WO2017019832A1

WO2017019832A1 - Methods and compositions using repair cells and cationic dyes

Info

Publication number: WO2017019832A1
Application number: PCT/US2016/044394
Authority: WO
Inventors: Roopa Rai; Son Minh Pham; Barry Patrick Hart
Original assignee: Medivation Technologies, Inc.
Priority date: 2015-07-29
Filing date: 2016-07-28
Publication date: 2017-02-02

Abstract

This disclosure describes compositions and methods for delivering and localizing repair cells to therapeutic targets.

Description

. _{l l l lk l}^ _{ηΡ η}„_η . ^

Mb I HUU5 A L) COMPOSITIONS USING REPAIR CELLS AND CA I lUNiu UY bb

TECHNICAL FIELD

[01] The disclosed inventions are in the field of targeted therapeutics.

[02] Each reference cited in this disclosure is incorporated herein in its entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[03] FIG. 1. Graph demonstrating qualitative analysis of targeting of Raji cells stained with Compound 20 on different tissues.

[04] FIG. 2. Photomicrographs demonstrating targeting of rabbit mesenchymal stem cells (rbMSCs) incubated with Compound 20 to different organs from Balb/c mice.

[05] FIG. 3A. Photomicrographs demonstrating that Compound 4 promotes adherence of Raji cells to meniscus explants.

[06] FIG. 3B. Photomicrographs demonstrating that Compound 4 and Compound 20 (FIG. 3B) promote cell adherence of Raji cells to meniscus explants.

[07] FIG. 4. Photomicrographs demonstrating the presence of Compound 4 in the knees of rats up to 24 hours after intra- articular injection.

[08] FIGS. 5A-B. Photomicrographs demonstrating that Compound 4 stains the small intestine (FIG. 5A) but not Peyer's patches (FIG. 5B) after oral administration.

[09] FIGS. 6A-6B. Photomicrographs demonstrating the location of safranin-0 and

Compound 4 staining in in various tissues 24 hours after oral administration. FIG. 6A, thymus, liver, heart, lung. FIG. 6B, spleen, small intestine.

[10] FIGS. 7A-7B. Photomicrographs demonstrating the location of Compound 4 staining in in various tissues 24 hours after intravenous administration. FIG. 7A, spleen, heart, kidney, brain. FIG. 7B, liver, lung, bladder, blood.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[11] This disclosure describes compositions and methods for delivering and localizing repair cells to therapeutic targets.

NOT FURNISHED UPON FILING

Definitions

[12] "Aryl" refers to an unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g. , phenyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g. , naphthyl or anthryl) which condensed rings may or may not be aromatic. In one variation, the aryl group contains from 6 to 14 annular carbon atoms (e.g., 6- 14, 6-13, 6- 12, 6-11, 6- 10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7- 14, 7-13, 7- 12, 7- 11, 7- 10, 7-9, 7-8, 8- 14, 8- 13, 8- 12, 8-11, 8- 10, 8-9, 9- 14, 9- 13, 9-12, 9- 11, 9- 10, 10-14, 10- 13, 10- 12, 10-11, 11- 14, 11- 13, 11- 12, 12-14, 12- 13, 13- 14, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14). An aryl group having more than one ring where at least one ring is non-aromatic may be connected to the parent structure at either an aromatic ring position or at a non-aromatic ring position. In one variation, an aryl group having more than one ring where at least one ring is non-aromatic is connected to the parent structure at an aromatic ring position.

[13] "Heteroaryl" refers to an unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group having from 2 to 10 annular carbon atoms (e.g. , 2- 10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3- 10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3-5, 3- 4, 4- 10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5- 10, 5-9, 5-8, 5-7, 5-6, 6- 10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-10, 8-9, 9-10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) and at least one annular heteroatom, including but not limited to heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. A heteroaryl group may have a single ring (e.g. , pyridyl, furyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g. , indolizinyl, benzothienyl) which condensed rings may or may not be aromatic. A heteroaryl group having more than one ring where at least one ring is non-aromatic may be connected to the parent structure at either an aromatic ring position or at a non-aromatic ring position. In one variation, a heteroaryl group having more than one ring where at least one ring is non-aromatic is connected to the parent structure at an aromatic ring position.

[14] "Cycloalkyl" is a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon structure and can consist of one ring, such as cyclohexyl, or multiple rings, such as adamantyl. A cycloalkyl comprising more than one ring may be fused, spiro or bridged, or combinations thereof. A cycloalkyl can be a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon having from 3 to 13 annular carbon atoms (e.g. , 3- 13, 3-12, 3- 11, 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3- 7, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4- 13, 4-12, 4- 11, 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5-13, 5- 12, 5- 11, 5-10, 5-9, 5-8, 5- 7, 5-6, 6-13, 6- 12, 6- 11, 6- 10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7- 13, 7-12, 7- 11, 7- 10, 7-9, 7-8, 8- 13, 8-12, 8- 11, 8-

10, 8-9, 9-13, 9- 12, 9- 11, 9- 10, 10- 13, 10-12, 10- 11, 11- 13, 11-12, 12- 13, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,

11, 12, or 13 annular carbon atoms). Examples of cycloalkyl groups include adamantyl, decahydronaphthalenyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

[15] "Heterocyclyl" refers to a saturated or an unsaturated non-aromatic group having a single ring or multiple condensed rings, and having from 1 to 10 annular carbon atoms (e.g., 1- 10, 1-9, 1-8, 1-7, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3- 10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3- 5, 3-4, 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5- 10, 5-9, 5-8, 5-7, 5-6, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7- 10, 7-9, 7-8, 8- 10, 8-9, 9-10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) and from 1 to 4 annular heteroatoms (e.g. , 1-4, 1-3, 1- 2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, o4 5), such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. A heterocycle comprising more than one ring may be fused, spiro or bridged, or any combination thereof. In fused ring systems, one or more of the rings can be aryl or heteroaryl. A heterocycle having more than one ring where at least one ring is aromatic may be connected to the parent structure at either a non- aromatic ring position or at an aromatic ring position. In one variation, a heterocycle having more than one ring where at least one ring is aromatic is connected to the parent structure at a non- aromatic ring position.

[16] "R_a and ¾, (or R_ai and R_bi; or R_a2 and R_b2; or R_ci and Rx; or R_c2 and Ry) are

O

" ^ " means "R_a and R_b (or R_ai and R_bi; or R_a2 and R_b2; or R_ci and Rx; or R_c2 and Ry), together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ ." "R_a and R_b (or

R_ai and R_bi; or R_a2 and R_b2; or R_ci and R_x; or R_c2 and R_Y) are '^¾ means "R_a and R_b (or R_ai and R_bi; or R_a2 and R_b2; or R_ci and Rx; or R_c2 and Ry) , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, are '^¾ ." "R_a and R_b (or R_ai and R_bi; or R_a2 and R_b2; or R_ci and R_x; or R_c2

O

and Ry) are ' means "R_a and R_b (or R_ai and R_bi; or R_a2 and R_b2; or R_ci and Rx; or R_c2 and

RY), together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, are

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[17] This disclosure describes compositions and methods for delivering and localizing repair cells to the sites of cartilage injuries. A "repair cell" as used herein includes cells which, when exposed to appropriate conditions, differentiate into an appropriate cell type for repair of a particular target tissue, as well as cells which are at least partially differentiated into the appropriate cell type for the tissue to be repaired. For example, in some variations a repair cell differentiates into a cell which produces and secretes components needed to repair an injury to a joint (e.g., hyaline cartilage, tendon, meniscus). In some variations of the disclosed methods, a repair cell is a chondrocyte. In some variations of the disclosed methods, a repair cell is a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). Methods of obtaining, culturing, and expanding populations of MSCs are well known in the art. See, e.g., US 2004/0009157; US 2012/0148548; U.S. Patent 5,486,359; and U.S. Patent 5,226,914. Typically, autologous MSCs are used. In some embodiments, allogenic MSCs are used (e.g., MSCs obtained from banks of umbilical cord MSCs, MHC-matched MSCs, or MSCs engineered to not have comprise immunogenic MHCs).

[18] In the disclosed methods, a population of repair cells, e.g., MSCs, is incubated with a compound which is a cationic dye multimer, described below, under conditions sufficient for the compound to bind to the surface of the repair cells, then the population is subjected to centrifugation to form a pellet composition. A "pellet composition" as used herein, unless otherwise specified, does not imply that the pelleted have been cultured in vitro (as in the optional culture step disclosed below).

Conditions for Incubating Repair Cells with a Cationic Dye Multimer

[19] Examples of conditions sufficient for a cationic dye multimer, such as compound 4 or compound 20, to bind to the surface of cells are provided in the working examples, below. These conditions include incubation with the compound at room temperature for 1, 5, 15, or 30 minutes. Conditions for other compounds disclosed herein can readily be determined using the working examples as a starting point.

[20] In some variations, the repair cells (e.g., MSCs) are incubated with a cationic dye multimer for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 minutes.

[21] In some variations, about 0.5-1 x 10⁶ repair cells (e.g., MSCs) are incubated with a cationic dye multimer (e.g., compound 4 or compound 20). In some variations, about 10⁵ repair cells (e.g., MSCs) are incubated with a cationic dye multimer (e.g., compound 4 or compound 20).

Pelleting the Repair Cells

[22] Pellet cultures of MSCs are known in the art (e.g., US 2003/0026786; US 2005/0019865; Bosnakovski et ah, Experimental Hematology 32, 502-09, 2004; Chen et ah, PLoS One 9, e91561, 1-11, 2014; Miyanashi et ah, Tissue Engineering 12, 1419-28, 2006; Ong et ah, Biomaterials 27, 2-87-08, 2006; Kawamura et ah, Experimental Hematology 33, 865-72, 2005; Safshekan et ah, Artificial Organs 36, 1065-71, 2012; Ullah et ah, BioResearch Open Access 1, 297-305, 2012), and examples of suitable conditions for forming a pellet of a population of MSCs after incubation of the MSCs with a compound of formula (I) are provided in the working examples, below. Pellet cultures of other types of repair cells can be similarly prepared.

Optional Culture of Repair Cell Pellet

[23] In some variations, the pellet is not cultured before applying the pellet to the site of the injury. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for varying periods of time before applying the pellet to the site of the injury, as described in the paragraphs below.

[24] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 1-21 days, 1-20 days, 1-19 days, 1-18 days, 1-17 days, 1-16 days, 1-15 days, 1-14 days, 1-13 days, 1-12 days, 1-11 days, 1-10 days, 1-9 days 1-8 days, 1-7 days, 1-6 days, 1-5 days, 1-4 days, 1-3 days, or 1-2 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 1-21 days, 1-20 days, 1-19 days, 1-18 days, 1-17 days, 1-16 days, 1-15 days, 1-14 days, 1-13 days, 1-12 days, 1-11 days, 1-10 days, 1-9 days, 1-8 days, 1-7 days,

1- 6 days, 1-5 days, 1-4 days, 1-3 days, or 1-2 days.

[25] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 2-21 days, 2-20 days, 2-19 days, 2-18 days,

2- 17 days, 2-16 days, 2-15 days, 2-14 days, 2-13 days, 2-12 days, 2-11 days, 2-10 days, 2-9 days

2- 8 days, 2-7 days, 2-6 days, 2-5 days, 2-4 days, or 2-3 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 2-21 days, 2-20 days, 2-19 days, 2-18 days, 2-17 days, 2-16 days, 2-15 days, 2-14 days, 2-13 days, 2-12 days, 2-11 days, 2-10 days, 2-9 days, 2-8 days, 2-7 days, 2-6 days, 2-5 days, 2-4 days, or 2-3 days.

[26] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 3-21 days, 3-20 days, 3-19 days, 3-18 days,

3- 17 days, 3-16 days, 3-15 days, 3-14 days, 3-13 days, 3-12 days, 3-11 days, 3-10 days, 3-9 days

3- 8 days, 3-7 days, 3-6 days, 3-5 days, or 3-4 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than for 3-21 days, 3-20 days, 3-19 days, 3-18 days, 3-17 days, 3-16 days, 3-15 days, 3-14 days, 3-13 days, 3-12 days, 3-11 days, 3-10 days, 3-9 days, 3-8 days, 3-7 days, 3-6 days, 3-5 days, or 3-4 days.

[27] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 4-21 days, 4-20 days, 4-19 days, 4-18 days,

4- 17 days, 4-16 days, 4-15 days, 4-14 days, 4-13 days, 4-12 days, 4-11 days, 4-10 days, 4-9 days 4-8 days, 4-7 days, 4-6 days, or 4-5 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 4 21 days, 4-20 days, 4-19 days, 4-18 days, 4-17 days, 4-16 days, 4-15 days, 4-14 days, 4-13 days,

4- 12 days, 4-11 days, 4-10 days, 4-9 days, 4-8 days, 4-7 days, 4-6 days, or 4-5 days.

[28] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 5-21 days, 5-20 days, 5-19 days, 5-18 days,

5- 17 days, 5-16 days, 5-15 days, 5-14 days, 5-13 days, 5-12 days, 5-11 days, 5-10 days, 5-9 days 5-8 days, 5-7 days, or 5-6 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 5-21 days, 5- 20 days, 5-19 days, 5-18 days, 5-17 days, 5-16 days, 5-15 days, 5-14 days, 5-13 days, 5-12 days, 5-11 days, 5-10 days, 5-9 days, 5-8 days, 5-7 days, or 5-6 days.

[29] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 6-21 days, 6-20 days, 6-19 days, 6-18 days,

6- 17 days, 6-16 days, 6-15 days, 6-14 days, 6-13 days, 6-12 days, 6-11 days, 6-10 days, 6-9 days, 6-8 days, or 6-7 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 6-21 days, 6-20 days,

6- 19 days, 6-18 days, 6-17 days, 6-16 days, 6-15 days, 6-14 days, 6-13 days, 6-12 days, 6-11 days, 6-10 days, 6-9 days, 6-8 days, or 6-7 days.

[30] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 7-21 days, 7-20 days, 7-19 days, 7-18 days,

7- 17 days, 7-16 days, 7-15 days, 7-14 days, 7-13 days, 7-12 days, 7-11 days, 7-10 days, 7-9 days, or 7-8 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than for 7-21 days, 7-20 days, 7-19 days, 7-18 days, 7-17 days, 7-16 days, 7-15 days, 7-14 days, 7-13 days, 7-12 days, 7-11 days, 7- 10 days, 7-9 days, or 7-8 days.

[31] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 8-21 days, 8-20 days, 8-19 days, 8-18 days,

8- 17 days, 8-16 days, 8-15 days, 8-14 days, 8-13 days, 8-12 days, 8-11 days, 8-10 days, or 8-9 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 8-21 days, 8-20 days, 8-19 days, 8-18 days, 8-17 days, 8-16 days, 8-15 days, 8-14 days, 8-13 days, 8-12 days, 8-11 days, 8-10 days, or

8- 9 days

[32] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 9-21 days, 9-20 days, 9-19 days, 9-18 days,

9- 17 days, 9-16 days, 9-15 days, 9-14 days, 9-13 days, 9-12 days, 9-11 days, or 9-10 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than for 9-21 days, 9-20 days, 9-19 days, 9-18 days, 9-17 days, 9-16 days, 9-15 days, 9-14 days, 9-13 days, 9-12 days, 9-11 days, or 9-10 days.

[33] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 10-21 days, 10-20 days, 10-19 days, 10-18 days, 10-17 days, 10-16 days, 10-15 days, 10-14 days, 10-13 days, 10-12 days, or 10-11 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 10-21 days, 10-20 days, 10-19 days, 10-18 days, 10-17 days, 10-16 days, 10-15 days, 10-14 days, 10-13 days, 10-12 days, or 10-11 days.

[34] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 11-21 days, 11-20 days, 11-19 days, 11-18 days, 11-17 days, 11-16 days, 11-15 days, 11-14 days, 11-13 days, or 11-12 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 11-21 days, 11-20 days, 11-19 days, 11-18 days, 11- 17 days, 11-16 days, 11-15 days, 11-14 days, 11-13 days, or 11-12 days.

[35] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 12-21 days, 12-20 days, 12-19 days, 12-18 days, 12-17 days, 12-16 days, 12-15 days, 12-14 days, or 12-13 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 12-21 days, 12-20 days, 12- 19 days, 12- 18 days, 12- 17 days, 12-16 days, 12-15 days, 12- 14 days, or 12- 13 days.

[36] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 13-21 days, 13-20 days, 13- 19 days, 13- 18 days, 13-17 days, 13- 16 days, 13- 15 days, or 13- 14 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 13-21 days, 13-20 days, 13-19 days, 13- 18 days, 13- 17 days, 13-16 days, 13- 15 days, or 13- 14 days.

[37] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 14-21 days, 14-20 days, 14- 19 days, 14- 18 days, 14-17 days, 14- 16 days, or 14- 15 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 14-21 days, 14-20 days, 14- 19 days, 14- 18 days, 14-17 days, 14- 16 days, or 14- 15 days.

[38] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 15-21 days, 15-20 days, 15- 19 days, 15- 18 days, 15-17 days, or 15-16 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 15-21 days, 15-20 days, 15- 19 days, 15- 18 days, 15- 17 days, or 15-16 days.

[39] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 16-21 days, 16-20 days, 16- 19 days, 16- 18 days, or 16-17 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 16-21 days, 16-20 days, 16-19 days, 16- 18 days, or 16- 17 days.

[40] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 17-21 days, 17-20 days, 17- 19 days, or 17- 18 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 17-21 days, 17-20 days, 17-19 days, or 17- 18 days.

[41] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 18-21 days, 18-20 days, or 18- 19 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 18-21 days, 18-20 days, or 18- 19 days.

[42] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 19-21 days or 19-20 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 19-21 days or 19-20 days.

[43] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 20-21 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 20-21 days.

[44] In some variations, the pellet is cultured for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, or 21 days. In some variations, the pellet is cultured for less than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, or 21 days.

[45] In some of the variations about in which the pellet, e.g. , an MSC pellet, is cultured before applying it to the site of injury, the culture medium does not comprise TGFp. [46] In some of the variations about in which the pellet, e.g., an MSC pellet, is cultured before applying it to the site of injury, the culture medium comprises TGFp.

[47] In some of the variations about in which the pellet, e.g., an MSC pellet, is cultured before applying it to the site of injury, the culture medium is a basal culture medium.

[48] In some of the variations about in which the pellet, e.g., an MSC pellet, is cultured before applying it to the site of injury, the culture medium is a chondrocyte differentiation medium.

Methods of Chondrogenic Differentiation of MSCs

[49] Using the culture conditions described above, this disclosure also provides methods of differentiating MSCs in pellet cultures which do not require the use of chondrogenic medium or TGFp. See example B5, below.

Administration of a Pellet Composition to the Site of a Tissue Injury

[50] Pellet compositions comprising repair cells can be used to treat injured or diseased tissues, including, but not limited to, pancreas, kidney, intestine (e.g., small intestine, cecum), heart, cartilage (e.g., trachea, femoral cartilage), thymus, liver, brain, bladder, blood.

Administration of a Pellet Composition to the Site of a Cartilage Injury

[51] Administration of one or more pellet compositions of MSCs can be carried out during an arthroscopic or open joint procedure and can be used to treat cartilage injuries at joints such as the acromioclavicular, carpometacarpal (finger or thumb), coracoclavicular, humeroulnar, humeroradial, radioulnar (distal, intermedial, proximal), intermetacarpal, interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, midcarpal, radiocarpal, shoulder, sternoclavicular, wrist,

temporomandibular, sternocostal, xiphisternal, lumbosacral, sacroiliac, talocrural (ankle), hip, metatarsophalangeal, tarsometatarsal, tibiofemoral (knee) joints, and zygapophy seal joints.

[52] Types of cartilage injuries which can be treated include damage to cartilage at a synovial joint occurring as a result of mechanical destruction due to trauma or progressive degeneration (osteoarthrosis; wear and tear) or associated with a disease or disorder, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, or juvenile arthritis. Other injuries include damage to tendons, ligaments, and the meniscus. Use of tissue engineering, including stem cell therapy, to treat such injuries has been reviewed. See, e.g. Nesic, et al. "Cartilage Tissue Engineering for Degenerative Joint Disease," Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (2006), 58(2):300-322; Johnstone, et al. "Tissue Engineering for Articular Cartilage Repair - The State of the Art," European Cells and Materials (2013) 25:248-267; Dragoo, et al. "Healing Full- Thickness Cartilage Defects using Adipose-Derived Stem Cells," Tissue Engineering (2007), 13(7): 1615- 1621. Use of animal models including chondral / osteochondral defects has been discussed recently. See, e.g. Cook, et al. "Animal Models of Cartilage Repair," Bone Joint Res. (2014), 4:89-94. Bone-marrow derived MSCs, as well as human embryonic stem cells, have been shown to enhance cartilage repair in chondral defect models: Frisbie, et al. "Evaluation of Intra- Articular Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Augment Healing of Microfractures Chondral Defects," Arthroscopy (2011), 27(11): 1552- 1561 ; Tsaiwei, et al. "Repair of Cartilage Defects in Arthritic Tissue with Differentiated Human Embryonic Stem Cells," Tissue Engineering Part A (2014) 20(3-4):683-692.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

[53] Pellet compositions can be provided in a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" carrier is a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, e.g., the material may be incorporated into a pharmaceutical composition administered to an individual without causing significant undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the composition in which it is contained. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers meet the required standards of toxicological and manufacturing testing and/or are included on the Inactive Ingredient Guide prepared by the U.S. Food and Drug administration.

Compounds

[54] The compounds depicted herein, by virtue of their cationic nature, are typically present as salts even if salts are not depicted and thus are accompanied by a pharmaceutically acceptable counterion, forming a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. A "pharmaceutically acceptable counterion" is an ionic portion of a salt that is not toxic when released from the salt upon administration to a recipient. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be formed with many acids, including but not limited to hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, lactic, malic, succinic, hydrogen bisulfide, salicylic, tartaric, bitartaric, ascorbic, maleic, besylic, fumaric, gluconic, glucuronic, formic, glutamic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, lactic, oxalic, para- bromophenylsulfonic, carbonic, succinic, citric, benzoic and acetic acid, and related inorganic and organic acids. Such pharmaceutically acceptable counterions thus include sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfate, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate,

dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, isobutyrate, caprate, heptanoate, propiolate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, butyne-l,4-dioate, hexyne- 1,6-dioate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, terephathalate, sulfonate, xylenesulfonate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, phenylbutyrate, citrate, lactate, β-hydroxybutyrate, glycolate, maleate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, propanesulfonate, naphthalene- 1- sulfonate, naphthalene-2- sulfonate, mandelate and the like.

[55] Where tautomeric forms may be present for any of the compounds described herein, each and every tautomeric form is intended even though only one or some of the tautomeric forms may be explicitly depicted. The tautomeric forms specifically depicted may or may not be the predominant forms in solution or when used according to the methods described herein.

[56] Compounds useful for preparing pellet compositions described above are cationic dye multimers, as described below.

Cationic Dye Multimers

[57] Cationic dye multimers can be linear, branched, or cyclic. In some variations, a cationic dye multimer is a dimer, in which two cationic dye moieties are linked with a linker as described below. In other variations, a cationic dye multimer is a trimer or higher order multimer containing, e.g., 3, 4, or 5 cationic dye moieties joined in various configurations by linkers such that the multimer is linear, branched, or cyclic. The cationic dye moieties in a multimer, as well as the linkers, can be the same or different, in various combinations, as set forth in the description below. In some embodiments, the binding capacity of a cationic dye multimer can be tuned based on the polarity/electron density of the charged multimer system such that, for example, the cationic dye multimer exhibits differential binding affinities to, e.g., cartilage and MSCs.

[58] The linker moieties comprise a multivalent, rigid or non-rigid, alkyl chain containing appropriate functionality at the termini to bond with the cationic dye moieties, as also set forth in the description below. Such linkers could, for example, comprise a bivalent chain thus having a cationic dye at each end resulting in a dimer. Other combinations and configurations are similarly described herein.

Cationic Dyes

[59] In some variations, cationic dyes which can be used to make cationic dye multimers as described herein have a planar tri-aromatic core with the potential to have a positive charge at physiological pH. Representative examples of such cationic dyes are shown below, with the "wiggle line" indicating one possible point of attachment to a linker to a dimer or higher oligomer:

Acridine Orange Acriflavine Methylene Blue

Toluidine Blue

Linkers

[60] The amino groups on cationic dyes such as safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue are unreactive. These amino groups can however be functionalized through reactions that provide "handles" which comprise a carboxylic acid or an amine; cationic dyes comprising such handles are referred to herein as "cationic dye moieties."

[61] As provided in the Examples herein, synthetic routes to dyes presented herein can result in positional isomeric products, for example those shown below for Safranin:

37-diamino-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-iurn 37-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium wherein as presented here a methyl group can be at the 6- or 8-position. Commercially available sources of such reagents can comprise a mixture of such regioisomers. All compounds presented herein encompass any and all derivatives from such regioisomeric dyes. [62] Cationic dye moieties can be functionalized with the appropriately substituted linkers described below using reactions known to those skilled in the art; this is illustrated for safranin-0 in the schematic below:

[63] For example, compounds 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 in Table 1, below, can be synthesized using terephthalic acid (CAS # 100-21-0), 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (CAS# 100-26-5), 4,5- imidazoledicarboxylic acid (CAS# 570-22-9), 2-(ethoxycarbonyl)-l,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (CAS# 911466-96- 1), 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (CAS# 1076-97-7), and 4-oxo- cyclopentane-l,2-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester (CAS# 914637-96-0), respectively, as a reagent.

