WO2010034087A1

WO2010034087A1 - Modular system of longitudinally bisected industrialized building elements

Info

Publication number: WO2010034087A1
Application number: PCT/BR2008/000389
Authority: WO
Inventors: Ariovaldo Costato; Rogério COSTATO
Original assignee: Ariovaldo Costato; Costato Rogerio
Priority date: 2008-09-24
Filing date: 2008-12-12
Publication date: 2010-04-01
Also published as: BRPI0804170A2

Abstract

Modular system of longitudinaly bisected industrialized buildings consists in an industrial method of construction in which the elements are manufactured in series on the job or not and assembled at the jobs through forms, matrices and devices of innovative shape and totally differentiated from those existing up to now. This system presents all the necessary elements for the complete construction of any building, be it residential, commercial, one or multi storied. The object of this request has a group of processes, methods and techniques which integrate all the stages of construction in a systemic and unique view, allowing the full exercize of the creativity in the designs, rationalizing the building processes till the end of the job.

Description

"Modular system of longitudinally bisected industrialized building elements"

BRIEF PRESENTATION

The present Invention Patent request considers a "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", to be used in the area of civil construction; this system industrializes up to 100% of the buildings of any size or type, on any site; the industrial process can be totally or partially automated. The system has absolutely innovative building characteristics, was conceived starting from a method which is systemic, environmentally correct, intelligent, revolutionary, completely differentiated and highly rational, having as its primary objective to extremely simplify the conception and design of any building, as well as the manufacture and assembly of all the determinative elements of these edifices, making the operations faster, guaranteeing exceptional precision and quality of the construction as a whole. This system has exceptional excellence and qualities in relation to environmental impacts, which tend to zero. There will be no use of lumber for forms, shoring and other uses of this nature, as well as no need for first class lumber in the roof structures^*. The small use of lumber for decoration and finishing can originate from reforestation and/or recycled first class lumber. As to the remaining materials used in civil construction, the loss tends to zero, thus avoiding the unnecessary use of raw materials, at the same time in which it does not use the city dumps to remove and discharge the waste. Because of the economy in materials, first class or not, the system ends up contributing even more to the environment, the society and the planet, in the measure in which, as a consequence, it economizes water, electric energy, fuels, time, natural and financial resources which can be useful for other investments, thus creating a virtuous cycle for society.

FUNDAMENTS OF THE EXISTING TECHNIQUES In the present state of technique, various types of modular buildings are known, particularly the so-called prefab buildings, that is, building systems for homes and buildings with prefabricated structures, columns, walls, floor slabs which are assembled with sockets, one into the other, defining the final shape. However, none of the existing techniques operates the civil construction process viewing it systemically, that is, they have a very partial view and limited to small processes or stages.

In the present state of construction technique, the industrialization systems are partial and precarious. These systems are so embryonary that they only cause a small impact in the production process and continue as if they were totally manual. The present systems, to the contrary, end up creating a very negative image of the actual advances and possibilidades which total and systemic industrialization can bring to society as a whole and for the planet. To make it even worse, the present systems of industrialization force the building designs to adapt to these industrial techniques, thus binding them. FUNDAMENTS OF THE PATENT

The system is a pioneer in achieving the industrialization of buildings systemically and totally. Through the process one achieves total industrialization, as well as the industrialization also respects the cultural aspects of each society. Innovation and creativity reach such a point that the designs do not need to adapt to the system, thus not restricting the creativity of the designers. To the contrary, the system adapts to the designs. The construction elements will be fabricated in series at the job itself, that is, there will be an automated and complete plant at the job location, developing all the necessary elements for the building. This happens aiming to minimize expenses in transportation, diminishing the time of construction, optimizing it. In the movable plant, installed in each one of the jobs, all the necessary elements of the construction will be manufactured. The elements will have their own forms, matrices and devices, which will give high dimensional precision in all the necessary parts and components of the building. The industrial and construction system allows building in large scale, at the same time in which it permits the personalization of each building in a housing project or condominium.

The movable plant will be a fabrication and assembly line for each construction element of the building. Each stage of the fabrication and assembly line will have its own forms, matrices and devices (mechanical, electrical, electronic, robotic or logic) developed for this construction system. In this manner, the system is a pioneer in the creation of a building assembly line. THE INVENTION

The concepts of the "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINAL/ BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS" are based on an industrial method of construction in which the elements manufactured in series, mass production, are manufactured and assembled at the jobs using innovative apparatus and devices in a totally differentiated manner from those existing till the moment.

This system presents all the necessary elements for the complete construction of any building, be it residential, commercial, one or multi storied. These elements are defined by the inventors as floor guides, leveling pins, footing slab, footing base, wall panels, corner panels, door and window panels, slab panels, roof panels, ceiling guides, flange, ceiling fixation hook, spacer stirrups and gutters. Construction develops in some stages; the following description refers to a one story home, not limiting the scope of the invention, whose objective is to build all and any type of building. We can subdivide the method into two basic stages: fabrication and assembly of each of the construction elements of the buildings. Fabrication will occur through specific machines, devices, robots, equipments, forms, matrices, templates and "softwares" developed to provide all the details and requirements of our industrial and construction system. Assembly will go through the following basic sequence:

1. Preparation of the terrain and marking the job is the first task of the assembly, which will proceed through machines, devices, equipments and "softwares", which will be specific to meet all the details and requirements of the industrial and construction system. Automated plotting will be made in the same manner, with the alignment and levelling of all the floor guides. In this last stage, levelling pins will also be used.

2. With the precise positioning of the floor guides in the three directions of space, the templates which will plumb all the column reinforcements, will be placed over them. At this point, the future building will be ready to receive the foundation concrete, without having used any amount of lumber.

3. The following task will be placing the internal panels, starting by the corner panels, which will also act as column forms. After placing all the internal panels over the floor guides, having duly filled in the joints, an alignment template will be placed in the upper portion, which will also support these panels.

4. All the utilities necessary for the building will be installed in the internal panels (as, for example: water, sewage, electrical, phone, logical, network, alarm and antenna piping). These panels will come with all the finishings defined in the design and duly applied.

