US7539270B2 - Method and apparatus to interleave bits across symbols from different constellations - Google Patents
Method and apparatus to interleave bits across symbols from different constellations Download PDFInfo
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- US7539270B2 US7539270B2 US10/954,618 US95461804A US7539270B2 US 7539270 B2 US7539270 B2 US 7539270B2 US 95461804 A US95461804 A US 95461804A US 7539270 B2 US7539270 B2 US 7539270B2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
- H04L1/0071—Use of interleaving
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
- H04L5/0044—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path allocation of payload
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Error Detection And Correction (AREA)
Abstract
Description
D=floor (B/bm)
where floor (x) returns the highest integer that is less than or equal to x (block 48). This value of D represents the maximum value that the bit separation may assume during the interleaving process. As will be described in greater detail, the value of D may be reduced during the interleaving process under certain conditions.
64-QAM | 6 bits | ||
16- | 4 bits | ||
4-QAM | 2 bits | ||
BPSK | 1 bit | ||
Thus, a list of the symbols in bit size order may be generated as follows:
Bit Size | Modulation |
6 | 64-QAM |
6 | 64- |
4 | 16- |
4 | 16- |
4 | 16-QAM |
2 | 4- |
1 | |
1 | |
1 | BPSK |
The variable bm is set to 6, the bit size of the largest symbol. The value of B is 29. The provisional bit separation value D is calculated as:
D=floor(B/b m)=floor(29/6)=4
The value of k is initialized to zero and the value of b is initialized to 6. The first 64-QAM symbol in the list is now selected as the subject symbol. The input bits are mapped to the 6 bit positions of the subject symbol as follows:
1 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 17 | 21 | ||
All of these bit indices are less than or equal to 29. The variable k is now increased to k=1. There are more symbols of bit size 6 in the list that have not been processed, so the next 64-QAM symbol in the list is selected as the subject symbol. The input bits are mapped to the 6 bit positions of the new subject symbol as follows:
2 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 22 | ||
All of these bit indices are less than or equal to 29. The variable k is now increased to k=2. There are no additional symbols of bit size 6 in the list, but there are other symbols. The variable b is now set to the bit size of the next smaller symbol (b=4). The next symbol in the list of bit size 4 (i.e., the first 16-QAM symbol) is now selected as the subject symbol. The input bits are mapped to the 4 bit positions of the new subject symbol as follows:
3 | 7 | 11 | 15 | ||
All of these bit indices are less than or equal to 29. The variable k is now increased to k=3. There are additional symbols of
4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | ||
All of these bit indices are less than or equal to 29. The variable k is now increased to k=18 because the earliest input bit not yet mapped is 19. There are more symbols of
19 | 23 | 27 | 31 | ||
These bit indices are not all less than or equal to 29. Therefore, the bit separation value D is reduced by 1 to D=3 and the method is started over.
1 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 16 | ||
All of these bit indices are less than or equal to 29. The variable k is now increased to k=1. There are additional symbols of bit size 6 in the list, so the next 64-QAM symbol in the list is selected as the subject symbol. The input bits are mapped to the 6 bit positions of the new subject symbol as follows:
2 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 17 | ||
All of these bit indices are less than or equal to 29. The variable k is now increased to k=2. There are no additional symbols of bit size 6 in the list, but there are other symbols. The variable b is now set to the bit size of the next smaller symbol (b=4). The next symbol in the list of bit size 4 (i.e., the first 16-QAM symbol) is now selected as the subject symbol. The input bits are mapped to the 4 bit positions of the new subject symbol as follows:
3 | 6 | 9 | 12 | ||
All of these bit indices are less than or equal to 29. The variable k is now increased to k=14 because the earliest input bit not yet mapped is 15. There are more symbols of
15 | 18 | 21 | 24 | ||
All of these bit indices are less than or equal to 29. The variable k is now increased to k=18 because the earliest input bit not yet mapped is 19. There are more symbols of
19 | 22 | 25 | 28 | ||
All of these bit indices are less than or equal to 29. The variable k is now increased to k=19 because the earliest input bit not yet mapped is 20. There are no additional symbols of
20 | 23 | ||
All of these bit indices are less than or equal to 29. The variable k is now increased to k=25 because the earliest input bit not yet mapped is 26. There are no additional symbols of bit size 2 in the list, but there are other symbols. The variable b is now set to the bit size of the next smaller symbol (b=1). The next symbol in the list of bit size 1 (i.e., the first BPSK symbol) is now selected as the subject symbol. The input bits are mapped to the 1 bit position of the new subject symbol as follows:
26 |
This bit index is less than or equal to 29. The variable k is now increased to k=26 because the earliest input bit not yet mapped is 27. There are more symbols of
27 |
This bit index is less than or equal to 29. The variable k is now increased to k=28 because the earliest input bit not yet mapped is 29. There is one more symbol of
29 |
This bit index is less than or equal to 29. There are no more symbols of
1 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 16 | ||
