AU2004289949B2 - Dual phase steel strip suitable for galvanizing - Google Patents

Description

WO 2005/047550 PCT/US2004/015675 -1 Dual Phase Steel Strip Suitable for Galvanizing Technical Field 10 Dual phase galvanized steel strip is made utilizing a thermal profile involving a two-tiered isothermal soaking and holding sequence. The strip is at a temperature close to that of the molten metal when it enters the coating bath. 15 Background of the Invention Prior to the present invention, the galvanizing procedure whereby steel strip is both heat treated and metal coated has become well known and highly developed. Generally a cold rolled steel sheet is heated into the intercritical regime (between 20 Ac 1 and Ac 3 ) to form some austenite and then cooled in a manner that some of the austenite is transformed into martensite, resulting in a microstructure of ferrite and martensite. Alloying elements such as Mn, Si, Cr and Mo are in the steel to aid in martensite formation. Various particular procedures have been followed to accomplish this, one of which is described in Omiya et al US Patent 6,312,536. 25 In the Omiya et al patent, a cold rolled steel sheet is used as the base for hot dip galvanizing, the steel sheet having a particular composition which is said to be beneficial for the formation, under the conditions of the process, of a microstructure composed mainly of ferrite and martensite. The Omiya et al patent describes a galvanized dual phase product. 30 WO 2005/047550 PCT/US2004/015675 -2 According to the Omiya et al patent, a dual phase galvanized steel sheet is made by soaking the cold rolled steel sheet at a temperature of 780'C (14361F) or above, typically for 10 to 40 seconds, and then cooling it at a rate of at least 5 0 C per second, more commonly 20-40'C per second, before entering the galvanizing 5 bath, which is at a temperature of 460'C (860'F). The steel, according to the Omiya et al patent, should have a composition as follows, in weight percent: Carbon: 0.02-0.20 Aluminum: 0.010-0.150 Titanium: 0.01 max Silicon: 0.04 max 10 Phosphorous: 0.060 max Sulfur: 0.030 max Manganese: 1.5-2.40 Chromium: 0.03-1.50 Molybdenum:0.03-1.50 with the provisos that the amounts of manganese, chromium and molybdenum should have the relationship: 3Mn + 6Cr + Mo: 8.1% max, and 15 Mn + 6Cr + 10 Mo: at least 3.5% The Omiya et al patent is very clear that an initial heat-treating (soaking) step is conducted at a temperature of at least 780'C (1436'F). See column 5, lines 64 67; col 6, lines 2-4: "In order to obtain the desired microstructure and achieve 20 stable formability, it is necessary to heat the steel sheet at 780'C or above, which is higher than the Aci point by about 50'C. ... Heating should be continued for more than 10 seconds so as to obtain the desired microstructure of ferrite + austenite." The process description then goes on to say the steel sheet is cooled to the plating bath temperature (usually 440-470'C, or 824-878'F) at an average 25 cooling rate greater than 1 0 C/second, and run through the plating bath. After plating, cooling at a rate of at least 5 0 C/second will achieve the desired microstructure of predominantly ferrite and martensite. Optionally, the plated sheet may be heated prior to cooling, in an alloying procedure (often called galvannealing) after metal coating but prior to the final cooling. 30 - 3/1 Omiya et al clearly do not appreciate that it is possible to achieve a dual phase product without the high temperatures of their soaking step, or that a particular holding step following a lower temperature soak can facilitate the desired microstructure formation. Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word 5 "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. Reference to cited material or information contained in the text should not be understood as a concession that the material or information was part of the common general 10 knowledge or was known in Australia or any other country. Summary of the Invention I have found, contrary to the above quoted recitation in the Omiya et al patent, that not only is it not necessary to maintain the initial heat treatment temperature at 780*C (1436 0 F) or higher, but that the desired dual phase microstructure can be achieved by 15 maintaining the temperature during an initial heat treatment (soaking) in the range from Acl+45*F, but at least 1340*F (7270C), to AclI+135 0 F, but no more than 1425*F (775*C). One does not need to maintain the temperature at 780*C or higher, contrary to the Omiya et al patent, provided the rest of my procedure is followed. For convenience hereafter, my initial heat treatment will be referred to as the "soak. "However, my 20 process does not rely only on a lower temperature for the soak as compared to Omiya et al; rather, the soak temperature of (Acl+45*F) to 1425 0 F, usually 1340-1420'F, must be coupled with a subsequent substantially isothermal heat treatment, termed the holding step, in the range of 850-920*F (454-493*C). In the holding step, the sheet is maintained at 850-920*F (454-493*C), sometimes herein expressed as 885'F ± 35*F, for a period of 25 20 to 100 seconds, before cooling to room (ambient) temperature. Cooling to ambient temperature should be conducted at a rate of at least 5*C per second. It is important to note, once again, that the Omiya et al patent says nothing about a holding step at any temperature or for any time in their thermal process.