5. The following task will be closing with the external panels, thus forming a wall. The external panels will be jointed over the floor guides. These panels will be fixed by a quick coupling device to the internal panels, which, on their own, are sustained by the alignment template. In this manner the wall is temporarily aligned and plumbed. These panels will also come with all the finishings defined in the design and duly applied.

6. If necessary for thermal comfort, the space between the two panels will be filled with small air bubbles limited by a polypropylene sheet with a tetrahedrical shape or by any other low thermal conductivity material. 7. The next step will be placing all the ceiling guides, which will definitely align and plumb all the wall panels, internal and external. This guide will also serve as the upper beam form

(bracing or structural). 8. In the spaces defined in the design for doors and windows, specific panels will be used, both internal and external. 9. At this point, the simultaneous concreting of all the columns and beams will de made, without the need to use any amount of lumber. 10. If the building has more than one floor, the prefabricated slab will be installed at this point.

11. After the previous stage, the water boxes, "boilers" and/or hot water boxes are installed, thus, closing and finishing all the utilities inside the walls. 12. The next step will be placing the roof panels, their joints, finishing tiles and gutters.

13. The final step will be placing the finishing ceilings in the internal ambients. The industrial, construction and production system is called "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS".

The construction system here presented differs from the others, for it revolutionizes the entire system involved in the production of buildings with new and creative solutions, as it is capable of reducing time, costs and environmental impacts. At the same time it allows versatility in the designs, satisfying the technical standards and allowing future integrations or additions. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

To clearly visualize the "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", in the most varied types of buildings, we present the illustrative drawings enclosed, to better explain the detailed description which follows. FIGURE 1 : Upper view of the floor guide with triangular reinforcement;

FIGURE 2: Front view of the floor guide with rounded recessed socket and triangular reinforcement; FIGURE 3: Front view of the floor guide with rounded socket salience and triangular reinforcement;

FIGURE 4: Front view of the floor guide with recessed triangular socket and triangular reinforcement; FIGURE 5: Front view of the floor guide with salient triangular socket and triangular reinforcement;

FIGURE 6: Front view of the floor guide with square recessed socket and triangular reinforcement;

FIGURE 7: Front view of the floor guide with salient square socket and triangular reinforcement;

FIGURE 8: Side view of the floor guide with triangular reinforcement;

FIGURE 9: A-A section or Front section view of the floor guide with rounded recessed socket and triangular reinforcement; FIGURE 10: B-B section or Front section view of the floor guide with rounded relief socket and triangular reinforcement;

FIGURE 11 : Upper view of the floor guide with rectangular reinforcement; FIGURE 12: Front view of the floor guide with rounded recessed socket and rectangular reinforcement;

FIGURE 13: Front view of the floor guide with rounded relief socket and rectangular reinforcement;

FIGURE 14: Front view of the floor guide with triangular recessed socket and rectangular reinforcement;

FIGURE 15: Front view of the floor guide with triangular relief socket and rectangular reinforcement;

FIGURE 16: Front view of the floor guide with square recessed socket and rectangular reinforcement;

FIGURE 17: Front view of the floor guide with square relief socket and rectangular reinforcement;

FIGURE 18: C-C section or Front view section of the floor guide with rounded recessed socket and rectangular reinforcement;

FIGURE 19: D-D section or Front view section of the floor guide with rounded relief socket and rectangular reinforcement;

FIGURE 20: Side view of the floor guide with rectangular reinforcement; FIGURE 21 : Front view of the leveling pin assembly which contains a screw, threaded bushing, footing and footing base; FIGURE 22: Upper view of the leveling system; FIGURE 23: E-E section or Upper section view of the leveling system;

FIGURE 24: Upper view of the wall panel, internal or external; FIGURE 25: Upper view of the assembled wall panel, internal and external;

FIGURE 26: Upper view of the quick couplings, bracing and panel connections;

FIGURE 27: Side view of the wall panel; FIGURE 28: Back view of the wall panel; FIGURE 29: Side section view of the wall panel; FIGURE 30: Front view of the panels with fixation of the piping for building utilities;

FIGURE 31 : Upper view of the curve variation of the assembled wall panel; FIGURE 32: Upper view of the asymmetric variation of the assembled wall panel; FIGURE 33: Upper view of the wall panel with smooth internal geometrical structure; FIGURE 34: Back view of the wall panel with smooth internal geometrical structure; FIGURE 35: Upper view of the wall panel with internal geometrical structure having rectangular vertical support ribs; FIGURE 36: Back view of the wall panel with internal geometrical structure with vertical and horizontal rectangular support ribs; FIGURE 37: Upper view of the wall panel, with geometrical variation of the internal structure, with trapezoid vertical and horizontal support ribs; FIGURE 38: Back view of the wall panel, with geometrical variation of the internal structure, with vertical and horizontal trapezoid support ribs;

FIGURE 39: Upper view of the wall panel, with geometrical variation of the internal structure, with curved vertical and horizontal support ribs; FIGURE 40: Back view of the wall panel, with geometrical variation of the internal structure, with curved vertical and horizontal support ribs;

FIGURE 41 : Side view of the panel with circular holes to pass piping; FIGURE 42: Upper view of the corner panel;

FIGURE 43: Upper view of the assembled corner panel;

FIGURE 44: Upper view of the square detail of the corner panels and reinforcement spacers; FIGURE 45: Side view of the corner panel; FIGURE 46: Side section view of the corner panel; FIGURE 47: Front view of the comer panel; FIGURE 48: Back view of the corner panel; FIGURE 49: Upper view of the corner panel with rounded corner; FIGURE 50: Upper view of the corner panel with cramfered corner; FIGURE 51 : Upper view of the corner panel with obtuse angle corner;

FIGURE 52: Upper view of the corner panel with acute angle comer; FIGURE 53: Upper view of three interconnected corner panels; FIGURE 54: Upper view of the door panel; FIGURE 55: Upper view of assembled door panel; FIGURE 56: Side view of the door panel; FIGURE 57: Side section view of the door panel; FIGURE 58: Side section view of the door panel, detailing the door and upper opening;

