ATE403293T1 - Verfahren und anordnung mit geschaltetem ack/nak- kanal in einem kommunikationssystem - Google Patents
Verfahren und anordnung mit geschaltetem ack/nak- kanal in einem kommunikationssystemInfo
- Publication number
- ATE403293T1 ATE403293T1 AT01968249T AT01968249T ATE403293T1 AT E403293 T1 ATE403293 T1 AT E403293T1 AT 01968249 T AT01968249 T AT 01968249T AT 01968249 T AT01968249 T AT 01968249T AT E403293 T1 ATE403293 T1 AT E403293T1
- Authority
- AT
- Austria
- Prior art keywords
- ack
- nak
- channel
- data unit
- switched
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/24—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts
- H04B7/26—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
- H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
- H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
- H04L1/1867—Arrangements specially adapted for the transmitter end
- H04L1/1874—Buffer management
- H04L1/1877—Buffer management for semi-reliable protocols, e.g. for less sensitive applications like streaming video
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
- H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
- H04L1/1607—Details of the supervisory signal
- H04L1/1671—Details of the supervisory signal the supervisory signal being transmitted together with control information
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
- H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
- H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
- H04L1/1809—Selective-repeat protocols
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
- H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
- H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
- H04L1/1829—Arrangements specially adapted for the receiver end
- H04L1/1848—Time-out mechanisms
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
- H04L1/16—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel in which the return channel carries supervisory signals, e.g. repetition request signals
- H04L1/18—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems
- H04L1/1829—Arrangements specially adapted for the receiver end
- H04L1/1854—Scheduling and prioritising arrangements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/12—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using return channel
- H04L2001/125—Arrangements for preventing errors in the return channel
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
- Communication Control (AREA)
- Detection And Prevention Of Errors In Transmission (AREA)
- Reduction Or Emphasis Of Bandwidth Of Signals (AREA)
- Time-Division Multiplex Systems (AREA)
- Alarm Systems (AREA)
- Near-Field Transmission Systems (AREA)
- Radio Relay Systems (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/653,744 US7042869B1 (en) | 2000-09-01 | 2000-09-01 | Method and apparatus for gated ACK/NAK channel in a communication system |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ATE403293T1 true ATE403293T1 (de) | 2008-08-15 |
Family
ID=24622142
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT01968249T ATE403293T1 (de) | 2000-09-01 | 2001-08-28 | Verfahren und anordnung mit geschaltetem ack/nak- kanal in einem kommunikationssystem |
Country Status (19)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7042869B1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1314276B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP4933019B2 (de) |
| KR (1) | KR100812434B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN1264300C (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE403293T1 (de) |
| AU (2) | AU2001288508B2 (de) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0113647B1 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2417241C (de) |
| DE (1) | DE60135129D1 (de) |
| ES (1) | ES2307642T3 (de) |
| IL (2) | IL154308A0 (de) |
| MX (1) | MXPA03001718A (de) |
| NO (1) | NO20030949L (de) |
| NZ (1) | NZ524015A (de) |
| RU (1) | RU2282942C2 (de) |
| TW (1) | TW560136B (de) |
| UA (1) | UA75602C2 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2002019605A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (54)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7447181B1 (en) | 2001-12-05 | 2008-11-04 | Nokia Corporation | Method and apparatus for improving a mobile station cell change operation in the general packet radio system (GPRS) |
| ATE383005T1 (de) * | 2002-04-10 | 2008-01-15 | Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv | Kommunikationssystem mit arq |
| US8213390B2 (en) | 2002-10-24 | 2012-07-03 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Reverse link automatic repeat request |
| US7042857B2 (en) * | 2002-10-29 | 2006-05-09 | Qualcom, Incorporated | Uplink pilot and signaling transmission in wireless communication systems |
| US7564818B2 (en) | 2002-11-26 | 2009-07-21 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Reverse link automatic repeat request |