- 3/2 Furthermore, my work has shown that if a steel as defined in the Omiya et al patent is soaked within Omiya's defined, higher, soaking range (for example 1475 0 F) and further processed through a thermal cycle including a holding step as described herein (850 920F), the resultant steel will not achieve the desired predominantly ferrite-martensite 5 microstructure but will contain a significant amount of bainite and/or pearlite.

WO 2005/047550 PCT/US2004/015675 -4 I express the lower temperature limit of the soak step as "Ac 1 +45 0 F, but at least 1340OF (727 0 C)", because virtually all steels of Composition A will have an Aci of at least 1295'F. 5 The steel sheet should have a composition similar to that of the Omiya et al patent: Carbon: 0.02-0.20 Aluminum: 0.010-0.150 Titanium: 0.01 max Silicon: 0.04 max 10 Phosphorous: 0.060 max Sulfur: 0.030 max Manganese: 1.5-2.40 Chromium: 0.03-1.50 Molybdenum:0.03-1.50 with the provisos that the amounts of manganese, chromium and molybdenum should have the relationship: Mn + 6Cr + 10 Mo: at least 3.5% 15 For my purposes, the silicon content may be as much as 0.5%, and, preferably, carbon content is 0.03-0.12% although the Omiya et al carbon range may also be used. This composition, as modified, may be referred to hereafter as Composition A. 20 Thus my invention is a method of making a dual phase steel sheet comprising soaking a steel sheet at a temperature of in the range from Ac 1 +45 0 F, but at least 1340'F (727*C), to Ac 1 +135 0 F, but no more than 1425'F (775*C), for a period of 20 to 90 seconds, cooling the sheet at a rate no lower than 1 C/second to a temperature of 454-493'C, and holding the sheet at temperatures in the range of 25 850-920*F (454-493*C) for a period of 20 to 100 seconds. The holding step may be prior to the hot dip or may begin with the hot dip, as the galvanizing pot will be at a temperature also in the range 454-493'C (850-920'F). Immediately after the holding step, whether or not the sheet is galvanized, the sheet can be cooled to ambient temperature at a rate of at least 5*C/second. Alternatively, after the sheet 30 is coated, the sheet may be galvannealed in the conventional manner - that is, the sheet is heated for about 5-20 seconds to a temperature usually no higher than WO 2005/047550 PCT/US2004/015675 -5 about 960F and then cooled at a rate of at least 5 0 C/second. My galvannealed and galvanized thermal cycles are shown for comparison in Figure 6. The actual hot dip step is conducted more or less conventionally - that is, the steel 5 is contacted with the molten galvanizing metal for about 5 seconds; while a shorter time may suffice in some cases, a considerably longer time may be used but may not be expected to result in an improved result. The steel strip is generally about 0.7 mm thick to about 2.5 mm thick, and the coating will typically be about 10ptm. After the holding and coating step, the coated steel may be either 10 cooled to ambient temperature as described elsewhere herein or conventionally galvannealed, as described above. When the above protocol is followed, a product having a microstructure comprising mainly ferrite and martensite will be obtained. 15 Commercially, it is common to perform hot dip galvainizing substantially continuously by using coils of steel strip, typically from 1000 to 6000 feet long. My invention permits more convenient control over the process not only because the soak step takes place at a lower temperature, but also because the strip may be more readily kept at the same temperature as the hot dip vessel entering and 20 leaving it, with little concern about significant heat transfer occurring between steel strip and zinc pot that could heat up the molten zinc and limit production. As applied specifically to a continuous steel strip galvanizing line, which includes a strip feeding facility and a galvanizing bath, my invention comprises feeding a 25 cold rolled coil of steel strip of Composition A to a heating zone in the galvanizing line, passing the strip through a heating zone continuously to heat the strip to within the range of Ac 1 +45*F, but at least 1340*F (727*C), to Ac 1 +135 0 F, but no more than 1425F (775'C), passing the strip through a soaking zone to maintain the strip within the range of Ac1+45F, but at least 1340*F (727*C), to 30 Ac 1 +135F, but no more than 1425F (775'C), for a period of 20 to 90 seconds, passing the strip through a cooling zone to cool the strip at a rate greater than -6 1* C/second, discontinuing cooling the strip when the temperature of the strip has been reduced to a temperature in the range 885 0 Ft35 0 F, but also ± 30 degrees F of the temperature of