FIGURE 59: Back view of the door panel with rectangular passage opening; FIGURE 60: Front view of the door panel with rectangular passage opening; FIGURE 61 : Front view of the door panel with arched passage opening;

FIGURE 62: Upper view of the assembled door panel; FIGURE 63: Front view of the door panel with rectangular passage opening; FIGURE 64: Front view of the door panel with arched passage opening;

FIGURE 65: Upper view of the mounted lower window panels; FIGURE 66: Section view of the bracing beam between the internal and external lower window panels; FIGURE 67: Section F-F or Section view of the upper internal and external window panels and their sockets;

FIGURE 68: Front view of the window panel with arched opening; FIGURE 69: Front view of the window panel with rectangular opening;

FIGURE 70: Side view of the bracing panel and finish of the lower window panels; FIGURE 71: Upper view of the bracing panel and finish of the lower window panels; FIGURE 72: Section G-G or Section view of the bracing beam and finish of the lower window panels; FIGURE 73: Section view of the bracing beam and finish of the lower window panels forming a flower box; FIGURE 74: Upper view of the ceiling guide; FIGURE 75: Side view of the ceiling guide;

FIGURE 76: Side section view of the bisected ceiling border guide, with embedded and assembled steel structure with salient socket; FIGURE 77: Side section view of the bisected ceiling border guide, with embedded steel reinforcement and concrete filling; FIGURE 78: Side section view of the bisected internal ceiling guide, with embedded steel reinforcement and concrete filling; FIGURE 79: Side section view of the bisected internal ceiling guide, with embedded and assembled steel reinforcement with salient socket; FIGURE 80: Side section view of the sole border ceiling guide, with embedded and assembled steel reinforcement with salient socket;

FIGURE 81: Side section view of the sole border ceiling guide, with embedded steel structure and concrete filling; FIGURE 82: Side section view of the sole internal ceiling guide, with embedded steel structure and concrete filling; FIGURE 83: Side section view of the sole internal ceiling guide, with embedded and assembled steel structure with salient socket; FIGURE 84: Side section view of the ceiling guide with the wall panel lock wings, with embedded steel structure; FIGURE 85: Side section view of the ceiling guide with wall panel lock wings, with embedded steel structure and concrete filling;

FIGURE 86: Section view of the floor guide, assembled internal and external wall panels, assembled ceiling guide and prefab ceiling slab;

FIGURE 87: Upper view of the rectangular socket detail; FIGURE 88: Upper view of the circular socket detail; FIGURE 89: Upper view of the triangular socket detail; FIGURE 90: Upper view of the polygonal socket detail; FIGURE 91 : Upper view of the roof system; FIGURE 92: Upper view of the structural roof system, slab and beams;

FIGURE 93: Section H-H or Section view of the roof system; FIGURE 94: Section view of the detail of all the gutters (hornless roof ridge), in polypropylene, EPS, silicone, among others; FIGURE 95: Section view of the roof slab and ridge; FIGURE 96: Section view detail of the fixation flange of the roof slab ridge; FIGURE 97: Section view of the roof slab profile;

FIGURE 98: Section view of the splice cover detail between the roof slabs;

FIGURE 99: Section view of the bracing alternative of the roof slab with the structural beam;

FIGURE 100: Section view of the side socket of the roof panel with modeled concrete tiles; FIGURE 101 : Front view of the prefab slab with the ceiling fixation hook; FIGURE 102: Front view of the panels of the prefab slab assembly with the ceiling fixation hook; FIGURE 103: Front view of the anchorage of the ceiling fixation hook in the prefab slab;

FIGURE 104: Section view of the fixation detail of the internal and external wall panel over the prefab slab;

FIGURE 105: Section view of the fixation detail of the wooden door and window finish strip. DETAILED DESCRIPTION THE "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", object of this Invention Patent request, consists in a building construction method which has innovative characteristics, aiming to simplify and revolutionize the entire construction process, optimizing the production of its construction elements (structures, walls, roofs and others) and devices to the maximum, reducing tasks and thus guaranteeing great precision, repeatibility and quality to all construction. This system has a group of essential elements for the construction and conclusion of the complete job; during the transcourse of this description, such elements and the construction method will be detailed step by step. Floor Guides (1):

Floor guide (1) is the name of the base which comprises the wall panels (2) and comer panels (24). The floor guides (1) allow the perfect insertion of the wall panels (2) and corner panels (24), besides fixing them safely and sustainably.

The floor guides (1) are horizontally disposed near the soil, where they will be aligned, squared and levelled, forming the entire construction base structure. The floor guides (1) have a socket (3) which can be a round recess joint (3A), round salient socket (3B), triangular recess socket (3C), triangular salient socket (3D), square recess socket (3E), square salient socket (3F). The socket (3) is not limited to the geometrical shapes attributed and its objective is to provide better firmness and sustainability, having variations in depth, width, length and shape. The floor guides (1 ) are designed to permit that any difference in floor level be implemented (4) between the rooms of the building, as kitchen, living rooms, bathrooms and bedrooms. The surface (5) of the floor guides (1) is the reference for the smoothing and finish of the rough floor, according to the architectural and civil engineering designs. As the building support foundation, the floor guides (1) have a steel reinforcement, which is the structural lower beam reinforcement (25/26), concreted in ditches dug into the soil (9). The floor guide (1) reinforcement (6) can have differentiated shapes, triangular (6A) or rectangular (6B), according to the need defined by the structure design. With these reinforcement conceptions (6) one can build any type or size of building. All the floor guides (1) will have transversal jambs or 'guidelines' (7), from one end to the other, serving as reference for the floor guide alignment and levelling (1).

All the floor guides (1) will have precision bushings (8E) located in the ends and center portions to receive the radio or laser wave sensors used for precise levelling and alignment.

Levelling Pin (8):

After placing the floor guide (1), it must be leveled so the ends, the center and the entire element are aligned in the three coordinates (x, y, z), ready to be concreted, afterwards receiving the wall panels (2). As a unique characteristic of this system, it can be implanted in different terrain profiles.

This is possible because the floor guide (1), along its length, presents a leveling pin system (8) which is composed of screws (8A), threaded bushings (8B) and footing (8C).

