AU2001233316A1

AU2001233316A1 - Stent introducer apparatus

Info

Publication number: AU2001233316A1
Application number: AU2001233316A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Scott T. Moore
Original assignee: Cook Medical Technologies LLC
Current assignee: Cook Medical Technologies LLC
Priority date: 2000-02-04
Filing date: 2001-02-05
Publication date: 2001-10-25
Anticipated expiration: 2021-02-05

Description

STENT INTRODUCER APPARATUS

Description Technical Field

This invention relates to medical devices, more particularly to an apparatus for delivering an implantable prosthesis. Background of the Invention Placement of a stent within the biliary tree can be problematic in that the catheter delivery system must make a severe turn from the duodenum into the ostium in order to access the common bile duct. Current biliary and pancreatic stent delivery systems comprise an introducer catheter with the stent loaded at the distal end. A pusher catheter is used to deploy the stent from introducer catheter. Physicians strongly prefer that the delivery catheter be made of a clear material in order that they can see the stent within the catheter. This usually requires that the catheter be made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) which by the nature of the material, makes the catheter predisposed to kinking. When the introducer catheter kinks, it can impinge on the pusher catheter, preventing it from being able to advance the stent from the outer catheter. While the stent and pusher catheter serve to fill the lumen of the introducer catheter, making kinking within these portions less of a problem, the junction between stent and pusher is vulnerable point on the catheter where a severe kink can occur. If so, the pusher may not be able to traverse the catheter stricture to advance the stent. Some manufacturers avoid this problem because they use an axially contracting stent which overlaps with the distal end of the pusher, resulting in the most likely kinking point being reinforced by the stent and pusher from within. However, this system has other disadvantages in that stents that shorten are less desirable than non-contracting stents because of difficulty in placement. Non-shortening biliary stents, such as the ZA-STENT™ or SPIRAL Z™ Biliary Stents (Wilson-Cook Medical, Inc., Winston-Salem, NC), can be placed more accurately and provide superior coverage; however, the point on the catheter most susceptible to kinking is not protected by the stent, making kinking more of serious concern when PTFE is used for the introducer catheter. Another common problem with current biliary stent delivery systems is diminished recapture capability - the inability to retrieve the introducer system following stent delivery without having it become entangled within the stent or upon the introducer catheter itself. What is needed is a biliary and pancreatic stent introducer system that can still be deployed when the outer catheter kinks and that can be easily removed once the stent is deployed. Summary of the Invention

The foregoing problems are solved and a technical advance is achieved in a stent introducer apparatus having a two-part pusher assembly with a lumen therethrough for introduction of a wire guide. The pusher assembly can be used to deploy a preloaded self-expanding stent from the distal end of an introducer catheter, such as a PTFE introducer sheath used to delivery a biliary or pancreatic stent. The pusher assembly comprises a first or proximal tubular portion that substantially fills the introducer catheter lumen and is made of a material with superior column strength, such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and a second or distal tubular portion which has a combination of good column strength and superior flexural properties, such as braided polyimide or nitinol, to distribute the severe bending force more evenly along the introducer catheter and help reduce the severity of kinking. Located at a point along the second tubular portion of the pusher assembly is a pusher member designed to urge the stent forward. The pusher member can comprise one or more separate elements attached to the second tubular portion or it can be an integral modification thereof than provides a mechanism for advancing or deploying the stent. In one embodiment, the pusher member comprises a pusher head made of metal or an insert-molded polymer that provides a broad surface for applying force to advance the stent. Typically, the stent is loaded while applying pressure against the pusher head to reduce any gap therebetween and help force any kinks experienced during the procedure to occur proximal to the pusher member, thereby not interfering with the ability of the pusher assembly to advance the stent from the introducer catheter. ln another aspect of the invention, the pusher member is configured such that the proximal portion of the pusher member can more easily negotiate a kink in the introducer catheter during withdrawal of the pusher assembly following delivery. This can be accomplished by tapering the distal tubular portion. In the illustrative embodiment, a similar proximal taper occurs on the distal tip of the pusher assembly, located distal to the stent. The face of the pusher member contains a chamfer to help prevent it from digging into the inner wall of the introducer catheter. In one embodiment, there is a second member at the junction between the second tubular portion and the first tubular portion. This second member is tapered distally to help facilitate its advancement through any kink that might occur along the section of the introducer catheter that is distal to that point. Brief Description of the Drawing

FIG. 1 depicts a partially sectioned side view of an illustrative embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 depicts a enlarged cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG.

