AT405767B - METHOD FOR PRODUCING AN OPTICAL SENSOR AND LAYER STRUCTURE FOR USE IN ANALYTICAL PROCESSES - Google Patents

Description

AT 405 767 B

The invention relates to a method for producing an optical sensor with a substrate for surface-active (surface enhanced) analytical processes, the substrate on the surface of a carrier element has an island layer made of separated metal insides and a layer structure for use in analytical processes.

Metal islands in the size of 5 to 50 nm, applied to surfaces or interfaces of carrier materials, can be used to enhance chemical or physical processes, for example the fluorescence emission of fluorophores bound to the island layer. If the fluorophores are within a certain distance of approx. 5 to 25 nm from the island layer, surface enhancement fluorescence (SEF)) effects occur, which are the result of an increased local electromagnetic field intensity and / or electromagnetic resonance of the metal particles with the fluorophore . They are suitable for measuring the binding of the fluorophore to the surface of the substrate in the presence of unbound fluorophore (bulk solution), which, in contrast to the bound one, is not or only slightly influenced by the fluorescence enhancement.

The described method is particularly helpful in the determination of any ligands (e.g. antibodies, proteins, hormones) in a sample which react with a surface-bound molecule, a so-called effector (e.g. antigen, antibody or receptor) and can be detected by complex formation with a fluorophore. All variants of the fluorescence immunoassays (FIA) are thus covered. The layers of metal islands required for such processes have hitherto been vapor-deposited, sputtered on, or produced by electron-beam lithographic processes, as is known for example from EP-A2 0 732 583. The islands are made of an electrically conductive material and have a diameter <300 nm.

A biorecognitive layer (layer with molecules which are able to selectively bind the analyte to be measured) is arranged directly on or by means of a spacer layer on the island layer. During the measurement, the analyte to be measured is marked with a fluorophore and docks onto the biorecognitive layer, where fluorescence intensification occurs. The measured fluorescence intensity is a measure of the analyte concentration.

Furthermore, fluorescence amplification using island layers made of metal islands is also known from WO 93/02362. A carrier element has an island structure of separate metal islands, which are covered by a continuous coupling layer. The coupling layer carries the first partner of an immunoassay, the second partner of which is present in the sample or is the product of an analytical method. The thickness of the coupling layer is optimized for the optimal amplification, for example the fluorescence yield. The application of the metal islands by vapor deposition in vacuum is described as being particularly advantageous.

In another context, island layers of this type have also become known from EP-A1 0 677 738. This sensor has a layered structure and consists of a mirror layer, a reactive, in particular swellable matrix and a layer of a plurality of islands made of electrically conductive material, the diameter of the islands being smaller than the wavelength of the one used for the observation or evaluation Light. In the case of such a sensor, the property of sensor materials is used to reversibly change the volume under the influence of the respective chemical environment, ie. H. to swell or shrink. In the optochemical sensor according to EP 0 677 738, such swelling or shrinking leads to a change in the optical thickness between the mirror layer and the island layer and thereby to measurable optical changes. The island layer is evaporated, sputtered on or produced by electron beam lithography.

The disadvantages of these processes are the technically complex processes for producing the island layer, the inhomogeneous distribution of the particles and the inhomogeneous particle size and their sometimes low chemical stability.

The object of the present invention is to present a method for producing an optical sensor with a substrate for surface-active analytical processes, in particular with a fluorescence-enhancing substrate, and a layer structure for use in analytical processes, which one or which ones are cheap and easy to produce, the island layer should be chemically stable and homogeneous and only slight deviations in the particle size should occur.

The object of the invention is achieved in that a support element is used which has coupling groups or is treated chemically to produce coupling groups, that a metal colloid solution is prepared and brought into contact with the surface of the support element, the metal colloids being used with the aid of the coupling groups are bound to the carrier element and thus form a homogeneous island layer, and 2

AT 405 767 B - that the excess of unbound colloid is removed and - that a molecularly recognitive, preferably biorecognitive layer is bound to the substrate in a manner known per se.