The amount of levelling pins (8) depends on the length of the floor guide (1 ) and difference in terrain levels, that is, the amount of levelling pins (8) can vary to guarantee the perfect leveling of the floor guide (1); the entire levelling system is dimensioned to support the design loads. Screw (8A) serves to adjust the level of the floor guide (1). The threaded bushing (8B) can have any type of thread and is embedded in the floor guide (1). The footing (8C) will seat on the soil (9), providing support for the screw (8A). On this footing (8C), the base (8D) is larger, allowing pressure reduction and better distribution of the loads acting on the floor guide (1) to the soil (9). To obtain the absolute levelling of the floor guides (1) and corner panels (24), a unique technique in civil construction is used. This technique consists in using laser or even radio wave emitter equipment.

Sensors are distributed along the floor guide (1), which will receive a signal sent by a laser apparatus, which sweeps the area and indicates the situation (or the position in the three directions of space: x, y and z) of the floor guide level and alignment (1). With this data monitored in this equipment and the situation of the level mapped (also in the three directions), adjustment of the levelling (also in directions x and y) is done through the screws (8A) of the levelling pins (8). The same applies to the use of a radio wave emitter instrument. Alignment (directions x and y) of the floor guides (1) is done by the transverse jambs or lines (7), which are the reference along the entire floor guide (1), and with the use of the same sensors and equipment used for levelling. With the base of the construction levelled and aligned, all the levelling pins (8) adjusted, supporting the floor guides (1), the positioning template is placed in the locations of the columns to position the column reinforcement (25/26). This device will allow the reinforcement (25/26) to be positioned and plumbed correctly, aligning it within the space to which it is destined. With these tasks ready, concreting the entire foundation is done in one stage, uniting and integrating all the parts (floor guides (1) column reinforcement) and preparing the rough floor. After drying this concrete, the screws (8A) of the levelling pin (8) are removed, forming the entire rough floor of the job, which can receive the chosen finish covering. Wall panels (2) or Sealing panels:

After the floor guides (1) are seated, levelled, aligned and squared through the levelling pins (8), and the transversal line (7), and after concluding concreting the lower beams, rough floor and column bases, all the column reinforcement will already be positioned to compose the future column. After these stages in the "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", the

"construction" process of the walls begins. The walls or sealings are defined as wall panels (2) or sealing panels. The wall panels (2) are the elements developed to substitute the traditional walls built with common brick masonry, gypsum, EPS, concrete or lumber in a unique and innovative manner. The wall panels (2) were developed and fabricated with various sockets to assemble, fix and interlock, to provide greater safety and stability to the walls, when they are assembled and ready. These sockets facilitate assembly. The geometrical shapes applied in the sockets will be provided according to the design and the need to support the loads applied. The quick couplings (10) are only used to facilitate assembly, helping the vertical positioning of the parts.

The lock sockets (11) are to fix the external panels (2A) or internal panels (2B), between each other. The connection sockets (14) are the sockets destined to unite the external wall panels (2A) with the internal wall panels (2B). The lower sockets (18) are the sockets which provide the union and fixation with the floor guide sockets (3). As the sockets (3) of the floor guides (1) vary geometrically, the lower sockets (18) of the sealing panels (2) accompany these various forms. The upper sockets (19) of the wall panels (2) are to fix and interlock the external wall panels (2A) or internal wall panels (2B) with the ceiling guides (38).

The wall panels (2) are characterized by having modules with height, thickness and width according to the need of each project, during their fabrication; these dimensions can vary and also their geometrical form. As to the materials, the fabrication of the wall panels (2) can be inonly one layer, with only one material, or multilayers of different materials, according to the needs of each project. The central space between the wall panels, considering the needs for thermal protection, can be filled with various types of materials, as small air bubbles, limited by a polypropylene film in a tetrahedric shape, EPS, among others. This definition of the filling materials can vary according to the climate of the region where the job will be built, that is, the choice of the internal material aims to improve the thermal and / or acoustic insulation.

The wall panel (2) presented in this report has its external layer (12) as the layer destined to the finishes, both internal and external. The panels already come from the plant to the job with the types of finishes aggregated to the plate, such as: texture, ceramic tile or simple paint. When the group of panels is all assembled and ready, the wall, as we know it, will be finished. The internal layer (13) of the wall panel (2) which in this case is made up of one material layer only, can be made up of various sub-layers of different materials, provided they are specified in the design.

The wall panels (2) are longitudinally bisected, a fact which makes them light and allows the insertion of any installation or utility, as electrical conduits (15), telephone (16), water piping (17) and whatever is needed.

As the wall panels (2) are bisected, they will have two distinct faces, named external wall panels (2A) and internal wall panels (2B). Geometrically, the external wall panels (2A) and internal wall panels (2B) are equal and symmetrical to permit the perfect insertion of both. The surfaces of these panels can be differentiated and can receive different finishes (ceramic tile, paint, among other materials available in the market) for each surface, internal (2B) or external (2A). The wall panels (2) allow the construction of any type of architectural design, satisfying the most diverse planning and use of spaces; the internal layer of the panels (13) has the necessary structure to support the loads calculated in the design.

The internal structure of the wall panel (2) can have a smooth internal surface (20), or ribbed surface (21/22) in the vertical or horizontal direction, if the design requires greater resistance. In figures 33, 35, 37 and 39 some of the various geometric possibilities are presented, built starting from the methodology invented and applied in the internal shape (13) of the wall panels (2), aiming to increase the resistance of the panel. The wall panel (2), according to the side view of figure 41 , contains transversal holes (23) to reduce the weight of the panel and for the passage of utilities (water, electricity, communication) required by the design. Corner panels (24V The corner panels (24) are the panels which form the vertices between two or more walls, that is, they are the panels positioned at the beginning and end of the wall line, responsible for the alignment, plumbing and vertical stability of the walls. As the wall panels (2), the corner panels (24) are bisected and symmetrical, forming external corner panels (24A) and internal corner panels (24B).