1 ;

FIG. 3 depicts a partially sectioned view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 in a kinked introducer catheter;

FIG. 4 depicts a partially sectioned view of a second embodiment of a pusher member of the present invention;

FIG. 5 depicts a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention in which the second tubular portion extends at least substantially the length of the first tubular portion; and

FIGs. 6-7 depict cross-sectional views two embodiment of the present invention in which the first and second tubular portions or the pusher assembly comprise a single member. Detailed Description

The present invention comprises a stent introducer apparatus 10, an illustrative embodiment of which is depicted in FIGs. 1 -2. The stent introducer apparatus 10 comprises a pusher assembly 30 for advancing a stent 17 for deployment within a duct or vessel. In embodiment depicted in FIG. 1 , the stent is a self-expanding biliary stent such as the COOK SPIRAL Z™ Stent; however, the type of stent is not considered important to the understanding of the invention. In the example in FIG. 1 , the minimum size of the introducer catheter typically ranges from 8.0 to 8.5 FR (2.67 to 2.83 mm), depending on the stent used. The SPIRAL Z™

Biliary Stent, being somewhat larger than the ZA-STENT™ Biliary Stent, requires the larger introducer, while the smaller stent can be deployed from either sized introducer.

As depicted in FIGs. 1 -2, the stent introducer apparatus 10 may further include an introducer catheter 1 1 , which in the illustrative embodiment, is made primarily of a substantially clear polymer such as PTFE. The pusher assembly 30 and the preloaded stent 1 7 are coaxially disposed within passageway 27 of the introducer catheter 1 1 with the stent 1 7 residing in the distal portion 34 of the introducer catheter until it is expelled from the distal end 21 thereof by advancement of the pusher assembly 30 or withdrawal of the introducer catheter 1 1 .

The pusher assembly of FIGs. 1 -2 comprises a first or proximal tubular portion 1 3 and a second or distal tubular portion 1 2. The first and second tubular portions 1 2, 1 3 can be formed as separate members and attached, or represent different portions of a single member, each having different physical properties. Each portion 1 2,1 3 has a lumen extending therethrough that is sufficiently large for accommodating an ancillary device such as a .035" (.89 mm) wire guide. The first tubular portion 1 3 can comprise a rigid or non-rigid member or portion thereof, depending on the application. In the illustrative embodiment, the first tubular portion 1 3 comprises a non-rigid polymer tube made of a material with superior column strength. Possible materials include, but are not limited to PEEK, polyvinyl chloride

(PVC), polyimide, and polyurethane. The O.D. of the first tubular portion 13, approximately .07" (1 .78 mm) in the illustrative example, is such that it takes up most of the I.D. of the passageway 27 of the introducer catheter 1 1 , thereby providing support thereto and reducing the likelihood and severity of kinking in the introducer catheter 1 1 . Maximizing the pusher catheter O.D. also adds column strength for pushing the stent from the catheter. The second tubular portion 12 extends distally from the first tubular portion 1 3, to which it is joined, and comprises a tube made of a flexible material, also with sufficient column strength to allow the pusher assembly 30 to advance the stent from the introducer catheter 1 1 . In the illustrative embodiment, the second tubular portion 1 2 comprises a polyimide tube reinforced with a stainless steel braid. Other possible materials include PEEK or metal tubing such as nitinol or stainless steel, depending on the degree of bending that the introducer must undergo. Nitinol tubing exhibits good laterally flexibility and kink-resistance, but is generally stiffer than braided polyimide tubing. Both the pusher assembly 30 and the introducer catheter 1 1 are connected at their proximal ends to a well-known coaxial medical device handle (not illustrated) that permits the pusher assembly .30 to be advanced relative to the introducer catheter 1 1 for deployment of the stent 1 7. An example of a suitable slider-type handle can be found on the previous-generation delivery systems for the Wilson-Cook SPIRAL Z™ and ZA-STENT™ Biliary Stents.