In general, in the context of the present invention, a recognitive or biorecognitive interaction is understood to mean the highly specific interaction between an effector molecule and a ligand. The binding of the effector / ligand pairs takes place at so-called binding centers of the effector molecule, into which the ligand fits exactly. A recognitive layer consists of either the effector molecules or the ligands of an effector / ligand pair.

Examples of effector / ligand pairs.

Effector ligand hormone receptor hormone antibody antigen DNA RNA / DNA protein DNA / RNA enzyme substrate, coenzyme

A layer structure according to the invention for use in analytical processes, which consists of a carrier element, on the surface of which an island layer with a molecularly recognitive, preferably biorecognitive layer is present, is characterized according to the invention in that the surface of the carrier element has chemical coupling groups with the aid of which metal colloids attach to the Carrier element are bound, which form the island layer from separate metal islands.

Such a structure can be flat or curved (e.g. beads made of glass or plastic).

The layer structure according to the invention is suitable for the construction of various types of assays, in particular fluorescence immunoassays, in which the immune reaction takes place on a solid phase: I. Sandwich immunoassay:

According to the invention, it is provided that the biorecognitive layer of the layer structure consists in a manner known per se of capture molecules, each capture molecule being able to bind an analyte molecule of a sample to be measured and the analyte molecule interacting with a fluorescence-labeled detection molecule.

Labeled detection antibody analyte molecule (antigen) capture antibody

The analyte (e.g. antigen) is detected by binding between a surface-bound capture molecule (e.g. antibody) and a detection molecule labeled with an enzyme or fluorophore (detection antibody). The signal level is proportional to the amount of analyte bound.

In this connection, a reaction method has become known from EP 0 290 269, in which a reactive layer, which has antibody molecules, is able to bind analyte molecules of the sample to be measured. The analyte molecule in turn interacts with a fluorescence-labeled detection molecule, for example with a second antibody molecule. 3rd

AT 405 767 B II. Competitive immunoassay A:

In an embodiment variant of the invention it is provided that the biorecognitive layer of the layer structure consists of capture molecules which are able to competitively bind an analyte molecule of a sample to be measured or a fluorescence-marked detection molecule.

The analyte prevents the binding of a fluorescence-labeled detection molecule to the surface coated with a capture molecule (antigen, antibody, etc.) by direct competition for the surface binding sites. The signal level is inversely proportional to the amount of analyte bound. The detection molecule can be an analyte analog or a fluorescence-labeled analyte molecule. III. Competitive immunoassay B:

In a further embodiment variant of the invention it is provided that the biorecognitive layer of the layer structure consists in a manner known per se of molecules of the analyte to be determined, which is able to bind a fluorescence-labeled detection molecule.

r Fluorescence-labeled detection molecule

Analyte molecule

In this embodiment variant, the fluorescence-labeled detection molecule can only dock onto an analyte molecule of the biorecognitive layer if a reaction with an analyte molecule has not previously taken place in the sample to be measured. The signal level is also inversely proportional to the amount of analyte bound.

All materials to which coupling groups, such as -OH, -NH2 or -SH, can be produced using known chemical processes, can also be used as the carrier element for the layer structure or for the production of the optical sensor, furthermore carrier elements which are made with polymers which contain the coupling groups mentioned have, are coated, or consist of polymers which have the coupling groups mentioned. Glass, metals and plastics, for example, come into question.

According to the invention, it is particularly provided that glass or transparent polymers, preferably polystyrene, polycarbonate, PVC or PMMA, which are subjected to a silanization reaction, are used as the carrier element. Provided that the gain factor for the 4th

AT 405 767 B

Fluorescence amplification by the metal islands on the surface of the carrier element is sufficiently high (or if fluorophores with low fluorescence yield are used), opaque carriers can also be used. If the amplification factor of the fluorophores used was too low or the fluorescence yield was too high, the fluorescence in the solution would be too high (bulk fluorescence) and impair the sensitivity of the measurement.

