US9052564B2 - Electrophoretic dispersion - Google Patents
Electrophoretic dispersion Download PDFInfo
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- US9052564B2 US9052564B2 US13/847,888 US201313847888A US9052564B2 US 9052564 B2 US9052564 B2 US 9052564B2 US 201313847888 A US201313847888 A US 201313847888A US 9052564 B2 US9052564 B2 US 9052564B2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
- G02F1/166—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect
- G02F1/167—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect by electrophoresis
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
- G02F1/1675—Constructional details
- G02F2001/1678—Constructional details characterised by the composition or particle type
Definitions
- the present invention is directed to an electrophoretic dispersion, in particular, an electrophoretic dispersion comprising uncharged or lightly charged additive particles for improving bistability of an electrophoretic display.
- An electrophoretic display is a non-emissive device based on the electrophoresis phenomenon influencing charged pigment particles suspended in a dielectric solvent.
- An EPD typically comprises a pair of spaced-apart plate-like electrodes. At least one of the electrode plates, typically on the viewing side, is transparent.
- An electrophoretic dispersion composed of a dielectric solvent with charged pigment particles dispersed therein is enclosed between the two electrode plates.
- An electrophoretic dispersion may have one type of charged pigment particles dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture of a contrasting color.
- the pigment particles migrate by attraction to the plate of polarity opposite that of the pigment particles.
- the color showing at the transparent plate can be either the color of the solvent or the color of the pigment particles. Reversal of plate polarity will cause the particles to migrate to the opposite plate, thereby reversing the color.
- an electrophoretic dispersion may comprise two types of pigment particles of contrasting colors and carrying opposite charges and the two types of pigment particles are dispersed in a clear solvent or solvent mixture.
- the two types of pigment particles when a voltage difference is imposed between the two electrode plates, the two types of pigment particles would move to opposite ends (top or bottom) in a display cell. Thus one of the colors of the two types of the pigment particles would be seen at the viewing side of the display cell.
- the dispersion contained within the individual display cells of the display is one of the most crucial parts of the device.
- the composition of the dispersion determines, to a large extent, the lifetime, contrast ratio, switching rate and bistability of the device.
- FIG. 1 depicts how the additive particles may induce flocculation or weak agglomeration of the charged pigment particles.
- the present invention is directed to an electrophoretic dispersion comprising charged pigment particles and uncharged or lightly charged additive particles dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture wherein the average diameter of the additive particles is about 1% to about 25% of the average hydrodynamic diameter of the charged pigment particles.
- the dispersion comprises two types of charged pigment particles having opposite charge polarities and of contrasting colors.
- the additive particles are formed from a polymer, metal or metal oxide.
- the additive particles are formed from polystyrene, poly(2-vinylnapthalene), polymethylmethacrylate, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide or gold.
- the concentration of the additive particles is from about 5% to about 40% by volume of the dispersion.
- the charged pigment particles have a hydrodynamic diameter in the range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m.
- the dispersion further comprises non-charged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles.
- the non-charged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles are formed from a polymeric material.
- the non-charged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles are formed from polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polystyrene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyphenol or polysiloxane.
- the non-charged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles are formed from poly(pentabromophenyl methacrylate), poly(2-vinylnapthalene), poly(naphthyl methacrylate), poly(alpha-methystyrene), poly(N-benzyl methacrylamide) or poly(benzyl methacrylate).
- the refractive index of the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles is different from that of the solvent or solvent mixture in which the particles are dispersed.
- the average diameter of the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles is in the range of about 100 nanometers to about 5 microns.
- the average diameter of the additive particles is smaller than the average diameter of the neutral buoyancy particles.
- the concentration of the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles in the electrophoretic dispersion is more than 2.5% by weight, but not exceeding about 25% by weight.
- the dispersion further comprises a charge controlling agent.
- image bistability of an electrophoretic display may be improved by dissolving a polymer into an electrophoretic dispersion.
- the usefulness of this approach is limited because dissolving a polymer in the dispersion would increase the viscosity of the dispersion, resulting in an increase in the switching time.