[64] In some cationic dye multimers in which at least one of the cationic dye multimers is safranin-O, the pendant phenyl ring of the safranin-0 is unsubstituted. In some cationic dye multimers in which at least one of the cationic dye multimers is safranin-O, the pendant phenyl ring of the safranin-0 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. Examples of electron-donating groups include— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). Examples of electron- withdrawing groups include— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g. , F, Br, CI, I), trihalides (e.g. ,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR, — CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4- C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[65] In some variations, linkers comprise a positive charge, which can be provided by a positive charged substituent such as an amino alkyl, amino heterocyclyl, or N-containing heteroaromatic group. In some variations, positively charged linkers comprise amino acids such as Lys, Arg, or His. If a rigid linker is desired, one or more aromatic rings, cycloalkyl rings, heteroaromatic rings, or heterocyclyl rings, can be used to provide rigidity. Rigidity can also be increased by restricting rotation of the linker through use of sp- or sp -hybridized carbon atoms in a chain, for example with double- or triple-bonds, keto groups, and the like, as well as by employing bulky side-chains such as, for example, gem-dialkyl groups. Linkers which can be used in cationic dye multimers include linkers (a), (a. l), (a.2), (b), (b. l), (c), (c. l), (c.2), (d), (e),

(e. l), (f), (f. l), (f.2), (g), (g. l), (g.2), (h), (h. l), (h.2), (i), (i. l), (i.2), (j), (j- D, .2), (k), (1), (1.1), (1.2), (m), (m. l), (n), (n. l), (n.2), (o), (p), (q), (r), and (s), below:

(a) , in which n is 1-6, tii is 1-4, and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(a.1 ) , in which n is 1-6, tii is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(a.2) , in which n is 1-6, tii is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which n is 0-6, tii is 1-4, and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety; , in which n is 0-6, ni is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which n is 0-6; ni is 1-4; for each independent instance of R_a and

Rb, (1) R_a and Rb independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and Rb are '^¾ ^ or O

'^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_aR_b are ^{¾ ^} ; and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety. Examples of linker (c) include

, an

, in which n is 0-6; ni is 1-4; for each independent instance of R_a and

Rb, (1) R_a and Rb independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_a and Rb are '^¾¾ ^ or O

'^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_aRb are ^{¾ ^} ; and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety; , in which n is 0-6; ni is 1-4; for each independent instance of R_a and

Rb, (1) R_a and Rb independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_a and Rb are "^- " or

O

'^¾ ^ ; or (3) two of CR_aR_b are ; and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(d) , where k is 2-10; for each independent instance of R_a and Rb, R_a and Rb (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and R_b are '^¾ ^ or ^ , or (3) two of CR_aR_b are ; and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

e⁾ , in which n is 0-6, rtj is 1-4, and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

^(e-¹' , in which n is 0-6, tii is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(f) , in which ni is 0-5, ti₂ is 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which ni is 0-5, .₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a

cationic dye moiety;

(^f-²) , in which ni is 0-5, ti2 is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(9) , in which ni is 0-5, .2 is 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

' > , in which ni is 0-5, ti2 is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which is 0-5, ti2 is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

C¹) , in which ni is 0-5, ri2 is 1-5, and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

\ ' , in which ni is 0-5, ti2 is 1-5, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which ni is 0-5, ti2 is 1-5, and * is an attachment site for a

cationic dye moiety;

, in which ni and ti2 independently are 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

^{L l )} , in which ni and ti2 independently are 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

('-²) , in which rtj and ϊΐ2 independently are 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

in which 112 is 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which «2 is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a

cationic dye moiety;

, in which 112 is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a

cationic dye moiety;

' , in which h and h independently are 1-4, n is 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi

O

independently are or , or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, and R_b2 independently are '^¾ ^ or '^% , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are t site for a cationic dye moiety;

/ , in which n, and 02 independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each

independent instance of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃,

7 ⁰

or (2) R_ai and R_bi independently are '^¾ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are

; for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1)

w ⁰ independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are " <^■ ; for each independent instance of R_ci and R_di, R_ci and R_di (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and R_di independently are

_{or 5 or} (3) two of CR_ciR_di are ^¾ ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and R_d2, R_c2 and R_d2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 independently are

n orr (3) t twwno n off a arpe ; and each is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

'^{Ι Ί} J , in which I2, n, 0 , and 02 independently are

1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai V7 ⁰

and R_bi independently are '^¾ ^ or ^ , or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are <^{■ ^} ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and Rb₂, R_a2 and Rb₂ (1) independently are H or

CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and Rb₂ independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_a2Rb₂ are ; for each independent instance of R_ci and R_di, R_ci and R_di (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and R_di independently are '^¾ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_ciR_di are '^{¾ ¾} ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and R_d2, R_c2 and R_d2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 independently are

V7 ⁰

^ _or f - _{5 or} (3) two of CR_c2R_d2 are ^{¾ ^} ; and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

C-²) , in which n, oi, and 02 independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each

independent instance of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi independently are '^¾ or ^ , or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are ' ^«· ^<· ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 independently are '^¾ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are ; for each independent instance of R_ci and R_di,

R_ci and Rdi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and R_di independently are

V7 ⁰

or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_ciR_di are ^{^} ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and R_d2, R_c2 and R_d2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 O

independently are , or (3) two of CR_c2R_d2 are and is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

in which n is 0-6, tii is 1-4, and each * is an

attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

in which n is 0-6, tii is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which ,₂ is 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a

cationic dye moiety;

'^{n ,} , in which ti₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(n.2) , in which ti2 is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

I , in which in which ni is 0-5, ¾ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(P) , in which ni is 0-5, ti2 is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(^) , in which is 0-5, ti2 is 1-5, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

' ' , in which tii is 0-5, ¾ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for a cationic dye moiety; and

, in which tii is 0-5, .₂ is 1-5, is 0-5 and * is the attachment site for a cationic dye moiety.

Cationic Dyes Comprising Linkers

[66] This disclosure also provides cationic dye moieties which comprise one or more linkers, which are suitable for preparing the conjugates and the cationic dimers disclosed herein. Cationic dyes useful for these embodiments include, but are not limited to, safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue. In some

embodiments, the cationic dye moiety is present as a monomer. In other embodiments, the cationic dye moiety is present as a multimer. In either of these embodiments, the cationic dye moiety comprises one or more linkers, which may be the same or different. Suitable linkers include, but are not limited to, linkers (a), (a.l), (a.2), (b), (b.l), (c), (c. l), (c.2), (d), (e), (e. l), (f), (f. l), (f.2), (g), (g.l), (g.2), (h), (h.l), (h.2), (i), (i. l), (i.2), (]), O- D, (j-2), (k), (1), (1.1), (1.2), (m), (m. l), (n), (n.l), (n.2), (o), (p), (q), (r), and (s), described above.

Examples of Cationic Dye Dimers

[67] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (1):

[68] (1 ) , in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 1-6, and ni is l-4.In some variations of formula (1), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (1), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (1), Dl and D2 independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[69] In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraphs above, n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1- 3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[70] In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraphs above, ni is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[71] In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[72] In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [73] In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (1) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the

substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[74] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (2):

, in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 0-6, and tii is 1-4.

[75] In some variations of formula (2), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (2), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (2), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[76] In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraphs above, n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-

3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or

6.

[77] In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraphs above, tii is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2,

2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4. [78] In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[79] In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[80] In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (2) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [81] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (3):

\ ' , in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; n is 0-6, and rti is 1-4; and, for each independent instance of R_a and R_b, (1) R_a and ¾, independently are

H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and R_b are

or (3) two of CR_aRb are

[82] In some variations of formula (3), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (3), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (3), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[83] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above, n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0- 3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[84] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above, tii is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[85] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which tii is 1, R_a and R_b are both H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 1, R_a is H and R_b is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rtj is 1, R_a and R_b are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which iii is 1, R_a and R_b are "^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (3)

O

described in the paragraphs above in which tii is 1, R_a and R_b are

[86] In variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which tii is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_bi is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[87] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (3) described

O

in the paragraphs above in which ni is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· f ^v . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rtj is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which ni is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ .

In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 2, R_ai is H,

R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾- i_n some variations of formula (3) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which ni is 2, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are ^'¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 2, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 2, R_ai and R_bi are "^- , and R a2

O

and R_b2 are ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which

O O

ni is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^

[88] In variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; and R_a3 and R_b3, respectively. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 3, In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is CH₃ and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 3, R_ai is H and each of Ra2, Ra3_, Rbi, ¾>2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3i Rbi, Rb₂, and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 3, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of Rbi, Rb₂, and Rb₃ is CH₃.

[89] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rij is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is H and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is CH₃ and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rbi, and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾ ^^x . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ .

[90] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rij is 3,

O

each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rti is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is CH₃ and R_a3

O

and R_b3 are ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni i iss 53,, R_aaii i iss n H aannad eeaaccnh ootf R_aa22,, R_bbii,, aannad R_bb22 i iss u CnH₃₃,, aannad R_aa33 aannad R_bb33 aarree

. i Inn some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rij is 3, each of R_ai and

O

is H and each of Rbi and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are ^'¾ ^ .

[91] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rij is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and R_bi are , R_a2 and R_b2 are "^- , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3,

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R, a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[92] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and R_bi are " \^¾- , R_a2 and

paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3,

R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are ^'¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ R a2

O

and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in

W ⁰

the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. [93] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai O O

v

and R_b _i are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of

OO

formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ^'¾ ^ , R la_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the

O O

paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are f" , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3,

O O

R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^'¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of

O

formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· *" , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the

O O

paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· *" , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[94] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are ' ^{«■ ¾} , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are V V

, R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rii is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are and R_a3 and R_b3 are

'^¾ ^^x . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 3, R_ai

O

and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are ^«· , and R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ .

[95] In variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; R_a3 and R_b3; and R_a4 and R_b4, respectively. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, ¾>2, Ra3, ¾>3, Ra4, and Rb4 is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rtj is 4, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, Rb2, ¾>3, ¾4, and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and R_b3 is H and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, and Rb2 is H and each of R_a3, R_b3i R_a4i and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb3 is CH₃ and each of

[96] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, each of R_ai,R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, Rb2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai is H, Rbi is CH₃, and each of Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai is H, Rbi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, Rb2, R_a3, and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which rtj is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of Rbi and Rb2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of Rbi and Rb2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is CH₃.

[97] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which tij is 4, R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb2 are H, R_a3 and Rb3 are H, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are "^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and Rbi are H,

R_a2 and Rb2 are H, R_a3 and Rb3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are

. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb2 are CH₃, R_a3 and Rb3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are

. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in whic is 4, R_ai and Rbi are CH₃, R_a2 and Rb2 are CH₃,

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

. [98] In some variations of formula (3) describe the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb2 are H, R_a3 and Rb3 are

, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are

'^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are "^- *" .

[99] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are ' ¾^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ' ¾^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ¼ '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^¾% , R_a3 and R_b3 are \ '^¾% , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^¾¾ *~ , R_a3 and R_b3 are \ '^¾¾ *^" , and R_a4 and R_b4 are \ '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

\ '^¾¾ ^f" , R_a2 and R_b2 are ¾ '^¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ¾ '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ¾ '^¾ .

[100] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are *" . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

O

are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[101] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are v. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O O

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ' · ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ' · . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2

O O

are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

O O

R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are O O

'^¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ .

[102] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

0 0 O

JU JU JU

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ ₅ and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . in some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and

0 0 O

_\A %A %A

R_b2 are'^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula

O

(3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are 0 0 O

R_a3 and R_b3 are and R_a4 and R_b4 are [103] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which tii is 4, R_ai and Rbi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some vanations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ^¾ * , R_a2

O

and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[104] In so variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi

are ' ¾ R_a2 and R_b2 are are In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

are

[105] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n; is 4, R_ai and are

and R_b2 are R_a3 and R_b3 are 00 and R_a4 and R_b are

[106] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai

V-7 O⁰ O⁰ and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^'¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some vvaarriiaattiioonnss ooff ffoorrmmuullaa ((33)) ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn tthhee ppaarraaggrraapphhss aabboovvee iinn wwhhiicchh //??_// iiss 44,, RR_aaii aani d R_bi are

O O

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^,¾- In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which tii is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some ariations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which n is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

.

[107] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ¾ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are Λ '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ¾ '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are Λ '^¾ ^ .

[108] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai

0 0 O and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are O O O

'¾· f , R_a2 and R_b2 are _{5 a3} and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations

O

of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (3)

O O

described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^{¾ N} ,

O

R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_bd are ^'¾ ^ .

[109] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

.

[110] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_a2 are H,

R_bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^<· . [111] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^^x , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi

, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^<- .

[112] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are ^'¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi O

are '^¾ ^ ₅ R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

O

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are ^'¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{¾ ^} .

[113] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai

O O

and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ - ₅ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{¾ ^} . In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

R_a2 and R_b2 are and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 4, R_ai and R_bi O O

are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ - ₅ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{^} .

[114] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which nj is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are [115] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above in which ni is 4, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[116] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[117] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[118] In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (3) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[119] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (4):

W , in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; k is

2-10 and, for each independent instance of R_a and Rb, R_a and Rb (1) independently are H or

CH₃, or (2) R_a and R_b are ^ or ^ , or (3) two of CR_aR_b are .

[120] In some variations of formula (4), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (4), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (4), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[121] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, k is 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5-10, 5-9, 5- 8, 5-7, 5-6, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-10, 8-9, 9-10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

[122] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, each R_a is H and each R_b is H. In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, each R_a is H and each R_b is CH₃. In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, each

R_a and R_b is '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, each

O

R_a and R_b is '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, each two of CR_aRh are

[123] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a and R_b, a first R_a is H, a first R_b is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a and R_b, R_a and R_b are

'^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a and R_b,

O

R_a and R_b are "^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4).

[124] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_a and R_b, two of R_a are H, two of R_b are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a and R_b are

'^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a

0

and R_b are , and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4).

[125] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a and R_b, three of R_a are H, three of R_b are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations

(4) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a and R_b

and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a and O

R_b, R_a and R_b are '^% , and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4).

[126] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a and R_b, four of R_a are H, four of R_b are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations

(4) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a and R_b

and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a and

R_b, R_a and R_b are

, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4).

[127] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a and R_b, five of R_a are H, five of R_b are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of a (4) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a and R_b are

and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a and R_b are

, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula

(4). [128] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a and R_b, six of R_a are H, six of R_b are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a and R_b are

'^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a

O

and R_b are ' A^%* , and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4).

[129] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a and R_b, seven of R_a are H, seven of R_b are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a and R_b,

R_a and R_b are '^¾ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in seven

as defined above for formula (4).

[130] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a and R_b, eight of R_a are H, eight of R_b are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations (4) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a and R_b

and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a and

R_b, R_a and R_b are

[131] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a and R_b, nine of R_a are H, nine of R_b are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a and R_b are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a and

O

R_b, R_a and R_b are '^% ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4).

[132] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_a and R_b, each of R_a and R_b is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_a and R_b, ten of R_a are H, ten of R_b are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of a (4) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a and R_b are

and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_a and R_b, R_a

(4).

[133] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, two occurrences of

R_a and R_b are ' <- , and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, four occurrences of R_a and R_b are and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, six occurrences of R_a and R_b are *· , and the remaining occurrences of R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, eight occurrences of R_a and R_b are ^¾ , and the remaining occurrences of

R_a and R_b are as defined above for formula (4). In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, ten occurrences of R_a and R_b are .

[134] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[135] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",—

NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2- C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CCI₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [136] In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (4) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[137] In some of the variations of formula (4) described above, Dl and D2 are safranin-0 moieties, as shown in formula (4a):

, in which k, R_a, and R_b are as described in the paragraphs above, Ri, R₂, R₃, R₄, R5, and R6 independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,—NHR,— NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃, — NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R,— C₆H₅,— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and—COR), and R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[138] In some of the variations of formula (4a), k is 2-10, each R_a and R_b is H, and Ri to R6 are as described above for formula (4). In some of these variations, A: is 6 or 8, each R_a and R_b is H, and each of Ri to R6 independently is absent or is a halo. In particular variations, A: is 6 or 8, each R_a and R_b is H, and Ri to R6 are all absent.

[139] In some of the variations of formula (4a), k is 2-10, R_a and R_b are either H or '^¾ ^ , and Ri to R6 are as described above for formula (4). In some of these variations, A: is 6 or 8, R_a and

R_b are either H or '^¾ ^ , and each of Ri to Rg independently is absent or is a halo. In particular variations, A: is 6 or 8, R_a and R_b are either H or '^¾ ^ , and Ri to R6 are all absent.

O

[140] In some of the variations of formula (a4), k is 2-10, R_a and R_b are either H or '^¾ ^ , and Ri to R6 are as described above for formula (4). In some of these variations, A: is 6 or 8, R_a and

O

R_b are either H or '^¾ ^ , and each of Ri to R6 independently is absent or is a halo. In particular

O

variations, A: is 6 or 8, R_a and R_b are either H or '^¾ ^ , and Ri to Rg are all absent.

[141] In some of the variations of formula (4a), k is 2-10, each R_a and R_b is H or two of CR_aR_b V V

are , and Ri to R6 are as described above for formula (4). In some of these variations, k

V V

is 6 or 8, each R_a and R_b is H or two of CR_aR_b are '^¾ , and each of Ri to Rg independently is absent or is a halo. In particular variations, A: is 6 or 8, each R_a and R_b is H or two of CR_aR_b are and Ri to R6 are all absent.

[142] One of skill in the art can readily visualize and prepare other cationic multimers falling within formula (4) in which other cationic dye moieties are used in place of one or both of the safranin-0 moieties.

[143] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (5):

(5) , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 0-6, and tii is 1-4. [144] In some variations of formula (5), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (5), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (5), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[145] In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraphs above, n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0- 3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[146] In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraphs above, rtj is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[147] In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[148] In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

[149] In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (5) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^", — NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[150] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (6):

(6) , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, tii is 0-5, and ¾ is 1-5.

[151] In some variations of formula (6), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (6), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (6), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[152] In some variations of formula (6) described in the paragraphs above, rtj is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3,

0- 2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[153] In some variations of formula (6) described in the paragraphs above, 112 is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3,

1- 2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[154] In some variations of formula (6) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (6) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (6) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[155] In some variations of formula (6) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (6) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[156] In some variations of formula (6) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (6) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [157] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (7):

, in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, tii is 0-5, and ¾ is 1-5.

[158] In some variations of formula (7), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (7), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (7), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[159] In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraphs above, rti is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3,

[160] In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraphs above, 112 is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3,

1- 2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[161] In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[162] In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[163] In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (7) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[164] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (8):

[165] In some variations of formula (8), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (8), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (8), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[166] In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraphs above, tii is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [167] In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraphs above, 112 is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[168] In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[169] In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[170] In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (8) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[171] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (9):

(9) , in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety and tii and ti2 independently are 1-5.

[172] In some variations of formula (9), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (9), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (9), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[173] In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraphs above, rtj is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[174] In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraphs above, 112 is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[175] In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[176] In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[177] In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (9) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[178] Some cationic dye multimers fall within formula (10):

C O) , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety and n is 1-6.

[179] In some variations of formula (10), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (10), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (10), Dl and D2 independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[180] In some variations of formula (32) described above, n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 12-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[181] In some variations of formula (10) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (10) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (10) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[182] In some variations of formula (10) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (10) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 {e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[183] In some variations of formula (10) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (10) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[184] In some of the variations of formula (10) described above, Dl and D2 are safranin-0 moieties, as shown in formula (10a):

in which n is 1-6, Ri, R₂, R3, R₄, R5, and R6 independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR, — C₂H₅,— R— C₆H₅,— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g. , F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃, — CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and—COR), and R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[185] In some variations of formula (10a), n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3- 5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[186] One of skill in the art can readily visualize and prepare other cationic multimers falling within formula (10) in which other cationic dye moieties are used in place of one or both of the safranin-0 moieties. [187] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (11):

^\ ' , in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; /_/ and

1₂ independently are 1-4; n is 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and

V7 ⁰

R_bi are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are <- ; and, for each independent i instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 are '^Y ^ or

(3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are

[188] In some variations of formula (11), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (11), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (11), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[189] In some variations of formula (11), /_/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[190] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above, h is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[191] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 1, R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of

O

formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· . [192] In variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, the two instances of R_a and ¾, are indicated as R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_bi is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[193] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are "^- . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are O

. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in

O

the paragraphs above in which is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, R_ai is H,

R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which is 2, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, R_ai and R_bi and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, R_ai and R_bi are - '¾^¾ ^ R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· *^* . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ . [194] In variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, the three instances of R_a and ¾, are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; and R_a3 and R_b3, respectively. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and Rj,₃ is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_a3i R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3 R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[195] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rbi, and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of Rbi and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾ ^ .

[196] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3,

O

each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is H and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is CH₃ and R_a3

O

and R_b3 are . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which

O

is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rbi, and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2

O

is H and each of Rbi and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾ ^ .

[197] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^{¾ f}" , R_a2 and R_b2 are " ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and

R_b2 are "^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and Rbi are "^¾ ^ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula

(11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[198] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which

W O

is 3, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[199] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai

O O

and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of

O

formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '^¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3,

O O

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of

O

formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· *~ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· *^" , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[200] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are ' <- ^¾ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are

^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are ' <- and R_a3 and Rb3 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and Rbi and R_a2 and Rb₂ together are _{? anc}i _a3 and Rb₃ are

[201] In variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, the three instances of R_a and Rb are indicated as R_ai and Rbi; R_a2 and Rb₂; R_a3 and Rb₃; and R_a4 and Rb₄, respectively. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and Rb₄ is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai, ¾i, Ra2, ¾>2, ¾3, and R_b3 is H and each of R_a4 and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, and Rb2 is H and each of R_a3, Rb3, R_a4, and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb3 is CH₃ and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is H.

[202] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai,R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of Rbi, Rb2, and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, Rbi is CH₃, and each of Ra2, ¾>2, Ra3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, Rbi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, Rb2, R_a3, and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of Rbi and Rb2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and Rb2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is CH₃.

[203] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb2 are H, R_a3 and Rb3 are H, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are

. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above which is 4, R_ai and Rbi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and Rb3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are

. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in whic is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and Rb3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[204] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are x " ¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾% ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '¾^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ ^ .

[205] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are ' x¾^Y , R_a3 and R_b3 are ' x^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ' x^¾¾ ⁱ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

\ '^¾¾ *~ , R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^¾¾ *~ , R_a3 and R_b3 are \ '^¾¾ *~ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ ^

[206] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, O

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

O

are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[207] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are v. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O O

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

O O

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3

O O

and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ .

[208] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

0 0 O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are J'^U ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are yJU ₅ and R_a4 and R_b4 are J'^U ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

0 0 O

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are J '^¾U ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are J '^¾U ^ ₅ and R_a4 and R_b4 are J '^¾U ^ . in some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and

0 0 O

R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ ^ . In some variations of formula O

(11) described in the paragraphs above in whiicchh is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

[209] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, R_ai and R_bi are w ⁰

'^Y *" , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and _bi are ^¾ , R_a2

O

and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾ ^ .

[210] In so variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

In so variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

[211] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

[212] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ r ^" , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

, R_a2 and R_b2 are

In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

.

[213] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

7 0O ^-7 OO and Rbi are ¾ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are Λ '¾· ^ .

[214] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

0 0 O and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are 0 0 O

f " , R_a2 and R_b2 are r^v , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations

O

of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· , R_a2

O O

and R_b2 are '¾· _{5 a3} and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of

O

formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· , R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are '¾· , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· .

[215] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

0 0 0 O

and R_bi are 'τ- ^. , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ^·· ^-/ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ ^- .

[216] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^<■ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' <- ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_a2 are H,

R_bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ .

[217] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^^x , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi

, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

[218] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi O

are J '^¾i ^j _{5 a2} and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together areW ^¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

O

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{^} .

[219] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O O

and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ - ₅ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{¾ ^} . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and

O 7

R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are.W ^«· Y . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi

O O

are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ ^{^} . [220] In some variations of formu described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi

, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[221] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[222] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 1, R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are

. In some variations of

O

formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ .

[223] In variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R| bl and R_a2 and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi a ain-d_ R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_bi is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[224] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are

. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are

. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in

In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai is H,

R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾- *" . In some variations of formula (11) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai and R_bi and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^^x R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h

O O

and R_bi are '^¾ ^ and R_b2 are '^¾ ^

[225] In variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; and R_a3 and R_b3, respectively. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 3, In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_a3 R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3i R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. [226] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is H and R_a3 and Rb₃ are

. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is CH₃ and R_a3

variations of formula (11) described in the paragrap above in which I₂ is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are

. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of Rbi and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are

.

[227] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3,

O

each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is H and R_a3 and Rb₃ are ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is CH₃ and R_a3

O

and R_b3 are ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which

O

is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rbi, and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2

O

is H and each of Rbi and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾· ^ .

[228] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and

R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 3, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^{¾ f"} , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[229] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "^- ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, Rai and Rbi are

and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are W O

'^¾ ^^x , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[230] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 3, R_ai

O O

and R_bi are _{5 a2} and R_b2 are '¾· *" , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of

O

formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, o o

R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of

O

formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· f ^v , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[231] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are " <^■ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are " ^«■ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are V V

, R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are <SK , and R_a3 and R_b3 are

[232] In variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; R_a3 and R_b3; and R_a4 and R_b4, respectively. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and R_b4 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, R_b3i R_a4, and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and R_b3 is H and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of R_ai, R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2 is H and each of R_a3, R_b3i R_a4i and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of R_ai, R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃ and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is H. [233] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai,R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of Rbi, Rb₂, and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and each of Ra2, ¾>2, Ra3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, Rbi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, Rb₂, R_a3, and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and Rb₂ is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is CH₃.

[234] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are "^- ~ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾

[235] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

Rb₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾ , and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ [236] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are ' ¾^¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ' \^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are \ '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ' \^¾% ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ¾ '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾¾ .

[237] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

O

are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ .

[238] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are v. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O O

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are o o

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3

O O

and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ .

[239] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai

0 0 O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are J'^¾U ^ _{5 a3} and R_b3 are J '¾· U ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are J'^¾U ^ . i_n some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

0 0 O

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾·^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾·^ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾·^ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and

. In some variations of formula

O

(11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

[240] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are W ⁰

¼ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are Λ '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2

O

and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· .

[241] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[242] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and are

, R_a2 and R_b2 are , R_a3 and R_b3 are G , and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[243] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

W O⁰ O⁰

'^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some vvaarriiaattiioonnss ooff ffoorrmmuullaa ((1111)) ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn tthhee ppaarraaggrraapphhss aabboovvee iinn wwhhiicchh ll₂₂ iiss 44,, RR_a. i and R_bi are

O O

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (11 described in the paragraphs above in which l is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

.

[244] In some ariations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

.

[245] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

0 0 O and R_bi are JG ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are J '^¾ G ^ _{5 a3} and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are J '^¾ G ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are 0 0 O

G *- G f , R_a2 and R_b2 are G ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are G ^ . In some variations O

of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2

O O

and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· . In some variations of

O

formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· *^* , R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ .

[246] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O O O O

and R_bi are y '¾·lU _{5 a2} and R_b2 are '¾·i ^j , R_a3 and R_b3 are J '¾· L ^? - ₅ and R_a4 and R_b4 are J '¾·U ^ - .

[247] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are '^- . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' *· In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_a2 are H,

R_bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are 'τ-

[248] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are ' ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' ÷· . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are "^- ^¾ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are τ-

[249] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi O

are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{^} . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

O

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ .

