in a vacuum chamber to remove air bubbles from the filler material. Moving to step 526, the vacuum chamber is depressurized using, e.g., argon gas. Moving to step 530, the filler material is inspected -11- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 for any remaining air bubbles. In one embodiment, these can be removed by carefully tooling the material by hand to move the pocket to the surface where it can be collapsed. [0059] Placing the thick lens blank over the thin lens blank can tend to introduce air pockets into the final lens. However, it has been found that by placing a droplet of the filler material onto the thick lens, this tendency is substantially reduced. Thus, moving to step 532, a droplet of the filler material is placed slightly off center on the thick lens. Next at step 534, the filler material on the thick lens is slowly compressed onto the main mass of filler material on the thin lens until the final lens is formed. Continuing to step 536, the lens is cured, e.g. using heat, to form the filler material into a photosensitive gel. The method 500 then ends, having formed a lens blank with a photosensitive gel layer such as is used in the method of Figure 2. [0060] Figure 6 depicts one embodiment of a method 600 of forming a lens configured to have a pattern of refractive index calculated to correct high and low order optical aberrations. Beginning at a step 610, a base surface of a mold is coated with a scratch resistant coating. Next at step 612, a layer of polymer is deposited on the mold surface to define a predetermined index of refraction. Other embodiments of programming the lens are described below with respect to Figures 7A-7E and Figures 7F-J. [0061] Continuing to step 614, a mating member of the mold is positioned at a predetermined distance from the base of the mold to define a cavity. The shape of this cavity can be calculated to correct one or more low order aberrations. Next at step 616, the cavity is filled with a suitable polymer or polymerizable material, such as CR-39, polycarbonate, FinaliteTM (Sola), MR-8 monomer (Mitsui), 1.67, 1.71, 1.74 materials, or any other suitable material known in the art, which forms a substantially rigid lens body. Moving to step 618, the polymer material is cured. The lens can then be removed from the mold and fitted to spectacle frames. [0062] Figures 7A to 7E depicts a simplified diagram of a mold during various acts of one embodiment of the method 600. Figure 7A depicts a mold base 710 being centered with a known center line along line 702. Note that the layers depicted in Figures 7A to 7E are not necessarily to scale. [0063] Figure 7B depicts one embodiment of step 612 of the method 600. A head 712 deposits a spray 714 of droplets to form a polymer layer 716. The thickness of the polymer layer 716 at a location on the layer determines the refractive index of the layer at that location. The head 712 deposits the layer to have a thickness that is varied so as to define a predetermined pattern of refraction. Stated differently, the surface profile or peak to valley height difference of the deposited polymer corresponds to the desired aberration correction. 10064] Figure 7C depicts a mating member 720 placed over the base 710 to form a cavity as described with respect to step 614 of the method 600. A second layer of material can be formed within a mold to maintain an optical quality and uniformity of the surface. Figure 7D -12- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 depicts the mold after having been filled with the polymer, as described with respect to the step 616 of the method 600. Figure 7E depicts a completed optical lens 724 after having been removed from the mold. This optical lens can be fitted to a pair of spectacle frames. [0065] Figures 7F-7J illustrate steps of a method making a lens similar to the method depicted in Figures 7A to 7E, except that the layer has a generally uniform thickness and is composed of varying proportions of materials to vary the index of refraction across the surface of the lens. In another embodiment, programming of lenses, e.g., defining the pattern of refraction, is performed by controlled deposition of two or more compatible formulations of varied refractive indices onto lenses 710 that have already been corrected for lower order aberrations. The formulations are photopolymerized during or after depositions to fix the corrected low order and high order aberrations. An exemplary process of programming of lenses by deposition includes the following steps: (a) as depicted in Figure 7G, positioning a first spray head and a second spray head 716 at an operative distance from a substrate 710; (b) projecting a first droplet from the first spray head onto a pre-selected location on the substrate to form a first deposited droplet, the first droplet comprising a first amount of a first polymer composition; (c) projecting a second droplet from the second spray head onto the substrate in close proximity to the first deposited droplet, the second droplet comprising a second amount of a second polymer composition; (d) forming a first polymer pixel on the substrate, the first polymer pixel comprising the first polymer composition and the second polymer composition in a first ratio; (e) adjusting at least one of the first and second spray heads to allow an additional droplet to be projected, the additional droplet being different from at least one of the first and second droplets; (f) adjusting the positioning of the first and second spray heads with respect to the substrate; and (g) repeating steps (a) - (f) to thereby form a second polymer pixel adjoining the first polymer pixel, the second polymer pixel comprising the first polymer composition and the second polymer composition in a second ratio so as to form the layer. The pixels together form the layer 716 of Figure 7G. This process is further described in U.S. Patent Application No. 10/253956 by Lai, et al., filed on September 24, 2002, and titled "Optical Elements And Method Of Making Them", which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. As with the method described with respect to Figures 7A-7E, a second layer of material can be formed within a mold to maintain an optical quality and uniformity of the surface. -13- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 [00661 Figure 8 is a flow chart depicting one embodiment of a method 800 