the galvanizing bath, (preferably within 20 degrees F ± the temperature of the bath, and more preferably within 10 degrees F ± the temperature of the bath), 5 holding the strip within 30 degrees F of the temperature of the galvanizing bath (again preferably within 20 degrees F ± the temperature of the bath, and more preferably within 10 degrees F ± the temperature of the bath) for a period of 20 to 100 seconds, passing the strip through the galvanizing bath, optionally galvannealing the coated strip, and cooling the strip to ambient 10 temperature. The galvanizing bath is typically at about 10 870*F (85 0-920*F), and may be located at the beginning of the holding zone, or near the end of the hold zone, or anywhere else in the holding zone, or immediately after it. Residence time in the bath is normally 3-6 seconds, but may vary somewhat, particularly on the high side, perhaps up to 10 seconds. As indicated above, after the steel is dipped into and removed from the zinc bath, the sheet can be heated in the conventional way 15 prior to cooling to room temperature to form a galvanneal coating, if desired. Example 1 Samples of steel sheet were processed, with various "soak" temperatures according to 20 the general thermal cycle depicted in Figure 1 - one set of samples followed the illustrated curve with a 35 second "hold" at 880*F and the other set of samples were held at 880*F for 70 seconds. The samples were cold rolled steel of composition A as described above - in particular, the carbon was 0.067, Mn was 1.81, Cr was 0.18 and Mo was 0.19, all in weight percent. The other elemental ingredients were typical of low 25 carbon, Al killed steel. Soak temperatures were varied in increments of 20*F within the range of 1330 to 1510*F. After cooling, the mechanical properties and microstructures of the modified samples were determined. Ultimate tensile strength ("UTS") of the resulting products as a function of soak temperature and hold time is shown in WO 2005/047550 PCT/US2004/015675 -7 Figure 2. For this particular material, a minimum UTS of 600 MPa was the target and was achieved over a range of soak temperatures from about 1350OF to 1450OF for both hold times. 5 A goal of Example 1 was to achieve a predominantly ferrite-martensite microstructure. The yield ratio, i.e. the ratio of yield strength to ultimate tensile strength, is an indication whether or not a dual phase ferrite-martensite microstructure is present. When processed as in Example 1, a ferrite-martensite microstructure is indicated when the yield ratio is 0.5 or less. If the yield ratio is 10 greater than about 0.5, a significant volume fraction of other deleterious constituents such as bainite, pearlite, and/or Fe 3 C may be expected in the microstructure. Figure 3 shows the yield ratio as a function of soak temperature for both the 35 and 70 second holding zones for the samples. Note that a very low yield ratio of about 0.45 is achieved over a range of temperatures for both curves 15 from about 1350-1430'F, indicating optimum dual phase properties over this soak temperature range. Metallographic analyses of the samples performed on steels soaked within this 1350-1430OF soak range confirmed a ferrite-martensite microstructure. Quantitative metallography using point counting techniques revealed martensite contents of 14.5 and 13.5% respectively, for the steel soaked 20 at 1390 and held at 880'F for 70 and 35 seconds, respectively, with no other constituents observed in the microstructure. (The images were constructed using the Lepera etching technique for which ferrite appears light gray, martensite white, and such as pearlite and bainite appearing black). For soak temperatures below about 1350 0 F, as expected, iron carbide (Fe 3 C) remains in the 25 microstructure due to insufficient carbide dissolution which results in limited martensite formation during cooling. Unexpected, however, is the appearance of bainite in the microstructure when soak temperatures get above about 1430 0 F. For example, metallographic analyses 30 reveal a bainite content of 8.5% for the steel soaked at 1510OF and held at 880'F for 70 seconds. These results contrast strongly with Omiya. According to Omiya, WO 2005/047550 PCT/US2004/015675 -8 it is in this soak temperature range, i.e. necessarily above 1436'F, that a ferrite martensite microstructure should be expected. My work indicates that a significant amount of bainite is present in the microstructure when the annealing soak temperature is in the Omiya recommended range and a hold zone in the 5 vicinity of 880'F is present in the thermal process. For the particular steel used in this example, the necessary annealing range for ferrite-martensite microstructures is from about 1350 to 1430'F. Table 1 summarizes the relationships between the thermal process, yield ratio and microstructural constituents for this example at the different soak temperature regimes. 