[250] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, R_ai

O O

and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ ₅ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ <· . In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, R_ai and

O

R_bi are '¾· , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi O O

are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{¾ ^} .

[251] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[252] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[253] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above ring A is

with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

80

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[254] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above, n is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[255] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[256] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[257] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[258] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [259] In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (11) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[260] In some of the variations of formula (11) described above, Dl and D2 are safranin-0 moieties, as shown in formula (11a):

^ ^ ^a) , in which , n, ring A, R_ai,

Rbi Ra2, and Rb₂ are as described in the paragraphs above, Ri, R₂, R₃, R₄, R5, and R₆

independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH, — O^",— NHCOCH3,—NHCOR,— OCH3,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R,— C₆H₅,— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. ,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH, —COOR,—CHO, and—COR), and R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4- C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[261] One of skill in the art can readily visualize and prepare other cationic multimers falling within formula (11) in which other cationic dye moieties are used in place of one or both of the safranin-0 moieties. [262] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (12):

(12) , in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; ¾, n, oi, and 0₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ or '^¾ , or (3) two of CR_aiRbi are V V

, for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or

V7 ⁰

CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_a2Rb₂ are ^¾ ; for each independent instance of R_ci and R_di_, R_ci and R_di (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and

V7 ⁰

Rdi are '^¾ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_ciRdi are ^{^} ; for each independent instance of R_c2

W ⁰ and Rd₂, R_c2 and Rd₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and Rd₂ are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ or

[263] In some variations of formula (12), the cationic dye moiety is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue. In some variations of formula (12), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (12), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety.

[264] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[265] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, I₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[266] In some previous variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, oi is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4. [267] In some previous variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, 02 is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[268] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 1, R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· .

[269] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_bi is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[270] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are O

f " . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in

O

the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· *" . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 2, R_ai is H,

R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are \ "^¾- ~ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the

variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, R_ai and R_bi and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are j_n some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ R_a2 and R_b2 are "^- ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '^{¾ N} . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which

O O

is 2, R_ai and R_bi are A ^"¾ ^* R_a2 and R_b2 are Λ ^'¾ ^ .

[271] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; and R_a3 and R_b3, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_a3i R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3 R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[272] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 and R_b3 are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragrap above in which is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are

[273] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3,

O

each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is H and R_a3 and Rb₃ are ^^N . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is CH₃ and R_a3

O

and R_b3 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rbi, and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai and

O

is H and each of Rbi and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾· ^ .

[274] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and

R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula

(12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

'^¾ ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[275] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai

and R_bi are , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

d O

R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· * ~ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formul (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

₅ and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[276] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai

O O

and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3,

O O

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of

O

O O

the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. [277] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are " , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are

^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which /_/ is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in

O

which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ .

[278] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, the three instances of R_a and Rb are indicated as R_ai and Rbi; R_a2 and Rb₂; R_a3 and Rb₃; and R_a4 and Rb₄, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and Rb₄ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb3 is H and each of R_a4 and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, and Rb2 is H and each of R_a3, Rb3, R_a4, and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai, R_bi, R_a2, Rb2, Ra3, and R_b3 is CH₃ and each of R_a4

[279] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai,R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of Rbi, Rb2, and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and each of Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, Rbi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, Rb2, R_a3, and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of Rbi and Rb2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is CH₃. [280] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are "^- *" .

[281] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^{¾ ί} , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3 and are '^¾ and R_a4 and R_b4 are 5L

[282] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^Y¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ¾ '^Y ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ¾ '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^¾¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are \ '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ' ¾^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ί , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ¾ '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ¾ '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ¾ '^¾ .

[283] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

O

are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ .

[284] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are v. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O O

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

O O

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ' · , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ' · . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3

O O

and R_b3 are 'τ- ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are 'τ- ^ .

[285] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and are

. In some variations of formula

O

(12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ _{5 a2} and R_b2 are

.

[286] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^^N . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are W O

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R a2

O

and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾· ^ .

[287] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In somee vvaarriiaattiioonnss ooff ffoorrmmuullaa ((1122)) ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn tthhee ppaarraaggrraapphhss aabboovvee iinn wwhhiicchh iiss 44,, R ] _ai and R_bi

vari iaattiioonnss ooff ffoorrmmuullaa ((1122)) ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn tthhee ppaarraaggrraapphhss aabboovvee iinn wwhhiicchh iiss 44,, RR_aai and R_bi are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

. [288] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

and R_bi are R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[289] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

W O⁰O O and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R l_bb4 are In some vvaarriiaattiioonnss ooff ffoorrmmuullaa ((1122)) ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn tthhee ppaarraaggrraapphhss aabboovvee iinn wwhhiicchh iiss 44,, R R_ai and R_bi are

V7 O⁰ O⁰

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^' · . In some vvaarriiaattiioonnss ooff ffoorrmmuullaa ((1122)) ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn tthhee ppaarraaggrraapphhss aabboovvee iinn wwhhiicchh iiss 44,, RR_a. i and R_bi are

O O

'^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· *^* .

[290] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[291] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

0 0 O and R_bi are '^¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are 0 0 O

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . in some variations

O

of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2

O O

and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are '¾· *^* , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· . [292] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

.

[293] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_a2 are H,

Rbi and Rb₂ are CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ and R_a4 and Rb₄ together are

.

[294] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^Y ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi

, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are ' ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[295] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{¾ ^} . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi O

are '¾· ^ ^* , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[296] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O O

and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^«· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi O O

are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^«■ .

[297] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[298] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are % and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[299] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 1, R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are

. In some variations of

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ .

[300] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_bi is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[301] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and Rbi is H and R_a2 and Rb₂ are O

'^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of Rai and Rbi is CH₃ and R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in

O

the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and Rbi is CH₃ and R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai is H,

Rbi is CH₃, and R_a2 and Rb₂ are "^¾- ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai is H, Rbi is CH₃, and R_a2 and Rb₂ are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai and Rbi and

R_a2 and Rb₂ together are ' ÷· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ R_a2 and Rb₂ are "^- . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ R_a2 and

O

Rb₂ are '¾· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h

O O

is 2, R_ai and Rbi are R_a2 and Rb₂ are .

[302] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; and R_a3 and R_b3, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, Rb₂, Ra3, and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is H and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb2, is CH₃ and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_a3, Rbi, Rb2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3, Rbi, Rb2, and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of Rai, R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of Rbi, R_b2, and Rb₃ is CH₃.

[303] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ .

[304] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3,

O

each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 and R_b3 are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which

O

is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are \ '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2

O

is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· *" .

[305] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "^- , R_a2 and

R_b2 are "^- ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 is H, R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , R_a3 is H, R_b3 is CH₃.

[306] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in

<— 7 O

the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "^- , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h

W O

is 3, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[307] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai

O O

and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in o o

the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3,

O O

Rai and Rbi are ^'¾ ^ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are ^'¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· *" , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[308] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and Rbi and R_a2 and Rb₂ together are , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and Rbi and R_a2 and Rb₂ together are ' <- , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and Rbi and R_a2 and Rb₂ together are

^ , R_a3 is H, and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and Rbi and R_a2 and Rb₂ together are ' <- and R ½_ai3 and Rb₃ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in

O

which h is 3, R_ai and Rbi and R_a2 and Rb₂ together are ^ , and R_a3 and Rb₃ are ^ .

[309] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, the three instances of R_a and Rb are indicated as R_ai and Rbi; R_a2 and Rb₂; R_a3 and Rb₃; and R_a4 and Rb₄, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and Rb₄ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb3 is H and each of R_a4 and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, and Rb2 is H and each of R_a3, R_b3, R_a4, and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb₃ is CH₃ and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is H.

[310] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 4, each of R_ai,R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃.

[311] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾% ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾% ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ .

[312] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are x "^¾- , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾% ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ .

[313] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are ' \^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ' J&^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ¾ '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formu described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

, R_a3 and R_b3 are , and R_a4 and R_b4 are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are \ '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are 3 "¾^- . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

\ '^¾¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ¾ '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ¾ '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ¾ '^¾ .

[314] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

O

are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[315] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are v. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, o o

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

O O

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3

O O

and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ .

[316] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

0 0 O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are'¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are'¾^ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

0 0 O

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and

0 0 O

R_b2 are J'^ U ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· *^* . In some variations of formula

O

(12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

.

[317] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . [318] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

, R_a2 and R_b2 are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾· ^ .

[319] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are '^v¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^v¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ' ¾^Y ^ , and R_a and R_b4 are Λ '^¾· ^ .

[320] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

V-7 O⁰ O⁰ and R_bi are ' ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾· ^ . In some vvaarriiaattiioonnss ooff ffoorrmmuullaa ((1122)) ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn tthhee ppaarraaggrraapphhss aabboovvee iinn wwhhiicchh ll₂₂ iiss 44,, R R_ai and R_bi are

O O

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some vvaarriiaattiioonnss ooff ffoorrmmuullaa ((1122)) ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn tthhee ppaarraaggrraapphhss aabboovvee iinn wwhhiicchh ll₂₂ iiss 44,, R R_ai and R_bi are

O O

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a and R_b are ^,¾- ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

"^- ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are <^ .

[321] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ' ¾^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are A ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ' ¾^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b are Λ '^¾· [322] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai

0 0 O and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ _{5 a3} and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . i_n some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

In some variations

O

of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2

O O

and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾· ^ , R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ .

[323] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

.

[324] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are " <^■ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi

V V

are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 4, R_ai and R_a2 are H,

Rbi and Rb₂ are CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ and R_a4 and Rb₄ together are

[325] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi

, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' ^«■ . In some variations of formula escribed in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . [326] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi O

are , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ ^{^} . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

O

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{¾ ^} .

[327] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai

O O

and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{¾ ^} . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and

R_bi are '¾· *~ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^«· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi O O

are '¾· * , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ - , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are '^- .

[328] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[329] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[330] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 1, R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾· ^i¾ .

[331] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_bi is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[332] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are O

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 O

are ¾· ^ .

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, R_ai is H,

R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which oi is 2, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are . in some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, R_ai and R_bi and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ R_a2 and O

R_b2 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi

O O

is 2, R_al and R_bl are ^ R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ .

[333] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; and R_a3 and R_b3, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_a3, R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3, R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[334] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rbi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai and

R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ .

[335] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3,

O

each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 O

and R_b3 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which

O

Oi is 3, Rai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· f~ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai and

O

R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ .

[336] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "^¾- *" , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

(12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[337] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3,

W O

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "^¾- *" , R_a2

O

and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula 12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

, R_a2 and R_b2 are _a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

O

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula 12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[338] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3,

O O

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and

O

O O

the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi

O O

is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are O O

*- f , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12)

R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[339] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3,

R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are

, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are

and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula

(12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are V\V

, R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are ^ ^^ . _{? an(}\ R_{a3 an(}\ R_b3 \ -

[340] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; R_a3 and R_b3; and R_a4 and R_b4, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and R_b4 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, R_b3i R_a4, and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and R_b3 is H and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai, R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2 is H and each of R_a3, R_b3i R_a4i and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai, R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃ and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is H.

[341] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai,R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, R_b2, R_a3i and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, R_b2, R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃.

[342] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are "^- ~ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in whic is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[343] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are "^- , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are

[344] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb₂ are \ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and Rb₃ are \ '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are \ '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ' ¾^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are \ '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

\ '^¾¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^¾¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are \ '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ¾ '^¾¾ ^

[345] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

O

R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb₃ are H, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, O

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

O

are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[346] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

O

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are v. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O O

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

O O

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃,

O O

R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ .

[347] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi

0 0 O

JU JU JU

are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ ^N , R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2

. In some variations O of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2

0 0 O

and R_b2 are J '¾·U ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ .

[348] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, and R_bi are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R a2

O

and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[349] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are

In somee vvaarriiaattiioonnss ooff ffoorrmmuullaa ((1122)) ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn tthhee ppaarraaggrraapphhss aabboovvee iinn wwhhiicchh ooii iiss 44,, R_ai and R_bi

O

¾ ¾

are '^¾ , RR_aa22 aanndd RR_bb22 aarree '^¾ , RR_aa33 aanndd RR_bb33 aarree CCHH₃₃,, aanndd RR_aa44 aanndd RR_bb44 aarree '¾X· ^^ .. In some vari iaattiioonnss ooff ffoorrmmuullaa ((1122)) ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn tthhee ppaarraaggrraapphhss aabboovvee iinn wwhhiicchh ooii iiss 44,, R R_ai and R_bi are

' 5^¾L , R_a2 and R_b2 are ' 5^¾L , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

'^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ .

[350] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4

R_ai and R_bi are

[351] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4

Rai and Rbi are '^¾ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and Rb₃ are H, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾· ^ . some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

W ⁰O ⁰O

'^¾ ^^x , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ .

[352] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which O] is 4,

w O O ^ w O ⁰

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ .

[353] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o_\ is 4,

0 0 O

R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are r^v , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi 0 0 O

are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾· In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are 0 0 O

O

of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2

O O

and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ .

[354] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and Rbi are

. [355] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are j_n some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi

V V

are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_a2 are H,

Rbi and Rb₂ are CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ and R_a4 and Rb₄ together are

[356] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and

R_bi are ' , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are " ^«· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^^x , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are .

[357] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

O

R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb₂ are JO , and R_a3 and Rb₃ and R_a4 and Rb₄ together are Y ^¾ Y ^{^} .

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and

O

R_bi are J '¾·O ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are .W ^ Y ^<· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi

O

is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are '^- .

[358] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are

R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, O

R_ai and Rbi are '^¾· *" , R_a2 and Rb₂ are ' 0^¾0 ^ , and R_a3 and Rb₃ and R_a4 and Rb₄ to )ggeetthheerr are

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, o o

R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[359] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[360] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[361] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 0₂ is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 0₂ is 1, R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 0₂ is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 0₂ is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 0₂ is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾· ^i¾ .

[362] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 0₂ is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 0₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 0₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 0₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 0₂ is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_bi is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[363] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 0₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 0₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are O

^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 O

are ^¾ ^ .

In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, R_ai is H,

R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾- ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, R_ai and R_bi and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are *· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02

O O

is 2, R_ai and Rbi are R_a2 and Rb₂ are .

[364] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; and R_a3 and R_b3, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, Rb₂, Ra3, and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is H and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb2, is CH3 and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_a3, Rbi, Rb2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3, Rbi, Rb2, and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of Rai, R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of Rbi, R_b2, and Rb₃ is CH₃.

[365] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai and

R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ .

[366] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3,

O

each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3

O

and R_b _₃ are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which

OO

02 i iss 35,, R K_aaii i iss H ti aanndd eeaacchn ooft R K_aa22,, R K_bbii,, aanndd R K_bb22 i iss C (JHH₃3,, aanndd R K_aa33 aanndd R K_bb33 aarree '¾ A· ^ ^\ . I inn some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai and

O

R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ .

[367] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3,

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are "^- , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02

111 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

(12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

"^¾ ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[368] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3,

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R, a2

O

and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described

W O

in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02

W O

is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[369] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3,

O O

R_ai and R_bi are ^'¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^'^- , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of

O

formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ^'¾· ^i¾ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in o o the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02

O O

is 3, Rai and Rbi are ^'¾ ^ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and Rbi are O O

^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12)

O O

described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾· ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[370] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3,

R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are *· , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula

(12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are

' ^«· ^<· , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in

O

which 02 is 3, R_ai and Rbi and R_a2 and Rb₂ together are ^¾ and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾· ^ .

[371] In variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, the three instances of R_a and Rb are indicated as R_ai and Rbi; R_a2 and Rb₂; R_a3 and Rb₃; and R_a4 and Rb₄, respectively. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and R_b4 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb3 is H and each of R_a4 and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, and Rb2 is H and each of R_a3, R_b3, R_a4i and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb₃ is CH3 and each of

[372] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of R_ai,R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai is H, Rbi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, Rb₂, R_a3, and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and Rb₂ is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is CH₃.

[373] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb₃ are H, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in whic is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[374] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾ , and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are "^- . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is

CH₃, R_a3 and Rb₃ are

[375] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are x '¾^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '¾^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x "^¾- *" . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are x '^¾¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ .

[376] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

O

R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb₃ are H, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

O

are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[377] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

O

R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾· ^ , and R_a4 and Rb₄ are v. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O O

R_a2 and Rb₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾· , and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and o o

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

O O

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃,

O O

R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[378] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and

some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi

0 0 O

are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

0 0 O

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are'^ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾·^ ^-/ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾·^ ^- . In some variations

O

of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2

0 0 O

and R_b2 are '¾·^ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾·^ ^ - ₅ and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾·^ ^ - .

[379] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb₃ are H, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R, a2 and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are ^ . [380] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . in some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

, R_a2 and R_b2 are , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are .

[381] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4

R_ai and R_bi are

, R_a2 and R_b2 are , R_a3 and R_b3 are , and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[382] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4 R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are ^'¾ ^ , R_a3 and Rb₃ are H, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are ^'¾ ^ . some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai and R_bi

are R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . in some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

OO O

and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

.

[383] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4,

O ^ O

R_ai and Rbi are x '^¾¾ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾· ^ , R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾· ^ . [384] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4,

0 0 O

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . i_n some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai and R_bi 0 0 O

are , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are 0 0 O

'¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· _{5 a3} and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations

O

of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2

O O

and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾· ^ .

[385] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4,

0 0 0 O

R_ai and R_bi are '¾·^ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾·^ ^ - ₅ R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾·^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾·^ .

[386] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are *· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_a2 are H,

V V

R_bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^<· .

[387] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ~ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are τ. . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai and

R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' *^■ . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are ' , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^<· . [388] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

O

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{¾ z} . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and

O

R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ *· . In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi

O

is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{¾ ^} .

[389] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

O O

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

><S In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

O

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are V V

. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

O O

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[390] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[391] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[392] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is: (a) ,

_? optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[393] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[394] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[395] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, n is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[396] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[397] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

[398] In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (12) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[399] In some of the variations of formula (12) described above, Dl and D2 are safranin-0 moieties, as shown in formula (12a):

(12a) in which h, n, oi, 02, ring A, R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, Rb2, Rci, Rdi, Rc2, and Rd₂ are as described in the paragraphs above, Ri, R₂, R₃, R₄, R5, and R₆ independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR, — C₂H₅,— R— C₆H₅,— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo {e.g. , F, Br, CI, I), trihalide {e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃, — CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and—COR), and R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[400] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (12b):

(12b) _{^ m w}hich each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; ¾, n, independently are 1-4; 0₁, and 0₂ independently are 1-8; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi_, R_ai

7 ⁰

and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of

CRniRhi are ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2i R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are

each independent instance of R_ci and R_di_, R_ci and R_di (1) independently are H or

CH₃, or (2) R_ci and R_di are ^ or ¼^■ ^ , or (3) two of CR_ciR_di are ^{v ¾} ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and R_d2 R_c2 and R_d2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and

R„2 are ¼- ^ or ¼· , or (3) two of CR_c2R_d2 are

[401] In some variations of formula (12b), each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; n is 1-4; and h are each 1; oi and 0₂

O O

independently are 1-8; R_ai and R_bi are '^% ; R_a2 and R_b2 are ' *" ; for each independent instance of R_ci and R_di_, R_ci and R_di (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and R_di are

<^ _{or 5 or} (3) two of CR_ciR_di are ^{¾ ^} ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and dently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 are '^¾ ^ or '¾· ^ , or (3)

two of CR_c2Rd2 are

O

[402] In some variations of formula (12b), n is 2; and ¾ are each 1 ; R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ ;

O

R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ ; and each ring A independently is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein the rings are joined together to form one of the regioisomeric moieties shown, where each ring A is exemplified as a phenyl ring:

In other similar variations of formula (12b), n is 3 or 4, each ring A independently is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl and are linked together to form extended regioisomeric chains. In particular variations, ring A is aryl or heteroaryl.

[403] In some of the variations of formula (12b) described above, Dl and D2 are safranin-0 moieties, as shown in formula (12c):

(12c) in which / , h, n, oi, 02, ring A, R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, Rb2, Rci, Rdi, Rc2 and R_d2 are as described for formula (12b), Ri, R₂, R₃, R₄, R5, and R₆ independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅, — R— C₆H₅,— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. ,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃, — CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and—COR), and R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C 1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [404] In some of the variations of formula (12c), each oi and 02 is 1-8, each R_ci, Rdi, R_c2 and Rd2 is H, and Ri to R6 are as described above for formula (12b). In some of these variations, oi and 02 are 6 or 8, each R_a and R_b is H, and each of Ri to R6 independently is absent or is a halo. In particular variations, oi and 02 are 6 or 8, each R_a and R_b is H, and Ri to Rg are all absent.

[405] In some of the variations of formula (12c), each oi and 02 is 1-8, each R_ci, Rdi, R_c2 and

R_d2 are either H or '^¾ , and Ri to R6 are as described above for formula (12b). In some of these variations, oi and 02 are 6 or 8, R_a and R_b are either H or "^- *" , and each of Ri to R6 independently is absent or is a halo. In particular variations, oi and 02 are 6 or 8, R_a and R_b are either H or '^¾ ^ , and Ri to Rg are all absent.

[406] In some of the variations of formula (12c), each oi and 02 is 1-8, each R_ci, R_di, R_c2 and

O

R_d2 are either H or '^¾ ^ , and Ri to Rg are as described above for formula (12b). In some of

O

these variations, oi and 02 are 6 or 8, R_a and R_b are either H or '^¾ ^ , and each of Ri to R6 independently is absent or is a halo. In particular variations, oi and 02 are 6 or 8, R_a and R_b are

O

either H or '^¾ ^ , and Ri to Rg are all absent.

[407] In some of the variations of formula (12c), each oi and 02 is 1-8, each R_ci, Rdi, R_c2 and

Rd₂ are either H or two of CR_ciRdi and CR_c2Rd2 are and Ri to R6 are as described above for formula (12b). In some of these variations, oi and 02 are 6 or 8, each R_ci, R_di, R_c2 and

Rd₂ are either H or two of CR_ciRdi and CR_c2Rd2 are '^- , and each of Ri to R6

independently is absent or is a halo. In particular variations, oi and 02 are 6 or8, each R_ci, R_di,

R_c2 and Rd₂ are either H or two of CRciRdi and CR_c2Rd2 are , and Ri to R6 are all absent.

[408] One of skill in the art can readily visualize and prepare other cationic multimers falling within formulae (12) or (12b) in which other cationic dye moieties are used in place of one or both of the safranin-0 moieties. [409] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (13):

, wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety and n is 0-6, and tii is 1-4.

[410] In some variations of formula (13), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (13), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (13), Dl and D2 are independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[411] In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraphs above, n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[412] In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraphs above, tii is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[413] In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O.

[414] In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 {e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

[415] In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (13) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

Examples of Cationic Dye Trimers and Other Multimers

[416] Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (14):

(^{1 4}) , in which each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 0-6, rti is 1-4, rib is 0-6, and B« is 0-6.

[417] In some variations of formula (14), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (14), Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (14), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (14), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (14), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (14), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[418] In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[419] In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, rti is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[420] In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, nb is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[421] In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[422] In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[423] In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 {e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

[424] In some variations of formula (14) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[425] In some variations of formula (14) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (14) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[426] Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (15):

C , in which each of Dl,

D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, n and nb independently are 0-6, and rti and ri_bi

independently are 1-4.

[427] In some variations of formula (15), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (15), Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (15), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (15), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (15), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (15), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[428] In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, n is n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[429] In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, ηχ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[430] In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, nb is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[431] In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[432] In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O. [433] In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[434] In some variations of formula (15) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[435] In some variations of formula (15) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (15) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring ofD3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring ofD3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[436] Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (16):

D1

D3

rib-,

^6) ₅ i_n which each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety; n and nb independently are 0-6; rti and rti independently are 1-4; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi_, R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and

R_bi are

, or (3) two of CRaiRbi are ; and, for each independent instance of R_a2 and Rb₂, R_a2 and Rb₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾ ^ or O

½ ^ , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are ' ^¼ .

[437] In some variations of formula (16), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (16), Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (16), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (16), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (16), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (16), each ofDl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue. [438] In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[439] In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, rtj is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[440] In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, nb is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[441] In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[442] In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_ai is H and R_bi is H. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_ai and R_bi are both n some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_ai and R_bi are

. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_ai and R_bi are

. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, two of CR_aiR_bi

[443] In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_a2 is H and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_a2 is H and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_a2 and R_b2 are both n some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_a2 and R_b2 are

. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, R_a2 and R_b2 are

. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, two of CR_a2R_b2

[444] In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[445] In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[446] In some variations of formula (16) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [447] In some variations of formula (16) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (16) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[448] Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (17):

, in which each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety; ki is 2- 10; ¾ is 2- 10; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi_,

R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ or ^ , or (3) two of

CR_aiR_bi are v V ^ ; and, for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1)

7 O

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are

[449] In some variations of formula (17), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (17), Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (17), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (17), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (17), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (17), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[450] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, ki is 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5-10, 5-9, 5- 8, 5-7, 5-6, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-10, 8-9, 9-10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

[451] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, &2 is 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5-10, 5-9, 5- 8, 5-7, 5-6, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-10, 8-9, 9-10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

[452] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, each R_ai is H and each R_bi is H. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, each R_ai is H and each R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, each R_ai and R_bi is '^¾ . In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above,

O

each R_ai and R_bi is '^% . In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, each two of CR_aiRbi are ^¾ .

[453] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_ai and R_bi, a first R_ai is H, a first R_bi is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and Rbi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the

O

paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi are ' A **" , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). [454] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of Rai and Rbi, each of R_ai and Rbi is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and Rbi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, two of R_ai are H, two of R_bi are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of

R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and Rbi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in

O

two occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17).

[455] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in three

occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, three of R_ai are H, three of R_bi are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some v 7) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_ai and Rbi,

, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi are

₅ and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17).

[456] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of Rai and Rbi, each of R_ai and Rbi is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and Rbi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, four of R_ai are H, four of R_bi are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi are

, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi are

, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17).

[457] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, five of R_ai are H, five of R_bi are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and Rbi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs

O

above, in five occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi are '^% , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17).

[458] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, six of R_ai are H, six of R_bi are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations o (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of

Rai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi

, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and Rbi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in O

six occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17).

[459] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, seven of R_ai are H, seven of R_bi are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in

remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17).

[460] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, eight of R_ai are H, eight of R_bi are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in

O

the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi are ' A^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17).

[461] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, nine of R_ai are H, nine of R_bi are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the

occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17).