| US8611283B2 (en) * | 2004-01-28 | 2013-12-17 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Method and apparatus of using a single channel to provide acknowledgement and assignment messages |
| FR2865915B1 (fr) * | 2004-02-10 | 2007-10-26 | Hardy Roux Dev | Meuble a ouvrant muni d'une poignee affleurante |
| US8891349B2 (en) | 2004-07-23 | 2014-11-18 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Method of optimizing portions of a frame |
| KR100703501B1 (ko) * | 2004-09-07 | 2007-04-03 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 이동통신시스템에서 블록 승인 프레임 구성방법 |
| US8831115B2 (en) * | 2004-12-22 | 2014-09-09 | Qualcomm Incorporated | MC-CDMA multiplexing in an orthogonal uplink |
| EP1833182B1 (de) * | 2004-12-28 | 2013-07-31 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Kommunikationssteuerverfahren, drahtloses kommunikationssystem und drahtloses kommunikationsgerät |
| US8842693B2 (en) * | 2005-05-31 | 2014-09-23 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Rank step-down for MIMO SCW design employing HARQ |
| US8594252B2 (en) * | 2005-08-22 | 2013-11-26 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Interference cancellation for wireless communications |
| US9071344B2 (en) * | 2005-08-22 | 2015-06-30 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Reverse link interference cancellation |
| US8611305B2 (en) * | 2005-08-22 | 2013-12-17 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Interference cancellation for wireless communications |
| US8743909B2 (en) * | 2008-02-20 | 2014-06-03 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Frame termination |
| US8630602B2 (en) * | 2005-08-22 | 2014-01-14 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Pilot interference cancellation |
| JP4939888B2 (ja) * | 2005-10-05 | 2012-05-30 | パナソニック株式会社 | 無線通信装置 |
| US8611263B2 (en) | 2005-10-27 | 2013-12-17 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Methods and apparatus for saving power by designating frame interlaces in communication systems |
| KR100788897B1 (ko) * | 2006-02-06 | 2007-12-27 | 한국전자통신연구원 | Ofdma 시스템에서 하이브리드 arq 패킷에 대한응답 전송 방법 및 이를 위한 송수신 장치 |
| US8689025B2 (en) * | 2006-02-21 | 2014-04-01 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Reduced terminal power consumption via use of active hold state |
| US8077595B2 (en) * | 2006-02-21 | 2011-12-13 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Flexible time-frequency multiplexing structure for wireless communication |
| US9461736B2 (en) * | 2006-02-21 | 2016-10-04 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Method and apparatus for sub-slot packets in wireless communication |
| CA2641935C (en) * | 2006-02-21 | 2015-01-06 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Feedback channel design for multiple-input multiple-output communication systems |
| US8228782B2 (en) | 2006-12-22 | 2012-07-24 | Lg Electronics Inc. | Sequence generation and transmission method based on time and frequency domain transmission unit |
| KR100921768B1 (ko) | 2007-03-27 | 2009-10-15 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 비트 정보 송신 및 수신 방법 |
| CN105515746B (zh) * | 2007-04-27 | 2019-06-07 | 华为技术有限公司 | 资源请求指示信息的时频资源分配方法、装置及基站 |
| US9800391B2 (en) | 2007-04-27 | 2017-10-24 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Method and apparatus for allocating and transmitting time and frequency resource for resource request indicator |
| IES20080508A2 (en) * | 2007-06-22 | 2008-12-10 | Tenoware R & D Ltd | Network distributed file system |
| KR100964697B1 (ko) * | 2007-08-08 | 2010-06-21 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 이동 통신 시스템에서 상향링크 신호와 스케줄링 요청신호의 다중화 방법 |
| KR101433939B1 (ko) * | 2007-09-13 | 2014-08-26 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 가시광 통신을 이용한 무선 랜 시스템에서 데이터 재전송방법 및 장치 |
| JP5278642B2 (ja) * | 2007-10-02 | 2013-09-04 | 日本電気株式会社 | 共通チャネルのリソース割当方法および装置 |
| US8358623B2 (en) * | 2007-11-06 | 2013-01-22 | Airvana Network Solutions, Inc. | Active handoffs in a network |
| JP5064569B2 (ja) * | 2007-12-14 | 2012-10-31 | テレフオンアクチーボラゲット エル エム エリクソン(パブル) | 無線チャネルを介する通信方法およびデバイス |
| US20090175257A1 (en) * | 2008-01-04 | 2009-07-09 | Motorola, Inc. | Method and device for dynamically changing preamble duration |
| US8145794B2 (en) | 2008-03-14 | 2012-03-27 | Microsoft Corporation | Encoding/decoding while allowing varying message formats per message |
| US8787384B2 (en) * | 2008-05-05 | 2014-07-22 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Pre-emptive acknowledgement for data transmission in a communication system |
| US9408165B2 (en) | 2008-06-09 | 2016-08-02 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Increasing capacity in wireless communications |
| US8619775B2 (en) * | 2008-07-21 | 2013-12-31 | Ltn Global Communications, Inc. | Scalable flow transport and delivery network and associated methods and systems |