10 Table 1 Soak Temp Hold Temp Hold Time Yield Ratio Percent Percent F OF (sec) Martensite Bainite 1330 880 35 0.50 <3 <1 1330 880 70 0.52 <3 <1 1390 880 35 0.45 14.5 <1 1390 880 70 0.44 13.5 <1. 1510 880 35 0.52 4.5 11 1510 880 70 0.56 4.5 8.5 Example 2 15 A different cold rolled sheet steel of Composition A was subjected to the same set of thermal cycles a described in Example 1 and shown in Figure 1. This steel also lay within the stated composition range, in this case specifically containing the following, in weight percent: 0.12%C, 1.96%Mn, 0.24%Cr, and 0.18%Mo, and the balance of the composition typical for a low carbon Al-killed steel. Once 20 again, the mechanical properties of the material were measured. The effect of soak temperature on yield ratio for this steel for the 70 second holding sequence at 880OF is shown in Figure 4. This curve exhibits a shape similar to the curves in Figure 3, with metallographic analyses revealing identical metallogical WO 2005/047550 PCT/US2004/015675 -9 phenomena occurring at the different soak temperature regimes as in the previous example. Also as demonstrated in the previous example, the annealing soak temperature range necessary for a predominantly ferrite-martensite microstructure to be obtained is from about 1350 to 1425'F when a hold step is conducted at 5 about 880 0 F. Example 3 As in the previous two examples, a third cold-rolled steel of Composition A was 10 processed according to the set of thermal cycles shown in Figure 1. This steel contained, in weight percent, 0.076C, 1.89 Mn, 0.10Cr, 0.094 Mo, and 0.34 Si, the balance of which is typical for a low carbon steel. After annealing as in the other examples, the mechanical properties and resultant microstructures were again determined. Figure 5 shows the yield ratio of this material as a function of soak 15 temperature for the holding time of 70 seconds. Once again, a curve having a shape similar to the previous examples is observed, with a precise annealing range over which the dual phase ferrite-martensite microstructure is achieved. However, note that the curve appears to be shifted to the right about 30'F as compared to the previous examples. This is due to the fact that the Ac 20 temperature is higher for this steel as compared to the steels in the previous two examples due to the higher silicon. Table 2 shows the necessary soak temperature range for ferrite-martensite formation for each of the steels along with their respective Ac temperature according to Andrews. The preferred annealing range appears to be a function of the Acl temperature as shown. Generically, based on 25 this information, the soak temperature range necessary for dual phase production depends on the specific steel composition - that is, it should lie within the range from Acl+45*F, but at least 1340OF (727'C), to Ac 1 +135 0 F, but no more than 14251F (775*C) when a holding step in the vicinity of 880* (885 0 F±35 0 F) is present in the thermal cycle. 30 WO 2005/047550 PCT/US2004/015675 -10 Table 2 C Mn Cr Mo Si Aci AR for Necessary AR for DP (wt%) (wt%) (wt%) (wt%) (wt%) ('F) FM(OF)* Steel re Ac 1 ,** .067 1.81 .18 .19 .006 1304 1350- Ac1+46 to Ac1+126 1430 .12 1.96 .24 .18 .006 1303 1350- Aci+47 to Aci+117 1420 .076 1.89 .1 .094 .34 1318 1380- Ac1+62 to Ac1+132 1450 *Annealing Range for Ferrite-Martensite (degrees Fahrenheit) ** Necessary Annealing Range for Dual Phase Steel with respect to Aci. 5 Example 4 Table 3 shows the resultant mechanical properties of two additional steels having carbon contents lower than shown previously. They were processed as described 10 in Figure 1 utilizing the individual soak temperatures of 1365, 1400, and 1475'F, respectively and a hold time of 70 seconds at 880'F. Also shown within the table are the expected necessary soak temperature ranges for dual phase steel production for each steel as calculated from Aci as described in Example 3. Note that for the 1365 and 1400'F soak temperatures, which reside within the desired 15 soak temperature range for both respective steels, low yield ratios characteristic of ferrite-martensite microstructures are observed. Furthermore, for the steels soaked at 1475*F, which is outside the range present invention, the yield ratio is significantly higher due to the presence of bainite in the microstructure. 20 WO 2005/047550 PCT/US2004/015675 -11 Table 3 C Mn Mo Cr A.i A, 1 +45 to Soak Yield UTS Yield (wt%) (wt%) (wt%) (wt%) A.