The corner panels (24) stay near the columns of the construction. They are the column form itself, made up of prolongations named wings (24C) which limit the format of the column, giving internal room for the reinforcement (25/26) with self spacing or distancing stirrups (25), thus aligning and plumbing the reinforcement (26). The corner panels (24) have the same sockets of the wall panels (2) and which, according to the design, can vary their geometry to provide greater resistance and fixation. They are: the quick coupling (10) with the function to help the vertical positioning of the parts; the bracing insertions (11 ) to fix the external corner panels (24A) or internal corner panels (24B), between each other; the connection sockets (14) to unite the external corner panels (24A) with the internal corner panels (24B); the lower sockets (18) to unite and fix the comer panel (24) with the sockets (3) of the floor guides; the upper sockets (19) of the comer panels (24) to unite and fix the corner panel (24) with the sockets (3) of the ceiling guides (38). The corner panels (24) are characterized by having wings during their fabrication (24C) with variable height, thickness and width, according to the need of each design, varying their dimensions and also their geometrical shape. As to the materials, the fabrication of the corner panels (24) can be in only one layer with only one material or multilayers of different materials, according to the need of each design developed. The center opening between the corner panels (24) can, if necessary for thermal comfort, be filled with various types of materials as small air bubbles limited by a polypropylene film in a tetrahedric shape, EPS, among others. This definition of the filling materials can vary according to the climate of the region where the building will be made, that is, the choice of the internal material aims to improve the thermal and/or acoustic insulation. The corner panel (24) presented in this report presents its external layer (12) as the layer destined for the finishes, both internal and external. The panels will already come with the type of finish aggregated to the part, such as: texture, ceramic tile, a simple paint or any other. When the group of panels is completely assembled and ready, the wall, as we know it, will be finished. The internal layer (13) of the corner panel (24), which in this case is made up of one material layer only, can be made up of various sub-layers, of different materials, provided they are specified in the design. The corner panels (24) are longitudinally bisected, a fact which makes them light and allows the insertion of any installation or utility, as energy conduits (15), telephone (16), water piping (17) or whatever is necessary. As the corner panels (24) are bisected, they will have two distinct surfaces, named external corner panels (24A) and internal corner panels (24B). Geometrically, the external (24A) and internal corner panels (24B) are equal and symmetrical, to permit the perfect insertion between both. The surfaces of these panels can be differentiated, with the possibility of receiving finishes in ceramic tile, paint, among other materials available in the market. With this finish we will configure then which ones will be the external panel (24A) or the internal panel (24B), having the design as reference. The corner panels (24) allow the construction of any type of architectural project, satisfying the most diverse planning and use of spaces. The panels have the necessary structure in the internal layer (13) which allows the support of the loads calculated in the design. Door Panels (27): The door panels (27) allow openings for the installation of doors of any dimension, thickness, height and width or shape; they can be straight (28) or in arches (29). The width of the door jamb will be defined by the group of panels. The door openings will be defined by the upper panels (28/29) and wall panels (2); these can vary according to the opening desired and defined in design. The door panels (27) are inserted into the floor guides (1 ).

The door panels (27) have the same sockets of the wall panels (2) and, according to the design, they can vary their geometry to provide greater resistance and fixation. They are: the quick coupling (10) to facilitate assembly, helping the vertical positioning of the parts; the bracing sockets (11) to fix the external door panels (27A) or internal door panels (27B)₅ between each other; the connection sockets (14) to unite external door panels (27A) with the internal door panels (27B); the lower sockets (18) to unite and fix the door panel (27) with the sockets (3) of the floor guides; the upper sockets (19) of the door panels (27) to unite and fix with the sockets (3) of the ceiling guides (38).

As to the materials, the fabrication of the door panels (27), can be in only one layer with only one material or multilayers of different materials, according to the need of each design developed.

According to the needs of thermal protection, the center opening between the door panels (27) can be filled with various types of materials as small air bubbles limited by a polypropylene film in a tetrahedric shape, EPS, among others. This definition of the filling materials can vary according to the climate of the region where the building will be made, that is, the choice of the internal material aims to improve the thermal and/or acoustic insulation. The door panel (27) presented in this report presents its external layer (12) as being the layer destined for the finishes, both internal and external. The panels will already come with the type of finish aggregated to the part, such as: texture, ceramic tile, simple paint or any other. When the group of panels is completely assembled and ready, the wall, as we know it, will be finished. The internal layer (13) of the door panel (27), which in this case is made up one material layer only, can be made up of various sub-layers of different materials, provided they are specified in the design.

The door panels (27) are longitudinally bisected, a fact which makes them light and allows the insertion of any installation or utility, as energy conduits (15), telephone (16), water piping (17) or whatever is necessary.

As the door panels (27) are bisected, they will have two distinct faces, named external door panels (27A) and internal door panels (27B). Geometrically, external door panels (27A) and internal door panels (27B) are equal and symmetrical, to permit the perfect insertion between both. The surfaces of these panels can be differentiated, receiving finishes in ceramic tile, paint, among other materials available in the market. With this finish we configure then which one will be the external panel (27A) or the internal panel (27B), having the design as

reference.

The door panels (27) can also be composed of a monolithic group, with

a dimension equal to the opening defined in the design, containing

geometrical elements (30) to close the door panel (27) and act as

structural elements of the part.

The door panels (27) allow the construction of any type of architectural

project, satisfying the most diverse planning and use of spaces; the

internal layer of the panels (13) has the necessary structure, which

allows the support of the loads calculated in the design. They can have

the upper finish with shapes in straight openings (28) or in arches (29)

according to illustrative figures 59, 60, 61 , 63 and 64.

) Window panels (31):

The window panels (31) allow placing the windows of any dimension

(thickness, height and width) or shape, straight or arched. The width of

the window casings will be defined by the group of panels. The window

openings will be defined by the wall panels (2), external window panel

(31A) and internal window panel (31 B). The external panel (31A) and internal panel (31 B) of the window can be aggregated in its fabrication with finishes in marble, granite, artistic concrete or whatever finish desired to encase the window. The window panels (31) have the same sockets of the wall panels (2) and which, according to the design, can vary their geometry to provide greater resistance and fixation. They are: the quick coupling (10), helping the vertical positioning of the parts; the bracing sockets (11 ) to fix the external window panels (31A) or internal window panels (31 B), between each other; the connection sockets (14) to unite the external corner panels (31A) with the internal comer panels (31 B); the upper sockets (19) of the window panels (31) to unite and fix with the sockets (3) of the ceiling guides (38).