of producing an optical lens blank using a mold process similar to that of the method 600 discussed with respect to Figure 6. Beginning at step 810, a scratch resistant coating is applied to the mold base 710. Next at step 812, a layer of photosensitive gel is formed. In one embodiment, a sheet of photosensitive polymer gel, as described with respect to step 210, above, can be formed in bulk to provide a gel layer for many lenses. Moving to step 814, a portion of the sheet is placed over the mold base 710. [0067] Continuing at step 816, the mating member 720 of the mold is placed over the mold base 710 to form a cavity between the mating member 720 and the polymer gel layer (not shown in Figure 7C, but comprising a layer similarly placed to the layer 716). Next at step 820, the cavity is filled with volume 722 of a polymer, such as CR-39, that forms the supporting body of the lens. Next at step 822, the polymer volume 722 is cured to produce an optical lens blank. The lens blank can have a predetermined pattern of refraction formed in the gel layer by, for example, the masking method described above. The gel layer can also be further bulk cured to increase the rigidity of the layer to prevent damage from physical contact. The cured gel may be coated with a scratch resistant or hard coating to enhance its mechanical strength. [0068] In another similar embodiment, the portion of the sheet can be vacuum formed with a stock optical element to form a lens. The stock optical element can be a formed of a polymer such as CR-39 or a similar material, such as those known in the art. The stock optical element may be plano or provide a correction of one or more low order optical aberrations. In one embodiment, the portion of sheet of semi-cured material is applied to the stock optical element with a small amount of monomer, such as used in to form the sheet, between the stock optical element and the portion of the sheet. The lamination of the portion of the sheet and the optical element can be placed into a flexible mold. Vacuum pressure is applied to pull the stock optical element into the portion of the sheet and against the flexible mold. The monomer can be cured through application of light or heat while the vacuum is applied. In another embodiment, monomer material is introduced between the stock optical element and the mold. The vacuum is applied to force the monomer into a thin layer over the surface of the stock optical element between the element and the flexible mold. The monomer is at least partially cured to form the semi-cured layer of material. The resulting lens blank may be edged and applied or mounted to a frame. The lens blank can be further cured to define a pattern of refraction in the material that corrects one or more high order optical aberrations. More details of one such process are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,319,433, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. [0069] In another embodiment, a mounted or framed lens may be used in place of the stock optical element. A layer of semi-cured material is thus formed on a previously prepared, or framed, lens. This layer can be further selectively cured to define a pattern of refraction that -14- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 corrects one or more high order aberrations. In addition, one or more low order aberrations may also be corrected in the lens. For example, small low order corrections that are not corrected by stock lens, e.g., less than 0.25 diopters, may be corrected in the layer. In addition, high order corrections may be added to existing framed lens as provided by a patient. For example, an existing or previously obtained optical lens may be modified to correct any remaining low or high order aberrations that are not corrected by the unmodified lens. [0070] Figure 9 is a flow chart of an embodiment of another method 900 of manufacturing a lens blank. Beginning at step 910, a sheet, or layer of a photosensitive gel is formed, as is discussed above. Next at step 912, the sheet is diced to form a group of freestanding optical flats. [00711 Moving to step 914, a pattern of refraction calculated to correct optical aberrations can be formed within the gel by photo-curing, for example, using the masking method discussed herein. In one embodiment, the optical flat can be stamped or otherwise formed into a curved lens shape or shaped to correct at least some low order optical aberrations. Moreover, the gel can be further bulk cured to increase its rigidity. [00721 Next at step 916, the method 900 completes by applying one or more coatings to the optical flat. These coatings can include coatings of scratch resistant material. In other embodiments, these coatings can include materials to provide additional rigidity to the lens. The completed lens blank can be used as described herein to form a complete optical lens for correcting low and/or high order optical aberrations. [0073] Each of the methods described above can advantageously be performed at a single or multiple location. More particularly, the process of refracting the patient, grinding the semifinished lens blanks, correcting the low and/or high order aberrations, and fitting the frames holding the lenses to the patient's line of sight can be performed at one or multiple location. Thus, a vision prescription can be administered and customized lenses dispensed to the patient in a single visit to an optometrist. Additionally, the purchase of the lens and/or payment for the examination can be completed at the same location, and during the same visit, by allowing the patient to pay with a cash, other legal tender, or credit transaction. [00741 In yet another embodiment, the patient's low order and/or high order aberration measured by the aberrometer can be corrected in piano lenses pre-mounted in frames. In one embodiment, the plano lenses can be flat, or can have a curve for cosmetic reasons, e.g. to have an appearance mimicking a standard lens. The plano lenses can be made either of a refractive index changing material or of a carrier material suitable for controlled deposition. The entire method 100 of measuring the patient's refraction, selection of framed plano lenses, corrections of low and/or high order aberrations, dispensing customized lenses can all be performed at one location. The correction of low and/or high order aberration can involve