[462] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, ten of R_ai are H, ten of R_bi are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of

R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi are "^¾ , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and Rbi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in

O

ten occurrences of R_ai and R_bi, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17).

[463] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, two occurrences of

R_ai and R_bi are

, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, four occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are

, and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, six occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and

R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, eight occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are , and the remaining occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, five occurrences of R_ai and R_bi are '

[464] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, each R_a2 is H and each R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, each R_a2 is H and each R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, each R_a2 and R_b2 is

. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above,

[465] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a2 and R_b2, a first R_a2 is H, a first R_b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the

O

paragraphs above, in a first occurrence of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17).

[466] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, two of R_a2 are H, two of R_b2 are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of

R_a2 and Rb₂, R_a2 and Rb₂ are

, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and Rb₂ are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in two occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are

, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17).

[467] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in three

occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, three of R_a2 are H, three of R_b2 are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of 7) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b

, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in three occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are

₅ and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17).

[468] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, four of R_a2 are H, four of R_b2 are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are "^- ~ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the O

paragraphs above, in four occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17).

[469] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, five of R_a2 are H, five of R_b2 are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in five occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs

O

above, in five occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17).

[470] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, six of R_a2 are H, six of R_b2 are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in six occurrences of

R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in

O

six occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17).

[471] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, seven of R_a2 are H, seven of R_b2 are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of form (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are

, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in seven occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are

[472] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, eight of R_a2 are H, eight of R_b2 are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in

O

the paragraphs above, in eight occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17).

[473] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, nine of R_a2 are H, nine of R_b2 are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a2 and Rb₂, R_a2 and Rb₂ are "^- ~ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the

O

paragraphs above, in nine occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17).

[474] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is H, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, each of R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, ten of R_a2 are H, ten of R_b2 are CH₃, and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in ten occurrences of

R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, in

O

ten occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17).

[475] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, two occurrences of

R_a2 and R_b2 are ' ^«· , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, four occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, six occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are , and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and

R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, eight occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are

and the remaining occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are as defined above for formula (17). In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, five occurrences of R_a2 and R_b2 are

. [476] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[477] In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[478] In some variations of formula (17) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[479] In some variations of formula (17) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (17) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[480] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (18):

(18) wherein each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, n and nb independently are 0-6, and rii and «H independently are 1-4.

[481] In some variations of formula (18), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (18), Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (18), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (18), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (18), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (18), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[482] In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[483] In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, nb is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[484] In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, rti is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[485] In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[486] In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[487] In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

[488] In some variations of formula (18) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[489] In some variations of formula (18) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (18) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[490] Some cationic dye dimers fall within formula (19):

wherein each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, tii and tij,i independently are 0-5, and ϊΐ2 and rib2 independently are 1-5.

[491] In some variations of formula (19), Dl, D2, and D3 independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue. In some variations of formula (19), Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In other variations of formula (19), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety.

[492] In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, rti is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[493] In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3,

0- 2, 0- 1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[494] In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3,

1- 2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[495] In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, n,bi is 1-5, 1-4, 1- 3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[496] In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[497] In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 {e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[498] In some variations of formula (19) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[499] In some variations of formula (19) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (19) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g. , F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. ,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[500] Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (20):

(20) ₅ in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, rti and «« independently are 0-5 and 112 and nbi independently are 1-5.

[501] In some variations of formula (20), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue. In some variations of formula (20), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (20), Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (20), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (20), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (20), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety.

[502] In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, rti is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[503] In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, ¾ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [504] In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[505] In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, n¾ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[506] In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[507] In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

[508] In some variations of formula (20) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[509] In some variations of formula (20) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (20) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[510] Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (21):

(21 ) , in which each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, tii and tibi independently are 0-5 and ti2 and n¾ independently are 1-5. [511] In some variations of formula (21), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (21), Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (21), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (21), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (21), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (21), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[512] In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, rti is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3,

[513] In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, ϊΐ2 is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3,

1- 2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[514] In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3,

[515] In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3,

1- 2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[516] In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[517] In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 {e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

[518] In some variations of formula (21) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[519] In some variations of formula (21) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (21) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl {e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, Cl- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[520] Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (22):

(22) , in which each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, rii, ri₂, nu, and nbi independently are 1-5.

[521] In some variations of formula (22), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (22), Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (22), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (22), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (22), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (22), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[522] In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, rii is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[523] In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, ϊΐ₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[524] In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, nu is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[525] In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, nbi is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[526] In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[527] In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[528] In some variations of formula (22) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [529] In some variations of formula (22) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (22) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[530] Some cationic dye trimers fall within formula (23):

in which each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety and n and nb independently are 1-6.

[531] In some variations of formula (23), Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (23), Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (23), Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (23), Dl and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (23), D2 and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (23), each of Dl, D2, and D3 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[532] In some variations of formula (23) described above, n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 12-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[533] In some variations of formula (23) described above, nb is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 12-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[534] In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O.

[535] In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 {e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

[536] In some variations of formula (23) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^", — NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[537] In some variations of formula (23) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (23) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[538] Some cationic dye multimers fall within formula (24):

, in which m is 2; each of Dl, a first D2, and a second D2 is a cationic dye moiety; /_/ and 1₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ~ , or (3) two of CR_aiRbi are

; and, for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H O

or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 are n orr (3) t twwno n off C CRR_a_₂RRib.i₂ a arpe

[539] In some variations of formula (24), Dl, the first D2, and the second D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (24), Dl, the first D2, and the second D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (24), Dl and the first D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and the second D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (24), Dl and the second D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and the first D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (24), the first D2 and the second D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (24), each of Dl, the first D2, and the second D2 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[540] In some variations of formula (24), /_/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[541] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, ¾ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[542] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 1, R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 1, R_ai and R_bi are ¾ '^¾¾ . In some variations of

O

formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ .

[543] In variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_bi is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[544] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are O

'¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are ¾ '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in

O

the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, R_ai is H,

R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which / is 2, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, R_ai and R_bi and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, R_ai and R_bi are "^¾ ^ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ R_a2 and O

R_b2 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which

O O

is 2, R_al and R_bl are ^ R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ .

[545] In variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; and R_a3 and R_b3, respectively. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, Ra2, ¾>2, Ra3, and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_a3i R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3i R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[546] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ .

[547] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3,

O

each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 O

and R_b3 are ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2

O

is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ .

[548] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and

R_b2 are "^- , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

(24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[549] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula 24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

, R_a2 and R_b2 are R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[550] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai

O O

and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of

O

formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3,

O O

O

formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[551] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are ' <- , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are ' <- , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in

O

which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are "^- ^<· , and R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· .

[552] In variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; R_a3 and R_b3; and R_a4 and R_b4, respectively. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and R_b4 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, R_b3i R_a4, and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and R_b3 is H and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai, R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2 is H and each of R_a3, R_b3, R_a4i and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai, R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃ and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is H.

[553] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai,R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and each of Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, R_b2, R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃.

[554] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are "^¾- *" . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in whic is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[555] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾% ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are "^- *" . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '¾^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3 and are

[556] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are ' ¾^{¾ i} , R_a3 and R_b3 are ' ¾^{¾ ί} , and R_a4 and R_b4 are 3 '¾^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are x '^¾¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ .

[557] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^^N . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

O

are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ .

[558] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are v. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O O

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· *^* , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are r^v , and R_a4 and R_b4 are r^v . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

O O

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3

O O

and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ .

[559] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are

some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

0 0 O

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾A· , R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and

0 0 O

R_b2 are A , R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾A· , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· . In some variations of formula O

(24) described in the paragraphs above in whiicchh Z is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

[560] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, R_ai and R_bi are w ⁰

'^Y ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ^¾ , R_a2

O

and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾ ^ .

[561] In so variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

In some variations of formula described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ' ¾^¾ , R_a2 and R_b are

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

[562] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and are

and R_b2 are

[563] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

, R_a2 and R_b2 are

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

.

[564] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

[565] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

0 0 O and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are 0 0 O

O

of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· , R_a2

O O

O

formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· , R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are '¾· , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· .

[566] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

0 0 0 O and R_bi are 'τ- ^. , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ^·· ^-/ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ ^- .

[567] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^<■ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' <- ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_a2 are H,

R_bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ .

[568] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^^x , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi

, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

[569] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi O

are J '^¾i ^j _{5 a2} and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are W ^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

O

[570] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O O

and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ - ₅ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{¾ ^} . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and

O 7

R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are .W ^«· Y . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi

O O

are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ ^{^} . [571] In some variations of formu described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi

, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[572] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[573] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 1, R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ . In some variations of

O

formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ .

[574] In variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R| bl and R_a2 and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi a ain-d_ R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_bi is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[575] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are O

'¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai is H,

R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾- *" . In some variations of formula (24) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai and R_bi and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^^x R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h

O O

and R_bi are '^¾ ^ and R_b2 are '^¾ ^

[576] In variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; and R_a3 and R_b3, respectively. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 3, In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_a3 R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3i R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. [577] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is H and R_a3 and Rb₃ are

. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is CH₃ and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of Rbi and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾ ^ .

[578] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3,

O

each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ . i_n some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is CH₃ and R_a3

O

and R_b3 are ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rbi, and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are

In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai and

O

is H and each of Rbi and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾· ^ .

[579] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and

R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^{¾ f"} , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[580] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "^- ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, Rai and Rbi are

and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are W O

'^¾ ^^x , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[581] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 3, R_ai

O O

O

formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, o o

O

formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· f ^v , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in

O O

[582] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are " <^■ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are " ^«■ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are V V

, R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are <SK , and R_a3 and R_b3 are

[583] In variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; R_a3 and R_b3; and R_a4 and R_b4, respectively. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and R_b4 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, R_b3i R_a4, and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and R_b3 is H and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of R_ai, R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2 is H and each of R_a3, R_b3i R_a4i and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of R_ai, R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃ and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is H. [584] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai,R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of Rbi, Rb₂, and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and each of Ra2, ¾>2, Ra3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, Rbi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, Rb₂, R_a3, and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and Rb₂ is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is CH₃.

[585] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are "^- ~ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾

[586] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

Rb₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾ , and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ [587] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are ' ¾^¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ' \^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are \ '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ' \^¾% ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ¾ '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾¾ .

[588] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

O

are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ .

[589] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are v. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O O

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are o o

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3

O O

and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ .

[590] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai

0 0 O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are J'^¾U ^ _{5 a3} and R_b3 are J '¾· U ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are J'^¾U ^ . i_n some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

0 0 O

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾·^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾·^ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾·^ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and

. In some variations of formula

O

(24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

[591] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are W ⁰

¼ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are Λ '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2

O

and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· .

[592] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[593] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and are

, R_a2 and R_b2 are , R_a3 and R_b3 are G , and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[594] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

W O⁰ O⁰

'^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some vvaarriiaattiioonnss ooff ffoorrmmuullaa ((2244)) ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn tthhee ppaarraaggrraapphhss aabboovvee iinn wwhhiicchh ll₂₂ iiss 44,, RR_a. i and R_bi are

O O

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (24 described in the paragraphs above in which l is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

.

[595] In some ariations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

.

[596] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

0 0 O and R_bi are JG ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are J '^¾ G ^ _{5 a3} and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are J '^¾ G ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are 0 0 O

G *- G f , R_a2 and R_b2 areG ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 areG ^ . In some variations O

of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2

O O

O

formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ .

[597] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O O O O

[598] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are '^- . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' *· In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_a2 are H,

R_bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are 'τ-

[599] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are ' ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' ÷· . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are "^- ^¾ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

[600] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi O

are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{^} . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

O

[601] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, R_ai

O O

and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ ₅ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ <· . In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, R_ai and

O

R_bi are '¾· , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi O O

[602] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[603] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[604] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is

with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

190

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[605] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[606] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[607] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, the first D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, the second D2 is safranin- O. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and the first D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and the second D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraphs above, the first D2 and the second D2 are safranin-O.

[608] In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [609] In some variations of formula (24) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR, — NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH3,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. ,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH, — COOR,— CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, Cl- C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[610] In some variations of formula (24) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (24) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR, — NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. ,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH, —COOR,—CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, Cl- C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[611] In some of the variations of formula (24) described above, in which each D is a safranin- O moiety, as shown in formula (24a):

, in which m, li, I₂, ring

A, Rai, Rbi R_a2, and Rb₂ are as defined in the paragraphs above, Ri, R₂, R₃, R₄, R5, and R₆ independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH, — O^",— NHCOCH3,— NHCOR,— OCH3,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R,— C₆H₅,— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. ,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH, — COOR,— CHO, and—COR), and R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4- C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[612] One of skill in the art can readily visualize and prepare other cationic multimers falling within formula (24) in which other cationic dye moieties are used in place of one or both of the safranin-0 moieties.

[613] Some cationic dye multimers fall within formula (25):

o/ , in which m is 2; each of Dl, a first D2, and a second D2 is a cationic dye moiety; h, n, oi, and 0₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi_,

Rai and Rbi(l) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and Rbi independently are

nr or (3) two of CRaiRbi are ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and Rb₂, R_a2 and Rb₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 independently are "^- or '^¾ or (3) two of CR_a2Rb₂ are ; for each independent instance of R_ci and Rdi, R_ci and Rdi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and R_di independently are '^¾ or '^¾ ?~ , or (3) two of CR_ciR_di are ' ^«· ^<· ; and, for each independent instance of R_c2 and R_d2 R_c2 and R_d2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 independently are '^¾ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_c2R_d2 are .

[614] In some variations of formula (25), Dl, the first D2, and the second D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (25), Dl, the first D2, and the second D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (25), Dl and the first D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and the second D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (25), Dl and the second D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and the first D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In other variations of formula (25), the first D2 and the second D2 are the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (25), each of Dl, the first D2, and the second D2 independently is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[615] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, /_/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[616] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, h is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[617] In some previous variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, oi is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[618] In some previous variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, 02 is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[619] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 1, R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 1, R_ai and R_bi are ^ .

[620] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_bi is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[621] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are O

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in

O

the paragraphs above in which / is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, R_ai is H,

R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which / is 2, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, R_ai and R_bi and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, R_ai and R_bi are x '^¾¾ ^ R_a2 and R_b2 are ¾ '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which / is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ R_a2 and O

R_b2 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which

O O

is 2, R_al and R_bl are ^ R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ .

[622] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; and R_a3 and R_b3, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, Ra2, ¾>2, Ra3, and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_a3i R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3i R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[623] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ .

[624] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3,

O

each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 O

and R_b3 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2

O

is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ .

[625] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and

R_b2 are "^- , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

(25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[626] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula 25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

, R_a2 and R_b2 are R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[627] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai

O O

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3,

O O

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi are , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in

O O

[628] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are ' <- , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are ' <- , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in

O

[629] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; R_a3 and R_b3; and R_a4 and R_b4, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and R_b4 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, R_b3i R_a4, and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and R_b3 is H and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai, R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2 is H and each of R_a3, R_b3, R_a4i and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai, R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃ and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is H.

[630] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai,R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and each of Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, R_b2, R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃.

[631] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are "^¾- *" . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in whic is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[632] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾% ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are "^- *" . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '¾^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3 and are

[633] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are ' ¾^{¾ i} , R_a3 and R_b3 are ' ¾^{¾ ί} , and R_a4 and R_b4 are 3 '¾^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are x '^¾¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ .

[634] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^^N . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

O

are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ .

[635] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are v. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O O

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· *^* , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are r^v , and R_a4 and R_b4 are r^v . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

O O

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3

O O

and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ .

[636] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are

some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

0 0 O

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾A· , R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and

0 0 O

(25) described in the paragraphs above in wh iicchh is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ^'¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

[637] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^- *^" . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ^¾ ^ , R_a2

O

and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾ ^ .

[638] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

so variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which // is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which lj is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

[639] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

[640] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

. some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ r ^" , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

, R_a2 and R_b2 are

.

[641] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

[642] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

0 0 O and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are 0 0 O

O

of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· , R_a2

O O

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· , R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are '¾· , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· .

[643] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

0 0 0 O

[644] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^<■ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' <- ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_a2 are H,

R_bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ .

[645] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^^x , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi

, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

[646] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi O

are J '^¾i ^j _{5 a2} and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are W ^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

O

[647] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai

O O

and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ - ₅ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{¾ ^} . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and

O 7

R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are .W ^«· Y . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi

O O

are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ ^{^} . [648] In some variations of formu described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi

, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[649] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[650] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 1, R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are

. In some variations of

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ .

[651] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 2, each of R_ai and R| bl and R_a2 and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi a ain-d_ R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_bi is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[652] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai is H,

R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾- *" . In some variations of formula (25) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai and R_bi and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^^x R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h

O O

and R_bi are '^¾ ^ and R_b2 are '^¾ ^

[653] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; and R_a3 and R_b3, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 3, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_a3 R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3i R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. [654] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is H and R_a3 and Rb₃ are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is CH₃ and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of Rbi and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾ ^ .

[655] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3,

O

each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ . i_n some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is CH₃ and R_a3

O

and R_b3 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rbi, and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, each of R_ai and

O

is H and each of Rbi and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾· ^ .

[656] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and

R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^{¾ f"} , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[657] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "^- ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, Rai and Rbi are

and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are W O

'^¾ ^^x , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[658] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which ¾ is 3, R_ai

O O

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, o o

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· f ^v , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in

O O

[659] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are " <^■ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are " ^«■ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are V V

, R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are <SK , and R_a3 and R_b3 are

[660] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; R_a3 and R_b3; and R_a4 and R_b4, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and R_b4 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, R_b3i R_a4, and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and R_b3 is H and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of R_ai, R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2 is H and each of R_a3, R_b3i R_a4i and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, each of R_ai, R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃ and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is H. [661] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai,R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of Rbi, Rb₂, and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, ¾>2, Ra3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, Rbi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, Rb₂, R_a3, and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and Rb₂ is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is CH₃.

[662] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are "^- ~ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾

[663] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

Rb₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾ , and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ [664] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are ' ¾^¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ' \^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are \ '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ' \^¾% ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ¾ '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

[665] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

O

are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ .

[666] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are v. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O O

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are o o

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃, R_a3

O O

and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ .

[667] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai

0 0 O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are J'^¾U ^ _{5 a3} and R_b3 are J '¾· U ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are J'^¾U ^ . i_n some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

0 0 O

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾·^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾·^ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾·^ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and

. In some variations of formula

O

(25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

[668] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai and R_bi are W ⁰

¼ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are Λ '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2

O

and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· .

[669] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[670] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and are

, R_a2 and R_b2 are , R_a3 and R_b3 are G , and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[671] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

W O⁰ O⁰

'^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some vvaarriiaattiioonnss ooff ffoorrmmuullaa ((2255)) ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn tthhee ppaarraaggrraapphhss aabboovvee iinn wwhhiicchh ll₂₂ iiss 44,, RR_a. i and R_bi are

O O

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25 described in the paragraphs above in which l is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are

.

[672] In some ariations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

.

[673] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

0 0 O and R_bi are JG ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are J '^¾ G ^ _{5 a3} and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are J '^¾ G ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are 0 0 O

of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2

O O

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· *^* , R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ .

[674] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O O O O

[675] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are '^- . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' *· In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_a2 are H,

R_bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are 'τ-

[676] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are ' ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' ÷· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are "^- ^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

[677] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai

O

and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi O

are '¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{^} . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which h is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

O

[678] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, R_ai

O O

and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ ₅ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾ <· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, R_ai and

O

R_bi are '¾· , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which I2 is 4, R_ai and R_bi O O

[679] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[680] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which l₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[681] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 0₁ is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 1, R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 1, R_ai and R_bi are

. In some variations of

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· *" .

[682] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_t,₂ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_bi is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[683] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are

. In some variations of formula (25) descr in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2

are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, R_ai is H,

R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the

O

paragraphs above in which oi is 2, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are f " . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, R_ai and R_bi and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾¾ ^ R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi

O O

is 2, R_ai and R_bi are ^ R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ .

[684] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, the three instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi; R_a2 and R_b2; and R_a3 and R_b3, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, ¾₂, R_a3, and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, R_b2, R_a3, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_a3, R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3i R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[685] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_bi, and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai and

R_a2 is H and each of Rbi and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^{¾ i} .

[686] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3,

O

each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is H and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3

O

and R_b3 are *" . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which

Oi i iss 53,, K R_aaii i iss t Hi aanndd eeaaccnh ootf K R_aa22,, K R_bbii,, aanndd K R_bb₂2 i iss ( CJH¾₃, aanndd K R_aa33 aanndd K R_bb₃₃ aarree

i Inn some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, each of R_ai and

R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾· ^ . [687] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3,

Rai and Rbi are , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

(25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[688] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3,

W O

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ¾ '^¾¾ , R_a2

O

and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ _{5 a3} is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi

W O

is 3, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are "^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[689] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3,

O O

Rai and Rbi are ^ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '^¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which ø_/ is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi

O O

is 3, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi are O O

, R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25)

R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[690] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3,

R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are

, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula

(25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are V V

^<· , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in

O

which oi is 3, R_ai and Rbi and R_a2 and Rb₂ together are ^ and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾· ^ . [691] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, the three instances of R_a and Rb are indicated as R_ai and Rbi; R_a2 and Rb₂; R_a3 and Rb₃; and R_a4 and Rb₄, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and Rb₄ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, Ra2, ¾>2, ¾3, and R_b3 is H and each of R_a4 and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, and Rb2 is H and each of R_a3, Rb3, R_a4, and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb3 is CH₃ and each of R_a4 and R_b4 is H.

[692] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai,R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of Rbi, Rb2, and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, Rbi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, R_b2, R_a3i and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, Rbi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, Rb2, R_a3, and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of Rbi and Rb2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and Rb2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is CH₃.

[693] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb2 are H, R_a3 and Rb3 are H, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above which oi is 4, R_ai and Rbi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and are CH₃, R_a3 and Rb3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in whic is 4, R_ai and Rbi are CH₃, R_a2 and Rb2 are CH₃, and Rb3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are

[694] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

Rai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb₃ are x '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and Rb₄ are x '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x "¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾% ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '¾^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾

[695] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ' x¾^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ ⁱ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '¾^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are x '^¾¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are x '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are x '^¾¾ ^ .

[696] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

O

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

O

are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[697] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

O

Rai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾· ^ , and R_a4 and Rb₄ are v. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O O

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ' · ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ' · . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

O O

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃,

O O

R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ .

[698] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi

0 0 O

JU JU JU

are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ ^N , R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

0 0 O

A A

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are'^¾ ^ _{5 a3} and R_b3 are '^¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾· ^ . In some variations

O

of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ ₅ R_a2

0 0 O

and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are Λ '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are Λ '^¾ ^ . [699] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

Rai and Rbi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb₃ are H, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾ ^^N . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R a2

O

and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb₃ are CH₃, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are ^ .

[700] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and Rbi are

In somee vvaarriiaattiioonnss ooff ffoorrmmuullaa ((2255)) ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn tthhee ppaarraaggrraapphhss aabboovvee iinn wwhhiicchh ooii iiss 44,, R_ai and R_bi are

In some vari iaattiioonnss ooff ffoorrmmuullaa ((2255)) ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn tthhee ppaarraaggrraapphhss aabboovvee iinn wwhhiicchh ooii iiss 44,, R R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ .

[701] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are ¾ '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ¾ '^¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ¾ '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^

[702] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

w O⁰ O⁰

R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are ^ , R_a3 and Rb₃ are H, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾· ^ . In som lee vvaarriiaattiioonnss ooff ffoorrmmuullaa ((2255)) ddeessccrriibbeedd iinn tthhee ppaarraaggrraapphhss aabboovvee iinn wwhhiicchh ooii iiss 4 A , R_ai and R_bi

O O

are '^¾ < ^^ ,, RR_aa22 aanndd RR_bb22 aarree ^ ,₅ R_aa33 aanndd RR_bb33 aarree CCHH₃₃,, aanndd RR_aa44 aanndd RR_bb44 aarree '¾· ^^ .. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some ariations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

.

[703] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are ¾ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are Λ '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ¾ '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are Λ '^¾ ^ .

[704] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

0 0 O

R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are 0 0 O

'¾· ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations

O

of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2

O O

and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· .

[705] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_a

.

[706] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi

V V

are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' ^«· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_a2 are H,

V V

R_bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are τ- [707] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and

R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^<- .

[708] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

O

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are ^'¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^«■ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and

O

R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi

O

is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{^} .

[709] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

O O

R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ - ₅ and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are V V

'τ- . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

O O

R_ai and R_bi are ^'¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^'¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[710] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are [711] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which oi is 4,

Rai and Rbi and R_a2 and Rb₂ together are , and R_a3 and Rb₃ and R_a4 and Rb₄ together are

[712] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 1, R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 1, R_ai and R_bi are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 1, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 1, R_ai and R_bi are

[713] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, the two instances of R_a and R_b are indicated as R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, each of R_ai, R_a2, and R_bi is H and R_b2 is CH₃.

[714] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is H and R_a2 and R_b2 are

. In some variations of formula (25) descr in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2 are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, each of R_ai and R_bi is CH₃ and R_a2 and R_b2

are In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, R_ai is H,

O

paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, R_ai and R_bi and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 2, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾¾ ^ R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are '¾· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02

O O

is 2, R_ai and Rbi are ^ R_a2 and Rb₂ are ^ .

[715] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, the three instances of R_a and Rb are indicated as R_ai and Rbi; R_a2 and Rb₂; and R_a3 and Rb₃, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and R_b2, is H and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb2, is CH₃ and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, R_a3, Rbi, Rb2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H and each of R_a3, Rbi, Rb2, and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of Rai, R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of Rbi, Rb2, and Rb₃ is CH₃.

[716] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is H and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is CH₃ and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rbi, and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai and

R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are

[717] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3,

O

each of R_ai,Rbi, R_a2, and Rb₂, is H and R_a3 and Rb₃ are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, and R_b2, is CH₃ and R_a3

O

02 is 3, R_ai is H and each of R_a2, Rbi, and Rb₂ is CH₃, and R_a3 and Rb₃ are \ '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, each of R_ai and

O

R_a2 is H and each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ .

[718] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are "^- , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb₃ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are

[719] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3,

Rai and Rbi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R ^L _aa2

O

and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ _{5 a3} is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ ^N ₅ and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are W O

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are , and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25)

W O

described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ ,

[720] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3,

O O

R_ai and Rbi are '^¾· ^ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾· ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is H. In some variations of

O

formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and Rbi are '^¾· ^ , R_a2 and

O

R_b2 are ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in

O O

the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and Rbi are , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾· ^ , R_a3 is H, and Rb3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02

O O

is 3, Rai and Rbi are '^¾· , R_a2 and Rb₂ are ^ , and each of R_a3 and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are O O

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25)

O O

described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃.