As to the materials, the fabrication of the window panels (31) can be in monolayer, with only one material or multilayers of different materials, according to the need of each design developed.

According to the needs of thermal protection, the center opening between the window panels (31) can be filled in with various types of materials as small air bubbles limited by a polypropylene film in a tetrahedric shape, EPS, among others. This definition of the filling materials can vary according to the climate of the region where the building will be made, that is, the choice of the internal material aims to improve the thermal and/or acoustic insulation. The window panel (31), presented in this report, presents its external layer (12) as being the layer destined for the finishes, both internal and external. The panels will already come with the type of finish aggregated to the part, such as: texture, ceramic tile, simple paint or any other. When the group of panels is completely assembled and ready, the wall, as we know it, will be finished. The internal layer (13) of the window panel (31), which in this case is made up of one material layer only, can be made up of various sub-layers, of different materials, provided they are specified in the design.

The window panels (31) are longitudinally bisected, a fact which makes them light and allows the insertion of any installation or utility, as energy conduits (15), telephone (16), water piping (17) or whatever is necessary.

As the window panels (31) are bisected, they will have two distinct surfaces, named external window panels (31A) and internal window panels (31 B). Geometrically, the external window panels (31A) and internal window panels (31 B) are equal and symmetrical, to permit the perfect insertion between both. The surfaces of these panels can be differentiated, receiving finishes in ceramic tile, paint, among other materials available in the market. With this finish we configure, then, which one will be the external panel (31A) or the internal panel (31 B), having the design as reference.

The window panels (31) allow the construction of any type of architectural project, satisfying the most diverse planning and use of spaces; the internal layer of the panels (13) has the necessary structure which allows the support of the loads calculated in the design. They can have the upper finish with straight opening shapes (33) or in arches (34), according to figures 68 and 69.

Window sill pots can be included in their fabrication (35) or other adornment with is part of the design. Ceiling guides (38):

Ceiling guides (38) allow the final insertion of all the panels: wall panels (2), corner panels (24), door panels (27), window panels (31), and definitely align and plumb the walls. They can be bisected (39) or full (40). Ceiling guides (38) are also used as forms for the upper concrete structural beams (37); their dimensions will always be adjusted according to the needs defined by the structure design. In the case of buildings with more than one story, the slab will be placed over the ceiling guide (38) after concreting the structural beam, and on it the floor guide will be modeled (1) to fix the wall panels (2) of the next floor, through metal bushings (threaded or not) inserted (54) in the slab and metal pins (55) (threaded or not) in the panels, which will give larger fixation and safety. Ceiling guides (38) have sockets (3) with various geometrical shapes, always aiming to provide better firmness and sustainability between the parts, besides having variations in depth, width and length. Figures 84 and 85 show a geometrical alternative (38C) for the ceiling guide where the lower wings would substitute the sockets (3) in fixing the wall panels (2); they can have holes for the passage of tubing.

Ceiling guides (38) will have their length equal to the length of the opening between the columns; between the column supports, concrete bracing will be placed to give support for the ceiling guide (38) while the concrete has not yet reached its maximum strength. The bracing will be lost inside the wall panels (2), without presenting any interference in them.

Cover or Roof panels (52)

The roof panels (52) allow the upper closing of the internal spaces, protecting them from the weather. They are parts with various geometrical shapes: triangular (52A), trapezoidal (52B), parallelogram

(52C) or polygonal (52D).

The roof panels operate as inclined floor slabs, over which the roof tiles are positioned. The patent request includes the roof panels with tiles modeled on them (56), whose finishes will be in waterproof and decorative concrete. These panels (with or without modeled tiles) will also be used to fix the ceiling support hooks (49).

The roof panel (52) is composed of the following elements: structural beam in reinforced concrete (45/50), concrete slab, tile socket relief (41), fixation and bracing system of the panel sides by a metal flange

(46) and pins (47), or socket (51), on the side which corresponds to the positioning of a gutter; the roof panel (52) will have a salience (42) where a flexible and waterproof material device will be inserted (42C) which will be molded inside the salience (42), through a metal (42A) or wood bushing (42B). The roof panels (52) are fixed on the upper structural beams (37) through pins or screws (43). In this manner, together with the bracing system of the upper and side splices through a metal flange (46) or socket (51), the roof panels (52) are stabilized and structurally firm, without the possibility of a side, slide or pulling out movement.

Fig. 99 presents a variation of the bracing system of the roof panel (52) without using fixation pins (43). Wooden Jamb and Finish Strip (58) The wooden door and window jambs (58) have an exclusive system to fix the finishing strips (58C)₅ to facilitate and speed up the finish tasks. For the perfect cohesion of the finish strips (58C) to the jambs (58), it is necessary to combat the pulling and sliding stresses. For this, the wooden jambs (58) will receive a group of magnets (58B) disposed inside a cavity in the jamb itself (58) and the finish strips (58C) will have a metal clamp (58A) in relief, on its lower faces. The fixation process will occur by positioning the metal clamp (58A) of the finish strip (58C) inside the cavity of the jamb (58). In this manner, the metal clamp (58A) will come into contact with the magnet (58B), positioned inside the cavity, permitting complete adherence and bracing against the pulling stress. To impede sliding, the relief of the metal clamp (58A), inserted into the jamb cavity (58), will meet side resistance of the wooden jamb itself (61). Thus, in a simple and efficient manner, the finish strip (58C), connected to the jamb (58) by these devices (58A/58B), will be perfectly fixed, aligned and positioned, not requiring any additional task. System of Assembly: The system of assembly of the construction idealized and together with all the elements designed and developed, has a logical sequence from the start to the end of the job, thus defining the "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS". Preparation of the terrain and marking the job is the first task of the assembly, which will happen through machines, devices, equipment and "softwares" developed specifically to meet all the details and requirements of this industrial and construction system. The next stage is placing the floor guides (1) effectuating their levelling and alignment so the ends, the center and the entire guide is levelled. The floor guide (1) has levelling pins (8) along its length, which are composed of screws (8A), threaded bushings (8B) inserted into the floor guide (1 ) and footing (8C).