any of the programming methods -15- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 described above, such as selective refractive index changes that corresponds to the desired corrections, controlled deposition of low and high refractive index formulation that corresponds to the desired corrections, or selective volume change of a layer which varies the height and thickness of the layer to correspond to the desired corrections. Additionally, cash, other legal tender such as electronic transfers or credit transactions can be included in the processes involves in making customized lenses. [0075] Figure 10 is a block diagram illustrating components of an exemplary system 1000 for measuring eyes, calculating correction data, and fabricating lenses that correct for the measured disorders. Each of these functions can be performed by a component system, e.g., an eye measurement system 1010, a correction calculation system 1020, a fabrication system 1030, and a billing and payment system 1040. Various embodiments of the system 1000 can include various embodiments of these component systems. In some embodiments, some of the component systems 1010, 1020, 1030, and 1040 of the system 1000 can be combined to form an integrated system. For example, in one embodiment, the measurement system 1010 can be integrated with the correction calculation system 1020. In another embodiment, the measurement system 1010 can be integrated with the fabrication system 1030. In one embodiment, each of the components can be co-located. In other embodiments, the system components 1010, 1020, 1030, and 1040 can be at separate locations. The measurement system 1010 may desirably be located at the office of an optometrist or other consumer accessible office or storefront. The fabrication system 1030 may desirably be located at an optical lab. In one embodiment, the calculating system 1020 is integrated with the measurement system 1010. In another embodiment, discussed below in further detail, the calculation system 1020 is located at a central location separated by a computer network or other data communications system to serve one or more measurement systems 1010. [0076] An embodiment of the eye measurement system 1010, can include any one of the various wavefront sensors described above to measure vision parameters, such as disorders, or aberrations, of a patient's eye(s). The eye measurement system 1010 can also include a phoropter, autorefractor, or trial lens. Embodiments of the eye measurement system 1010 can produce eye measurement data that represents optical low and/or high order aberrations. 100771 The correction calculation system 1020 receives the eye measurement data and determines a lens definition that is used in fabricating lenses. Embodiments of the correction calculation system 1020 can include computer hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. [0078] In one embodiment, the correction calculation system 1020 generates a wavemap, indicating corrections to compensate for the high and/or low order aberrations of a patient's eyes. The lens definition can include the wavemap, a pattern of refraction, a prescription in terms of sphere, cylinder, and axis, or any other relation to a pattern of refraction or correction. -16- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 In addition, the lens definition may include an optical center, multiple optical centers, single correction zones, multiple correction zones, transition zone, blend zone, swim region, channel, add zones, vertex distance, segmental height, off-axis gaze zone, logos, invisible markings, etc. 10079] In one embodiment, the lens definition includes one or more numbers or symbols that identify a pattern of refraction or correction. Such identifiers may act as easily transmitted "prescriptions" that can be transmitted electronically, or physically, e.g. via a barcode. 10080] In one embodiment, the correction calculation system 1020 converts the wavefront map into another format indicative of a lens that is optimized for the patient. The wavefront map, or other data indicative of a lens optimized for the patient, can be partly based on characteristics, such as the patient's vertex distance, pupil size, pupil distance, frame information, gaze, segmental height, pantascopic tilt, or x-y tilt, for example. 100811 To calculate the lens definition, the correction calculation system 1020 can generate a conjugate of the optical aberrations of the patient's eyes. In other embodiments, the calculation of the lens definition can be made with reference to additional metrics for calculating the lens definition based on measurements of the patient's eye, including measured optical aberrations. For example, U.S. Patent No. 6,511,180, issued on January 28, 2003, and incorporated by reference in its entirety, discloses an image quality metric for determining the correction based on the measured optical aberrations. Other embodiments may use other metrics to calculate the lens definition. The metric may optimize the lens definition by selecting for correction those optical aberrations that are associated with improved subjective measures of a patient's vision. In another embodiment, the metric may include a software neural network that has been trained using data from test subjects to select which optical aberrations are desirable to correct, add, or leave uncorrected. More details of such an embodiment are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/546378, filed on February 20, 2004, incorporated by reference in its entirety. 