| US9237515B2 (en) * | 2008-08-01 | 2016-01-12 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Successive detection and cancellation for cell pilot detection |
| US9277487B2 (en) | 2008-08-01 | 2016-03-01 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Cell detection with interference cancellation |
| KR101589600B1 (ko) * | 2008-08-05 | 2016-01-28 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 직교 주파수 분할 다중 접속 방식의 이동통신 시스템에서 하향링크 데이터 채널에 대한 상향링크 응답 채널 송수신 방법 및 장치 |
| US20100097955A1 (en) * | 2008-10-16 | 2010-04-22 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Rate determination |
| US8437267B2 (en) * | 2008-12-22 | 2013-05-07 | Ltn Global Communications, Inc. | System and method for recovery of packets in overlay networks |
| US9106569B2 (en) | 2009-03-29 | 2015-08-11 | Ltn Global Communications, Inc. | System and method that routes flows via multicast flow transport for groups |
| US8599851B2 (en) | 2009-04-03 | 2013-12-03 | Ltn Global Communications, Inc. | System and method that routes flows via multicast flow transport for groups |
| US9160577B2 (en) | 2009-04-30 | 2015-10-13 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Hybrid SAIC receiver |
| US8787509B2 (en) * | 2009-06-04 | 2014-07-22 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Iterative interference cancellation receiver |
| US8831149B2 (en) * | 2009-09-03 | 2014-09-09 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Symbol estimation methods and apparatuses |
| WO2011063568A1 (en) | 2009-11-27 | 2011-06-03 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Increasing capacity in wireless communications |
| KR101363016B1 (ko) | 2009-11-27 | 2014-02-13 | 퀄컴 인코포레이티드 | 무선 통신들에서의 용량 증가 |
| RU2427089C1 (ru) * | 2010-01-11 | 2011-08-20 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "НОЭЛЬ ХХI" | Базовая станция сети беспроводного широкополосного доступа |
| US8477672B2 (en) * | 2010-02-10 | 2013-07-02 | Qualcomm Incorporated | 4C-HSDPA acknowledgment signaling |
| US20150023230A1 (en) * | 2013-07-19 | 2015-01-22 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Dual sim dual active subscriber identification module with a single transmit chain and dual or single receive chain |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5101501A (en) | 1989-11-07 | 1992-03-31 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Method and system for providing a soft handoff in communications in a cdma cellular telephone system |
| US5103459B1 (en) | 1990-06-25 | 1999-07-06 | Qualcomm Inc | System and method for generating signal waveforms in a cdma cellular telephone system |
| JP3118829B2 (ja) * | 1990-10-15 | 2000-12-18 | カシオ計算機株式会社 | 通信のプリアンブル検出装置 |
| US5267261A (en) | 1992-03-05 | 1993-11-30 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Mobile station assisted soft handoff in a CDMA cellular communications system |
| JPH05284147A (ja) * | 1992-03-31 | 1993-10-29 | Toshiba Corp | 誤り率測定装置 |
| JPH0677963A (ja) | 1992-07-07 | 1994-03-18 | Hitachi Ltd | 通信方式および端末装置 |
| FI933129A0 (fi) * | 1993-07-08 | 1993-07-08 | Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd | Dataoeverfoeringsfoerfarande foer ett digitalt cellulaert mobiltelefonsystem och ett digitalt cellulaert mobiltelefonsystem |
| US5636230A (en) | 1994-05-31 | 1997-06-03 | Motorola, Inc. | Method for eliminating a receiving data unit as a source of excessive resend requests |
| US6574211B2 (en) | 1997-11-03 | 2003-06-03 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Method and apparatus for high rate packet data transmission |
| US6611515B1 (en) * | 1998-05-17 | 2003-08-26 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | System and method for link and media access control layer transaction completion procedures |
| US6665382B2 (en) * | 1999-12-10 | 2003-12-16 | Pocketmail Inc. | Method and apparatus for wireless communication of digital data |
-
2000
- 2000-09-01 US US09/653,744 patent/US7042869B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-08-28 ES ES01968249T patent/ES2307642T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-08-28 KR KR1020037003026A patent/KR100812434B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-08-28 BR BRPI0113647-0A patent/BRPI0113647B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-08-28 CN CNB018148344A patent/CN1264300C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-08-28 AU AU2001288508A patent/AU2001288508B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-08-28 DE DE60135129T patent/DE60135129D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-08-28 WO PCT/US2001/026946 patent/WO2002019605A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-08-28 AU AU8850801A patent/AU8850801A/xx active Pending
- 2001-08-28 RU RU2003108884/09A patent/RU2282942C2/ru active