2 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 17 | ||
After intra-QAM interleaving, the assigned bits may change as follows:
1 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 16 | ||
11 | 14 | 17 | 2 | 5 | 8 | ||
where the 3 LSBs in the second 64-QAM symbol become the 3 MSBs of the symbol, and vice versa. Similarly, the first, second, and third 16-QAM symbols were assigned bits as follows in the example:
3 | 6 | 9 | 12 | ||
15 | 18 | 21 | 24 | ||
19 | 22 | 25 | 28 | ||
After intra-QAM interleaving, the assigned bits may change as follows:
3 | 6 | 9 | 12 | ||
21 | 24 | 15 | 18 | ||
19 | 22 | 25 | 28 | ||
where the 2 LSBs in the second 16-QAM symbol become the 2 MSBs of the symbol, and vice versa. Note that the rotation may be limited to every other symbol of a particular bit size in at least one embodiment. The above-described intra-QAM rotations may be performed, for example, to prevent a situation where two adjacent symbols (associated with, for example, two adjacent sub-carriers) have adjacent bits from the input bit stream in the same bit position. For example, in the 64-QAM scenario above, before intra-QAM interleaving,
Claims (26)
D=floor(B/b m)
D=floor(B/b m)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/954,618 US7539270B2 (en) | 2004-09-30 | 2004-09-30 | Method and apparatus to interleave bits across symbols from different constellations |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/954,618 US7539270B2 (en) | 2004-09-30 | 2004-09-30 | Method and apparatus to interleave bits across symbols from different constellations |
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US20060067411A1 US20060067411A1 (en) | 2006-03-30 |
US7539270B2 true US7539270B2 (en) | 2009-05-26 |
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US10/954,618 Expired - Fee Related US7539270B2 (en) | 2004-09-30 | 2004-09-30 | Method and apparatus to interleave bits across symbols from different constellations |
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Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7570698B2 (en) | 2004-11-16 | 2009-08-04 | Intel Corporation | Multiple output multicarrier transmitter and methods for spatial interleaving a plurality of spatial streams |
KR20060063012A (en) * | 2004-12-06 | 2006-06-12 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Apparatus and method for transmitting data by constellation combination in a communication system |
US7644345B2 (en) * | 2005-01-12 | 2010-01-05 | Intel Corporation | Bit distributor for multicarrier communication systems employing adaptive bit loading for multiple spatial streams and methods |
US7529307B2 (en) * | 2005-03-30 | 2009-05-05 | Intel Corporation | Interleaver |
US7630350B2 (en) * | 2005-06-06 | 2009-12-08 | Broadcom Corporation | Method and system for parsing bits in an interleaver for adaptive modulations in a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) wireless local area network (WLAN) system |
US10038583B2 (en) * | 2009-06-09 | 2018-07-31 | Orange | Method and devices for transmitting and receiving multi-carrier symbols |
CN107566089B (en) * | 2013-01-11 | 2020-08-21 | 太阳专利托管公司 | Transmission device, transmission method, reception device, and reception method |
Citations (8)
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US6282168B1 (en) * | 1997-06-19 | 2001-08-28 | Qualcomm Inc. | Bit interleaving for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing in the transmission of digital signals |
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US20030105996A1 (en) * | 2001-12-04 | 2003-06-05 | Amit Dagan | Block interleaver method and system |
US20040081073A1 (en) * | 2002-10-25 | 2004-04-29 | Walton J. Rodney | Transmit diversity processing for a multi-antenna communication system |
US20040202255A1 (en) * | 2003-04-14 | 2004-10-14 | Millimetrix Broadband Networks Ltd. | Dual polarity coding system and method for a millimeter wave communication system |
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US7170849B1 (en) * | 2001-03-19 | 2007-01-30 | Cisco Systems Wireless Networking (Australia) Pty Limited | Interleaver, deinterleaver, interleaving method, and deinterleaving method for OFDM data |
US7313190B2 (en) * | 2003-03-11 | 2007-12-25 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Efficient bit interleaver for a multi-band OFDM ultra-wideband system |
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2004
- 2004-09-30 US US10/954,618 patent/US7539270B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (8)
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US6282168B1 (en) * | 1997-06-19 | 2001-08-28 | Qualcomm Inc. | Bit interleaving for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing in the transmission of digital signals |
US6546557B1 (en) * | 1998-10-13 | 2003-04-08 | General Instrument Corporation | Method and system for enhancing digital video transmission to a set-top box |
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US20040081073A1 (en) * | 2002-10-25 | 2004-04-29 | Walton J. Rodney | Transmit diversity processing for a multi-antenna communication system |
US7313190B2 (en) * | 2003-03-11 | 2007-12-25 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Efficient bit interleaver for a multi-band OFDM ultra-wideband system |
US20040202255A1 (en) * | 2003-04-14 | 2004-10-14 | Millimetrix Broadband Networks Ltd. | Dual polarity coding system and method for a millimeter wave communication system |
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Ovadia, "The effect of interleaver depth and QAM channel frequency offset on the performance of multichannel AM-VSB/256-QAM video lightwave transmission systems", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 10, Issue 8, Aug. 1998 pp. 1174-1176. * |
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