10082] In one embodiment, the correction calculation system 1020 can also calculate the wavefront map based on a color preference. High order corrections may vary based on the color of the light passing through the corrective element. The color preference generally refers to a wavelength for which the patient prefers to optimize high order correction. For example, this allows the user to optimize the correction at wavelengths that are most useful for a specific activity, e.g., green for golfing. In one embodiment, the color preference depends on the aberrometer measurement at 850 nm and converting to 550 nm (green), or 400 to 800 nm conversion for other color enhancements. [00831 In one embodiment, the correction calculation system 1020 can also calculate the lens definition with reference to one or more other patient preferences. The patient preferences can include a spectral tint, or color, in the lens. The patient preferences can also include whether to include a photochromic, light sensitive color change, feature to the lens definition. In addition, the -17- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 correction calculation system 1020 can also calculate the lens definition with respect to other features such as a ultra-violet coating preference, anti-reflective coating preference. In one embodiment, the lens definition can also be calculated with respect to patient wear preference such as how the patient prefers wear the high order correction zone in relation to the patient's frames and view. [0084] The correction calculation system can calculate the lens definition to include one or more correction zones. The calculation can include calculation of the number and size of the correction zones. Each of the correction zones can correct for high order aberrations, low order aberrations, both high and low order aberrations, and front and back radius of curvature. The correction zones can include an optical center zone or multiple optical centers, e.g., progressive or multi-focal lens. One embodiment of the correction calculation system 1020 can calculate a blending or transition zone between one or more of the correction zones and other portions of the lens. The transition zone allows the eye's gaze to smoothly transition from the correction zone, which is generally only a portion of the lens, and other portions of the lens. Transition zones can also include transitions between correction zones. Transition zones are discussed in more detail in U.S. Patent No. 6,712,466, entitled "EYEGLASS MANUFACTURING METHOD USING VARIABLE INDEX LAYER," issued on March 30, 2004, and herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. [0085] In one embodiment, the correction calculation system 1020 includes a server computer that executes software to perform the functions of the correction calculation system 1020. The server can communicate with other components of the system 1000 via a network. The network can be a local or wide area network using any data communications technology, such as would be apparent to one of skill in the art. In one embodiment, the network includes the Internet. In one embodiment, the correction calculation system 1020 is co-located with other components of the system 1000. In other embodiments, the correction calculation system 1020 can be connected to the other components of the system 1000 by the network but located in a different location from the other components of the system 1000. In one exemplary embodiment, the correction calculation system 1020 is configured to support one or more systems 1000. In such an embodiment, the correction calculation system 1020 can include a billing module. The billing module can charge based on usage of the correction calculation system 1020, e.g., each time that a lens definition is calculated or downloaded. [00861 The fabrication system 1030 uses the correction data from the correction calculation system 1020 and fabricates customized lenses for the patient. The fabrication system 1030 can include a programmer that transfers the lens definition to a lens. The programmer can include a radiation source and photomask as described herein. The programmer can also include a deposition device configured to perform controlled deposition of one or more materials. -18- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 100871 In one embodiment, the fabrication system 1030 corrects for low order and high order aberrations concurrently. For example, a lens blank is programmed, e.g., using the radiation source and photomask to cure photosensitive material to vary its index of refraction, to correct both low and high order aberrations. 10088] In another embodiment, the fabrication system 1030 corrects for substantially all of low order aberrations and then for high order aberrations. In such an embodiment, a blank is selected in which all,.or substantially all of the low order aberrations have been corrected in forming or grinding a shape to the lens blank. The high order aberrations, and in one embodiment, any remaining low order aberrations, are corrected using, e.g., a programmer. A programmer refers to any device for performing one or more of the methods disclosed herein of defining a pattern of refraction in an optical element. 100891 In another embodiment, the fabrication system 1030 corrects for high order aberrations and then for low order aberrations. For example, an embodiment of the method 600 can be used to deposit a layer having a predetermined index of refraction to correct high order aberrations after which a mold is used to form a complete lens having a molded shape that is calculated to correct low order aberrations. [0090] In another embodiment, the fabrication system 1030 corrects for high order aberrations and then for low order aberrations. For example, as described herein, an embodiment of the method 600 can be used to deposit a layer having a predetermined variation in thickness to correct high order aberrations after which a mold is used to form a complete lens having a molded shape that is calculated to correct low order aberrations. [00911 The fabrication system tracks the correction of the low order aberrations, programming of at least one high or residual low or high order aberrations. Fabrication system tracks the right and left lens and the correction required in each of these lenses. Fabrication system tracks the lens number, low order ground, polishing, programming, edging, coatings, frames, etc. 10092] A payment system 1040 includes hardware and/or software that allow patients to pay for lenses, examination fees, and/or other fees with cash, credit, or any other form of payment. Embodiments of the payment system 1040 can be computer hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. Such embodiments can include cash registers, smart card readers, or charge or credit card readers. 