- 2001-08-28 IL IL15430801A patent/IL154308A0/xx unknown
- 2001-08-28 AT AT01968249T patent/ATE403293T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-08-28 EP EP01968249A patent/EP1314276B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-08-28 MX MXPA03001718A patent/MXPA03001718A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2001-08-28 JP JP2002523779A patent/JP4933019B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-08-28 NZ NZ524015A patent/NZ524015A/en unknown
- 2001-08-28 UA UA2003021286A patent/UA75602C2/uk unknown
- 2001-08-28 CA CA2417241A patent/CA2417241C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-08-31 TW TW090121622A patent/TW560136B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2003
- 2003-02-05 IL IL154308A patent/IL154308A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-02-28 NO NO20030949A patent/NO20030949L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| MXPA03001718A (es) | 2003-09-22 |
| HK1061322A1 (en) | 2004-09-10 |
| KR20030027101A (ko) | 2003-04-03 |
| CA2417241A1 (en) | 2002-03-07 |
| KR100812434B1 (ko) | 2008-03-10 |
| BRPI0113647B1 (pt) | 2015-07-28 |
| UA75602C2 (en) | 2006-05-15 |
| DE60135129D1 (de) | 2008-09-11 |
| WO2002019605A3 (en) | 2002-07-25 |
| IL154308A0 (en) | 2003-09-17 |
| AU8850801A (en) | 2002-03-13 |
| EP1314276B1 (de) | 2008-07-30 |
| ES2307642T3 (es) | 2008-12-01 |
| TW560136B (en) | 2003-11-01 |
| RU2282942C2 (ru) | 2006-08-27 |
| BR0113647A (pt) | 2006-05-09 |
| AU2001288508B2 (en) | 2006-07-06 |
| JP4933019B2 (ja) | 2012-05-16 |
| NZ524015A (en) | 2004-11-26 |
| EP1314276A2 (de) | 2003-05-28 |
| NO20030949L (no) | 2003-04-30 |
| WO2002019605A2 (en) | 2002-03-07 |
| JP2004512708A (ja) | 2004-04-22 |
| IL154308A (en) | 2008-12-29 |
| US7042869B1 (en) | 2006-05-09 |
| NO20030949D0 (no) | 2003-02-28 |
| CA2417241C (en) | 2011-03-15 |
| CN1264300C (zh) | 2006-07-12 |
| CN1476694A (zh) | 2004-02-18 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| ATE403293T1 (de) | Verfahren und anordnung mit geschaltetem ack/nak- kanal in einem kommunikationssystem | |
| SE0203229D0 (sv) | Transceiver apparatus and method for efficient retransmission of high-speed packet data | |
| WO2002019569A1 (en) | Data transmitting apparatus, radio communication system and radio communication method | |
| SE0202321L (sv) | Anordning och förfarande för återsändning av höghastighetsdata i ett CDMA-mobilkommunikationssystem | |
| ATE516635T1 (de) | Diagnostisches verfahren und sender/empfänger für mehrträgermodems | |
| BR0208312A (pt) | método e equipamento para utilizar informações de estado de canal em um sistema de comunicação sem fio | |
| ATE304769T1 (de) | Eine mobilstation mit einer auswahl zwischen zwei entzerrern | |
| DE60324605D1 (de) | Mobilstationsvorrichtung und verfahren zur funkkommunikation | |
| CA2380008A1 (en) | Data transmission apparatus and method for an harq data communication system | |
| CA2408452A1 (en) | Transmitting/receiving apparatus and method for packet retransmission in a mobile communication system | |
| ATE287151T1 (de) | Verfahren zum identifizieren von an einen benutzer addresierten informationen i einem kommunikationssystem und kommunicationssystem | |
| MY172741A (en) | Radio transmission system and method, and transmitter apparatus and receiver apparatus used in the radio transmission system | |
| WO2002032039A8 (en) | Systems and methods for implementing hierarchical aknowledgement bitmaps in an arq protocol | |
| EP1729426A3 (de) | Mobilkommunikationssystem, Basisstation und Kommunikationssteuerverfahren | |
| WO2003019836A1 (en) | Radio communication apparatus and radio communication method | |
| MXPA04002749A (es) | Clase de la transmision de informacion de control de velocidad de datos en un sistema de comunicacion cdma cuando la estacion movil transmita al estado abierto libre. | |
| NO20003476L (no) | FremgangsmÕte og apparat for sending/mottaking | |
| CA2391634A1 (en) | Multi channel stop and wait arq communication method and apparatus | |
| BR0212236A (pt) | Método e equipamento para confirmar recebimento de uma recepção de um pacote de dados em um sistema de comunicação cdma | |
| EP1662737A3 (de) | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Verringerung von Spitzen zur Durchschnittsleistung in Mehrträgerkommunikationssystemen | |
| EP1531576A3 (de) | Gerät und Verfahren zum Senden von Steuerungsinformation in einem Mobilkommunikationssystem | |
| ATE372654T1 (de) | Verfahren zur übertragung von kontrolldaten | |
| WO2006070551A8 (ja) | 無線送信機、無線受信機および無線通信システム | |
| TWI340558B (en) | Method and apparatus for transmitting and receiving a block of data in a communication system | |
| WO1998057441A3 (de) | Verfahren und empfangseinrichtung zur datenübertragung |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| RER | Ceased as to paragraph 5 lit. 3 law introducing patent treaties |