KR20090060992A - Method and apparatus to generate thrust by inertial mass variance - Google Patents

Abstract

A device for producing a net force against a base comprising a mass change object, an accelerator, a power source operatively connected to the mass change object and configured to selectively apply to the mass change object (1) a mass-increasing waveform, characterized in that the time rate of change of the power of the mass-increasing waveform is positive, and (2) a mass-decreasing waveform, characterized in that the time rate of change of the power of the mass-decreasing waveform is negative; the power source being configured to apply the mass-increasing waveform to the mass change object when the acceleration of the mass change object has at least a component opposite to the net force direction, and to apply the mass-decreasing waveform to the mass change object when the acceleration of mass change object has at least a component in the net force direction; wherein the mass-increasing waveform is a different waveform, as a function of time, than the mass decreasing waveform. The mass change object comprises a mass change region configured to have time-varying power, having a non-zero time rate of change, located thereat, wherein a vacuum is located at said region.

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS TO GENERATE THRUST BY INERTIAL MASS VARIANCE}

The present invention relates generally to the field of propulsion, and more particularly to the field of non-reaction thrust.

For decades, efforts have been made to produce recoilless thrusters, but so far they have not been successful. One conventional example of such a drive is the "Dean Drive" disclosed in US Pat. No. 2,886,976. Recoil thrusters, if developed successfully, have the potential to revolutionize space travel.

In general, the non-reaction thrust device consisted of various rotating wheels and weights. Physicists studying such devices have generally understood that it is necessary to vary the mass of these weights in order to generate net thrust. In the 1990s, work was proposed that proposed theoretical means to induce such mass changes.

Object mass changes have been the subject of several scientific papers in recognized journals [Woodward, J. F. (1990), "A New Experimental Approach to Mach's Principle and Relativistic Gravitation [sic]" Found. Phys. Lett. 3, 497-506; (1992), "A Stationary Apparent Weight Shift from a Transient Machian Mass Fluctuation" Found. Phys. Lett. 5, 425-442.

These papers disclose the derivation of an equation that can estimate the magnitude δm of the change in mass of an object as

(Φ/[4πGρ₀ c⁴])(δP/δt) δm

(Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt)

Where Φ is the gravitational potential field equal to approximately c ² when c is the speed of light. G is the Newtonian gravity constant. ρ ₀ is the density of the mass medium (eg, the dielectric material of the capacitor, the energy storage device) in which the energy flux occurs. δP / δt is the rate of time change of power applied to the energy storage / flux medium.

The developer of the equation, Woodward, James F., said in a reviewed journal that the equation is completely consistent with both general and special relativity, and at least approximates the relativistic theories of all gravity. It is said to be valid. One of the conceptual foundations of this equation is that the object advocated by Ernst Mach in the late 1800s has inertia (and inertial reaction) due to the presence of other matter in the universe. Einstein summarized this concept as Mach's principle, which formed one of the foundations of the general theory of relativity. Woodward added the principle that a small area of time-space must be locally invariant of Lorentz, thus leading to the use of special theory of relativity. This leads to the aforementioned gravitational potential field equation which is useful for calculating the mass change effect by mathematical treatment.

Other publications have considered the possibility of generating thrust without ejection of propellant mass (ie, non-recoil propeller) [Woodward, J. F. (1992), "A Stationary Apparent Weight Shift from a Transient Machian Mass Fluctuation". Phys. Lett. 5, 425-442; (1994), "Mach's Principle and Impulse Engines: Toward a Viable Physics of Star Trek?" invited paper for the 1997 NASA "Breakthrough Propulsion Physics" workshop at the Lewis Research Center, 12-14 August].

 Three US Pat. Nos. 5,280,864, 6,098,924 and 6,347,766 have been registered with respect to the technology for implementing such propellers. However, they have produced only microscopic forces of short duration to date. Recoilless thrusters have not achieved practicality and remain a laboratory curiosity.