10093] In one embodiment, the eye measurement system 1010 and each of the component systems 1020, 1030, and 1040 are located at a single location. A single location refers to a location such as an office, a storefront, or an optical laboratory. Accordingly, a patient can obtain a prescription and have customized lenses fabricated at a single location and in a single visit to the location. In another embodiment, the component systems 1010, 1020, and 1030 can be located at one, two, three, or more locations. Each component of the system 1000 can -19- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 communicate using any medium and protocol know in the art. For example, in one embodiment the components of the system 100 can communicate by using a network, such as an intranet or the Internet. In other embodiments, the components can provide, e.g., print, data in a tangible form. For example, the correction calculation system 1020 can print a bar code that describes a lens or identifies a lens definition. In other embodiments, the components can send and receive data via removable computer disk, smart cards, or other physical electronic media. Such printed and electronic media can be exchanged by physical delivery or facsimile transmission. Placing each element at separate locations allows each system to be of optimal size and for expensive equipment, e.g., the calculation system or fabrication system, to be shared between measurement system locations, e.g., sales locations such as storefronts. 10094] Figure Il is one embodiment of a method 1100 of producing spectacles using an embodiment of the system 1000 such as depicted in Figure 10. The method 1100 begins at step 1110 where the patient's eyes are measured, for example, by the measurement system 1010. Next at step 1120, a patient selects a frame style. This frame style selection is received, e.g., by the correction calculation system 1020 and the fabrication system 1030. Moving to step 1130, a spectacle frame, including lenses is selected from a stock of available frames. In one embodiment, the selection is based on the eye measurements and/or the frame style selection. The lenses of the frame stock include a programmable element, e.g., a layer of polymer having an index of refraction that can be selectively varied by further, e.g., pointwise, curing. The lens can also have a coating, for example, anti-reflective, scratch resistant, or tint. In one embodiment, the calculation system 1020 selects a frame that includes plano lenses. In another embodiment, the calculation system 1020 selects a frame that includes lenses having predetermined optical corrections, which may be selected based on the eye measurements. The correction system 1020 may perform this selection based on inventory data. In one embodiment, the fabrication system 1030 maintains the inventory data and communicates it to the correction system 1020. Moving to step 1140, a correction is calculated based on the eye measurements. In one embodiment, the correction is also corrected based on the received frame selection. In one embodiment, the correction calculation system 1020 performs the calculation. The calculation may be performed with respect to the residual correction required in conjunction with the predetermined correction of the lenses of the selected frames. In one embodiment, the frames may be measured so that the correction can include a correction for residual errors introduced by the selected frames. The calculated correction may include corrections to low order, residual low order aberrations, high order aberrations, or any other type of correction disclosed herein. Next at step 1150, the calculated correction is applied to the lenses of the selected frames using a programmer such as those disclosed herein. For example, in one embodiment, a UV source selectively cures the thin layer of curable material to define a pattern of -20- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 refraction corresponding to the calculated correction. The frames may then be dispensed to the patient and payment received. [00951 Figure 12 is one embodiment of a method 1200 of producing customized framed lenses. Beginning at step 1210, a patient's vision parameters are measured, e.g., using the measurement system 1010. In other exemplary embodiments, the vision parameters are received via one or more of a computer network, a printed prescription, or a bar code associated with the vision parameters. Next at step 1220, framed lenses, such as spectacle frames having a pair of mounted lenses, are obtained. The mounted lenses may be obtained from a patient, or a stock of mounted lenses. In one embodiment, the patient provides the framed lens, e.g., an existing pair of eyeglasses. In one embodiment, the patient's vision is measured through the framed spectacles in step 1210. In another embodiment, the patient's vision parameters and the framed spectacle lens are measured separately. Moving to step 1230, a correction is calculated, for example, by the calculation system 1020, based on the vision parameters. In one embodiment, the correction can also be based on the framed lens. Proceeding to step 1240, the fabrication system 1030 programs the lens using the calculated correction. In one embodiment, a layer of material defining a surface contour is applied to the surface of the framed lenses to define a pattern of refraction on one or both lenses corresponding to the calculated correction. The calculated correction can include a correction to a low order aberration, a residual low order aberration, a high order aberration, a residual high order aberration, or combination of both. This embodiment is similar to that described in connection with Figure 7B, except that the layer is applied to the framed lenses rather than to a mold. In another embodiment, a layer of material having a varying mixture of materials is applied to the framed lens to define a pattern of refraction corresponding to the calculated correction. This embodiment is similar to that described in connection with Figure 7G, except that the layer is applied to the framed lenses rather than to a mold. Another embodiment may include applying a layer of photosensitive gel and programming a correction as described with reference to Figure 9. [00961 Another embodiment includes an optical element that provides a correction, or introduces, one or more high order aberrations. Certain embodiments may correct or introduce incremental values of one or more high order aberrations. Desirably such aberrations may include spherical aberration, trefoil, or coma. In one embodiment, the optical element is configured for use in a phoropter. An optician or other user may place the optical element in the optical path of a patient. The patient can then make a subjective