As a means to push the stent 1 7 out of the introducer catheter, a pusher member 14 is affixed to, integrally formed with the second tubular portion 1 2. In the illustrative embodiment, the pusher member 14 comprises a pusher head that includes a broad face 24 to contact the proximal end 31 of the stent and urge the stent forward until deployment has been achieved. The illustrative pusher member

14 can be made of metal such as 303 or 304 stainless steel, or it can comprise a polymer that is insert molded, bonded, or otherwise attached to the second tubular portion. The O.D. of the pusher member generally depends on the type of stent to be delivered. In the illustrative example, a SPIRAL Z™ Biliary Stent, which is deliverable through a 8.5 Fr (2.83 mm) introducer catheter, would have a .088"

(2.24 mm) O.D. pusher member 14. The ZA-STENT™ Biliary Stent, which can be introduced through either a 8.0 or 8.5 Fr ( 2.67 or 2.83 mm) introducer, could have a .077" O.D. (1 .96 mm) pusher member 14 if the 8.0 Fr (2.67 mm) introducer is used. The dimensions of the pusher member 1 4 could vary further, depending on a number of factors, particularly the I.D. of the introducer catheter lumen 27. Because of the desirability of having the pusher member 14 diameter be as close to the I.D. of the introducer catheter lumen 27 as possible, an optional chamfer 25 is included at the outside edge of the face 24 to help prevent the pusher member 14 from digging into the inner wall 28 of the introducer catheter 1 1 during advancement. In the illustrative embodiment, the pusher member 14 is placed over and glued to the second tubular portion 1 2 such that the contact point 22 between the two lies at an intermediate point along the second tubular portion 1 2. In the illustrative embodiment, the pusher member 14 represents a junction 38 between two sections of the second tubular portion 12. Proximal to the pusher member 14, lies the flexible section 36 of the second tubular portion 1 2, while distal to the contact point 22 lies the stent loading section of the second tubular portion 1 2. While these two sections 35,36 comprise a single piece of reinforced polyimide tubing in the illustrative embodiment, it is also possible that they be constructed with different materials or properties insomuch that each section 35,36 is likely to experience bend stresses during introduction due to the presence of the preloaded stent 1 7 over the stent loading section 35. The length of the stent loading section 35 corresponds to the length of the stent 1 7. A distal tip 1 6, made of PEBAX^® (Atofina Chemicals, Philadelphia, PA) or a similar soft polymer with good bonding properties, is bonded to the distal end 37 of the second tubular portion 1 2 after the stent 1 7 has been preloaded thereon. The distal tip 1 6 may include barium sulfate or some other agent or marker to provide radiopacity. Both the distal tip 1 6 and distal end 21 of the catheter are rounded for atraumatic entry into the bile duct.

The two-part pusher assembly 30 provides an advantageous combination of both strength and flexibility that is desirable for biliary access. The section of the second tubular portion 1 2 proximal to the contact point 22 provides the stent introducer apparatus 10 with the ability to make a tortuous bend, such as into the ostium of the common bile duct, by distributing the bending stresses over a large area (approximately 20 cm in the illustrative embodiment). In the illustrative embodiment, the second tubular portion 1 2 is made to have a smaller O.D., approximately .045" (1 .14 mm), to increase laterally flexibility. The first tubular portion 1 3 comprises the majority of the pusher assembly 30 because of the increased column strength and protection to the introducer catheter 1 1 it provides. For example, a pusher assembly 30 might measure 1 90 cm from the proximal end of the catheter (distal end of the handle) to the proximal end 31 of the stent 1 7, wherein 1 60 cm of this length might comprise the first tubular portion 12 with only

30 cm comprising the flexible section 36 of the second tubular portion 1 2. Generally, the flexible section should comprise about 10-20% of the pusher assembly 30 in biliary applications. For other applications, the actual length of the flexible section can be vary, depending on the application. For example, the entire stent introducer apparatus 10 could be made smaller for deploying vascular stents, or it could have utility in placing colonic stents where the anatomy can also produce severe angle that can be of concern. For biliary applications, the distance from the junction between the handle and catheter to the distal end 20 of the introducer apparatus should generally measure at least 200 cm for a typical adult patient. As shown in FIG. 2, the second tubular portion 1 2 is attached to the first tubular portion

1 3, by a well-known bonding method, such as gluing. In the illustrative embodiment, a second member 1 5, such as a band similar to pusher member 14, and which is made of metal or plastic, is placed at the junction 29 between the distal and first tubular portions 1 2, 1 3 and glued in place with the two portions overlapping each other by approximately 3-5 mm. FIG. 5 depicts an embodiment in which the second tubular portion 1 2 extends the entire length (or nearly the entire length) of the first tubular portion 1 3 such that the latter portion is essentially providing column strength and kink resistance (especially because. of the increased diameter) to the proximal or remaining portion of the pusher assembly 1 2 proximal to initial junction 29 point. The second tubular portion 1 2 can be bonded along the length of the first tubular portion 1 3 or affixed at one or more points, such as junction 29.