The amount of levelling pins (8) depends on the length of the floor guide (1) and on the inclination of the terrain, that is, the amount and size of the levelling pins (8) can vary, to guarantee the perfect levelling of the floor guide (1); this entire levelling system is dimensioned to support the loads received.

The screw (8A) serves to adjust the level of the floor guide (1); the threaded bushing (8B) remains inserted into the floor guide (1). The footing (8C) will be seated on the soil (9), providing support for the screw (8A). In this footing (8C), the base (8D) is larger, which will permit the reduction of the load pressures on the floor guide (1) over the soil (9).

To obtain the absolute levelling of the floor guides (1) and of the corner panels (24), one uses an innovative technique in the area of civil construction. This technique consists in the use of laser equipment and/or of equipment which emits radio wave signals.

Along the floor guide (1) sensors are distributed, fixed through precise bushings (8E) already inserted into the floor guide (1), which will receive the signal sent by the laser apparatus, which sweeps the area and indicates the situation (the position in the three directions of space: x, y and z) of the level and alignment of the floor guide (1). With this data monitored in this equipment and the situation of the level (and also of the three directions) mapped, the adjustment of the levelling (and also of the directions x and y) is done through the screws (8A) of the levelling pins (8). The same applies for the use of the radio wave emitter apparatus. The alignment (directions x and y) of the floor guides (1 ) is done by the transversal jambs or lines (7), which are the reference along all the floor guide (1), using the same sensors and equipment used for levelling.

With the base of the construction levelled and aligned and all the levelling pins (8) adjusted, supporting the floor guides (1), one places the template for alignment and plumbing of the column reinforcement in the locations of the columns (25/26). With these tasks concluded, the concreting of the entire foundation is provided in one sole stage, unifying all the parts (floor guides (1) and column reinforcement (25/26)), thus preparing the rough floor. With the base and rough floor ready and perfectly leveled, the column reinforcement templates are removed (25/26) and the elevation of the panels which will constitute the walls is started. The first step is the assembly of the corner panels (24), which will serve as reference for the assembly of the wall panels (2), and of the corner panels (24) which can constitute the vertex of 90° or not. Their positioning is done through the union of the lower sockets (18) of the corner panel and of the sockets (3) of the floor guide (1). With the final positioning of the corner panels (24), both external (24A) and internal (24B), one has the column form ready and perfectly plumbed for concreting.

This same process is repeated for the remaining corners of the building. The continuation of the wall assembly is by placing the internal wall panels (2B) on the floor guides (1 ) using the sockets (3/18).

As an auxiliary element to assemble the wall panels (2), a removable guide will be placed to temporarily brace, align and plumb the panels referring to the internal side of the walls. Having finished placing all others internal wall panels (2B), one will perform all the connections of the building installations and utilities.

After the assembly of all the internal sides of the walls and of the installations of the utilities, the external sides of the walls will be placed, uniting them to the internal sides by the quick coupling sockets (10), which will guarantee the bracing, alignment and temporary plumbing of the wall as a whole.

Figure 86 shows the group of assembly of the system, from the foundation to the bracing or upper structure beam, including the floor slab of the upper story with the new floor guide (1) which will generate one more story. The process will successively repeat, always according to the dimensioning and specification of each design. The wall panels (2) will be assembled on the floor guides (1) and held by the sockets (3) one to the side of the other, according to the building plan. In the locations designed for doors and windows the method of construction counts with panels which we will name door panels (27) and window panels (31) which can have their shapes with straight or arched openings, according to figures 59, 60, 61 , 63 and 64 for doors and 68 and 69 for windows. After finishing the assembly of all the wall panels (2) over the floor guides (1), we will have all the internal spaces built according to the definitions and determinations of the architectural design. After the assembly of all the wall panels (2) and before placing the ceiling guides (38), the filling of all the joints (11) and connections (14) and bracing sockets will be made.

Immediately all the ceiling guides (38) will be placed, which will definitely align and plumb all the panels, internal and external, which compose the walls. This guide will also serve as the form for the upper beams (bracing or structural).

The following stage will be the installation of the water boxes, "boilers", hot water boxes, placing the roof panels (52), their joints (43), finish tiles and gutters (42). Finally, the ceilings will be placed, fixed on the floor (48) or roof slab (52) by bracing (49) and leveling hooks.

Claims

1) "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", consists in an industrial method of construction in which the elements are manufactured in series on the job or not and assembled at the jobs through forms, matrices and devices in an innovative manner and totally differentiated from those existing till the moment; this system presents all the necessary elements for the complete construction of any building, be it residential, commercial, one or multi storied, CHARACTERIZED BY having a set of processes, methods and techniques which integrate all the stages of a construction in a systemic and unique manner, permitting the full exercise of creativity in the designs, rationalizing the construction processes, till the end of the job; having the elements of construction named: floor guides (1); wall or sealing panels (2); corner panels (24); door panels (27), window panels (31); reinforcement spacer stirrups (25); wooden jamb with a fixation system of the finish stripes through magnets (28); ceiling guides (38); roof panels (52); ceiling hook for fixation and levelling (49).

2) "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", according to claim 1 CHARACTERIZED BY: the floor guides (1) having: a rectangular base (5), two side wings (4) with differences in level corrected in relation to the panel surface; sockets (3) which can be rounded recess (3A), rounded salience (3B), triangular recess (3C), triangular relief (3D), square recess (3E), square relief (3F); these sockets (3) are not limited to the various geometrical shapes attributed; a transversal line (7) in recess, positioned in the center and along the entire floor guide (1 ) in the longitudinal direction; triangular (6A) or rectangular (6B) shape steel reinforcement; levelling pin (8); precision bushing (8E) for the socket of the laser or radio emitters.