determination as to whether the correction improves their vision. In another embodiment, the optical element comprises a framed spectacles lens. Such framed high order corrective lens may be stocked with the optical elements correcting one or more high order aberrations at various powers. A patient may select a frame and correction -21- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 from a stock of frames, such as with reading glasses. Thus, a patient may easily obtain such lens for, e.g., use in a specific setting or task. [00971 Another embodiment may include applying a layer of material that is cured such that a differential volume change during curing defines a pattern of refraction corresponding to the calculated correction. One such embodiment is described with reference to Figure 13. [00981 When appropriately cured, e.g., using high intensity light, polymers shrink, are substantially reduced in volume, in a predictable way. It has been found that a layer of such high volume material can be selectively cured so that the resulting layer exhibits a pattern of refraction that corrects both high and low order optical aberrations. Figure 13 graphically illustrates another embodiment of a method 1300 of manufacturing a lens having a layer with a varying thickness. Beginning at block 1310, a lens assembly is made with an optical element 1302 and a high volume shrinkage monomer layer 1304. In one embodiment, the optical element 1302 having the high volume change monomer layer 1304 can be in a framed or mounted lens. In one embodiment, the optical element 1302 can be contoured, e.g., through grinding and polishing, to correct, e.g., low order aberrations. In another embodiment, the volume change of the monomer layer 1304 can correct a low order aberration. Next, as depicted in block 1320, the layer 1304 is exposed to a two dimensional grayscale pattern of high intensity radiation. The radiation pattern can be generated using, for example, a light source and a photomask. This pattern of high intensity radiation causes variable shrinkage of the layer 1304 so as to vary the index of refraction across the layer 1304. The monomer composition may include materials such as those disclosed herein. Further, selection of appropriate compositions for the layer 1304 and the appropriate wavelength, duration, and intensity of radiation can include selections that are known in the art. The two dimensional grayscale pattern can be selected so as to form a layer 1304 that corrects one or more high order or low order aberrations. Moreover, the pattern of radiation can be further calculated to incorporate other features such as are described herein, including optical center, multiple optical centers, single correction zones, multiple correction zones, transition zone, blend zone, swim region, channel, add zones, vertex distance, segmental height, logos, invisible markings. Moving to block 1330, the layer 1304 may be exposed to approximately uniform low intensity radiation. The intensity, wavelength, and duration of this radiation can also be selected as is known in the art to complete curing of the polymer. The change in volume can also correct low order aberrations. Block 1340 depicts a cured lens. The cured lens may be further treated with optical coatings such as hard coatings, UV blocking coatings, anti-reflection, and scratch resistant coatings. [00991 It is also to be appreciated that depending on the embodiment, the acts or events of any methods described herein can be performed in any sequence, can be added, merged, or left out all together (e.g., not all acts or events are necessary for the practice of the method), unless specifically and clearly stated otherwise. In addition, the methods described above can be -22- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 used for making spherical, aspheric, single vision, bifocals, multifocal, progressive addition lens, atoric, intraocular lens, or other specialized lenses. [01001 It will be understood that while certain embodiments are described herein with respect to providing customized vision in eyeglasses, other embodiments can include provide customized optical correction in other optical systems such as optical instruments. For example, optical instruments such a camera, telescope, binoculars, or microscope, may include a customized optical element. The customized optical element may be included as part of a configurable eyepiece, as an element in the instrument, or in addition to the eyepiece. The customized optical element may be configured to correct an optical path in the instrument including a viewfinder or sighting path, and the primary optical path of a camera, telescope, binoculars, microscope, or similar optical device. The customized optical element is configured to provide customized correction of the optical system such as described herein. In one embodiment, the customized optical element is configured to implement a lens definition including one or more optical aberrations and other vision parameters of at least one eye of a user. In another embodiment, the customized optical element is configured to correct one or more optical aberrations in the optical instrument. In yet another embodiment, the customized optical element is configured to both correct optical aberrations of the optical instrument and to include a lens definition for at least one eye of a user. In one embodiment, a layer of material, such as described above, is applied to a lens such as in an eyepiece and cured (if needed) to define a correction such as the lens definition on the lens. In one embodiment, the customized element is configured to include a customized lens definition for use with one eye of a user. In another embodiment, binoculars can be customized for each of the eyes of a user. [01011 While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out novel features of the invention as applied to various embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions, substitutions, and changes in the form and details of the device or process illustrated can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. As will be recognized, the present invention can be embodied within a form that does not provide all of the features and benefits set forth herein, as some features can be used or practiced separately from others. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope. -23-