1 +135 (F) Temp Strgth (MPa) Ratio (MPa) .032 1.81 .2 .2 1305 1350 to 1435 1365 223 473 0.47 .032 1.81 .2 .2 1305 1350 to 1435 1400 226 474 0.48 .032 1.81 .2 .2 1305 1350 to 1435 1475 261 462 0.56 .044 1.86 .2 .2 1304 1349 to 1434 1365 244 559 0.44 .044 1.86 .2 .2 1304 1349 to 1434 1400 239 548 0.44 .044 1.86 .2 .2 1304 1349 to 1434 1475 265 519 0.51 Additional data has been obtained which shows that manganese contents of less than 1.5% may be used within my invention. Table 3a displays data collected in 5 a manner similar to that of Table 3: Table 3a C Mn Mo Cr Acl Ac 1 +45 - Soak" YS UTS YS/L Ac 1 +135 F TS .058 1.23 0.4 0.2 1316 1361-1451 1400 251 524 0.48 .058 1.23 0.4 0.2 1316 1361-1451 1500 304 520 0.58 .121 1.22 0.4 0.2 1316 1361 -1451 1400 291 619 0.47 .121 1.22 0.4 0.2 1316 1361-1451 1500 328 614 0.53 It will be seen from Table 3a that yield ratios no greater than 0.5 are obtainable 10 with steel of this composition using a soak temperature of 1400 but not with a soak temperature of 1500*F. Accordingly, contrary to my previous findings, it is not necessary to place absolute limits on the soak temperature range as expressed in the phrase "Ac 1 +45 0 F, but at least 1340'F (727 0 C), to Ac1+135 0 F, but no more than 1425*F (775'C)." Instead, the soak range may be defined as "Ac 1 +45 0 F to WO 2005/047550 PCT/US2004/015675 -12 Ac 1 +135 0 F." My invention therefore includes the use of a steel composition as recited above but wherein the manganese content may range from 0.8 - 2.4 weight percent as well as the previously stated range of 1.5 - 2.4 weight percent. In addition, my invention includes the use of a soak temperature in the range of 5 Ac 1 +45 0 F to Ac 1 +135 0 F for the defined compositions, without caps. It should be understood that I use the term Ac in the conventional manner, according to Andrews: Ac (celsius) = 723-10.7(Mn)-16.9(Ni) +29.1(Si)+16.9(Cr) + 290(As) + 6.38(W), where each of the elements is expressed in terms of weight percentages in the steel. For my purposes, the result is converted to Fahrenheit. 10 Also, the elements not listed in the steel I use may possibly be present in negligible amounts but may be ignored for purposes of Aci calculation. Example 5 15 The previous examples were based on laboratory work, but mill trials have also taken place that have verified the aforementioned thermal processing scheme for the production of both hot-dipped galvanized and galvannealed dual phase steel product. Table 4 shows the results of mill trials for galvannealed steel. Note that the steels shown in the table have virtually the same composition and thus similar 20 Aci temperatures. From the Aci temperature, the expected soak temperature range for dual phase formation is calculated to be about 1350 to 1440'F. Furthermore, in terms of processing, hold temperatures and times are fairly consistent among the steels and the annealing (soak) temperature is the main processing variable difference between the materials. The mechanical properties are also shown in 25 the table along with corresponding yield ratios. Note that steels 1 through 4 were soaked within the soaking range of the invention and exhibited the expected yield ratio of less than 0.5. Metallographic examination revealed the presence of ferrite martensite microstructures for steels 1 through 4 with martensite contents of about 15%. Steel 5 was processed outside of the preferred soaking range and exhibited 30 a relatively high yield ratio of about 0.61. Metallographic analysis showed a WO 2005/047550 PCT/US2004/015675 -13 bainite content of 11% in this material. Similar results have been shown for galvanize as well as galvanneal processing. Table 4 Steel 1 2 3 4 5 Carbon .067 .067 .067 .067 0.77 Mn 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.71 Cr .18 .18 .18 .18 .19 Mo .19 .19 .19 .19 .17 Ac 1 1304 1304 1304 1304 1306 Ac 1 +45 to 1349- 1349- 1349- 1349- 1351 Ac 1 +135 1439 1439 1439 1439 1441