- additive particles For brevity, this type of particles is referred to as “additive particles” throughout this application.
- lightly charged is defined as having a charge which is less than 50%, preferably less than 25% and more preferably less than 10%, of the average charge carried by the positively charged pigment particles or negatively charged pigment particles.
- the additive particles may be prepared from a material such as a polymer, metal, metal oxide or the like.
- a material such as a polymer, metal, metal oxide or the like.
- they may be formed from polystyrene, poly(2-vinylnapthalene), polymethylmethacrylate, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide or gold.
- Spherical polymer particles may be prepared in the usual way.
- a stabilizing agent which is compatible with the electrophoretic dispersion may be added.
- the size of the polymer particles can be precisely controlled by the recipe of the polymerization reaction. Specifically, a higher ratio of the stabilizing agent to the monomer tends to result in smaller particles.
- Silica particles of controlled size may be prepared by the Stöber process and its modern variants.
- Metal nanoparticles may be synthesized by reduction of an aqueous metal salt solution, for example, citrate synthesis of gold nanoparticles.
- an aqueous metal salt solution for example, citrate synthesis of gold nanoparticles.
- any of several techniques for size control may be used. For example, higher concentration of a reducing agent tends to result in smaller particles.
- care must also be taken to use an appropriate stabilizing agent for the eletrophoretic dispersion.
- FIG. 1 depicts how the additive particles ( 11 ) may induce flocculation or weak agglomeration of the charged pigment particles ( 12 ).
- the charged pigment particles ( 12 ) are shown to have a depletion zone ( 13 ) where the additive particles ( 11 ) are excluded due to their size.
- an electric field forces the charged pigment particles to be packed densely, which squeezes out the additive particles from the zone between the charged pigment particles.
- the energy state of the system tends to be at a lower level than when the charged pigment particles are dispersed. This is due to the fact that the high energy depletion zones around the charged pigment particles overlap, thus reducing the total depletion zone volume.
- the resulting packed state therefore is stable and resists change, for example, spontaneous redistribution of the charged pigment particles by Brownian motion which in an electrophoretic display is manifest as an image state decay, known as bistability loss.
- the additive particles have certain characteristics. First of all, the particles must be colloidally stable against agglomeration, sedimentation (or creaming) or adsorption. In other words, they must energetically prefer the dispersed state over being adsorbed onto the charged pigment particles or walls that surround the electrophoretic dispersion.
- the average diameter of the additive particles is about 1% to about 25% of the average hydrodynamic diameter of the charged pigment particles. While the primary particle size of the charged pigment particles is often in the range of 50 nm to 500 nm, their dispersed hydrodynamic size is often substantially larger.
- the charged pigment particles usually have an average hydrodynamic diameter in the approximate range of 0.1 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m. It is this larger hydrodynamic size that must be considered when additive particles are included. Therefore, the additive particles, in most cases, are nanoparticles.
- the concentration of the additive particles should be controlled within from about 5% to about 40%, preferably about 10% to about 40%, by volume of the dispersion. This concentration range is critical in order for the additive particles to be effective in improving bistability of an electrophoretic display.
- the refractive index of the additive particles is preferably similar to that of the solvent or solvent mixture in which they are dispersed.
- a final consideration unique to an electrophoretic display is that it is preferred that the particles are non-charged or lightly charged (i.e., substantially less charged than the charged pigment particles).
- the additive particles may be present in an electrophoretic dispersion comprising one type of charged pigment particles or in an electrophoretic dispersion comprising two types of charged pigment particles.
- the charged pigment particles may be formed from an inorganic pigment, such as TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , CI pigment black 26 or 28 or the like (e.g., manganese ferrite black spinel or copper chromite black spinel). They may also be formed from an organic pigment such as phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine green, diarylide yellow, diarylide AAOT yellow, and quinacridone, azo, rhodamine, perylene pigment series from Sun Chemical, Hansa yellow G particles from Kanto Chemical, and Carbon Lampblack from Fisher.