Claims (66)

1. A method of making corrective eyeglasses, the method comprising: obtaining vision parameters of a patient's eyes; obtaining an eyeglass frame comprising at least one mounted optical element; and programming the optical element to define a pattern of refraction that is associated with the vision parameters.

2. The method of Claim 1, wherein the vision parameters comprise at least one of the patient's vertex distance, pupil size, pupil distance, frame information, gaze, or x-y tilt.

3. The method of Claim 1, wherein the vision parameters comprise at least one of a high order aberration, a low order aberration, high order correction zone, a transition zone, a swim zone, a channel, a blend zone, and an off-axis gaze zone, or a reading power.

4. The method of Claim 1, wherein the vision parameters comprise at least one of a color preference, spectral tint preference, photochromic preference, ultra-violet coating preference, anti-reflective coating preference, or patient wear preference.

5. The method of Claim 1, wherein obtaining the vision parameters comprises receiving data collected by at least one of an aberrometer, an autorefractor, a phoropter, or a trial lens.

6. The method of Claim 1, wherein programming the optical element to define the pattern of refraction comprises programming the optical element such that the pattern of refraction corrects at least one high order optical aberration.

7. The method of Claim 1, wherein programming the optical element to define the pattern of refraction comprises programming the optical element such that the pattern of refraction corrects at least one low order optical aberration.

8. The method of Claim 1, wherein the at least one optical element comprises at least two elements having a layer of curable material disposed therebetween.

9. The method of Claim 8, wherein at least one of the at least two elements comprises an optical coating.

10. The method of Claim 9, wherein the optical coating comprises a scratch resistant coating.

11. The method of Claim 1, wherein programming the optical element comprises selectively curing a layer of curable material to define the pattern of refraction.

12. The method of Claim 1, wherein the at least one optical element comprises a film of curable material.

13. The method of Claim 12, wherein programming the optical element comprises selectively curing the film of curable material to define the pattern of refraction. -24- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099

14. The method of Claim 13, wherein selectively curing the film of curable material comprises exposing the film of curable material to a two dimensional grayscale pattern of radiation.

15. The method of Claim 1, wherein programming the optical element comprises depositing a layer of material onto the optical element and wherein the layer of material defines the pattern of refraction.

16. The method of Claim 15, wherein depositing the layer comprises depositing the layer to have a surface contour that defines the pattern of refraction.

17. The method of Claim 15, wherein depositing the layer of material comprises depositing a varying mixture of at least two component materials, wherein the varying mixture of the at least two component materials defines the pattern of refraction.

18. The method of Claim 1, wherein programming the optical element comprises: applying a layer of curable material to the mounted optical element; and selectively curing the layer of curable material to vary the volume of the layer so as to form a surface contour of the layer that defines the pattern of refraction.

19. The method of Claim 1, wherein programming the optical element comprises laser ablating the optical element.

20. The method of Claim 1, wherein the optical element comprises a plano element.

21. The method of Claim 1, wherein the optical element comprises a lens and wherein the lens has a curvature selected so as correct at least one low order aberration.

22. The method of Claim 1, wherein the optical element comprises an element having a cosmetic curvature.

23. The method of Claim 1, wherein the at least one optical element has a predetermined corrective power.

24. A method of manufacturing customized lenses, the method comprising: obtaining a lens definition comprising vision parameters of a patient's eyes and a correction for least one optical aberration in the patient's eye; obtaining a frame comprising at least one optical element, wherein the at least one optical element comprises a layer of curable material; and curing the curable material to define a pattern of refraction, wherein the pattern of refraction corrects at least optical aberration in an optical path through the optical element.

25. The method of Claim 24, wherein the vision parameters comprise at least one of the patient's vertex distance, pupil size, pupil distance, frame information, gaze, or x-y tilt.

26. The method of Claim 25, wherein the curing is performed with reference to the vision parameters.

27. The method of Claim 24, wherein obtaining the lens definition comprises receiving data collected by at least one of an aberrometer, an autorefractor, phoropter, or a trial lens. -25- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099

28. The method of Claim 24, wherein the at least one optical aberration comprises at least one high order aberration.

29. The method of Claim 24, wherein the at least one optical element comprises two elements having the layer of curable material disposed therebetween.

30. The method of Claim 24, wherein the optical element comprises a plano element.

31. The method of Claim 24, wherein the optical element comprises a lens and wherein the lens has a curvature selected so as correct at least one low order aberration.

32. The method of Claim 24, wherein the optical element comprises an element having a cosmetic curvature.

33. A method of manufacturing customized lenses, the method comprising: obtaining a lens definition comprising vision parameters of a patient's eyes and a correction for least one optical aberration in the patient's eye; obtaining a frame comprising at least one optical element; and depositing a layer of material on the at least one optical element, wherein the layer defines a pattern of refraction that corrects the at least optical aberration in an optical path through the optical element.