[721] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3,

R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi and

R_a2 and R_b2 together are *· , and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula

(25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are

' ^«· ^<· , R_a3 is H, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 3, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in

O

[722] In variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, the three instances of R_a and Rb are indicated as R_ai and Rbi; R_a2 and Rb₂; R_a3 and Rb₃; and R_a4 and Rb₄, respectively. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of Rai,Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, Rb3, Ra4, and Rb₄ is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of R_ai,R_bi, R_a2, Rb₂, R_a3, Rb3, ¾4, and R_b4 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, Ra2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb3 is H and each of R_a4 and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, and Rb2 is H and each of R_a3, R_b3i R_a4i and Rb₄ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, Rb2, Ra3, and Rb3 is CH₃ and each of

[723] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of R_ai,R_a2, and R_a3 is H and each of R_bi, R_b2, and R_b3 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, Rb₂, R_a3, and Rb₃ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai is H, Rbi is CH₃, and each of R_a2, Rb₂, R_a3, and Rb3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is H. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, each of R_ai and R_a2 is H, each of R_bi and R_b2 is CH₃, and each of R_a3 and R_b3 is CH₃.

[724] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb3 are H, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are C¾, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in whic is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

R_a3 and R_b3 are C¾, and R_a4 and R_b4 are

[725] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and Rb₂ are CH₃, R_a3 and Rb3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and Rb₄ are " ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai is H, Rbi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, Rb₂ is

CH₃, R_a3 and Rb3 are '^{¾ ί} , and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾ [726] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

Rai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb₂ are ' \^¾¾ , R_a3 and Rb₃ are ' ¾^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and Rb₄ are \ '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are x '^¾¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ' \^¾% ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are \ '^¾¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ¾ '^¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾¾ , R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾¾ .

[727] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

O

R_ai and Rbi are H, R_a2 and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb₃ are H, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O

R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2

O

are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃,

O

R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ .

[728] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

O

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are '¾· ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are v. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H,

O O

R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and

O O

R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are o o

CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 is H, R_b2 is CH₃,

O O

R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[729] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

0 0 O

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are J'^¾U ^ _{5 a3} and R_b3 are JU ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are J'^¾U ^ . i_n some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is

. In some variations

O

of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '¾· ^ , R_a2

0 0 O

and R_b2 are A ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾A ^ ₅ and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[730] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

W O

R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are H, R_a3 and Rb₃ are H, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ¾ '^¾¾ , R_a2

O

and R_b2 are H, R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· .

[731] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which is 4,

R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ , R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾ , R_a3 and Rb₃ are H, and R_a4 and Rb₄ are

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[732] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are ' X^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ' X^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are ' ¾^¾ ^ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are X '¾· ^

[733] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4

w O⁰ O⁰

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· *^* . some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi are

'^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '^¾ ^ .

[734] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are Λ ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are '^¾¾ , and R_a4 and R_b4 are Λ ^ .

[735] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

0 0 O

R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· _{5 a3} and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi 0 0 o

are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are '¾· ^ . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are 0 0 O

^'¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ , R_a3 and R_b3 are CH₃, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^'¾ ^ . In some variations

O

of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2

O O

and R_b2 are ₅ R_a3 and R_b3 are H, and R_a4 and R_b4 are ^ .

[736] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are

[737] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are H, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are j_n some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^¾· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai and R_a2 are H,

R_bi and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ' <-

[738] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4,

. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and

R_bi are ' ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^^x , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are .

[739] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4,

O

R_ai and R_bi are H, R_a2 and R_b2 are , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^{¾ ^} . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which <¾ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are , R_a2 and R_b2 are CH₃, and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^ ^ - i_n some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai is H, R_bi

O

is CH₃, R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ^«· .

[740] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

O O

R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are ¾· . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4,

R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are v . In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4,

O O

R_ai and R_bi are ^ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '¾· ^ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[741] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which o₂ is 4, R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ , R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[742] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above in which 02 is 4, R_ai and R_bi and R_a2 and R_b2 together are , and R_a3 and R_b3 and R_a4 and R_b4 together are

[743] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is [744] ring A is

, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; (b) H , O ₅ S ₅ H , O R2 , or S R2 , optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[745] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, n is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[746] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[747] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[748] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, the first D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, the second D2 is safranin- O. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and the first D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and the second D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraphs above, the first D2 and the second D2 are safranin-O.

[749] In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the

[750] In some variations of formula (25) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR, — NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the first D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. ,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH, —COOR,—CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, Cl- C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[751] In some variations of formula (25) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (25) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR, — NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of the second D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g. ,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH, — COOR,— CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, Cl- C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[752] In some of the variations of formula (25) described above,, Dl and D2 are safranin-0 moieties, as shown in formula (25a):

(25a) in which m, n, h, h, Oi, 02, ring A, R_ai, Rbi, R_a2, Rb2 Rci, Rdi, Rd2, and Rd₂ are as defined in the paragraphs above, Ri, R₂, R₃, R₄, R5, and R₆ independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR, — C₂H₅,— R— C₆H₅,— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g. , F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃, — CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and—COR), and R is C 1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[753] One of skill in the art can readily visualize and prepare other cationic multimers falling within formula (25) in which other cationic dye moieties are used in place of one or both of the safranin-0 moieties.

[754] Some cationic dye multimers fall within formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32):

wherein D is a cationic dye moiety, nx is 0-5, ny is 1-5, and L is absent or L is a linker selected from linker (a. l), linker (a.2), linker (b. l), linker (c. l), linker (c.2), linker (d), linker (e. l), linker (f. l), linker (f.2), linker (g. l), linker (g.2), linker (h. l), linker (h.2), linker (i. l), linker (i.2), linker (j. l), linker j.2), linker (k), linker (1.1), linker (1.2), linker (m. l), linker (n. l), linker (n.2), linker (o), linker (p), linker (q), linker (r), and linker (s), described above. ns of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (a. l):

(a.1 ) , in which n is 1-6, tii is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic [756] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (a. l), n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[757] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (a. l), rti is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4. s of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (a.2):

(^a- ) , in which n is 1-6, rtj is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[759] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (a.2), n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[760] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (a.2), rti is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[761] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (b. l):

, in which n is 0-6, tii is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[762] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (b. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3- 4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[763] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (b. l), rtj is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[764] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (c. l):

, in which n is 0-6, tii is 1-4, either (1) R_a and R_b independently are H or CH₃

V7 ⁰

or (2) R_a and Rb are '^¾ ^ or ^ ; or (3) two of CR_aRb are ^{<■ ^} ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[765] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (c. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3- 4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[766] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c. l), rti is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[767] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c. l), R_a is H and R_b is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c. l), R_a is H and R_b is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c. l), R_a and R_b are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

O

in which L is linker (c. l), R_a and R_b are ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c. l), two of

CRaRb are .

[768] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (c.2):

, in which n is 0-6, ni is 1-4, either (1) R_a and R_b independently are H or CH₃

V7 ⁰

or (2) R_a and Rb are '^¾ or '^¾ ^ ; or (3) two of CR_aRb are ^{¾ ^} ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D. [769] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (c.2), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3- 4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[770] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c.2), rti is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[771] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c.2), R_a is H and R_b is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c.2), R_a is H and R_b is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c.2), R_a and R_b are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

O

in which L is linker (c.2), R_a and R_b are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c.2), two of

CR_aRb are .

[772] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (c), L is

[773] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (d): , where k is 2-10; (1) R_a and ¾, independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and ¾, are or ^{" <■} <^{■ "} , n orr (3) t twwno n off C CRR_a.RRib. a arpe ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D

[774] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (d), k is 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5-10, 5-9, 5-8, 5-7, 5-6, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-10, 8-9, 9-10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

[775] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (d), R_a is H and R_b is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (d), R_a is H and R„ is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (d), R_a and R_b are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

O

in which L is linker (d), R_a and R_b are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (d), two of CR_aR_b are

[776] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (e.l):

(e.1 )

[777] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (e. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3- 4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. [778] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (e. l), rti is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[779] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (f.1):

¹ ) , in which tii is 0-5, ¾ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[780] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (f. l), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[781] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (f. l), fi2 is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[782] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (f.2):

, in which tii is 0-5, ti₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[783] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (f.2), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[784] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (f.2), ¾ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[785] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (g. l):

[786] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (g.l), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[787] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (g. l), ¾ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[788] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (g.2):

[789] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (g.2), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[790] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (g.2), ¾ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[791] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (h.l):

(h.1 ) , in which tii is 0-5, ti₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[792] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (h.l), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[793] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (h. l), ¾ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1,

2, 3, 4, or 5.

[794] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (h.2):

(h.2) , in which tii is 0-5, ti₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[795] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (h.2), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[796] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (h.2), ¾ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[797] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (i.l):

(i.1 ) , in which tii and ti₂ independently are 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[798] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, L is linker (i.l), m is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[799] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (i. l), ni is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[800] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (i.2):

('^■2) , in which tii and independently are 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[801] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, L is linker (i.2), m is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[802] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (i.2), ni is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[803] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (j.l):

in which ti₂ is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic

[804] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (j.l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[805] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (j.l) :

, in which η₂ is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[806] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (j.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[807] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (k):

' , in which and ¾ independently are 1-4, n is 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; (1) R_ai and R_bi independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_ai and R_bi independently are or ½ ^ ; or (3) two of CR_aiR„i are _; (I) R_{a2 an}d R_b2 independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 independently are '^¾ ^ or ^ ; or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[808] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (k), _/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[809] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), h is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[810] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), R_ai is H and R_bi is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

(29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), two of

CR_aiR„i are .

[811] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

O

in which L is linker (k), R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), two of

CR_a2R_b2 are

[812] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), ring A is (a) ,

_? optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[813] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[814] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3- C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[815] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (1.1):

, in which , n, oi, and 0₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and

Rbi, Rai and Rbi(l) independently are H or CH3, or (2) R_ai and Rbi independently are

or O

^ , or (3) two of CRaiRbi are ' ^«■ ; for each independi ent instance of R_a2 and Rb₂, R_a2 and 7 O

¾>2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 independently are '^¾ ^ or or (3) two of CR_a2Rb2 are '^¾ ; for each independent instance of R_ci and R_di R_ci and R_di (1)

W ⁰

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and R_di independently are '^¾ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CRciRdi are ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and Rd₂, R_C2 and R_d2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_c2Rd2 are ^ ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[816] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (1.1), _/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[817] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[818] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), Oi is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[819] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), 02 is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[820] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_ai is H and R_bi is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_ai and R_bi are ^ ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

O

in which L is linker (1.1), R_ai and Rbi are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), two of

CR_aiR_bi are

[821] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

O

in which L is linker (1.1), R_a2 and Rb₂ are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), two of

CR_a2R_b2 are

[822] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_ci and R_di are both H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_cl is H and R_dl is CH₃. 1 In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30),

(31) , or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_ci and R_di are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_ci and R_di are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker

O

(1.1), Rci and R_di are In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), two of CR_ciRdi are ' <- .

[823] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_c2 and R_d2 are both H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_c2 is H and R_d2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_c2 and R_d2 are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), R_c2 and R_d2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker

O

(1.1), R_c2 and R_d2 are ^ ? In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), two of CR_c2R_d2 are [824] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described ⁱn the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), ring A is

, optionally substituted

with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[825] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[826] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3- C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[827] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), n is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[828] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (1.2):

C-²) , in which n, and 02 independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and

R_bi_, ¾i and Rbi(l) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi independently are '^¾ or O

'^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CRaiRbi are ^ ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and Rb_2, R_a2 and

W O

Rb2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and Rb₂ independently are '^¾ or or (3) two of CR_a2Rb₂ are ; for each independent instance of R_ci and Rdi_, R_ci and Rdi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and Rdi independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CRciRdi are '^- ^¾ ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and Rd₂, R_C2 and Rd₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and Rd₂ independently are '^¾ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_c2Rd2 are ' *· ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[829] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (1.2), _/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[830] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), I2 is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[831] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), oi is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[832] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), 02 is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[833] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_ai is H and R_bi is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_ai and R_bi are

. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

O

in which L is linker (1.2), R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), two of

CRaiRbi are .

[834] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above

O

in which L is linker (1.2), R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), two of

CR_a2R_b2 are ¾^

[835] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_ci and R_di are both H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_cl is H and R_dl is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_ci and R_di are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_ci and R_di are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), two of CR_ciRdi are [836] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_c2 and R_d2 are both H. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_c2 is H and R_d2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_c2 and R_d2 are both CH₃. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), R_c2 and R_d2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker

O

(1.2), R_c2 and R_d2 are In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or

(32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), two of CR_c2R_d2 are

[837] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), ring A is

with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[838] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[839] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3- C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [840] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), n is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[841] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (m.1):

, in which n is 0-6, ni is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[842] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (m. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3- 4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[843] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (m.l), ni is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[844] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (n.l): *

^{( '} ' , in which n₂ is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[845] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (n.l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[846] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (n.2):

^{( '} ' , in which ti₂ is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[847] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (n.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[848] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (o):

^\ ' , in which in which tii is 0-5, η₂ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[849] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (o), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[850] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (o), ¾ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[851] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (o), is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2- 4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[852] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (p):

, in which tii is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[853] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described above in which L is linker (p), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[854] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described above in which L is linker (p), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[855] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described above in which L is linker (p), n₃ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[856] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (q):

(q) , in which η₄ is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[857] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (o), n₄ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[858] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described above in which L is linker (q), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[859] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (r):

, in which tii is 0-5, ti2 is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[860] In some of variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (r), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[861] In some of variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (r), ¾ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[862] In some of variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which L is linker (r), n3 is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[863] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), L is linker (s):

, in which tii is 0-5, η₂ is 1-5, 113 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[864] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described above in which L is linker (s), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[865] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described above in which L is linker (s), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [866] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described above in which L is linker (s), n₃ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[867] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described above, L is absent.

[868] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, nx is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[869] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, ny is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[870] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, D is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[871] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which 11₂ is greater than 1, each D is represented consecutively from left to right as Dl, D2, D3, D4, and D5, as appropriate for the value of ny.

[872] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 2, Dl and D2 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which ny is 2, Dl and D2 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which ny is 2, Dl and D2 independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[873] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 3, Dl, D2, and D3 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which ny is 3, Dl, D2, and D3 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which ny is 3, Dl and D2 and the same cationic dye moiety and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which ny is 3, Dl and D3 and the same cationic dye moiety and D2 is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which ny is 3, D2 and D3 and the same cationic dye moiety and Dl is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which ny is 3, Dl, D2, and D3 independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[874] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 4, Dl, D2, D3, and D4 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) in which ny is 4, Dl, D2, D3, and D4 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), Dl is a first cationic dye moiety and each ofD2, D3, and D4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), D2 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each ofDl, D3, and D4 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29),

(30) , (31), or (32), D3 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each ofDl, D2, and D4 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), D4 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each ofDl, D2, and D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30),

(31) , or (32), each ofDl and D2 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each ofD3 and D4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), each ofDl and D2 is the same first cationic dye moiety, D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), each ofDl and D3 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each of D2 and D4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), each ofDl and D3 is the same first cationic dye moiety, D2 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), each ofDl and D4 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each ofD2 and D3 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), each ofDl and D4 is the same first cationic dye moiety, D2 is a different second cationic dye moiety, and D3 is a different third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), each ofD2 and D3 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each ofDl and D4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32), (26), (27), (28),

(29) , (30), (30), or (32) in which ny is 4, Dl, D2, D3, and D4 independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[875] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D2, D3, D4, and D5 are different cationic dye moieties. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D2, D3, D4, and D5 are the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D2 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D2 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 and D5 each are a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D2 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 and D4 are a second cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29),

(30) , (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D2 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 and D5 are a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different.

[876] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D3 are a first cationic dye moiety, D2 is a second cationic dye moiety, D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D3 are a first cationic dye moiety, D5 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D2 and D4 each are a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D3 are a first cationic dye moiety, D2 and D5 are a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D3 are a first cationic dye moiety, D4 and D5 are a second cationic dye moiety, and D3 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different.

[877] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, D2 is a second cationic dye moiety, D3 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D2 and D5 each are a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, D2 and D3 are a second cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 and D5 are a second cationic dye moiety, and D2 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different.

[878] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, D2 is a second cationic dye moiety, D3 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, D4 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D2 and D3 each are a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 and D4 are a second cationic dye moiety, and D2 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, D2 and D4 are a second cationic dye moiety, and D3 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. [879] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2 and D3 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2 and D3 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 and D3 each are a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different.

[880] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2 and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, D3 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2 and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, and D3 and D5 each are a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different.

[881] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2 and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, D3 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2 and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, and D3 and D4 each are a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different.

[882] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D3 and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, D2 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different.

[883] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D4 and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, D2 is a third cationic dye moiety, and D3 is a fourth cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth cationic dye moieties are different. [884] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D2, and D3 are a first cationic dye moiety, D4 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D2, and D3 are a first cationic dye moiety, and D4 and D5 are a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different.

[885] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2, D3, and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, and D5 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2, D3, and D4 are a first cationic dye moiety, and Dl and D5 are a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different.

[886] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D3, D4, and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, and D2 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D3, D4, and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, and Dl and D2 are a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different.

[887] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D4, and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, D2 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D3 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D4, and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, and D2 and D3 are a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different.

[888] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D2, and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D2, and D5 are a first cationic dye moiety, and D3 and D4 are a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different.

[889] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl is a first cationic dye moiety, and each of D2, D3, D4, and D5 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D2 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl, D3, D4, and D5 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D3 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl, D2, D4, and D5 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D4 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl, D2, D3, and D5 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, D5 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl, D2, D3, and D4 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different.

[890] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above in which ny is 5, Dl, D2, D3, D4, and D5 independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[891] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, D4 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, D3 and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D2, and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D2, and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27),

(28) , (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D3, and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, D2, D3, and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28),

(29) , (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D2, D3, and D4 are safranin-O.

[892] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring ofDl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring ofDl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring ofDl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃, — OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H5, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, Cl- C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring ofDl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C 1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[893] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring ofD2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,—NHR,— NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃, — OR,— C₂¾,— R, and— C6¾, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, Cl- C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from — N0₂— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g. , F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, — S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3- C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[894] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃, — OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C l- C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from — N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g. , F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, — S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3- C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[895] In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D4 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D4 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D4 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,—NHR,— NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃, — OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C l- C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C 1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D4 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from — N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g. , F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN, — S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C 1-C6, C 1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3- C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[896] In some variations, cationic dye multimers are linear, as illustrated by formula (33):

(33) wherein each of Dl, D2, D3, and D4 is a cationic dye moiety and one or more of LI, L2, L3, and L4 are absent or each of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is a linker independently selected from linker (a. l), linker (a.2), linker (b. l), linker (c. l), linker (c.2), linker (d), linker (e. l), linker (f. l), linker (f.2), linker (g. l), linker (g.2), linker (h. l), linker (h.2), linker (i. l), linker (i.2), linker (j. l), linker (j.2), linker (k), linker (1.1), linker (1.2), is linker (m. l), linker (n. l), linker (n.2), linker (o), linker (p), linker (q), linker (r), and linker (s), described above.

[897] In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl, D2, D3, and D4 is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl, D2, D3, and D4 is the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (33), Dl is a first cationic dye moiety and each of D2, D3, and D4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), D2 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl, D3, and D4 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), D3 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl, D2, and D4 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), D4 is a first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl and D2 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each of D3 and D4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl and D2 is the same first cationic dye moiety, D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl and D3 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each of D2 and D4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl and D3 is the same first cationic dye moiety, D2 is a second cationic dye moiety, and D4 is a third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl and D4 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each of D2 and D3 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of Dl and D4 is the same first cationic dye moiety, D2 is a different second cationic dye moiety, and D3 is a different third cationic dye moiety, wherein the first, second, and third cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of D2 and D3 is the same first cationic dye moiety, and each of Dl and D4 is the same second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different.

[898] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, each of Dl, D2, D3, and D4 is independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[899] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (a. l):

(a.1 ) , in which n is 1-6, tii is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[900] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (a. l), n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[901] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (a. l), rij is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4. [902] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (a. l) In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (a. l) In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (a. l) In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (a. l) In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (a. l) In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (a. l) In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (a. l).

[903] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (a.2):

(a.2) in which n is 1-6, tii is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[904] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (a.2), n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[905] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (a.2), rij is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[906] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (a.2).

[907] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (b.l):

[908] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (b.l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[909] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (b.l), m is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[910] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (b. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (b. l).

[911] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c. l):

, in which n is 0-6, tii is 1-4, either (1) R_a and R_b independently are H or CH₃ or

V7 ⁰

(2) R_a and R_b are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ ; or (3) two of CR_aR_b are ^¾ ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[912] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[913] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c. l), m is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[914] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c. l), R_a is H and R_b is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c. l), R_a is H and R_b is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c. l), R_a and R_b are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is

above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c. l), two of CR_aR_b are

[915] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c. l), L is O

[916] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (c.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (c.l). In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (c. l). In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (c. l). In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (c. l In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (c. l In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (c. l In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (c. l In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (c. l In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (c. l In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (c.l).

[917] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2):

, in which n is 0-6, rtj is 1-4, either (1) R_a and R_b independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_a and R„ are

; or (3) two of CR_aR_b are ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[918] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[919] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2), m is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[920] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2), R_a is H and R_b is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2), R_a is H and R_b is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2), R_a and R_b are

. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2), R_a and R_b are

. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2), two of CR_aR_b are .

[921] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (c.2), L is

[922] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (c.2).

[923] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (d):

, where k is 2-10; (1) R_a and ¾, independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and ¾, are

¾ν-_Ο or_Γ¾ ^{' "}*·ν , n orr ( (^3) ta twno n off C ClRi_a_RRib. a arrpe ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[924] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (d), k is 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4- 7, 4-6, 4-5, 5-10, 5-9, 5-8, 5-7, 5-6, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-10, 8-9, 9-10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

[925] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (d), R_a is H and R_b is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (d), R_a is H and R_b is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) describe in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (d), R_a and R_b are

. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (d), R_a and R_b are

. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (d), two of CR_aR_b are ^ .

[926] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker

(d).

[927] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (e. l):

(e.1 )

[928] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (e. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[929] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (e. l), rij is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[930] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (e. l).

[931] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (f. l):

, in which tii is 0-5, ¾ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D. [932] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (f. l), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[933] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (f.l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[934] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (f.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (f.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (f.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (f.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (f.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (f.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (f.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (f.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (f.l).

[935] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (f.2):

, in which tii is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[936] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (f.2), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[937] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (f.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2,

3, 4, or 5. [938] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (f.2).

[939] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (g.l):

, in which tii is 0-5, ti2 is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[940] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (g.l), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[941] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (g.l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[942] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (g.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (g.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (g.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (g.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (g.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (g.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (g.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (g.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (g.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (g.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (g.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (g.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (g.l).

[943] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (g.2):

(9-²) , in which , is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[944] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (g.2), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[945] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (g.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[946] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (g.2).

[947] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (h. l):

(h.1 ) , in which tii is 0-5, η₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[948] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (h. l), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[949] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (h. l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[950] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (h. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (h. l).

[951] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (h.2):

C¹ ^⁾ , in which rii is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[952] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (h.2), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[953] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (h.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[954] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (h.2).

[955] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (i.l):

, in which tii and ¾ independently are 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[956] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (i.l), m is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[957] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (i.l), m is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[958] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (i. l). In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (i.l). In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (i.l). In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula 33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (i.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (i.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (i. l). [959] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (i.2):

('-²) , in which tii and ti₂ independently are 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[960] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (i.2), m is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[961] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (i.2), m is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[962] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (i.2). [963] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (j.l):

in which ti2 is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic

[964] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (j.l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[965] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (j. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (j. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (j. l In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (j. l In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (j. l In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (j. l In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (j. l In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (j. l In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (j. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (j. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (j. l). [966] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (j.2):

, in which ti2 is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[967] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (j.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[968] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (j.2). [969] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k):

(k) in which and ¾ independently are 1-4, n is 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; (1) R_ai and R_bi independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_ai

V7 ⁰

and Rbi independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ ; or (3) two of CR_aiRbi are , (1) R_a2 and Rb₂ independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 independently are "^- ~ or '^¾ ^ ; or (3) two of CR_a2Rb₂ are ' *· ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[970] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), _/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[971] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), l₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[972] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), R_ai is H and R_bi is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is

O

linker (k), R_ai and R_bi are '^% . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), two of CR_aiR_bi are

[973] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is

O

linker (k), R_a2 and R_b2 are "^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), two of CR_a2Rb₂ are

[974] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (k), ring A is

, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[975] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[976] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, Cl- C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[977] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (k).

[978] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1):

) , in which n, oi, and 0₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and

R_bi_, R_ai and R_bi(l) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi independently are '^¾ ^ or n O

'^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are ^«· ^<· ; for each independent instance R_b2i R_a2 and

Rb2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 independently are

, or (3) two of CR_a2Rb₂ are

; for each independent instance of R_ci and Rdi, R_ci and Rdi (1)

W O

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and R_di independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ ^N , or (3) two of

V V

CRciRdi are for each independent instance of R_c2 and Rd₂, R_C2 and Rd₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_c2Rd2 are ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D. [979] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), _/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[980] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), l₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[981] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), θχ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[982] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), o₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[983] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_ai is H and R_bi is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_ai and Rbi are

. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

O

and L4 is linker (1.1), R_ai and R_bi are ' *" . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), two of CR_aiRbi are

[984] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_a2 and R_b2 are

O

and L4 is linker (1.1), R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), two of CR_a2R_b2 are [985] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_ci is H and R_di is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_ci is H and R_di is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_ci and R_di are

O

and L4 is linker (1.1), R_ci and R_di are '^% *" . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), two of CR_ciRdi are

[986] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_c2 is H and R_d2 is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_c2 is H and R_d2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_c2 and R_d2 are

0

and L4 is linker (1.1), R_c2 and R_d2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), two of CR_c2Rd₂ are

[987] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), ring A is

, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

300

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[988] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[989] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, Cl- C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[990] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), n is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[991] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (1.1).