(

0 F) Soak 1370 1383 1401 1421 1475 Temp Hold Temp 878 881 885 888 890 Hold Time - 70 70 70 70 64 Yield 292 299 294 296 327 Strength UTS 606 610 614 618 538 Yield Ratio .48 .49 .48 .48 .61 5 Supplemental laboratory work has shown that I need not be limited to a hold temperature of 920*F; rather, a hold temperature as high as 940"F may be used so long as the soak temperature is within the prescribed range of Ac 1 +45 0 F to 10 Ac 1 +135 0 F. In table 5, where the Ac 1 is 1304, the range is 1349 to 14391F. Here, where a 910"F hold temperature is used instead of the 880"F hold temperature used in the majority of the previous examples, a soak temperature of WO 2005/047550 PCT/US2004/015675 -14 1500'F results in the undesirable yield ratio of 0.51 while a soak within the prescribed range, 1400'F, resulted in an acceptable ratio. Table 5 C Mn Mo Cr Acl Soak* Hold" YS UTS Ratio F F 0.67 1.81 0.18 0.19 1304 1400 910 278 635 0.44 0.67 1.81 0.4 0.2 1304 1500 910 310 606 0.51 5 Therefore, the hold temperature may be within the range of 850-940OF (that is, 895 0 F +45*F), and need not be limited to 850-920'F as previously stated.

Claims (23)

1. Method of making an incipient dual phase steel sheet, wherein said steel sheet has the composition, in weight percent, carbon: 0.02-0.20; aluminum: 0.010 0.150; titanium: 0.01 max; silicon: 0.5 max; phosphorous: 0.060 max; sulfur: 5 0.030 max; manganese: 0.8-<1.5; chromium: 0.03-1.50; molybdenum: 0.03-1.50 ; with the provisos that the amounts of manganese, chromium and molybdenum have the relationship: (Mn + 6Cr + 10 Mo) = at least 3.5%, comprising soaking said steel sheet for 20 to 90 seconds at a temperature within the range of Ac1+45"F, to Ao1+135*F, cooling said steel sheet at a rate of at least 1*C per 10 second to a temperature in the range 850-940"F, and holding said steel sheet in the range of >920-940*F for 20 to 100 seconds.

2. Method of claim 1 wherein said steel sheet is a steel strip and said method is conducted continuously on a steel strip of at least 1000 feet.

3. Method of claim 1 including coating said steel sheet in a vessel of molten 15 galvanizing metal at a temperature in the range 850-940F before, during, or immediately after said holding.

4. Method of claim 3 wherein the temperature of said steel sheet during said coating is maintained within ± 20*F of the molten metal temperature to minimize heat transfer between said steel strip and said molten metal. 20

5. Method of claim 1 followed by cooling said steel sheet to ambient temperature at a rate of at least 5 0 C per second, and wherein said dual phase is manifested thereafter in a microstructure predominantly of ferrite and martensite.