FIG. 6-7 depicts additional embodiments of the pusher assembly 30. that comprise a single continuous piece of tubing in which is modified to produce a more flexible second tubular portion 1 2 and a more kink-resistant first tubular portion 1 3. The embodiment of FIG. 6 depicts a single-piece tube in which the first tubular portion 13 is bumped down in diameter to form a thinner wall and therefore, more flexible first tubular portion 12. Extrusion techniques to vary the diameter of thermoplastic tubing are well know in the catheter arts. In the illustrative embodiment, an optional braid 23 is added to the second tubular portion 12 to allow it to be more flexible and less prone to kinking. An optional second member 15, such as that of FIG. 1 , can be affixed over the transition zone 41 (or junction 29) between the two tubular portions 12, 13 to facilitate negotiation of any kinks in the introducer catheter 1 1 that might form distal to that point. A thin layer 42 of polymer such as a shrink wrap or other type of polymer film, can be added to secure the braided portion 42 to the outer surface of the second tubular portion 12. In another embodiment, FIG. 7 depicts a pusher assembly 30 that has been extruded as two materials having different physical properties such as different degrees of column strength and/or flexibility. The first material, comprising the first tubular portion 13, blends with a second material comprising the second tubular portion 12 over a transition zone 41 from which the second tubular portion 12 extends distally, the second tubular portion 12 being generally more flexible than the proximal first tubular portion 13. The two materials must be compatible for co-extrusion and can include different polymers or two different compounds (e.g., different durometers) of the same polymer. Methods of co-extruding different polymers to form a single length of tubing are well known in the catheter arts.

In assembling the illustrative stent introducer apparatus 10, the stent is loaded over the distal end 37 of the second tubular portion 12, and then distal tip 16 is placed thereover and bonded thereto, thereby holding the stent 17 in place. While the distal tip 16 is being affixed to the pusher assembly 30, pressure is applied such that the proximal end 31 of the stent 17 is forced tightly against the face 24 of the pusher member 14. This virtually eliminates any gap at the contact point 22, a gap which otherwise becomes a likely point of kinking when the introducer catheter is navigated through a severe bend, such as the common bile duct. The kink 39 generally occurs at that point along the introducer catheter 1 1 which experiences the greatest lateral bending forces during severe bending, this being largely determined by the degree of support provided by indwelling devices such as the pusher assembly 30 and the stent 1 7 itself. By reducing the weakness found at the contact 22 point between the pusher member 14 and the stent 1 7, the most likely location of any kink 39 (FIG. 3) in the introducer catheter 1 1 will be the flexible section 36 of the second tubular portion 1 2 which lies between junction 29 and the proximal end 31 of the stent 1 7. If a kink 39 develops within that section, it generally does not interfere with the ability of the pusher assembly 30 to slide within the introducer catheter 1 1 and expel the stent 1 7 therefrom. This is due to the pusher member 14 being distal to the kink 39 and in the case of the illustrative embodiment, the second tubular portion 1 2 is of a sufficiently small diameter such that the restriction of the introducer catheter lumen 27 still permits movement therethrough. Because this particular section of the introducer catheter 30 is flexible over an extended portion, any kink 39 that might occur is usually less severe than would be experienced in delivery systems of designs where the pusher system is stiff in comparison, and most of the bending force would be thus concentrated at the vulnerable contact point between the stent and the pusher member.

The stent introducer apparatus 10 of FIGs. 1 -2 is designed to facilitate recapture, i.e., removal of the pusher assembly 30 back through the deployed stent. A number of points on a typical introducer apparatus have the potential of snagging and catching a strut, or otherwise becoming ensnared in the stent after delivery. To reduce the possibility of this occurring in the present invention, the proximal surface 1 8 includes a taper 1 8 that has been added to the distal tip 1 6 of the stent pusher assembly 30. In addition, proximal surface 1 9 of the pusher member 14 is also tapered as well. These tapers not only reduce the likelihood of an edge catching the stent during withdrawal, in the normal situation where the introducer catheter 1 1 is advanced by the physician after deployment to "recapture" the pusher assembly 30, but the tapers 18, 19 also help guide the introducer catheter 1 1 over the distal tip 1 6 and pusher member 14 rather than having the distal end 21 of the introducer catheter 1 1 becoming temporarily caught up. In addition, the proximal tapers 1 6,1 8, especially that of the pusher member 14, help provide a guide to traverse any strictures during withdrawal of the pusher assembly 30 if the introducer catheter 1 1 becomes kinked. It should be understood that the invention includes other shapes or modifications of the proximal surfaces 18, 19 of the distal tip and pusher member, other than a simple taper, that would produce a surface or edge that has a reduced likelihood or catching on the stent.