[992] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2):

C-²) , in which , n, oi, and 0₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and

W O

Rb2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and Rb₂ independently are '^¾ or or (3) two of CR_a2Rb₂ are ; for each independent instance of R_ci and Rdi_, R_ci and Rdi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and Rdi independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CRciRdi are 'τ- ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and Rd₂, R_C2 and Rd₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and Rd₂ independently are '^¾ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_c2Rd2 are ' *· ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[993] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), _/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[994] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), l₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[995] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), θχ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[996] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), o₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[997] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ai is H and R_bi is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ai and R_bi are

O

and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), two of CR_aiR_bi are

[998] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

O

and L4 is linker (1.2), R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), two of CR_a2R_b2 are

[999] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ci is H and R_di is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ci is H and R_di is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ci and R_di are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

O

and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ci and R_di are '^% . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), two of CR_ciR_di are

[1000] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_c2 is H and R_d2 is H. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_c2 is H and R_d2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_c2 and R_d2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), two of CR_c2R_d2 are

[1001] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), ring A is

, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

,S-O i S-NH , _s O-0 O-NH Hf J-fvlH .

1 I < S-n

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[1002] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[1003] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.2), ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, Cl- C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[1004] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), n is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4. [1005] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (1.2).

[1006] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (m. l):

[1007] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (m. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[1008] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (m.l), m is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1009] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (m. l).

[1010] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (n. l):

[1011] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (n. l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1012] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (n. l).

[1013] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (n.2):

(n.2) , in which η₂ is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1014] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (n.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1015] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (n.2).

[1016] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (o):

(°) , in which in which rii is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1017] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (o), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1018] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (o), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1019] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (o), n₃ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1020] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (o).

[1021] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (p):

(P) , in which tii is 0-5, ti2 is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1022] In some variations of formula (33) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (p), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1023] In some variations of formula (33) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (p), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1024] In some variations of formula (33) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (p), n₃ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1025] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (P).

[1026] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (q):

, in which η₄ is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1027] In some variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (o), n₄ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1028] In some variations of formula (33) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (q), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1029] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (q ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (q ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (q ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (q ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (q ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (q ). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker

(q).

[1030] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (r):

, in which tii is 0-5, η₂ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1031] In some of variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (r), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1032] In some of variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (r), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1033] In some of variations of formula (33) in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (r), n3 is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1034] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (r).

[1035] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (s):

, in which tii is 0-5, ti2 is 1-5, 113 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1036] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are linker (s).

[1037] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI is absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L4 is absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L4 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L4 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L3 and L4 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L4 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L3, and L4 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, L2, L3, and L4 are absent. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, L3, and L4 are absent.

[1038] In some variations of formula (33), each of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is a different linker. In some variations of formula (33), each of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is the same linker. In some variations of formula (33), LI is a first linker and each of L2, L3, and L4 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), L2 is a first linker, and each of LI, L3, and L4 is a second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), L3 is a first linker, and each of LI, L2, and L4 is a second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), L4 is a first linker, and each of LI, L2, and L3 is a second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of LI and L2 is the same first linker, and each of L3 and L4 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of LI and L2 is the same first linker, L3 is a second linker, and L4 is a third linker, wherein the first, second, and third linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of LI and L3 is the same first linker, and each of L2 and L4 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of LI and L3 is the same first linker, L2 is a second linker, and L4 is a third linker, wherein the first, second, and third linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of LI and L4 is the same first linker, and each of L2 and L3 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of LI and L4 is the same first linker, L2 is a different second linker, and L3 is a different third linker, wherein the first, second, and third linkers are different. In some variations of formula (33), each of L2 and L3 is the same first linker, and each of LI and L4 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different.

[1039] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, D4 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, D3 and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D2, and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D2, and D4 are safranin- O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D3, and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, D2, D3, and D4 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraphs above, Dl, D2, D3, and D4 are safranin-O.

[1040] In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[1041] In some variations of formula (33) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[1042] In some variations of formula (33) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [1043] In some variations of formula (33) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D4 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (33) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D4 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D4 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D4 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[1044] In some variations, cationic dye multimers are cyclic, as illustrated by formula (34):

, wherein at least one of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety and one or more of LI, L2, and L3 are absent or each of LI, L2, and L3 is a linker independently selected from linker (a. l), linker (a.2), linker (b. l), linker (c. l), linker (c.2), linker (d), linker (e. l), linker (f. l), linker (f.2), linker (g. l), linker (g.2), linker (h. l), linker (h.2), linker (i. l), linker (i.2), linker (j. l), linker j.2), linker (k), linker (1.1), linker (1.2), is linker (m. l), linker (n. l), linker (n.2), linker (o), linker (p), linker (q), linker (r), and linker (s), described above. [1045] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of Dl, D2, and D3 is a different cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of Dl, D2, and D3 is the same cationic dye moiety. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of Dl and D2 is the same first cationic dye moiety and D3 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of Dl and D3 is the same first cationic dye moiety and D2 is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of D2 and D3 is the same first cationic dye moiety and Dl is a second cationic dye moiety, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different.

[1046] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of Dl, D2, and D3 is independently are selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

[1047] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (a. l):

(a.1 ) , in which n is 1-6, ni is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1048] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (a. l), n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[1049] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (a.l), m is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1050] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (a.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (a.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (a. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (a. l). [1051] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (a.2):

(a.2) , in which n is 1-6, tii is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1052] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (a.2), n is 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[1053] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (a.2), rij is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1054] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (a.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (a.2).

[1055] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (b. l):

[1056] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (b. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[1057] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (b. l), m is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1058] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c. l):

, in hich n is 0-6, rti is 1-4, either (1) R_a and R_b independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_a and R_b are

or (3) two of CR_aRb are ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1059] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[1060] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c. l), m is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1061] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c. l), R_a is H and R_b is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.1), R_a is H and R_b is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) descri in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c. l), R_a and R_b are

. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c. l), R_a

O

and R_b are ^ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c. l), two of CR_aR_b are

[1062] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (c. l).

[1063] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c. l), L is O

[1064] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (c. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (c. l).

[1065] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2):

, in which n is 0-6, tii is 1-4, either (1) R_a and R_b independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_a and R„ are

; or (3) two of CR_aR_b are XS . ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1066] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[1067] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2), m is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4. [1068] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2), R_a is H and ¾, is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2), R_a is H and R_b is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) descri in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2), R_a and R_b are

. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2), R. and R_b are

. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (c.2), two of CR_aRb are .

[1069] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (b.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (b. l).

[1070] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least

[1071] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (c.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (c.2).

[1072] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (d):

^ , where k is 2-10; (1) R_a and ¾, independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and ¾, are V7 ⁰

o_r ?- _{5 or} (3) two of CR_aR_b are <■ ^{^} ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D

[1073] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (d), k is 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-10, 3-9, 3-8, 3-7, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-10, 4-9, 4-8, 4-7, 4-6, 4-5, 5-10, 5-9, 5-8, 5-7, 5-6, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 7-10, 7-9, 7-8, 8-10, 8-9, 9-10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

[1074] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (d), R_a is H and R_b is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (d), R_a is H and R_b is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (d), R_a and R_b are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (d), R_a and R_b O

are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (d), two of CR_aRb are .

[1075] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (d). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (d). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (d). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (d). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (d).

[1076] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (e):

' ' , in which n is 0-6, tii is 1-4, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1077] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (e. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[1078] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (e. l), rij is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1079] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (e. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (e. l).

[1080] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (f. l):

, in which tii is 0-5, ¾ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1081] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (f. l), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [1082] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (f. l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1083] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (f. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (f. l).

[1084] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (f.2):

[1085] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (f.2), ri_! is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1086] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (f.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1087] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (f.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (f.2).

[1088] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (g. l):

(g- ) , in which tii is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic

[1089] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (g. l), ri_! is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1090] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (g. l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1091] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (g. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (g. l).

[1092] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (g.2):

(9-2) , in which tii is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1093] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (g.2), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0- 1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [1094] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (g.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1095] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (g.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (g.2).

[1096] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (h. l):

in which tii is 0-5, η₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1097] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (h.l), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1098] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (h. l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1099] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (h.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (h.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (h.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (h.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (h.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (h.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (h. l). [1100] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (h.2):

[1101] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (h.2), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1102] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (h.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3,

4, or 5.

[1103] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (h.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (h.2).

[1104] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (i.l):

, in which rii and ti2 independently are 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1105] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (i.l), rij is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [1106] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (i. l), m is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1107] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (i.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (i. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (i. l).

[1108] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (i.2):

, in which tii and ti₂ independently are 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1109] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (i.2), m is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1110] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (i.2), m is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1111] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (i.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (i.2).

[1112] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (j.l):

(i- 1 ) , in which n₂ is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1113] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (j.l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1114] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (j. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (j. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (j.l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (j. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (j. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (j. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (j. l).

[1115] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (j.2):

(j-2) , in which n₂ is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1116] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (j.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1117] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (j.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (j.2).

[1118] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k):

^ , in which and h independently are 1-4, n is 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; (1) R_ai and R_bi independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_ai

V7 ⁰

and Rbi independently are '^¾ or '^¾ ^ ; or (3) two of CR_aiRbi are ^¾ , (1) R_a2 and Rb₂ independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 independently are "^- *" or '^¾ ^ ; or (3) two of CR_a2Rb₂ are ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1119] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1120] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), l₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1121] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), R_ai is H and R_bi is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), R_ai

O

and R_bi are '^¾ ^ . i_n some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), two of CR_aiR_bi are [1122] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), R_a2

O

and R_b2 are ' *" . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), two of CR_a2R_t,₂ are ^{^} <·

[1123] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (k), ring A is

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[1124] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[1125] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (k), ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e. g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, Cl- C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[1126] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (k). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (k). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (k). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (k). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (k).

[1127] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1):

C-¹ ' , in which n, oi, and 0₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and

R_bi_, R_ai and R_bi(l) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi independently are

or

, or (3) two of CRaiRbi are ><SK. ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and

7 O

(1) independent or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 independently are '^¾ ^ or or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are

for each independent instance of R_ci and R_di R_ci and R_di (1)

V7 ⁰

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and R_di independently are '^¾ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of

CRciRdi are ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and R_d2i R_c2 and R_d2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of

CR_c2R_d2 are ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1128] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1),_/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1129] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), l₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1130] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), oj is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4. [1131] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), o₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1132] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), R_ai is H and R_bi is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), R_ai

O

and R_bi are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), two of CR_aiRbi are

[1133] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), R_a2

O

and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), two of CR_a2Rb₂ are

[1134] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_ci is H and R_di is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_ci is H and R_di is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_ci and R_di are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), two of CR_ciR_di are

[1135] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_c2 is H and R_d2 is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_c2 is H and R_d2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), R_c2 and R_d2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

O

and L4 is linker (1.1), R_c2 and R_d2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.1), two of CR_c2R_d2 are

><SK .

[1136] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), ring A is

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; or

,S-O_t ¾ S-NH ,, _s O-O _{s ¾}0-NH HN-NH ^~ZLi

* l_R 5÷ i ¾ I— s

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[1137] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), ring A is substituted with halo. In some variations, the halo is F, Br, I, or CI.

[1138] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which L is linker (1.1), ring A is substituted with C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C l- C3, C1-C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl).

[1139] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.1), n is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1140] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (1.1). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (1.1).

[1141] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2):

v ^z> , in which h, n, oi, and 02 independently are 1-4; ring is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and

or O

'^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are ^«· ^<· ; for each independent instance of R and R R_a2 and Rb2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 independently are

or (3) two of CR_a2Rb₂ are ; for each independent instance of R_ci and Rdi, R_ci and Rdi (1)

W O

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and R_di independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ ^N , or (3) two of CRciRdi are for each independent instance of R_c2 and Rd₂, R_C2 and Rd₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 independently are '^¾ or '^¾ ?~ , or (3) two of CR_c2R_d2 are ' ^«· ^<· ; and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1142] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), /_/ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1143] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), l₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1144] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), θχ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1145] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), o₂ is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1146] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), R_ai is H and R_bi is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), R_ai is H and R_bi is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), R_ai and R_bi are raphs above in which

at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), two of CR_aiR_bi are

[1147] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), R_a2 is H and R_b2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), R_a2 and R_b2 are raphs above in which

at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), two of CR_a2R_b2 are

[1148] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ci is H and R_di is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ci is H and R_di is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ci and R_di are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

O

and L4 is linker (1.2), R_ci and R_di are '^% . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), two of CR_ciR_di are

[1149] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_c2 is H and R_d2 is H. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_c2 is H and R_d2 is CH₃. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), R_c2 and R_d2 are '^¾ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3,

O

and L4 is linker (1.2), R_c2 and R_d2 are '^¾ ^ . In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (1.2), two of CR_c2R_d2 are

[1150] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), ring A is

wherein R₂ is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl, aryl, or a five-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic; or

optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

[1151] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (1.2), n is 1-4, 1-3, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[1152] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (1.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (1.2).

[1153] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (m.l):

[1154] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (m. l), n is 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, 5-6, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[1155] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (m.l), m is 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-4, 2-3, 3-4, 1, 2, 3, or 4. [1156] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (m. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (m. l).

[1157] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (n. l):

[1158] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (n. l), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1159] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (n. l). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (n. l).

[1160] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (n.2):

, in which ti₂ is 1-5 and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1161] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (n.2), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1162] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (n.2). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (n.2).

[1163] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (o):

[1164] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (o), rti is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [1165] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (o), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1166] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (o), n₃ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1167] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (o). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (o). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (o). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (o). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (o).

[1168] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (p):

[1169] In some variations of formula (34) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (p), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1170] In some variations of formula (34) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (p), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. [1171] In some variations of formula (34) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (p), n₃ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1172] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (p). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (p). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (p). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (p). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (p).

[1173] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (q):

(q ) , in which ti₄ is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1174] In some variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (o), ti₄ is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1175] In some variations of formula (34) described above in which at least one of LI, L2, L3, and L4 is linker (q), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1176] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (q). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (q). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (q). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (q). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (q). [1177] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (r):

^ , in which tii is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is the attachment site for the cationic dye moiety D.

[1178] In some of variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (r), m is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1179] In some of variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (r), n₂ is 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1180] In some of variations of formula (34) in which at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (r), n3 is 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-5, 3-4, 4-5, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[1181] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (r). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (r). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (r). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (r). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (r).

[1182] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, at least one of LI, L2, and L3 is linker (s):

[1183] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is linker (s). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is linker (s). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is linker (s). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are linker (s). In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are linker (s).

[1184] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI is absent. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 is absent. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L3 is absent. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L2 are absent. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI and L3 are absent. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, L2 and L3 are absent. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, LI, L2, and L3 are absent.

[1185] In some variations of formula (34), each of LI, L2, and L3 is a different linker. In some variations of formula (34), each of LI, L2, and L3 is the same linker. In some variations of formula (34), LI is a first linker and each of L2 and L3 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different. In some variations of formula (34), L2 is a first linker, and each of LI and L3 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different.. In some variations of formula (34), L3 is a first linker and each of LI and L2 is the same second linker, wherein the first and second linkers are different.

[1186] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, Dl is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, D2 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, D3 is safranin-O. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D2 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, Dl and D3 are safranin-O. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraphs above, D2 and D4 are safranin-O.

[1187] In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted with 1-3 (e.g., 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron-donating or electron- withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of Dl is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

[1188] In some variations of formula (34) described in the two paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

— NHCOCH₃,—NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R, and— C₆H₅, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g. , C1-C6, C1-C5, C 1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C I, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2- C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5-C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D2 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo (e.g., F, Br, CI, I), trihalide (e.g.,— CF₃,— CC1₃,— CBr₃,— CI₃),— CN,— S0₃H,—COOH,—COOR,—CHO, and —COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C l- C2, CI, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C2, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C3, C4-C6, C4-C5, C4, C5- C6, C5, or C6 linear or branched alkyl). [1189] In some variations of formula (34) described in the three paragraphs above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is unsubstituted. In some variations of formula (34) described in the paragraph above, the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted with 1-3 (e.g. , 1-3, 1-2, 1, 2, or 3) electron- donating or electron-withdrawing groups, which may be at any available position on the pendant phenyl ring. In some embodiments in which the pendant phenyl ring of D3 is substituted, the substituents are selected independently from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^",

Examples of cationic dye dimers and trimers comprising safranin-0 are provided below in Table 1. One of skill in the art can readily visualize and prepare other cationic dye multimers in which other cationic dye moieties are used in place of one or more of the safranin-0 moieties.

Table 1.

352

[1190] Each reference cited in this disclosure is incorporated herein in its entirety. The following examples illustrate but do not limit the scope of the disclosure set forth above.

EXAMPLE 1. Schematic synthesis plan for preparing a cationic dye dimer

[1191] This example provides a synthesis plan for assembling a cationic dye dimer using safranin-O.

EXAMPLE 2. Methods for preparing safranin-O derivatives

[1192] This example provides schematic synthesis plans for safranin-0 derivatives.

Na2Cr207 100 deg C

Na2Cr207 100 deg C

Na2Cr207

100 deg C

EXAMPLE 3. Examples of linking cationic dye moieties using diamino linkers

[1193] Cationic dye moieties can be linked using acetamido groups through diamino linkers, as illustrated below:

Safranin dimers + Diamine

+ amide

coupling agent

[1194] Linkers which can be used include linkers incorporating alkyl chains, such as

lene glycol moieties, such as

s containing amines which can be positively charged,

such as ; and linkers incorporating alkyl chains which contain positively charged amino acids such as Lys (illustrated below), His, or Arg:

(in this instance, the ε-amino group would initially be in a protected state). EXAMPLE 4. Preparation of Linear Cationic Dye Multimers

[1195] Cationic dye moieties can be linked linearly using the scheme below, which illustrates preparation of a linear trimer comprising safranin-0 moieties. The same process can be repeated as desired to prepare a cationic dye multimer comprising e.g. , 4, 5, or 6, cationic dye moieties.

EXAMPLE 5. Preparation of Branched Cationic Dye Multimers

[1196] Cationic dye moieties can be linked to form branched multimers using the scheme below, which illustrates preparation of a branched trimer comprising safranin-0 moieties. The same process can be repeated as desired to prepare a cationic dye multimer comprising, e.g., 4, or 5 cationic dye moieties.

cid

1. EDCI, DMF

BocHN, ,ΝΗ 2. HCI

[1197] Tetramers can be prepared using a similar scheme and, for example, biphenyl-3,3',5,5'-

tetracarboxylic acid,

₅ instead of as used in the scheme above. Higher multimers can be prepared similarly, using the appropriate

polycarboxylate linker. EXAMPLE 6. Synthesis of Compound 1

Synthesis of 7,7'-(hexane-l,6-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium) chloride

Step-1: Synthesis of 3-amino-7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium chloride

[1198] To a solution of Safranin-'O' (5.2 g, 14.8 mmol) in DMF (50 mL), cooled to -40 °C, was added sodium hydride (1.18 g, 29.5 mmol) and the reaction mass was stirred at the same temperature for lh. Boc anhydride (2.91 g, 13.97 mmol) was added at the same temperature and the reaction mass was stirred at the same temperature for another lh. The progress of the reaction was monitored by LCMS and TLC (System: 10% MeOH in DCM). The reaction was quenched by adding water (20 mL) and the solid obtained was filtered and purified by column

chromatography (silica gel 100-200 mesh, eluent system- 10 % MeOH:DCM) to obtain 3-amino- 7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (1 g). Step-2: Synthesis of tert-butyl N-(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2-yl)-N-[6- [(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2-yl)-tert-butoxycarbonyl- amino]hexyl]carbamate dichloride

[1199] To a solution of 3-amino-7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin- 5-ium chloride (225 mg,0.5 mmol) in DMF (2.5 mL), cooled to -30 ° C, was added sodium hydride (40 mg, 1.0 mmol) and the reaction mass was stirred at the same temperature for lh. 1,6- Diiodohexane (85 mg, 0.25 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at the same temperature for 2 min and at 0 ° for 20 min. Additional 1,6-diiodohexane (33 mg, 0.097 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 5 min. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS. After detection of product, the reaction was quenched with water (5 mL). The solid product obtained was filtered, dissolved in 20% MeOH/DCM solution (20 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to get 100 mg crude product, which was purified by reverse phase HPLC to get pure tert-butyl N-(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2-yl)- N-[6-[(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2-yl)-tert-butoxycarbonyl- amino]hexyl]carbamate dichloride (6 mg.)

Step-3: Synthesis of 7,7'-(hexane-l,6-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl phenazin-5-ium) chloride.

[1200] 7,7'-(2,2,15,15-Tetramethyl-4,13-dioxo-3,14-dioxa-5,12-diazahexadecane-5,12- diyl)bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride (5 mg, 0.13 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (1 mL). Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred at RT for 2h. The desired product was detected by LCMS and NMR. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to obtain the desired product, which was triturated with diethyl ether and pentane. 1HNMR (CD₃OD): δ (ppm): 7.90-7.70 (m, 10H), 7.55-7.50 (m, 4H), 6.05 (s, 2H), 5.73 (s, 2H), 3.05 (m, 4H), 2.4 (s, 6H), 2.35 (s, 6H), 1.55-1.42 (m, 6H), 1.22-1.15 (m, 6H).

LCMS: 740(M+) and 370 (half fragment).

EXAMPLE 7. Synthesis of Compounds 2 and 3.

[1201] This example provides a synthesis route for compounds 2 and 3. Appropriate starting materials can be obtained using the methods as presented in Example 2.

Compound 3: Y EXAMPLE 8. Synthesis of Compound 4

Synthesis of 7,7'-(octane-l,8-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium) chloride

[1202] To a stirred solution of Safranin-0 (1.05 g, 3.0 mmol) in 15 mL of N,N- dimethylacetamide was added potassium carbonate (0.55 g, 4.0 mmol) and stirred at RT for 15 min. 1,8-Dibromooctane (272 mg, 1.0 mmol) was then added dropwise into the reaction mixture followed by the addition of potassium iodide (332 mg, 2.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was then stirred at 60 °C for 24h under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool to RT, 20 mL water was added and the crude reaction mixture was lyophilized. The mixture was then purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 100-200 mesh, 0-10% MeOH in DCM). The product obtained by column chromatography was re-purified by HPLC to afford the desired product as a brown solid. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ (ppm): 7.90-7.75 (m, 12H), 7.65-7.55 (m, 7H), 6.0 (s, 2H), 5.55 (s, 2H), 2.98 (m, 4H), 2.30 (s, 12 H), 1.35 (m, 4H), 1.05 (bs, 8H). ¹HNMR (CD₃OD) δ (ppm): 7.90-7.70 (m, 10H), 7.55-7.50 (m, 4H), 6.05 (s, 2H), 5.73 (s, 2H), 3.05 (m, 4H), 2.4 (s, 6H), 2.35 (s, 6H), 1.55-1.42 (m, 6H), 1.22-1.15 (m, 6H). LCMS: 740 (M+) and 370 (half fragment). EXAMPLE 9. Synthesis of Compound 6

Synthesis of 3-amino-7-[(6-{ [3,5-bis({6-[(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁵,10-phenazin-5- ylium-3-yl)amino]hexyl}carbamoyl)phenyl]form

5 ^10-phenazin-5-ylium

Step-1: Synthesis of 2-(6-iodohexyl)isoindoline-l,3-dione

[1203] To a suspension of potassium phthalamide (700 mg, 3.7 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) was added 1,6-diiodohexane (3.83 g, 11.33 mmol) and the reaction mass was heated atw 80 °C for 1 h. (The reaction mass became clear on heating). The reaction mixture was cooled to RT, diluted with diethyl ether (100 mL) and water (100 mL), the organic layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was again extracted with diethyl ether (2x100 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with water (200 mL) and saturated brine solution (200 mL) The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the product, which was purified by column chromatography (silica gel: 100-200 mesh; Eluent: 10 % ethyl acetate in hexane) to obtain pure product as white solid (2.1 g).

Step-2: Synthesis of tert-butyl N-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl- phenazin-10-ium-2-yl]-N-[6-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)hexyl]carbamate

[1204] To a solution of 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium (500 mg, 0.90 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added cesium carbonate (1.48 g, 4.54 mmol) and the mixture stirred at RT for 10 min. 2-(6-Iodohexyl)isoindoline-l,3-dione (422 mg, 1.18 mmol) was added and the reaction mass was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was monitored by LCMS and TLC. The reaction mass was diluted with EtOAc (25 mL) and water (25 mL), and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was again extracted with EtOAc (2x25 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with water (2x100 mL), and saturated brine solution (200 mL), then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the product. This was purified by column chromatography by using neutral alumina and an eluent system of 0 to 2% Methanol in DCM) to obtain pure product (200 mg.)

Step-3: Synthesis of tert-butyl N-(6-aminohexyl)-N-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7- dimethyl- 10-phenyl-phenazin- 10-ium-2-yl] carbamate

[1205] To a solution of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(6-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)hexyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium (800 mg, 1.04 mmol) in ethanol (40 mL) was added hydrazine hydrate monohydrate (1.072 mg, 20.8 mmol) and the reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 90 min. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to dryness. The residue was dissolved in diethyl ether (150 mL) and filtered, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude product which was purified by column chromatography using neutral alumina (Eluent System:0 to 3% MeOH in DCM) to obtain pure product (410 mg). Step-4: Synthesis of tert-butyl N-[6-[[3,5-bis[6-[tert-butoxycarbonyl-[8-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2- yl]amino]hexylcarbamoyl]benzoyl]amino]hexyl]-N-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7- dimethyl- 10-phenyl-phenazin- 10-ium-2-yl] carbamate trichloride

[1206] To a solution of 3-((6-aminohexyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl amino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium (243 mg, 0.395 mmol) in DMF(3 mL) was added DIPEA (233 mg, 1.80 mmol) and stirred at RT for 10 min. Benzene- 1, 3, 5-tricarbonyl trichloride (30 mg, 0.113 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. The reaction mass was diluted with EtOAc (30 mL) and water (30 mL), and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was again extracted with EtOAc (2x30 mL), the combined organic layer was washed with water (100 mL) and saturated brine solution (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the product which was purified by column chromatography using neutral alumina (Eluent: 0.2-1% MeOH in DCM) to obtain pure product (65 mg.)

Step-5: Synthesis of Nl,N3,N5-tris[6-[(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2- y 1) amino] hexy 1] benzene- 1 , 3 ,5 - tricarboxamide trichloride

[1207] To a solution of the diboc protected trimer (65 mg, 0.0325 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (01 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS. The reaction mass was concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness and purified by reverse phase HPLC to obtain the product to obtain the product as the acetate counter anion. The product was dissolved in ethanol-HCl (20 mL) and concentrated to dryness (3 times), and the solid obtained was washed with water (20 mL) to remove inorganic impurities. The solid obtained was lyophilized to get the product (6.6 mg) which was confirmed by LCMS and NMR. 1H NMR (CD₃OD): δ (ppm): 8.25 (s, 3 H), 7.4-7.90 (m, 15 H), 6.6 (s, 6 H), 6.15 (s, 6 H), 3.1-3.5 (m, 12 H),2.2-2.3 (m, 18 H), 1.3-1.9 (m, 24 H). M+ (1397), M/2 (699.1), M/3 (467.1).