U.S. Patent 5,280,864 ("Woodward I"), the most basic patent, discloses a method of generating transient inertial mass variation in energy storage devices such as capacitors and inductors. Woodward I discloses a capacitor mounted on a piezoelectric actuator (i.e. high frequency audio speaker element) and driven with a sinusoidal waveform of frequency in kHz. Thrust devices are disclosed that develop a force equivalent to a few grams over a period of approximately five seconds. The frequency of the periodic motion of the Woodward I device is very high. Thus, mass changes appear and disappear rapidly, and these instantaneous inertia mass changes are extremely difficult to measure. Woodward I devices basically use actuators to accelerate the capacitor in one direction where the capacitor is “light” (ie, low inertia mass), and the other side where the capacitor is “heavy” (ie, high inertia mass). Accelerating the small inertia mass change effect by accelerating the capacitor in the direction of This produces a measurable net force.

However, when NASA hired a group of researchers from the University of Washington to evaluate the device, the group found experimental errors. Researchers, Cramer, Cassissi, and Fey point out this experimental error in a paper presented to the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (paper no.AIAA-2001-3908). It was. The well known formula F = ma provides a means for calculating the force (F) required to induce acceleration (a) in mass (m). The above equation may also be expressed as F = m dv / dt because acceleration a = dv / dt (that is, the rate of time change of velocity). However, the mass generally remains constant but can vary. If the mass (m) fluctuates, the above formula should be used in a more complete form (ie F = m dv / dt + v dm / dt, where dm / dt is the rate of change of the mass of the object). Woodward did not consider terms containing dm / dt in his calculations. If the term is taken into account, as in Woodward I, it can be seen that when both the actuator and the capacitor are driven by a synchronized sine wave (alternating current) signal, the forces are all canceled out.

Nevertheless, Woodward's experiments seemed to indicate the generation of net forces. This is described in US Pat. No. 6,098,924 ("Woodward II"), which shows that the piezoelectric drive element has its own capacitance which affects the progression. Woodward II and US Pat. No. 6,347,766 ("Woodward III") describe two major improvements. The first is the superposition of harmonic drive frequencies (covers the problems highlighted by Cramer et al.) And the second is the use of a resonant mechanism structure to further amplify the force.

(Φ/[4πGρ₀ c⁴])(δP/δt) 이후의 우드워드에 의해 개시된 모든 식들은 사인파 (AC) 구동 신호의 가정을 기초로 하고 있다. 우드워드는 커패시터 시스템으로 들어가는 전력을 보존하는 것이 필요하다는 가정에 기초하여 그와 같은 신호를 선택했다. 공진 회로는, 일단 구축되면, 계속 작동하는 데에는 작은 양의 에너지만을 필요로 한다. 지속되는 에너지 입력은 시스템에서의 손실분을 보충하는 것에 대해서만 필요하다. Woodward I, Woodward II and Woodward III all describe resonant electrical circuits. Such resonant electrical circuits require effective sinusoidal (AC) waveforms. All Woodward examples are based on the use of such waveforms, and the basic equation δm shown in Woodward I

All equations initiated by Woodward after (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt) are based on the assumption of sinusoidal (AC) drive signals. Woodward chose the signal based on the assumption that it was necessary to conserve power into the capacitor system. Once built, the resonant circuit requires only a small amount of energy to continue operation. Sustained energy input is only needed to make up for losses in the system.

Another device is disclosed in US Patent Application Publication US 2006/0065789 (“Woodward IV”). The device uses a sine wave and operates at approximately 50 kHz. Significant problems with too little power and short duration remain.

There are four major problems with the prior art (particularly Woodward I, II, III and IV). First, the force generated in the experimental setup is very small, equivalent to a few grams. Specifically, Woodward used an input power of 100 watts with a 10 kHz sine wave, hoping for a maximum transient mass change of tens of milligrams. In particular, high frequencies were used to obtain high dP / dt values, but the expected mass change remained small.

Second, power has a short duration. In Woodward's experiment, a duration of approximately 5 seconds is common. Although not explicitly stated by Woodward, the high power needed to produce this short-lasting mass change (approximately 100 W) would damage small components if continuously applied.