While the illustrative embodiment includes an expandable stent such as the SPIRAL Z™ Biliary Stent, knowledge of the type of stent to be used with the present invention, or how it is delivered is not essential for an understanding of the invention. Although the illustrative embodiment depicts a pusher member 1 4 to urge the stent 1 7 from the introducer catheter 1 1 , alternative embodiments of the present invention could include a modified pusher assembly 30 that engages with the stent in another manner rather than pushing against the proximal end 31 of the stent 17. For example, the second tubular portion could extend into the lumen of the loaded stent and be frictionally engaged therewith. For example, FIG. 4 depicts a second embodiment of pusher member 14 that urges the stent 17 forward by engaging the struts or coils of the stent 1 7 from inside the stent lumen 45 via one or more engagement members 44 affixed over the shaft of the second tubular member 1 2. These engagement members can be made of plastic or metal and vary in shape, number, and distribution along the stent loading portion 35 of the second tubular portion 1 2. When the stent 1 7 is deployed and expands, the engagement members 44 no longer engage the stent 1 7, permitting withdrawal of the pusher member 30. Other embodiments could include a releasable engagement mechanism between the pusher assembly 30 and stent 17. Because of the variety of medical procedures for which this invention can be used, as well as the wide variety of stents that can be deployed, further modifications of the stent introducer apparatus of the present invention additional to the embodiments described herein are within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the claims. The invention contemplates embodiments comprising and consisting of the disclosed examples.

Claims

Claims !. Stent introducer apparatus (10) to be slidably disposed within an introducer catheter (1 1 ), wherein the apparatus comprises a pusher member (14,24) for exerting a force on the proximal end of a stent in order to expel the stent from the distal end of the catheter after the stent has been positioned within the distal end of the catheter or apparatus, wherein the apparatus further comprises a pusher assembly to be mounted within the catheter and to be controllable from the proximal region of the apparatus in order to exert the force on the pusher member, and wherein a distal section of the apparatus and catheter has an increased ability to laterally flex in comparison to the remaining section of the apparatus and catheter.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the distal section extends either proximally form the pusher member to the remaining section, or extends from adjacent to the distal end of the apparatus and catheter to the remaining section.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein any tendency for the distal section to kink during the lateral flexing is compensated for by a second member mounted to the pusher assembly and shaped on its distal surface in such a manner as to enable the second member to open the kink to permit passage therethrough of the pusher assembly.
4. Apparatus according to claim 3, wherein any tendency of the distal section to kink or remain kinked during withdrawal of the pusher member and the pusher assembly is compensated for by shaping the proximal surface of the pusher member to open the kink and allow passage therethrough.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the proximal surface of the second member is also shaped to enable the latter to open the kink and allow passage therethrough.
6. Apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the said second member is fixed to the end of a first tube forming a part of the pusher assembly, the outer part of the first tube conforming to the inner diameter of the introducer catheter and thereby preventing kinking at any position proximal of the second member.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the pusher assembly further comprises a second tube of significantly less outer diameter than that of the first tube, the second tube being of greater flexibility than the first tube and extending from at least the distal end of the first tube to at least the pusher member.
8. Apparatus according to any one preceding claim, wherein the introducer catheter forms part of the apparatus, and has sections thereof of varying resiliencies.
9. A stent introducer apparatus for use in target duct or vessels having an acute bend at a known general location in the body of a patient, comprising: a pusher assembly that includes a pusher member configured to urge a preloaded stent from an introducer catheter into which it is slidably disposed, the pusher catheter assembly comprising a first and a second tubular portion, at least a portion of the second tubular portion extending distal of the first tubular portion, the second tubular portion including a flexible section, and a stent-carrying section located distal to the flexible section, the pusher member being located along the first tubular section at point that is either proximal to or within the stent-carrying section; the flexible second tubular portion section having a preselected length and location along the pusher assembly such that when the apparatus and the preloaded stent are situated within an introducer sheath and are subjected to lateral bending stresses at the known general location, the flexible section of the second tubular portion traverses the known general location, whereby the likelihood of a kink occurring in the introducer catheter is greatest within a region corresponding to the region of greatest flexibility of the pusher assembly.
10. The stent introducer apparatus of Claim 9, further including the stent preloaded within the distal portion of the introducer catheter, the stent further having a proximal end and a distal end.