EXAMPLE 10. Synthesis of Compounds 18 and 19

Synthesis of 3-amino-7-{ [(2-{ [(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁵,10-phenazin-5-ylium-3- yl)amino]methyl}phenyl)methyl]amino}-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁵,10-phenazin-5-ylium and 3- amino-7-{ [(2-{ [(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁵,10-phenazin-5-ylium-3- yl)amino]methyl}phenyl)methyl]amino}-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁵,10-phenazin-5-ylium Step-1: Synthesis of 7,7'-(l,2-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(tert-butoxycarbonylazanediyl)bis(3- (tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride & 7-(tert-buto

xycarbonyl(2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl(7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium-3-yl)amino)methyl)benzyl)amino)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylaiTiino)-2,6- dimethy 1-5 -pheny lphenazin-5 -ium

[1208] To a stirred solution of 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride & 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (500 mg, 0.90mmol) in 5 mL of DMF was added cesium carbonate (880 mg, 2.70 mmol) and the mixture stirred at RT for 15 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0°C and o-xylene dibromide (132 mg, 0.50 mmol, diluted with 1ml of DMF) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, mixture was diluted with ice-cold water and filtered. The solid residue obtained was dissolved in diethyl ether (50 mL) and washed with brine solution (3x20 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford crude product which was then purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina, eluent 0-20% EtOAc in hexane) to afford the desired product as a dark brown solid (250 mg).

Step-2: Synthesis of 7,7'-(l,2-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(azanediyl)bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl- 5-phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride & 3-amino-7-(2-((7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium-3-ylamino)methyl)benzylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride:

[1209] To a stirred solution of 7,7'-(l,2-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(tert- butoxycarbonylazanediyl)-bis(3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium) chloride (250 mg, 0.27 mmol) in 5 mL of DCM was added TFA (1 mL) at 0°C dropwise and the mixture stirred at RT for 12h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness and the residue purified by reverse phase HPLC to afford two peaks of the same mass. Both peaks were then treated separately with methanolic HC1 and dried, then washed with water and dried again to afford desired product. (Compound 18): 8mg. (Compound 19): 8mg. ¹H NMR Compound 18: (DMSO-d6): δ (ppm): 8.15 (t, 2H), 7.90 (d, 4H), 7.85-7.75 (m, 6H), 7.6 (m, 3H), 7.40 (d, 4H), 7.05 (m, 2H), 6.65 (m, 2H), 5.95 (s, 2H), 5.45 (s, 2H), 4.10 (m, 4H), 2.40 (s, 6H), 2.30 (s, 6 H). LCMS: 732 (M+), 366(M/2). Compound 19: (DMSO-d6): δ (ppm): 8.15 (bs, IH), 7.95 (s, IH), 7.90-7.75 (m, 5H), 7.74-7.60 (m, 7H), 7.42 (d, 2H), 7.20-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.05 (t, IH), 6.65 (d, IH), 6.10 (s, IH), 5.95 (s, IH), 5.62 (s, IH), 4.58 (m, 2H),4.40 (m, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 6 H), 1.48 (s, 3H). LCMS: 732 (M+), 366 (M/2).

EXAMPLE 11. Synthesis of Compound 20

Synthesis of (3-amino-7-{ [6-({4-[4-({6-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10- phenazin-5-ylium-3-yl)amino]hexyl}carbamoyl)phenyl]phenyl}formamido)hexyl]amino}-2,8- dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10-phenazin-5-ylium-5-e)chloranuide

Step-1: Synthesis of bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l-yl) biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate

[1210] To a stirred solution of biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (500 mg, 2.06 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF was added N-hydroxysuccinimide (594 mg, 5.16 mmol) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (1.06 g, 5.16 mmol) at 0°C and the mixture stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtered cake was washed with EtOAc. The washings and filtrate were combined, washed with brine solution (3x20 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a crude product that was dissolved in DCM and again filtered. The DCM layer was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford desired product (600 mg).

Step-2: Synthesis of tert-butyl N-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl- phenazin- 10-ium-2-yl]-N- [6- [[4- [4- [6-[tert-butoxycarbonyl- [8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3 ,7- dimethyl- 10-phenyl-phenazin- 10-ium-2- yl]amino]hexylcarbamoyl]phenyl]benzoyl]amino]hexyl]carbamate dichloride

[1211] Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l-yl)biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate (20 mg, 0.045 mmol) and 3-((6- aminohexyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (65.5 mg, 0.100 mmol) were dissolved in 2 mL of DMF and triethylamine (14 mg) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. After completion of reaction, the mixture was diluted with ice-cold water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine solution (4x10 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product, which was purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina) to afford the desired product (70 mg).

Step-3: Synthesis of N-[6-[(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2- yl)amino]hexyl]-4-[4-[6-[(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl- 10-phenyl-phenazin- 10-ium-2- yl)amino]hexylcarbamoyl]phenyl] benzamide dichloride

[1212] The product from Step-2 (70 mg) was dissolved in 2 mL of DCM and TFA (0.5 mL) was added at 0°C dropwise and stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness to obtained crude product which was purified by reverse phase HPLC. The product obtained after purification was then treated with Methanolic HC1 and dried and then washed with water and freeze dried to afford the desired product (6 mg). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ (ppm): 8.56 (t, 2H), 7.97-7.95 (d, 4H), 7.90-7.75 (m, 12H), 7.70-7.65 (m, 2H), 7.62 (d, 4H), 7.60-7.45 (m, 3H), 6.02 (s, 2H), 5.58 (s, 2H), 3.25 (m, 4H), 2.98 (m, 4H), 2.35 (s, 6 H), 2.33 (s, 6H), 1.50-1.42 (m, 4H), 1.40-1.30 (m, 4H), 1.20-1.05 (m, 8H).

EXAMPLE 12. Synthesis of Compound 21

Synthesis of (3-amino-7-{ 10-[(7-armno-5-chloranuide-2,8-dim

5-ylium-3-yl)carbamoyl]decanamido}-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10-phenazin-5-ylium-5- e)chloranuide

Safranin-0

Step-2 NaH

DMF

RT-16 hrs

Step-1: Synthesis of bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l-yl) undecanedioate

[1213] To a stirred solution of undecanedioic acid (500 mg, 2.31 mmol) in 10 mL of anhydrous THF was added N-hydroxysuccinimide (585 mg, 5.09 mmol) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (1.08 g, 5.09 mmol) at 0°C and then allowed to stir at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product obtained was washed with diethyl ether and dried to afford the desired product (725 mg).

Step-2: Synthesis of (3-amino-7-{ 10-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10- phenazin-5-ylium-3-yl)carbamoyl]decanamido}-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10-phenazin-5- ylium-5-e)chloranuide

[1214] To a stirred solution of Safranin-O (350 mg, 1.0 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF was added sodium hydride (60 mg, 1.5 mmol) at 0°C and stirred for 10 min, bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-l-yl) undecanedioate (205 mg, 0.5 mmol) was added and allow to stir at RT for 16 h. After completion of reaction, the mixture was diluted with ice-cold water and filtered. The product obtained was dried and purified by reverse phase HPLC. The purified product was treated with Methanolic HC1 (5 times), dried and washed with water and freeze dried to afford the desired product (5 mg). 1H NMR (CD₃OD): δ (ppm): 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 2H), 7.97-7.95 (m, 3H), 7.90-7.80 (m, 6H), 7.60-7.50 (m, 4H), 6.18 (s, 2H), 2.55 (s, 6H), 2.45-2.40 (m, 10H), 1.65-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.35- 1.25 (m, 10H). EXAMPLE 13. Synthesis of Compounds 22 and 23

Synthesis of [3-amino-7-({9-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10-phenazin-5- ylium-3-yl)amino]nonyl}amino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10-phenazin-5-ylium-5- e]chloranuide and [3-amino-7-({9-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide-4,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10- phenazin-5-ylium-3-yl)amino]nonyl}amino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10-phenazin-5-ylium-5- ejchloranuide

&

Step-1: Synthesis of 7,7'-(2,2,18,18-tetramethyl-4,16-dioxo-3,17-dioxa-5,15-diazanonadecane- 5, 15-diyl)bis(3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(9-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium-3-yl)amino)nonyl)amino)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6-dimethy phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride:

[1215] To a stirred solution of mixture of 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride and 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (500 mg, 0.909 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF was added cesium carbonate (738 mg, 2.27 mmol) and stirred at RT for 15 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C and 1,9-dibromononane (156 mg, 0.545 mmol, diluted with 1 mL of DMF) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, the mixture was diluted with ice-cold water and filtered. The solid residue obtained after filtration was dissolved in diethyl ether (200 mL) and washed with brine solution (3x50 mL). The ether layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product which was purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina, eluent 0-20% EtOAc in hexane) to afford the desired product (mixture of 2 products of same mass) as a dark brown solid (400 mg).

Step-2: Synthesis of 7,7'-(nonane-l,9-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 3-amino-7-(9-(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylph ium-3-ylamino)nonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride: [1216] To a stirred solution of mixture of 7,7'-(2,2,18,18-tetramethyl-4,16-dioxo-3,17-dioxa- 5,15-diazanonadecane-5,15-diyl)bis(3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin -5-ium) chloride and 7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(9-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(7-(tert- butoxycarbonyl amino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium-3-yl)amino)nonyl)amino)-3-(tert- butoxy carbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (400 mg, 0.32 mmol) in 5 mL of DCM was added TFA (2 mL) at 0°C dropwise and stirred at RT for 12 hrs. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness to obtained crude product which was purified by reverse phase HPLC to afford two peaks of same mass. Both peaks were then treated separately with

Methanolic HC1 and dried, then washed with water and dried again to afford the desired products. Compound 22: 35 mg. Compound 23: 5 mg. ¹H NMR Compound 22: (DMSO-d6): δ (ppm): 7.90-7.78 (m, 10H), 7.75-7.70 (m, 3H), 7.65-7.55 (m, 7H), 6.02 (s, 2H), 5.58 (s, 2H), 2.98 (m, 4H), 2.35 (s, 6 H), 2.33 (s, 6H), 1.40-1.30 (m, 4H), 1.20-1.03 (m, 10H). Compound 23: (DMSO-d6): δ (ppm): 7.95 (d, 1H), 7.90-7.60 (m, 13H),7.60-7.38 (m, 3H), 6.15 (s, 1H), 6.0 (s, 1H), 5.54 (s, 1H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.98 (m, 2H), 2.30 (m, 9 H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.38- 1.20 (m, 8H), 1.18-1.02 (m, 4H).

EXAMPLE 14. Synthesis of Compound 24

Synthesis of {3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-[(6-{ [3,5,7-tris({6-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide-2,8- dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10-phenazin-5-ylium-3-yl)amino]hexyl}carbamoyl)adamantan-l- y 1] f ormamido } hexy 1) amino] - 5λ⁶ , 10-phenazin- 5 -y lium-5 -e } chloranuide

Step-1:- Synthesis of 2-(6-iodohexyl)isoindoline-l,3-dione

[1217] To a suspension of potassium l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-ide (5 g, 27 mmol) in DMF (250 mL) was added 1,6-diiodohexane (22.83 g, 67.5 mmol) dropwise and heated at 85 °C for 2 h. The reaction mixture was monitored with LCMS. The reaction mixture was diluted with cold water and extracted with diethyl ether (2x300 mL), and the combined organic layer was washed with water (3x250 mL) and brine (250 mL). The organic layer dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a crude product which was purified by column chromatography with 10% EtOAc in hexane as eluent to afford 8.5 g of 2-(6- iodohexyl)isoindoline-l,3-dione.

Step-2:- Synthesis of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(6-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)hexyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride

[1218] To a solution of 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium chloride (6 g, 10.90 mmol) in DMF (80 mL) at RT was added cesium carbonate (8.85 g, 27.25 mmol) portion-wise and stirred for 15 min. Then, 2-(6-iodohexyl)isoindoline-l,3-dione (5.06 g, 14.18 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (40 mL) and added dropwise at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS and diluted with cold water and extracted with EtOAc (2x200 mL). The combined organic layer washed with brine (4x100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (Neutral alumina eluent 40% EtOAc in hexane to afford 6.5 g of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(6-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)hexyl)amino)-7- (tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride.

Step-3:- Synthesis of 3-((6-aminohexyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride

[1219] To a solution of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(6-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)hexyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (4 g, 5.12 mmol) in ethanol (250 mL) was added hydrazine hydrate (5.36 g, 107.38 mmol) and heated to reflux at 85 °C for 1 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS and then the reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue dissolved in diethyl ether and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified by column chromatography (Neutral alumina eluent 4 % MeOH in DCM) to afford 1.2 g of 3-((6-aminohexyl)(tert- butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride.

Step-4:- Synthesis of 3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)(6-{ [3,5,7-tris({6-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)({7- [(tert- butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁵-phenazin-5-ylium-3- yl})amino]hexyl}carbamoyl)adamantan-l-yl]formamido}hexyl)amino]-7-[(tert- butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁵-phenazin-5-ylium tetrachloride

[1220] To a solution of adamantine-l,3,5,7-tetracarboxylic acid (30 mg, 0.0961 mmol) in DMF (6 mL) were added EDC.HC1 (137 mg, 0721 mmol) and HOBt (97 mg, 0.721 mmol) and the mixture stirred at RT for 15 min. Then 3-((6-aminohexyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (280 mg, 0.432 mmol) and DIPEA (0.23 mL, 1.345 mmol) were added portion- wise and the mixture stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS and diluted with water. The precipitate was filtered and washed with water. The residue was dissolved in DCM (75 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude product, which was purified by column chromatography (Neutral alumina eluent 5 % MeOH in DCM) to afford 120 mg of BOC protected tetramer of adamantine.

Step-5:- Synthesis of 2-{3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-7-[(6-{ [3,5,7 -tris({6-[(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenyl-5 ⁵-phenazin-5-ylium-3-yl)amino]hexyl}carbamoyl)adamantan-l- yl]formamido}hexyl)amino]-5 ⁵-phenazin-5-ylium-5-yl}benzen-l-ide trichloride hydrochloride [1221] To the BOC protected tetramer of adamantine from Step-4 (120 mg, 0.046 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) at 0° C was added TFA (0.1 mL) dropwise and the mixture stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS and solvent was removed and the crude product was purified by HPLC. The product was treated with Methanolic HC1 (4x20 mL) and

concentrated each time, then triturated with water (5 mL), filtered, and washed with water (20 mL). The residue was dried under lyophilization to afford 25 mg of desired product. 1H NMR (DMSO): δ (ppm): 7.60-7.90 (m, 44 H), 6.02 (s, 4 H), 5.45 (s, 1 H), 2.90-3.0 (m, 16 H), 2.30 (s, 12H), 2.25 (s, 12H), 1.76 (s, 12H), 1.30-1.36 (m, 16H), 1.05-1.10 (m, 16H).

LCMS: 1897.10,M/4=474.6, M/3=632.6, M/2=948.5.

EXAMPLE 15. Synthesis of Compound 25

Synthesis of {3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-[(3-{ [3,5,7-tris({3-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide-2,8- dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10-phenazin-5-ylium-3-yl)amino]propyl}carbamoyl)adamantan-l- yl]formamido}propyl)amino]-5 ⁶,10-phenazin-5-ylium-5-e}chloranuide

Step-1: Synthesis of 2-(3-iodopropyl) isoindoline-l,3-dione

[1222] To a suspension of potassium l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-ide (3 g, 16.2 mmol) in DMF (150 mL) was added 1,3-diiodopropane (4.2 mL, 36.4 mmol) dropwise and heated at 85°C for 2 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS. The reaction mixture was diluted with cold water and extracted with diethyl ether (2x250 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with water (3x200 mL) and brine (250 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by chromatography with 10% EtOAc in hexane as eluent to afford 3 g of 2-(3-iodopropyl) isoindoline-l,3-dione. Step-2: Synthesis of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(3-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride

[1223] To a solution of 3, 7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium chloride (4 g, 7.272 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) at RT was added cesium carbonate (5.9 g, 18.1 mmol) portion-wise and stirred for 15 min. 2-(3-Iodopropyl)isoindoline-l,3-dione (2.97 g, 9.45 mol) was dissolved in DMF (10 mL) and added dropwise at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS and then diluted with cold water. The precipitate was filtered, and washed with water. The precipitate was dissolved in DCM (150 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude product that was purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina: eluent 2 % MeOH in DCM) to afford 3 g of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(3-(l,3-dioxoiso indolin-2-yl)propyl)amino)-7- (tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride.

Step-3: Synthesis of 3-((3-aminopropyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride

[1224] To a solution of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(3-(l,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propyl)amino)-7- (tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (3 g, 4.06 mmol) in ethanol (200 mL) was added hydrazine hydrate (3.9 mL, 81.3 mmol) and heated to reflux at 85°C for lh. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS, and then the reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue dissolved in diethyl ether and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the crude product was purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina eluent 4 % MeOH in DCM) to afford 1 g of 3-((3-aminopropyl)(tert- butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride.

Step-4: Synthesis of BOC protected tetramer of adamantane

[1225] To a solution of adamantane 1,3,5,7-tetracarboxylic acid (30 mg, 0.0961 mmol) in DMF (6 mL) were added EDC.HC1 (137 mg, 0721 mmol) and HOBT (97 mg, 0.721 mmol) and the mixture stirred at RT for 15 min. Then 3-((3-aminopropyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (263 mg, 0.432 mole) was added portion-wise and the mixture stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS, and then diluted with water. The precipitate was filtered and washed with water. The residue was dissolved in DCM (75 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (Neutral alumina eluent 3 % MeOH in DCM) to afford 125 mg of BOC protected tetramer of adamantane.

Step-5: Synthesis of {3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-[(3-{ [3,5,7-tris({3-[(7-amino-5- chloranuide-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10-phenazin-5-ylium-3- yl)amino]propyl}carbamoyl)adamantan-l-yl]formamido}propyl)amino]-5 ⁶,10-phenazin-5- y Hum- 5 -e } chloranuide

[1226] To the BOC protected tetramer of adamantane from Step-4 (125 mg, 0.046 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) at 0° C was added TFA (0.5 mL) dropwise and the mixture allowed to stir at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS and solvent was concentrated to obtain a crude product that was purified by reverse phase HPLC to obtain desired product. This product was treated with methanolic HCl (4x20 mL), concentrated each time, then triturated with water (5 mL), filtered and washed with water (20 mL). The residue was dried by lyophilization to afford 25 mg of {3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-7-[(3-{ [3,5,7-tris({3-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide- 2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10-phenazin-5-ylium-3-yl)amino]propyl} carbamoyl)adamantan-l- yl]formamido}propyl)amino]-5 ⁶,10-phenazin-5-ylium-5-e}chloranuide. 1H NMR (DMSO): δ (ppm): 7.60-7.90 (m, 44H), 6.0 (s, 4H), 5.45 (s, 4H), 2.90-3.0 (m, 16H), 2.30 (s, 12H), 2.25 (s, 12H), 1.76 (s, 12H), 1.65-1.75 (m, 8H). LCMS: 1728.9, M/4=432.8, M/3=576.5, M/2=864.3.

EXAMPLE 16. Synthesis of Compound 26

Synthesis of (3-amino-7-{ [6-({6-[5-({6-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10- phenazin-5-ylium-3-yl)amino]hexyl}carbamoyl)pyridin-2-yl]pyridin-3- yl}formamido)hexyl]amino}-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10-phenazin-5-ylium-5-e)chloranuide

Step-1

Step-1: Synthesis of tert-butyl N-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl- phenazin-10-ium-2-yl]-N-[6-[[6-[5-[6-[tert-butoxycarbonyl-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7- dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2-yl]amino]hexylcarbamoyl]-2-pyridyl]pyridine-3- carbonyl]amino]hexyl] carbamate dichloride

[1227] To a suspension of 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid (50 mg, 0.204 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) were added EDC.HC1 (155 mg, 0.816 mmol) and HOBt (109 mg, 0.816 mmol) and the mixture stirred at RT for 20 min. Then 3-((6-aminohexyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (293 mg, 0.450 mmol) and DIPEA (0.35 mL, 2.04 mmol) were added portion-wise and the mixture stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS, and then diluted with water, extracted with EtOAc (2x25 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (4x25 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina eluent 5 % MeOH in DCM) to afford 125 mg of BOC protected dimer.

Step-2: Synthesis of N-[6-[(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2- yl)amino]hexyl]-6-[5-[6-[(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2- yl)amino]hexylcarbamoyl]-2-pyridyl]pyridine-3-carboxamide dichloride

[1228] To the BOC protected dimer from Step-1 (90 mg, 0.0596 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) at 0° C was added TFA (0.4 mL) dropwise and the mixture stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS. The solvent was evaporated and the crude product purified by HPLC to obtain the desired product, which was treated with methanolic HCl (4x15 mL), concentrated each time, then triturated with water (5 mL), filtered and washed with water (20 mL). The residue was dried by lyophilization to afford 15 mg of title compound. 1H NMR (DMSO): δ (ppm): 9.10 (s, 2H), 8.83 (t, 2 H), 8.43 (d,2 H), 8.38 (d, 2H), 7.90-7.75 (m, 10 H) 7.62-7.72 (m, 2 H), 7.60 (d, 4 H), 7.60-7.50 (m,2 H), 6.0 (s, 2H), 5.50 (s, 2H), 3.26 (m, 4H), 2.99 (m, 4H), 2.35 (s, 6H), 2.33 (s, 6H), 1.50-1.42 (m, 4H), 1.40-1.30 (m, 4H), 1.20-1.05 (m, 8H). LCMS: 1036.56, M/3=346.3, M/2=518.9.

EXAMPLE 17. Synthesis of Compound 27

Synthesis of {3-amino-7-[(6-{ [3-({6-[(7-amino-5-chloranuide-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10- phenazin-5-ylium-3-yl)amino]hexyl}carbamoyl)adamantan-l-yl]formamido}hexyl)amino]-2,8- dimethyl-5-phenyl-5 ⁶,10-phenazin-5-ylium-5-e}chloranuide

Step-2

Step-1: Synthesis of tert-butyl N-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl- phenazin- 10-ium-2-yl]-N- [6- [[3- [6- [tert-butoxycarbonyl- [8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3 ,7- dimethyl- 10-phenyl-phenazin- 10-ium-2-yl] amino]hexylcarbamoyl] adamantane- 1 - carbonyl]amino]hexyl] carbamate dichloride

[1229] To a solution of 1,3-adamantanedicarboxylic acid (40 mg, 0.178 mmol) in DMF (65 mL) were added EDC.HC1 (119 mg, 0.623 mmol) and HOBt (84 mg, 0.623 mmol) and the mixture stirred at RT for 15 min. Then 3-((6-aminohexyl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-7-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (255 mg, 0.392 mmol) and DIPEA (0.22 mL, 1.335 mmol) were added portion- wise and the mixture stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS and diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (2x25 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with water (2x20 mL) and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude product, which was purified by column chromatography (Neutral alumina eluent 4 % MeOH in DCM) to afford 150 mg of tert-butyl N-[8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin- 10-ium-2-yl] -N-[6- [[3- [6- [tert-butoxycarbonyl- [8-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-3 ,7-dimethyl- 10- phenyl-phenazin- 10-ium-2-yl]amino]hexyl carbamoyl] adamantane- 1- carbonyl]amino]hexyl] carbamate dichloride. Step-2: Synthesis of Nl,N3-bis[6-[(8-amino-3,7-dimethyl-10-phenyl-phenazin-10-ium-2- y 1) amino] hexy 1] adamantane- 1 , 3 -die arboxamide dichloride

[1230] To the compound from Step-1 (150 mg, 0.100 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) at 0° C was added TFA (0.3 mL) dropwise and the mixture stirred at RT for 16 h. The reaction mixture was monitored by LCMS, then the solvent was concentrated and the crude product was purified by HPLC to obtain pure product. This was treated with methanolic HC1 (4x15 mL), concentrated each time, then triturated with water (5 mL), filtered, and washed with water (10 mL). The residue was vacuum dried under lyophilization to afford 20 mg of Nl, N3-bis[6-[(8-amino-3,7- dimethyl- 10-phenyl-phenazin- 10-ium-2-yl)amino]hexyl]adamantane- 1 ,3-dicarboxamide dichloride. 1H NMR (DMSO): δ (ppm): 7.80-7.90 (m, 10 H), 7.60 (d, 6H), 7.50-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.45 (m, 2H), 6.02 (s, 2H), 5.50 (s, 2H), 2.98-3.04 (m, 8H), 2.30 (s, 6H), 2.28 (s, 6H), 2.04 (m, 2H), 1.8 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.75 (m, 8H), 1.55-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.25-1.40 (m, 10H), 1.05 (m, 6H). LCMS: 1016.6 (M), 508.6 (M/2).

EXAMPLE 18. Synthesis of Compounds 28 and 29

Synthesis of 7,7'-(dodecane-l,12-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 3-amino-7-(12-(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium-3-ylamino)dodecylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride

Step-1: Synthesis of 7,7'-(2,2,21,21-tetramethyl-4,19-dioxo-3,20-dioxa-5,18-diazadocosane- 5,18-diyl)bis(3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(12-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium-3-yl)amino)dodecyl)amino)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6-dim 5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride

[1231] To a stirred solution of a mixture of 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride and 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (1.0 g, 1.81 mmol) in 15 mL of DMF was added cesium carbonate (1.48 g, 4.54 mmol) and the mixture stirred at RT for 15 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 0°C and to it was added 1,12-dibromododecane (328 mg, 0.99 mmol, diluted with 1 mL of DMF) dropwise. The reaction mixture was then stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, the mixture was diluted with ice-cold water and filtered. The solid residue obtained after filtration was dissolved in diethyl ether (200 mL) and washed with brine solution (3x50 mL). The ether layer was then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a crude product which was purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina, eluent 0-20% EtOAc in hexane) to afford the desired product (mixture of 2 products of same mass) as a dark brown solid (500 mg).