6. Method of claim 1 including galvannealing said steel sheet and cooling the steel sheet coated thereby at a rate of at least 5'C per second, and wherein said dual 25 phase is manifested thereafter in a microstructure predominantly of ferrite and martensite.

7. Method of claim 1 wherein the carbon content of said steel is 0.03-0.12%. -16

8. Method of continuously galvanizing steel strip in a galvanizing line including a galvanizing bath, comprising feeding a coil of steel strip having the composition, in weight percent, carbon: 0.02-0.20; aluminum: 0.010-0.150; titanium: 0.01 max; silicon: 0.5 max; phosphorous: 0.060 max; sulfur: 0.030 max; manganese: 0.8 5 <1.5; chromium: 0.03-1.50; molybdenum : 0.03-1.50 ; with the provisos that the amounts of manganese, chromium and molybdenum have the relationship (Mn + 6Cr + 10 Mo) at least 3.5%, to a heating zone in said galvanizing line, passing said strip through a heating zone continuously to heat said strip to 1340-1425 0 F, passing said strip through a soaking zone to maintain said strip within the range of 10 1340-1425*F for a period of 20 to 90 seconds, passing said strip through a cooling zone to cool said strip at a rate greater than 10C per second, discontinuing cooling said strip when the temperature of said strip has been reduced to a temperature ± 30 degrees F of the temperature of said galvanizing bath, holding said strip at a temperature in the range of >920-940*F and within 30 degrees F of the 15 temperature of said galvanizing bath for a period of 20 to 100 seconds, passing said strip through said galvanizing bath, and cooling said strip to ambient temperature.

9. Method of claim 8 wherein the residence time of said strip in said galvanizing bath is 3-6 seconds. 20

10. Method of claim 8 wherein said cooling in said cooling zone is conducted at 5 to 40 degrees F per second.

11. Method of claim 8 wherein said strip enters said galvanizing bath at a temperature within 20 degrees F of the temperature of said galvanizing bath.

12. Method of claim 8 wherein said strip is passed into said galvanizing bath 25 immediately on discontinuing said cooling.

13. Method of claim 8 wherein said strip is passed into said galvanizing bath near the end of said period of 20 to 100 seconds.

14. Method of claim 8 whereby the galvanized steel strip so made has a predominantly ferrite-martensite microstructure containing less than 5% other 30 morphological constituents. -17

15. Method of claim 8 wherein the carbon content of said steel strip is 0.03-0. 12 weight percent.

16. Method of claim 8 wherein said steel strip is galvannealed prior to cooling to ambient temperature. 5

17. Method of making a galvanized steel strip having a predominantly martensite and ferrite microstructure, wherein said steel has the ingredients, in weight percent, carbon: 0.02-0.20; aluminum: 0.010-0.150; titanium: 0.01 max; silicon: 0.5 max; phosphorous: 0.060 max; sulfur: 0.030 max; manganese: 0.8-<1.5 ; chromium: 0.03-1.50; molybdenum: 0.03-1.50, comprising soaking said steel strip at 10 Aci+45*F, to Ac1+135*F, for at least 20 seconds, cooling said strip at a rate of at least 10C per second, passing said strip through a galvanizing vessel for a residence time therein of 2-9 seconds to coat said strip at any time while holding said strip at a temperature in the range of >920-940*F for 20 to 100 seconds, and cooling the strip so coated to ambient temperature. 15

18. Method of claim 17 including galvannealing said strip prior to cooling to ambient temperature.

19. Method of claim 17 wherein said strip is within 30*F of the temperature of the galvanizing vessel during said residence time therein.

20. Method of claim 17 wherein said strip is within 20'F of the temperature of the 20 galvanizing vessel during said residence time therein.

21. A method of making an incipient dual phase steel sheet substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to claim 1 and examples 1 to 5,

22. A method of substantially continuously galvanizing steel strip substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to claim 8 and examples 1 to 5. 25

23. A method of making a galvanized steep strip having a predominantly martensite and ferrite microstructure substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to claim 17 and examples 1 to 5.