The metal colloid solution can preferably be prepared in a reduction reaction using stabilizing ligands, preferably EDTA, citrate, polyvinyl alcohol or di- or triphenylphosphines. The presence of the stabilizing ligands greatly reduces the tendency of the colloids to aggregate or precipitate. Different methods can be used to apply the metal colloid solution to the carrier elements. For example, the optionally chemically modified carrier can be immersed in the metal colloid solution or the metal colloid solution can be dripped or sprayed onto the carrier element. Particularly advantageous results are achieved with silver colloid solutions. However, other precious metal colloids or aluminum colloids can also be used.

Finally, one embodiment variant of the invention provides that plastic or glass beads are used as carrier elements to enlarge the active surface of the substrate, which in turn are bound to a carrier layer by means of bifunctional reagents.

1.) PRODUCTION OF A METAL COLLOID SOLUTION

The production takes place, for example, by reducing an AgN03 solution. a) Reduction with sodium citrate:

A solution of 100 mg AgNOe in 250 ml bidistilled water is brought to a boil and 10 ml 1% sodium citrate (w / v) is added. After 5 minutes of cooking time, a green opaque solution is obtained, which is cooled in the dark for three hours. UV spectrum: Emax = 17.8 at 420 nm. B) Reduction with sodium borohydride (NaBH *): 100 mg AgN03 are dissolved in 1% EDTA (w / v, bidistilled water) and 1 ml NaBH4 (3 mg / ml, in bidistilled water, 4'C) added in parts to 100 ul with constant stirring. The resulting clear yellow solution is stored cool and dark until use. UV spectrum: Emax = 11.08 at 404nm.

2.) CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF THE CARRIER ELEMENTS

The coupling groups for binding the metal colloids to the carrier elements can be, for example, by treating the carrier with amino- or ^ E mercaptosilanes (e.g. 3-aminopropyl-methyldiethoxysilane) or (3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane) and swearing the carrier elements in polystyrene / amimosilane Mixtures are made. : ... · a) Silanization at elevated temperature:

Glass slides were placed in a suitable glass container containing a 10% (v / v) solution of silane in toluene and heated to 60 ° C. in a water bath. The reaction was carried out for 45 min, followed by intensive cleaning of the carrier with acetone and ethanol and drying for 30 minutes at room temperature. b) Silanization at room temperature:

Glass slides were slowly immersed in a 20% (v / v) solution of silane in toluene (2 minutes) and dried for one hour at room temperature. An anaolous immersion process with deionized water was carried out and a drying period of 30 minutes was added. c) Silanization in aqueous solution:

A 1 to 10% aqueous silane solution was adjusted to pH = 3 with HCl and treated with polystyrene support for 20 minutes. After extensive cleaning with deionized water, the carriers were dried with compressed air. d) Dip coating made of polystyrene:

Polystyrenes of different molecular weights (800 to 45,000 g / mol) were dissolved in acetone or toluene (0.3 g / ml) and added to a silanization mixture from point a) or b) in amounts of 1 to 10% (v / v). Glass slides were immersed in this mixture for 2 minutes, slowly pulled out and dried for one hour at room temperature. After washing with deionized water with vigorous agitation of the carriers, they were dried with compressed air. 5

AT 405 767 B

3.) APPLYING THE METAL COLLOIDS TO THE CHEMICALLY TREATED SUPPORT ELEMENTS

The metal colloids were applied by immersion (double-sided) or by dripping on the metal colloid solution (one-sided). Depending on the desired coverage density, the carriers were immersed in the colloid solution for a period of 10 to 45 minutes. The colloidal island substrates thus produced were washed extensively with deionized water and dried at room temperature.