Step-2: Synthesis of 7,7'-(dodecane-l,12-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 3-amino-7-(12-(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium-3-ylamino)dodecylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride:

[1232] To a stirred solution of mixture of 7,7'-(2,2,21,21-tetramethyl-4,19-dioxo-3,20-dioxa- 5,18-diazadocosane-5,18-diyl)bis(3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin- 5-ium) chloride and 7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(12-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl amino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium-3-yl)amino)dodecyl)amino)-3-(tert-butoxy carbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (500 mg, 0.39 mmol) in 5 mL of DCM was added TFA (2 mL) at 0°C dropwise and stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness to obtain a crude product which was purified by HPLC to afford two peaks of the same mass. Both peaks were then treated separately with Methanolic HC1 and dried and then washed with water, and dried again to afford the desired products (Compound 28: 35 mg and Compound 29: 55 mg). Compound 28: 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ (ppm): 7.90-7.78 (m, 10H), 7.75-7.70 (m, 3H), 7.65-7.55 (m, 7H), 6.02 (s, 2H), 5.58(s, 2H), 2.98 (m, 4H), 2.35 (s, 6 H), 2.33 (s, 6H), 1.40-1.30 (m, 4H), 1.25-1.20 (bs, 10H), 1.20-1.05 (m, 6H). Compound 29: 1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ (ppm): 7.95 (d, IH), 7.90-7.60 (m, 15H), 7.60-7.38 (m, 3H), 6.15 (s, IH), 6.0 (s, IH), 5.54 (s, IH), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.98 (m, 2H), 2.30 (m, 9 H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.38-1.20 (m, 14H), 1.18-1.02 (m, 4H).

EXAMPLE 19. Synthesis of Compounds 4 and 31

Synthesis of 7,7'-(octane-l,8-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium) chloride & 3-amino-7-(8-(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium-3-ylamino) octylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride

Safranin-0

Cs₂C0₃

Step-2

1,8-diiodooctane

DMF

Step-1: Synthesis of 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride and 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride.

[1233] To a stirred solution of Safranin-0 (10.0 g, 28.57 mmol) in 100 mL of DMF was added sodium hydride (3.42 g, 85.71 mmol) portion- wise at 0°C. After addition, the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 15 min. Boc anhydride (12.45 g, 57.14 mmol, diluted with 15 mL of DMF) was added dropwise into the reaction mixture and stirred at RT for 2h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, the mixture was quenched using MeOH (30 mL), and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the crude product which was purified by column chromatography (neutral alumina, eluent 25% DCM in hexane to 100% DCM) to afford the desired products (a mixture of two products of the same mass) as a dark brown solid (5.0 g).

Step-2: Synthesis of 7,7'-(2,2,17,17-tetramethyl-4,15-dioxo-3,16-dioxa-5,14-diazaoctadecane- 5, 14-diyl)bis(3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(8-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(7-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium-3-yl)amino)octyl)amino)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride.

[1234] To a stirred solution of a mixture of 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride and 3,7-bis(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (5.0 g, 9.07 mmol) in 60 mL of DMF was added cesium carbonate (8.87 g, 27.22 mmol) and stirred at RT for 15 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0°C and to it was added 1,8-diiodooctane (2.05 g, 5.62 mmol, diluted with 5 mL of DMF) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, the mixture was diluted with ice-cold water and filtered. The solid residue was dissolved in diethyl ether (250 mL) and washed with brine solution (3x50 mL). The ether layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product which was purified by column

chromatography (neutral alumina, eluent 0-40% EtOAc in hexane) to afford the desired product (mixture of 2 products of same mass) as a dark brown solid (3 g).

Step-3: Synthesis of 7,7'-(octane-l,8-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 3-amino-7-(8-(7-amino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5- ium-3-ylamino)octylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride.

[1235] To a stirred solution of a mixture of 7,7'-(2,2,17,17-tetramethyl-4,15-dioxo-3,16-dioxa- 5 , 14-diazaoctadecane-5 , 14-diyl)bis(3 -(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2, 8-dimethyl-5- phenylphenazin-5-ium) chloride and 7-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(8-(tert-butoxycarbonyl(7-(tert- butoxycarbonyl amino)-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium-3-yl)amino)octyl)amino)-3-(tert- butoxy carbonylamino)-2,6-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium chloride (2.5 g, 2.06 mmol) in 25 mL of DCM was added TFA (10 mL) at 0°C dropwise and the mixture stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC and LCMS. After completion of reaction, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to dryness to obtain a crude product (2 g mixture of two compounds). 400 mg of crude product was purified by reverse phase HPLC to afford two peaks of the same mass. Both peaks were then treated separately with methanolic HC1 and dried, and then washed with water and dried again to afford both regioisomeric products.

EXAMPLE PI. Synthesis of Compounds 2, 3, 5, and 7-17

[1236] Compounds 2, 3, 5 and 7-17 can be synthesized using the conditions provided in the Examples presented above using appropriate starting materials.

EXAMPLE Bl. Targeting of Raji Cells and Rabbit MSCs to Various Organs

[1237] The femur, cecum, heart, kidney, liver, trachea, lungs, pancreas, spleen, and a portion of the small intestine were extracted from 3 month old C57B1/6 mice and washed 3 times with PBS in 50 ml conical tubes.

[1238] Non-adherent Raji cells (10⁷) were incubated in 500 μΐ_^ of 10 μΜ calcein AM

(Invitrogen, Cat N° C3100MP) in PBS for 30 min on a shaker at RT. The cells were washed by adding 500 μΐ_^ PBS, centrifuging at 500g for 4 min, removing supernatant, and resuspending the cells in 500 μΐ_^ PBS. The cells were then incubated in 500 μΐ_^ 10 μΜ Compound 20 in PBS or in PBS alone (control) for 30 min on a shaker at RT. The cells were washed by adding 500 μΐ_^ PBS, centrifuging at 500g for 4 min, removing supernatant, and resuspending cells in 1 mL PBS. The cells were then counted, and 0.5 x 10⁶ cells were added over each organ in 1 mL of PBS in a p48 well plate, and incubated for 30 min at RT. The organs were then gently washed in 1 mL of PBS in a new p48 well.

[1239] Rabbit mesenchymal stem cells (rbMSCs were treated as described above, except that washing was for 2 min instead of 4 min.

[1240] Adherence of the Raji cells or MSCs to the organs was evaluated by detecting the fluorescence of calcein dye using a ChemiDoc MP Imaging System (470/530 filter) and

ImageLab software and compared to the PBS control. The results are shown in FIG. 1 (Raji cells) and FIG. 2 (rbMSCs).

EXAMPLE B2. Targeting of Raji Cells to Meniscus Explants

[1241] Whole menisci were extracted from 4-6 month old NZW rabbits and washed 3 times with PBS in 50 ml conical tubes. The menisci were incubated with 100 μΜ of biotin-conjugated compound 4 or biotin-conjugated compound 20 in a final volume of 1 mL in PBS or 1 mL PBS alone for 30 min at RT in a 48 well plate, then washed twice in new p48 wells with 1 mL PBS.

[1242] The menisci were incubated with 1 μg/ml of streptavidin-FITC (SA-FITC) (Thermo 21224) in a final volume of 1 mL in PBS for 30 min at RT in the dark, then washed twice in a new p48 well plate with 1 mL PBS. Staining of the menisci was evaluated by measuring fluorescence in FITC channel (470/530 filter) using ChemiDoc MP Imaging System and

ImageLab software.

[1243] Non-adherent Raji cells (10 ) were incubated with compound 4 or compound 20 as described above in Example B l. Cells were counted, and 0.5 x 10⁶ cells were placed over the meniscus explants in 1 mL of PBS in a 48 well plate and incubated for 30 min at RT. The explants were gently washed in 1 mL of PBS in a new p48 well plate.

[1244] Cell adherence to the meniscus explants was evaluated by measuring fluorescence of calcein dye using a ChemiDoc MP Imaging System (470/530 FITC filter) and ImageLab software. [1245] The results are shown in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B. These results demonstrate that compounds 4 and 20 romote adherence of Raji cells to meniscus explants. Compound 6873 is a

reference compound,

EXAMPLE B3. Persistance of Compound 4 in the Knee After Intra- Articular Injection

[1246] Six- to eight- week old Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized with 3% sevofluorane, and both right and left knees were shaved and washed. 250 μΐ of a solution of 10 mg/ml Compound 4 in PEG400 (Spectrum POl 10) was injected intra-articularly through the patellar ligament on the right knees. 250 μΐ of vehicle (PEG400) was injected intra-articularly into left knees as a control.

[1247] Rats were euthanized at lh, 4h, 8h and 24h post-injection, and femoral condyles were extracted for macroscopic and fluorescence evaluation using a Gel Logic Pro6000 Imaging System (530/600 filter) and Carestream software.

[1248] The results are shown in FIG. 4. These results demonstrate that compound 4 is present in the knee 24 hr after intra-articular injection.

EXAMPLE B4. Staining of Small Intestine After Oral Administration of Compound 20

[1249] Six- to eight-week old C57BL/6 mice were anesthetized with 3% sevofluorane. A solution of 10 mg/ml Compound 4 in 20% cyclodextrin was administered by oral gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg. A solution of 20% cyclodextrin was administered by oral gavage as a control.

[1250] After 24h, mice were euthanized and a portion of small intestine and Peyer's patches were extracted, washed in PBS and fluorescence was measured using a Gel Logic Pro6000 Imaging System (530/600 filter) and Carestream software.

[1251] The results are shown in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B. These results demonstrate that Compound 4 stains the small intestine but not Peyer's patches after oral administration.

EXAMPLE B5. Organ Staining Following Oral Administration of Compound 4

[1252] Six- to eight- week old Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized with 3% sevofluorane. A solution of 10 mg/ml Compound 4 or 10 mg/ml Safranin-0 (Sigma S8884) in 20% cyclodextrin (Sigma C4805) was administered by oral gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg. A solution of 20% cyclodextrin was administered by oral gavage as a control.

[1253] After 24h, rats were euthanized and different organs were extracted and washed in PBS. Fluorescence was measured using a Gel Logic Pro6000 Imaging System (530/600 filter) and Carestream software to determine the localization of Compound 4 or safranin-O. The results are shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7.

EXAMPLE B6. Organ Staining Following Intravenous Administration of Compound 4

[1254] Six- to eight- week old Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized with 3% sevofluorane. A solution of 100 mg/ml Compound 4 in 100% DMSO was administered intravenously at a dose of 100 mg/Kg. A solution of 100% DMSO was administered IV as a control.

[1255] After 2h, rats were euthanized and different organs were extracted and washed in PBS. Fluorescence was measured using a Gel Logic Pro6000 Imaging System (530/600 filter) and Carestream software to determine where Compound 4 was localized. The results are shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9.

Claims

1. A method of repairing an injured target tissue selected from the group consisting of pancreas, kidney, intestine, heart, thymus, liver, brain, bladder, and blood, comprising depositing in the injured target tissue a (i) a cationic dye multimer comprising a first cationic dye moiety, a second cationic dye moiety, and a first linker connecting the first and second cationic dye moieties; or (ii) a cationic dye comprising a linker.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cationic dye multimer further comprises a second linker and a third cationic dye moiety.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the cationic dye multimer further comprises a third linker and a fourth cationic dye moiety.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are different cationic dye moieties.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second cationic dye moieties are the same cationic dye moiety.

6. The method of any of claims 1-5, wherein each cationic dye moiety is independently selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.

7. The method of any of claims 1-6, wherein at least one cationic dye moiety is safranin- O and the pendant phenyl ring of the safranin-0 optionally is substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,—OH,— O^", — NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR, — OCH3,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R,— C₆H₅,— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo, trihalide,— CN, -S0₃H, -COOH, — COOR,— CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cationic dye moiety is azure A and the second cationic dye multimer is safranin-O.

9. The method of any of claims 1-8, comprising a linker selected from the group consisting of:

(^a) , in which n is 1-6, tii is 1-4, and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

n which n is 1-6, tii is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

which n is 1-6, tii is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

in which n is 0-6, tii is 1-4, and each * is an attachment e moiety;

which n is 0-6, tii is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which n is 0-6; ni is 1-4; for each independent instance of R_a and R_b, (1) R_a and R_b independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and R_b are

V7 ⁰

o_r -^% f- _{5 or} (3) two of CR_aR_b are ^ ^{^} ; and each * is an attachment cationic dye moiety;

, in which n is 0-6; tii is 1-4; for each independent instance of R_a and R_b, (1) R_a and R_b independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_a and R_b are '^¾ or (3) two of CR_aR_b are "^- ; and * is an attachment site for cationic dye moiety;

, in which n is 0-6; ni is 1-4; for each independent instance of R_a and Rb, (1) R_a and Rb independently are H or CH₃ or (2) R_a and Rb are '^¾ or

; or (3) two of CR_aR_b are ; and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

where k is 2-10; for each independent instance of R_a and R_b, R_a and R_b

7 ⁰

(1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and R_b are '^¾ ^ or ' *" , c two of CR_aR_b ; and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

⁽⁸⁾ , in which n is 0-6, ni is 1-4, and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

^(e ' , in which n is 0-6, tii is 1-4, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which ni is 0-5, ti₂ is 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which ni is 0-5, .₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(^f-²) , in which rii is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(9) , in which ni is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(a- ) , in which m is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(g-2) , in which ni is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(^h) , in which ni is 0-5, n₂ is 1-5, and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(^h-¹ ) , in which rii is 0-5, ti2 is 1-5, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(^h-²) , in which « is 0-5, «₂ is 1-5, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(') , in which ni and n₂ independently are 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

) , in which ij and «2 independently are 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

('-²) , in which ni and « independently are 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which ti2 is 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

which ti2 is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

in which ti2 is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(k) , in which and h independently are 1-4, n is 1-4; ring

A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and Rbi

V7 ⁰

independently are '^¾ or '^¾ or (3) two of CR_aiRbi are ^ ^¾ ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are O

H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 independently are '^¾ ^ or ^ , or (3) two of attachment site for a cationic dye

0 , in which , n, oi, and 02

independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi (1) independently are H or

CH₃, or (2) Rai and Rbi independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of

CRaiRbi are ^ ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and

Rb2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and Rb₂ independently are V7 ⁰

< _or ~ _{5 or} (3) two of CR_a2Rb₂ are ^¾ ; for each independent instance of R_ci and Rdi, R_ci and Rdi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

Rci and Rdi independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_ciRdi are ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and Rd₂, R_C2 and Rd₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and Rd₂ independently are '^¾ ^ or

, or (3) two of CR_c2Rd2 are ; and each * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which I2, n, 01, and 02 independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

Rai and Rbi independently are '^¾ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_aiRbi are , for each independent instance of R_a2 and Rb₂, R_a2 and Rb₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 independently are '^{¾ fl} or O

, or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are ^ '· ; for each independent instance of Rci and Rdi, R_ci and Rdi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and Rdi

V7 ⁰

independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ or (3) two of CR_ciRdi are *· ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and Rd₂, R_c2 and Rd₂ (1) independently are

H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ " , or (3) two of CR_c2Rd₂ are ^ ; and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

C-²) , in which n, oi, and 0₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

R_ai and Rbi independently are '^¾ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_aiRbi are , for each independent instance of R_a2 and Rb₂, R_a2 and Rb₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 independently are '^{¾ fl} or O

'^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_a2Rb₂ are ^ ; for each independent instance of Rci and Rdi, R_ci and Rdi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and Rdi

V7 ⁰

H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 independently are '^¾ ^ or '^% , or (3) two of ' ^«· ^¾ ; and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

, in which n is 0-6, ni is 1-4, and each * is an ic dye moiety;

n which n is 0-6, ni is 1-4, and * is an attachment ty;

in which ri2 is 1-5 and each * is an attachment site for a cationic d e moiety;

⁽ⁿ ' , in which ti2 is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

(n.2) in which ti2 is 1-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic d e moiety;

I , in which in which ni is 0-5, ¾ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is an a cationic dye moiety;

(P) , in which ni is 0-5, ¾ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

^ , in which ti4 is 0-5, ri2 is 1-5, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety;

' ' , in which tii is 0-5, ¾ is 1-5, n3 is 0-5, and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety; and

, in which tii is 0-5, ¾ is 1-5, is 0-5 and * is an attachment site for a cationic dye moiety.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the cationic dye multimer has a formula selected from the group consisting of:

formula (1): C ) , wherein each of Dl and

D2 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 1-6, and rti is 1-4;

formula (2):

, wherein each of Dl and

D2 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 0-6, and rtj is 1-4;

formula (3): ^ , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; n is 0-6, and rtj is 1-4; and, for each independent instance of R_a and Rb, (1) R_a and Rb independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

R_a and R_b are ^ or ^ ₄ or (3) two of CR_aR_b are _;

formula (4):

, wherein Dl and D2 each is a cationic dye moiety; k is 2-10; and, for each independent instance of R_a and Rb, (1) R_a and Rb independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and Rb are

- _or \ - _or (3) two of CR_aR_b are .

formula (4a): (4a)

wherein k is 2-10; for each independent instance of R_a and R_b, (1) R_a and

R_b independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a and R_b are

or

(3) two of CR_aR_b are ; Ri, R₂, R₃, R₄, R5, and R6 independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂, —OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅, — R,— C₆H₅,— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo, trihalide,— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH, — COOR,— CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

formula (5): (⁵)

wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 0-6, and ni is 1- 4;

formula (6): ^ , wherein each of Dl and

D2 is a cationic dye moiety, ni is 0-5, and ¾ is 1-5;

formula (7): ^ , wherein each of Dl and

D2 is a cationic dye moiety, ni is 0-5, and ¾ is 1-5;

formula (8): ( ^8) ' , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, ni is 0-5, and ¾ is 1-5;

formula (9): (9) , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety and rtj and ϊΐ2 independently are 1-5;

formula (10): (^{1 0}) , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety and n is 1-6;

formula (10a):

wherein n is 1-6; Ri, R₂, R₃, R₄, R5, and R6 independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR,— NR₂,— OH,— O^", — NHCOCH3,— NHCOR,— OCH3,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R— C₆H₅,— N0₂, — NR₃ ⁺, halo, trihalide,— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and — COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

formula (11): C O , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; and 1₂ independently are 1-4; n is 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or Cl- C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi_, R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi are

or

O

'^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are ^«· ^<· ; and, for each independent instance of R_a2 and Rb₂, R_a2 and Rb₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and

R_b2 are ^ ^ or ¼^■ ^ , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are

formula (11a): ( ^a)

wherein and 1₂ independently are 1-4; n is 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi_, R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CRaiRbi are

for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 are or O

½ ^ , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are ' ^¼ _; R_1? R_2J R_3J R_4J R_{5j an}d R₆ independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR, — NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅, — R,— C₆H₅,— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo, trihalide,— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH, — COOR,— CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

formula (12): (^) , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; I2, n, 01, and 02 independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

R_ai and R_bi are

or , or (3) two of CRaiRbi are for each independent instance of R_a2 and Rb₂, R_a2 and Rb₂ (1) independently are H or

CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 are ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are

; for each independent instance of R_ci and Rdi, R_ci and Rdi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and R_di independently are

or o

"^- f" , or (3) two of CRciRdi are " · ^{^} ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and Rd₂, R_c2 and Rd₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and Rd₂ independently are

a arpe A; formula (12a):

(12a) wherein n, oj, and 0₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi_, R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ or

t twwno n off CR„aIiRbIi a arree. *· ; for each independi ent instance of and Rb₂, R_a2 and Rb₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and are

, n orr Γ (3¾^")ϊ t twwno n off C C.RR„_aI₂RRKbI₂ a arree ^¾ ; for each independent instance of R_ci and Rdi, R_ci and Rdi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

W ⁰

R_ci and R_di independently are '^¾ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_ciR_di are

; for each independent instance of R_c2 and Rd₂, R_c2 and Rd₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 independently are

or O

½ ^ , or (3) two of CR_c2R_d2 are _; R_1? R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, and R₆ independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR, — NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅, — R,— C₆H₅,— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo, trihalide,— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH, — COOR,— CHO, and—COR, wherein R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

formula (12b): (^{1 2b}) , in which each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety; I2, n, independently are 1-4; 01, and 02 independently are 1-8; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ~ , or (3) two of CRaiRbi are

for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2i R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ or

O

'^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_a2Rb₂ are ^ ; for each independent instance of Rci and Rdi, R_ci and Rdi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and Rdi are

, n orr (3) t twwno n off Γ C.ΚR_ciR_d,i a arpe ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and R_d2, R_c2 and R_d2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

R_c2 and Rd₂ are

, or (3) two of CR_c2Rd₂ are

formula (13): (13) , wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety and n is 0-6, and rtj is 1-4;

formula (14): (¹⁴)

in which each ofDl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, n is 0-6, rti is 1-4, nb is 0-6, and ri_bi is 0-6;

formula (15): (^{1 5})

, wherein each ofDl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, n and nb

independently are 0-6, and ni and n_bi independently are 1-4;

formula (16): C ^) , wherein each ofDl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety; n and nb independently are 0-6; ni and ni independently are 1-4; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi_,

R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ or O

r~ , or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are ^ ; and, for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and

Rb₂ are

or , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are

formula (17): (^{1 7})

wherein each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety; ki is 2-10; ¾ is 2- 10; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi_, R_ai and R_bi (1) O

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are ;; and, for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2,

R_a2 and Rb₂ (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and Rb₂ are "^- *" or O

½ ^ , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are " ^¾ _;

formula (18): <¹⁸>

wherein each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, n and nb

independently are 0-6, and rti and ribi independently are 1-4;

formula (19):

wherein each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, ni and HM

independently are 0-5, and 112 and independently are 1-5;

formula (20):

(20)

wherein each of Dl and D2 is a cationic dye moiety, ηχ and ribi independently are 0-5 and ¾ and n¾ independently are 1-5;

formula (21): (^1 ) _? wherein each of

Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, rti and n_bi independently are 0-5 and ϊΐ₂ and nbi independently are 1-5;

formula (22): (^2) , wherein each of

Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety, ni, n₂, nn, and nbi independently are 1-5;

formula (23):

wherein each of Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety and n and nb independently are 1-6;

formula (24): , wherein m is 2; each of Dl, a first D2, and a second D2 is a cationic dye moiety; and h independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and Rbi, R_ai and Rbi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2)

Rai and Rbi are

or , or (3) two of CRaiRbi are and, each independent instance of R_a2 and Rb₂, R_a2 and Rb₂ (1) independently are

7 ⁰

H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ or ^ , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are

><S .

formula (24a):

(24a)

wherein m is 2; and 1₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi_, R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi are

or , or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 are '^¾ ^ or

O

^ , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are . R_X R₂ R₃ R₄ R_{5 an}d R₆ independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR, — NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅, — R,— C₆H₅,— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo, trihalide,— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH, — COOR,— CHO, and—COR; and R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

formula (25): (²⁵) wherein m is 2; each of Dl, a first D2, and a second D2 is a cationic dye moiety; n, oi, and 0₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi_, R_ai and R_bi (1)

independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ~ , or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are

for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2 R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2 are

or

O

* , or (3) two of CR_a2R_b2 are "*· ; for each independent instance of Rci and Rdi, R_ci and Rdi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ci and Rdi W ⁰

independently are '^¾ ^ or or (3) two of CR_ciR_di are ^ ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and R_d2 R_c2 and R_d2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 independently are '^¾ ^ or '^¾ ^ , or (3) two of

formula (25 a):

(25a)

, wherein m is 2; I₂, n, 0₁, and 0₂ independently are 1-4; ring A is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with halo or Cl- C6 linear or branched alkyl; for each independent instance of R_ai and R_bi_, R_ai and R_bi (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_ai and R_bi are

or o

, or (3) two of CR_aiR_bi are "*· ^v ^ ; for each independent instance of R_a2 and R_b2, R_a2 and R_b2 (1) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_a2 and R_b2

are

, n orr (3) t twwno n off CΒR._a1₂ΚR1_b1₂ a arpe 'τ- ; for each independent instance of R_ci and R_di_, R_ci and R_di (l) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) 7 ⁰

R_ci and R_di independently are '^¾ ^ or ^ , or (3) two of CR_ciR_di are

><S . ; for each independent instance of R_c2 and R_d2i R_c2 and R_d2 (l) independently are H or CH₃, or (2) R_c2 and R_d2 independently are or O

½ ^ , or (3) two of CR_c2R_d2 are ; R_x, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, and R₆ independently are absent or independently are selected from— NH₂,— NHR, — NR₂,—OH,— O^",— NHCOCH₃,— NHCOR,— OCH₃,—OR,— C₂H₅,— R,— C₆H₅,— N0₂,— NR₃ ⁺, halo, trihalide,— CN,— S0₃H,— COOH,— COOR,— CHO, and—COR; and R is C1-C6 linear or branched alkyl;

formula (26), (27), (28), (29), (30), (31), or (32):

(27) (28) (29)

(³°) (³¹ ) (32) , wherein D is a cationic dye moiety, nx is 0-5, ny is 1-5, and L is absent or L is a linker selected from linker (a.l), linker (a.2), linker (b.l), linker (c.l), linker (c.2), linker (d), linker (e.l), linker (f.l), linker (f.2), linker (g. l), linker (g.2), linker (h.l), linker (h.2), linker (i.l), linker (i.2), linker (j. l), linker (j.2), linker (k), linker (1.1), linker (1.2), is linker (m.l), linker (n. l), linker (n.2), linker (o), linker (p), linker (q), linker (r), and linker (s);

formula (33): (³³) , wherein each of Dl, D2, D3, and D4 is a cationic dye moiety and L is absent or L is a linker selected from linker (a. l), linker (a.2), linker (b.l), linker (c. l), linker (c.2), linker (d), linker (e. l), linker (f. l), linker (f.2), linker (g.l), linker (g.2), linker (h.l), linker (h.2), linker (i.l), linker (i.2), linker (j. l), linker (j.2), linker (k), linker (1.1), linker (1.2), is linker (m. l), linker (n. l), linker (n.2), linker (o), linker (p), linker (q), linker (r), and linker (s); and

formula (34): , wherein each of

Dl, D2, and D3 is a cationic dye moiety and L is absent or L is a linker selected from linker (a.l), linker (a.2), linker (b.l), linker (c.l), linker (c.2), linker (d), linker (e.l), linker (f.l), linker (f.2), linker (g. l), linker (g.2), linker (h.l), linker (h.2), linker (i.l), linker (i.2), linker (j. l), linker (j.2), linker (k), linker (1.1), linker (1.2), is linker (m.l), linker (n. l), linker (n.2), linker (o), linker (p), linker (q), linker (r), and linker (s); or

wherein the cationic dye multimer is

11. The method of any of claims 1-10, wherein the cationic dye is selected from the group consisting of safranin-O, toluidine blue, azure A, azure B, azure C, acridine orange, acriflavine, and methylene blue.