34. The method of Claim 33, wherein the vision parameters comprise at least one of the patient's vertex distance, pupil size, pupil distance, frame information, gaze, or x-y tilt.

35. The method of Claim 33, wherein obtaining the lens definition comprises receiving data collected by at least one of an aberrometer, an autorefractor, or a phoropter.

36. The method of Claim 33, wherein the at least one optical aberration comprises at least one high order aberration.

37. The method of Claim 33, wherein the at least one lens has a predetermined corrective power.

38. The method of Claim 33, wherein depositing the layer comprises depositing the layer to form a surface contour that defines the pattern of refraction.

39. The method of Claim 33, wherein depositing the layer of material comprises depositing a varying mixture of at least two component materials, wherein the varying mixture of the at least two component materials defines the pattern of refraction.

40. The method of Claim 33, wherein measuring vision parameters comprises measuring at least one optical aberration and wherein depositing the layer of material comprises correcting the at least one optical aberration in the framed optical element.

41. The method of Claim 33, the optical element comprises a plano element.

42. The method of Claim 33, wherein the optical element comprises a spectacle lens having a predetermined corrective power. -26- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099

43. The method of Claim 33, further comprising calculating the pattern of refraction from the measured vision parameters.

44. The method of Claim 33, wherein depositing the layer comprises: depositing the layer of curable material; selectively curing the layer to vary the volume of the layer so as to define a surface contour of the layer, wherein the surface contour defines the pattern of refraction; and substantially uniformly curing the layer.

45. The method of Claim 44, wherein selectively curing comprises exposing the layer to a two dimensional grayscale pattern of high intensity radiation and wherein substantially uniformly curing the layer comprises exposing the layer to substantially uniform low intensity radiation.

46. A method of making a customized lens, the method comprising: obtaining a lens definition comprising vision parameters of a patient's eyes and a correction of at least one optical aberration in the patient's eye; applying a layer of curable polymer to a framed lens; and selectively curing the layer to vary the volume of the layer so as to define a surface contour of the layer, wherein the surface contour defines a pattern of refraction that corrects the at least one optical aberration.

47. The method of Claim 46, wherein the pattern of refraction corrects at least one high order aberration.

48. The method of Claim 46, wherein the pattern of refraction corrects at least one low order aberration.

49. The method of Claim 46, wherein the pattern of refraction corrects at least one low order aberration and at least one high order aberration.

50. The method of Claim 46, wherein selectively curing comprises exposing the layer to a two-dimensional grayscale pattern of radiation.

51. The method of Claim 50, wherein the radiation comprises high intensity radiation.

52. The method of Claim 46, further comprising substantially uniformly curing the layer.

53. The method of Claim 52, wherein substantially uniformly curing comprises exposing the layer to substantially uniform radiation.

54. The method of Claim 53, wherein the radiation comprises low intensity radiation.

55. The method of Claim 46, wherein the framed lens comprises a plano lens.

56. An optical element, the optical element comprising: -27- WO 2005/050289 PCT/US2004/036099 at least one lens configured to correct at least one high order aberration, wherein the at least one high order aberration comprises at least one of trefoil, coma, spherical aberration, or combinations thereof.

57. The optical element of Claim 56, further comprising a frame configured to mount the at least one lens.

58. The optical element of Claim 56, further comprising a phoropter configured to position the at least one lens in an optical path of a patient.

59. A method of manufacturing customized lenses, the method comprising: obtaining a lens definition comprising vision parameters of a patient's eyes and a correction for least one optical aberration in the patient's eye; and obtaining a frame comprising at least one optical element, and wherein the at least one optical element comprises a layer of curable material; and selectively curing the layer to vary the volume of the layer so as to define a surface contour of the layer, wherein the surface contour defines a pattern of refraction associated with the lens definition.

60. The method of Claim 59, wherein the vision parameters comprise at least one of the patient's vertex distance, pupil size, pupil distance, frame information, gaze, or x-y tilt.

61. The method of Claim 59, wherein obtaining the lens definition comprises receiving data collected by at least one of an aberrometer, an autorefractor, a phoropter, or a trial lens.

62. The method of Claim 59, wherein the at least one optical aberration comprises at least one high order aberration.

63. The method of Claim 59, wherein the at least one optical element comprises two elements having the layer of curable material disposed therebetween.

64. The method of Claim 59, wherein the optical element comprises a plano element.

65. The method of Claim 59, wherein the optical element comprises a lens and wherein the lens has a curvature selected so as correct at least one low order aberration.

66. The method of Claim 59, wherein the optical element comprises an element having a cosmetic curvature. -28-