4.) CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF THE COLLOIDAL ISLAND SUBSTRATES

The homogeneity of the colloid layer was determined by UV spectroscopy at Xmax = 400 to 420 nm, Emax = 0.3 to 0.488 (reference: silanized, transparent support) depending on the immersion time. Substrates with an identical manufacturing process showed an Emax standard deviation of 5%.

Particle size and shape of the metal colloids: The determination of these parameters can e.g. B. be carried out by means of transmission electron microscopy.

Particle size: when reduced with NaBHi 10nm, when reduced with sodium citrate 50nm.

Shape: spherical

Distribution on the surface of the carrier element: uniform, no clusters, extent of coverage depending on the concentration of the metal colloid solution and the immersion time.

Chemical stability: No changes were found in the absorption spectrum after one week's dry storage in the dark. Furthermore, storage in buffer solutions (0.1 M phosphate buffer pH = 7.3, 100mM NaCI) did not change the substrate parameters for a few hours to a day. Furthermore, the Subsrat was not attacked by solutions containing 0.05% detergents.

Some possible binding mechanisms of the metal colloids on the carrier are described below by way of example with reference to the schematic drawings in FIGS. 1 to 3. FIG. 4 shows the signal amplification of fluorescein-labeled, adsorbed antibodies, the antibody concentration in nM being indicated on the abscissa and the intensity in relative fluorescence units (FU) on the ordinate, FIG. 5 showing the signal increase (FU) over time in seconds for different Antigen concentrations for assays with colloid (solid line) or without colloid (dashed line) and FIG. 6 shows a comparison of a sandwich immunoassay according to the invention in buffer solution and a human plasma standard.

According to FIG. 1, the metal colloids M are bound to the surface of the carrier T via ionic interactions in which solubilizing ligands L1 are displaced by surface-bound ligands L2. These are ionic and chemisorptive interactions, with the former likely to dominate.

According to FIG. 2, to enlarge the active surface, the metal colloids M can also be bound to commercially available plastic beads B, which carry coupling groups K, which in turn are bound to a carrier layer S by means of bifunctional reagents.

Derivatives of the above-mentioned stabilizing ligands with coupling-active groups or other bifunctional reagents which enter into metal colloids M, the ligand displacement reaction described in FIG. 1, can likewise be used according to FIG. 3 for the covalent coating of the carrier element T.

Due to the strength and speed of the described binding reactions of the metal colloids, various print methods (e.g. piezo printing) can also be applied to the carrier elements with the properties mentioned above.

5.) MEASURED DATA 5.1 Quantification of the gain effect

To determine the magnitude of the amplification effect, fluorescein-labeled antibodies were adsorbed onto a plastic support with and without a colloid. After removal of excess antibody molecules, the measurement was carried out at 35 * C in 25mM phosphate buffer / 1 OOmM NaCI pH 7.0.

Measurement parameters:

Light source: Xenon flash lamp

Excitation / Emission: 485 / 535nm

Detector: photomultiplier

The signals are given as relative fluorescence units (F.U.) (MW = mean, SD = standard deviation): 6

Claims (11)