3) "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", according to claim 2 CHARACTERIZED BY: The levelling pin (8) is positioned on the ends of the floor guide (1 ) and/or along the floor guide (1 ); having a threaded bushing (8B) inserted into the floor guide (1), levelling screw (8A).

4) "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", according to claim 2 CHARACTERIZED BY: A precision bushing (8E), for the insertion of the laser or radio emitters, is inserted into the ends of the floor guide (1), to receive the laser beam and/or radio signal emitters. 5) "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", according to claim 1 , CHARACTERIZED BY: the wall or sealing panels (2) having: rectangular shape with two side columns, which can vary their dimensions and presenting holes (23); two distinct layers, the external layer (12) of finish and another internal layer (13) of panel structure; this last layer can be in multilayers or monolayer; ribs (21/22) or not (20) to increase resistance, located in the internal layer (13); lower sockets (18) with a shape equal to that of the floor guide (1), located in the base of the wall panel (2); bracing sockets (11) located on the sides of the wall panel columns (2); quick coupling sockets (10) with a male/female system located on the internal surface of the wall panel side columns (2); connection sockets (14) located along the smaller dimension of the wall panel side columns (2); upper sockets (19), with shape equal to that of the ceiling guide (38), located on the top of the wall panel (2). 6) "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", according to claim 1 CHARACTERIZED BY: the corner panels (24) having: rectangular shape with two side columns on their ends and a side extension or wing (24C); two distinct layers, the external layer (12) of finish and another internal layer (13) of panel structure; this last in multilayers or monolayer; ribs (21/22) or not (20) to increase resistance, located on the internal layer (13); lower sockets (18) with a shape equal to that of the floor guide (1), located in the base of the corner panel (24); bracing sockets (11) located on the sides of the comer panel columns (24); quick coupling sockets (10) with a male/female system located on the internal surface of the corner panel side columns (24); connection sockets (14) located along the smaller dimension of the corner panel side columns (24); upper sockets (19), with shape equal to that of the ceiling guide (38), located on the top of the corner panel (24).

7) "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", according to claim 1 CHARACTERIZED BY: the door panels (27) having: rectangular shape with two side columns on their ends; their dimensions can vary; two distinct layers, the external layer (12) of finish and another internal layer (13) of panel structure; this last in multilayers or monolayer; ribs (21/22) or not (20) to increase resistance, located on the internal layer (13); lower sockets (18) with a shape equal to that of the floor guide (t), located in the base of the door panel (27); bracing sockets (11) located in the sides of the columns of the door panel (27); quick coupling sockets (10) with a male/female system, located on the internal surface of the door panel side columns (27); connection sockets (14) located along the smaller dimension of the door panel side columns (27); upper sockets (19), with shape equal to that of the ceiling guide (38), located on the top of the door panel (27).

8) "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", according to claim 7, CHARACTERIZED BY: upper sealing panels of the door panels (27) with straight (28) or curved shape (29).

9) "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", according to claim 1 CHARACTERIZED BY: the window panels (31) having: rectangular shape with two side columns in their ends; their dimension can vary; two distinct layers, the external layer (12) of finish and another internal layer (13) of panel structure; this last in multilayers or monolayer; ribs (21/22) or not (20) to increase resistance, located on the internal layer (13); lower sockets (18) with a shape equal to that of the floor guide (1), located in the base of the window panel (31); bracing sockets (11) located on the sides of the columns of the window panel (31); quick coupling sockets (10) with male/female system, located on the internal surface of the window panel side columns (31); connection sockets (14) located along the smaller dimension of the window panel side columns (31); upper sockets (19), with shape equal to that of the ceiling guide (38), located on the top of the window panel (31); bracing beam (53) with rectangular shape; it can present shape of a window box (35) with a socket in relief (3) on the lower surface.

10) "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", according to claim 9,

CHARACTERIZED BY: upper sealing panels of the window panels (31) in straight (33) or curved shape (34).

11) "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", according to claim 1 CHARACTERIZED BY: the spacer stirrups having: fold, bracing or weld in their assembly; standardization system of the spacing between the beam reinforcement and the form, by prolonging their ends, without the need of other devices. 12) "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", according to claim 1 CHARACTERIZED BY: the wooden jambs (58) of the doors or windows having: a groove along the entire perimeter of the jamb, where magnets will be fixed (58B); finish stripes (58C) with a metal plate (58A) glued or inserted along their entire face with a slightly smaller dimension than the groove; fixation of the finish strip (58C) to the jamb (58) by the socket of the metal strip (58A) of the finish strip (58C) in the groove of the jamb (58). 13) "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", according to claim 1 CHARACTERIZED BY: the ceiling guides (38) having: a "U" shape, bisected (39) or not (40), or "H" shape (38C), with their variable dimensions; differentiated sides in the case of ceiling (38) or edge guides (38A) and equal sides in the case of ceiling (38) internal guides (38B); the reinforcement which is a part of the structural beams is inserted; sockets (3) which connect with the upper sockets (19) of the wall panels (2), corners (24), doors (27) and windows (31); lower wings in "H" shape (38C) to brace the wall panels (2), corners (24), doors (27) and windows (31), possibly having holes for the passage of piping. 14) "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", according to claim 1 CHARACTERIZED BY: the roof panels (52) having: triangular (52A), trapezoidal (52B), parallelogram (52C) or polygonal shape (52D); reliefs (41) on the upper surface to fix tiles or already carrying the shape of modeled tiles directly on the upper surface (56); structural beams (45) adequate reinforced (50); splicing and bracing system between them which can be through a metal flange (46), fixed by pins (47), or male/female modeled sockets (51/57), located on the side edges and ridge; fixation and bracing with the building through pins (43), screws or sockets (43A); on the side which corresponds to the gutter position, the roof panel (52) will have a salience (42) where a flexible and waterproof material device will be inserted (42C) which will be molded, inside the salience, through a metal (42A) or wooden (42B) bushing.

15) "MODULAR SYSTEM OF LONGITUDINALY BISECTED INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDINGS", according to claim 1 CHARACTERIZED BY: the fixation and leveling hook having: a "U" shape, with the ends curved to fix into the reinforcement of the roof or slab panel; non-oxidizing material in its construction.