- an inorganic pigment such as TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , CI pigment black 26 or 28 or the like (e.g., manganese ferrite black spinel or copper chromite black spinel). They may also be formed from an organic pigment such as phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine green, diarylide yellow, diarylide AAOT yellow
- the charged pigment particles may also be particles coated with a polymer layer on their surface, and the polymer coating can be prepared through various conventionally known polymerization techniques.
- the charged pigment particles may carry a natural charge or are charged through the presence of a charge controlling agent.
- the solvent or solvent mixture in which the charged pigment particles are dispersed preferably has a low viscosity and a dielectric constant in the range of about 2 to about 30, preferably about 2 to about 15 for high particle mobility.
- suitable dielectric solvent include hydrocarbons such as isopar, decahydronaphthalene (DECALIN), 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, fatty oils, paraffin oil; silicon fluids; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, phenylxylylethane, dodecylbenzene and alkylnaphthalene; halogenated solvents such as perfluorodecalin, perfluorotoluene, perfluoroxylene, dichlorobenzotrifluoride, 3,4,5-trichlorobenzotrifluoride, chloropentafluoro-benzene, dichlorononane, pentachlorobenzene; and perfluorinated solvents such as FC-43, FC-
- halogen containing polymers such as poly(perfluoropropylene oxide) from TCI America, Portland, Oreg., poly(chlorotrifluoro-ethylene) such as Halocarbon Oils from Halocarbon Product Corp., River Edge, N.J., perfluoropolyalkylether such as Galden from Ausimont or Krytox Oils and Greases K-Fluid Series from DuPont, Del., polydimethylsiloxane based silicone oil from Dow-corning (DC-200).
- the solvent or solvent mixture may be colored by a dye or pigment.
- the dispersion may further comprise non-charged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles.
- neutral buoyancy refers to particles which do not rise or fall with gravity. In other words, the particles would float in the dispersion between the two electrode plates.
- the density of the neutral buoyancy particles may be the same as the density of the solvent or solvent mixture in which they are dispersed.
- the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles may be formed from a polymeric material.
- the polymeric material may be a copolymer or a homopolymer.
- Examples of the polymeric material for the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles may include, but are not limited to, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polystyrene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyphenol, polysiloxane or the like.
- polymeric material may include, but are not limited to, poly(pentabromophenyl methacrylate), poly(2-vinylnapthalene), poly(naphthyl methacrylate), poly(alpha-methystyrene), poly(N-benzyl methacrylamide) or poly(benzyl methacrylate). These materials are suitable for the neutral buoyancy particles in the one particle system and the two particle system.
- the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles are formed from a polymer which is not soluble in the dielectric solvent of the display dispersion, and also has a high refractive index.
- the refractive index of the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles is different from that of the solvent or solvent mixture in which the particles are dispersed.
- typically the refractive index of the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles is higher than that of the solvent or solvent mixture.
- the refractive index of the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles may be above 1.45.
- the materials for the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles may comprise an aromatic moiety.
- the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles may be prepared from monomers through polymerization techniques, such as suspension polymerization, dispersion polymerization, seed polymerization, soap-free polymerization, emulsion polymerization or physical method, including inverse emulsification-evaporation process.
- the monomers are polymerized in the presence of a dispersant.
- the presence of the dispersant allows the polymer particles to be formed in a desired size range and the dispersant may also form a layer physically or chemically bonded to the surface of the polymer particles to prevent the particles from agglomeration.
- the dispersants preferably has a long chain (of at least eight atoms), which may stabilize the polymer particles in a hydrocarbon solvent.
- Such dispersants may be an acrylate-terminated or vinyl-terminated macromolecule, which are suitable because the acrylate or vinyl group can co-polymerize with the monomer in the reaction medium.
- dispersant is acrylate terminated polysiloxane (Gelest, MCR-M17, MCR-M22),
- polyethylene macromonomers as shown below: CH 3 —[—CH 2 —] n —CH 2 O—C( ⁇ O)—C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH 2
- the backbone of the macromonomer may be a polyethylene chain and “n” may be 30-200.