AT 405 767 B FITC antibody (nM) 14.5 2.9 0.29 0.03 0.003 0 colloid on polystyrene MW 17117 3714 297 32 -65 0 SD .., 1394 552 102 165 165 99 polystyrene MW 216 -70 -73 -75 -65 0 SD_, 171 56 101 87 82 121 times the amplification 79 - - - - - It was thus possible to find amplification factors of approximately 2 orders of magnitude on colloid surfaces (see FIG. 4), and a detection limit that 2 powers of ten below that on the plastic surface. Measurements can advantageously be carried out without the coherent excitation described in the literature in connection with conventional island layers and without total reflection geometry. 5.2. Kinetic fluorescence assays. A major advantage of using the colloid surface enhancement effect is that the signal of surface-bound fluorescence-labeled antibodies can be distinguished from that of the unbound molecule, since only the signal of the former is amplified by the metal particles. In this context, one also speaks of a &quot; bulk suppression &quot;, or a &quot; increase in contrast &quot; through the colloids. It is therefore possible to investigate the kinetics of a biorecognition of fluorescence-labeled effector / ligand pairs (e.g. antibodies / antigen) on colloid-coated surfaces without removing the unbound, excess molecules that normally cover the specific surface signal. This allows the concentration of a corresponding analyte to be determined extremely quickly, e.g. using a sandwich or competitive assay as described under (l-III). 5 shows the result of a kinetic fluorescence assay in which the concentration of a surface-bound antigen was determined by reaction with fluorescence-labeled antibody. The mean value curves shown result from eight determinations per analyte concentration. It is clearly evident that the kinetics of the immune reaction can only be tracked on kolicid-coated surfaces, whereas no signal increase is observed on the uncoated surfaces. The observed effect is clearly a surface-mediated discrimination between free and bound antibody. 5.3. Stability in a biological matrix An extraordinary advantage of the present invention compared to already documented systems is the stability of the colloid layers and the complete preservation of the SEF in biological matrices such as blood or serum without any kind of ablation layer (eg polyglutaraldehyde, silanes, quartz layers etc.) 6 shows the measurement signal of a Sindwich immunoassay on glass / colloid substrates in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.3 / 1 OOmM NaCI / 3% milk powder (MP / PBS) and commercially available human plasma standard (SIGMA) with and without the addition of 25nM antigen. It can be seen that the SEF effect is completely retained in the flexible matrix. The increased value in the plasma without addition of antigen can be explained by the fact that the plasma standard is used as a control for plasmas with an increased antigen content. 1. A method for producing an optical sensor with a substrate for surface-active (surface enhanced) analytical processes, which substrate has an island layer made of separate metal islands on the surface of a carrier element, characterized in that - a carrier element is used which has coupling groups or is chemically treated for the production of coupling groups, - that a metal colloid solution is prepared and brought into contact with the surface of the carrier element, 7 AT 405 767 B - the metal colloids being bound to the carrier element with the aid of the coupling groups and thus forming a homogeneous island layer, and - That the excess of unbound colloid is removed and - That a molecularly recognitive, preferably biorecognitive, layer is bound to the substrate in a manner known per se. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the carrier element consists of a material or is coated with a material to which coupling groups, preferably -OH, -NH2 or -SH, are generated by means of chemical processes, or which material such coupling groups having. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that glass or transparent polymers, preferably polystyrene, polycarbonate, PVC or PMMA are used as the carrier element, which are subjected to a silanization reaction. 4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the metal colloid solution is prepared in a reduction reaction, wherein stabilizing ligands, preferably EDTA, citrate, polyvinyl alcohol, diphenylphosphine or triphenylphosphine are used. 5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the carrier element is immersed in the metal colloid solution or the metal colloid solution is sprayed or dripped onto the carrier element. 6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that plastic or glass beads are used as carrier elements to enlarge the active surface of the substrate, which in turn are bound to a carrier layer by means of bifunctional reagents. 7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that a silver colloid solution is used as the metal colloid solution. 8. Layer structure for use in analytical processes, which consists of a carrier element, on the surface of which there is an island layer with a molecularly recognitive, preferably bioregcognitive layer, characterized in that the surface of the carrier element has chemical coupling groups with the aid of which metal colloids are bound to the carrier element are, which form the island layer from separate metal islands. 9. Layer structure according to claim 8, characterized in that the biorecognitive layer consists in a manner known per se of capture molecules, each capture molecule being able to bind an analyte molecule of a sample to be measured and the analyte molecule interacting with a fluorescence-labeled detection molecule. 10. Layer structure according to claim 8, characterized in that the biorecognitive layer consists of capture molecules which can competitively bind an analyte molecule of a sample to be measured or a fluorescence-labeled detection molecule. 11. Layer structure according to claim 8, characterized in that the biorecognitive layer consists in a manner known per se of molecules of the analyte to be determined, which is able to bind a fluorescence-labeled detection molecule. Including 3 sheets of drawings 8