- the synthesis of this type of macromonomers may be found in Seigou Kawaguchi et al, Designed Monomers and Polymers, 2000, 3, 263.
- the dispersants are then preferably also fluorinated.
- the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles may also be formed from a core particle coated with a polymeric shell and the shell may be formed, for example, from any of the polymeric material identified above for the neutral buoyancy particles.
- the core particle may be of an inorganic pigment or an organic pigment as described above.
- core-shell uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles they may be formed by a microencapsulation method, such as coacervation, interfacial polycondensation, interfacial cross-linking, in-suit polymerization or matrix polymerization.
- the average diameter of the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles is preferably in the range of about 100 nanometers to about 5 microns. In one embodiment, the average diameter of the additive particles is smaller than the average diameter of the neutral buoyancy particles.
- the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles added to the dispersion may have a color substantially the same as the color of one of the two types of charged pigment particles.
- a display dispersion there may be charged black particles, charged white particles, the uncharged or lightly charged additive particles and uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles and the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles may be either white or black.
- the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles are white, they may enhance the reflectivity of the display. If they are black, they may enhance the blackness of the display.
- the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles may have a color substantially different from the color of either one of the two types of charged pigment particles.
- the concentration of the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles in an electrophoretic dispersion is preferably more than 2.5% by weight, but not exceeding about 25% by weight. In another embodiment, the concentration of the uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles is preferably in a range between about 3% to about 15% by weight and more preferably in a range between about 3% to about 10% by weight.
- the electrophoretic dispersion of the present invention in addition to the uncharged or lightly charged additive particles and uncharged or lightly charged neutral buoyancy particles, may also comprise other additives such as a charge controlling agent.
- a charge controlling agent used in all embodiments of the present invention is compatible with the solvent in the electrophoretic dispersion and may interact with the surface of the charged particles to effectively generate either positive or negative charge for the particles.
- Useful charge control agents include, but are not limited to, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, metal soap, polybutene succinimide, maleic anhydride copolymers, vinylpyridine copolymers, vinylpyrrolidone copolymer, (meth)acrylic acid copolymers or N,N-dimethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate copolymers), Alcolec LV30 (soy lecithin), Petrostep B100 (petroleum sulfonate) or B70 (barium sulfonate), Solsperse 17000 (active polymeric dispersant), Solsperse 9000 (active polymeric dispersant), OLOA 11000 (succinimide ashless dispersant), OLOA 1200 (polyisobutylene succinimides), Unithox 750 (ethoxylates), Petronate L (sodium sulfonate), Disper BYK 101, 2095,
- a further aspect of the present invention is directed to an electrophoretic display wherein display cells are filled with any of the display dispersions as described in the present application.
- display cell refers to a micro-container filled with a display dispersion.
- a display cell may be a microcup as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,930,818, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- a display cell may also be any other micro-containers (e.g., microcapsules or microchannels), regardless of their shapes or sizes. All of these are within the scope of the present application, as long as the micro-containers are filled with a display dispersion.
- micro-containers e.g., microcapsules or microchannels
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Abstract
Description
CH3—[—CH2—]n—CH2O—C(═O)—C(CH3)═CH2
Claims (16)
Priority Applications (3)
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US13/847,888 US9052564B2 (en) | 2012-03-21 | 2013-03-20 | Electrophoretic dispersion |
US14/715,379 US9835926B2 (en) | 2012-03-21 | 2015-05-18 | Electrophoretic dispersion |
US15/803,996 US10288975B2 (en) | 2012-03-21 | 2017-11-06 | Electrophoretic dispersion including charged pigment particles, uncharged additive nanoparticles, and uncharged neutral density particles |
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US201261613833P | 2012-03-21 | 2012-03-21 | |
US13/847,888 US9052564B2 (en) | 2012-03-21 | 2013-03-20 | Electrophoretic dispersion |
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US14/715,379 Continuation-In-Part US9835926B2 (en) | 2012-03-21 | 2015-05-18 | Electrophoretic dispersion |
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