Third, in order to have a noticeable effect, the Woodward device must be operated at a sonic frequency on the order of 10-20 kHz. This creates a complex problem. The physical force exerted on one end of a structure (such as a beam) does not immediately reach the other end, but rather travels to the other end as a shock wave traveling at about the speed of sound in the material. The speed of sound in steel and aluminum is approximately 5,000 m / s. At 20 kHz, the shock wave will travel 25 meters (250 mm) per cycle. However, any significant delay will cause phase shift of the waveform of the force observed at the other end of the structure. To avoid this problem, the structure size will need to be limited to approximately 10% of the wavelength. In this scenario (ie, when an input of 20 kHz is used), the structure is limited to approximately 25 mm or approximately 1 inch. This severely limits the scalability of the devices described in the prior art, making it difficult for such devices to be used to generate industrial scale forces.

Fourth, the devices described in Woodward II and Woodward III must be constructed with mechanical resonant structures. Apart from the obvious difficulties imposed by such design constraints, the available extraction of forces from such devices will degrade the performance of the fundamentally necessary resonant structure.

Therefore, these prior art devices are not suitable for generating an available amount of non-reaction thrust.

(Φ/[4πGρ₀ c⁴])(δP/δt)에서 알 수 있는 바와 같이, 물체의 기대 질량 변화는 유전체의 밀도(ρ₀)와 물체에 가해지는 전력의 시간 변화율의 양자 모두와 관련되어 있다. 특히 우드워드에 의해 힘과 유전체 내의 에너지 밀도 사이의 관계가 유도되었다. 예컨대, 우드워드의 웹사이트U.S. Patent Application Publication US 2003/0057319 ("Fitzgerald") seeks to incorporate a mass fluctuation device in the wheel to amplify the effect based on Woodward's prior art. However, Fitzgerald appears to be based on a misunderstanding of Woodward technology. Fitzgerald describes in the paragraph that Woodward indicates that "... it is possible to reduce the mass of an object by rapidly changing the energy density of the object". However, Woodward's exact interpretation shows that the time-average mass of an object remains unchanged. In addition, Fitzgerald says in the paragraph that "the waveform of the current generated by the electrical signal source can be a sine wave or sawtooth wave or any other waveform that causes the potential difference between the upper and lower electrodes to change rapidly." It is stated that the reduction will be achieved with an arbitrary waveform. Applying the basic calculus to the above δm equation shows that this is wrong. Every waveform produces a mass change that averages over time to zero. Equation δm

As can be seen from (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt), the expected mass change of an object is related to both the density of the dielectric (ρ ₀ ) and the rate of change of power applied to the object. have. In particular, Woodward induced the relationship between force and energy density in the dielectric. For example, Woodward's website

(http://physics.fullerton.edu/~jimw/general/massfluc/index.htm), Woodward expresses the equation of F = ma in the form of momentum equation F = pv, expressed in Einstein 4-vector format (1.4 ) And the following expression is reached.

F =-[(c / ρ ₀ ) (δρ ₀ / δt), f]

E = mc ² is substituted after that and the related variable is adjusted to density rather than mass. Therefore, E = mc ² becomes E ₀ = ρ ₀ c ² . E ₀ = ρ ₀ c ² can be rearranged to ρ ₀ = E ₀ / c ² , where E ₀ represents the energy density.

Substituting, Woodward gets the following equation labeled (1.5).

F =-[(1 / ρ ₀ c) (δE ₀ / δt), f]

In this equation, E ₀ was replaced by the time derivative of ρ ₀ , and ρ ₀ remained the "constant" (1 / ρ ₀ c).

For Woodward I, Woodward chose capacitors that were both low weight and rigid and had a density of 3000 kg / m 3. Woodward II and Woodward III taught that capacitors must have a material core. In a paper evaluating why his initial expected results were smaller than expected, he speculated that movement or elastic compression in the dielectric material in the casing of the capacitor would have influenced the results. The small distance traveled by the capacitor can magnify this problem. In his published paper, Woodward described that back and forth acceleration by piezoelectric actuators in his device occurred within a few angstroms. Given how small this distance is, a small amount of elasticity in the dielectric or even a small gap between the dielectric and the capacitor housing can have a significant impact on the transfer of force to the casing.

Woodward's idea that a material core is needed suggests that he understands the effects of inertial mass changes that occur in mass materials contained within the potential field surrounding the dielectric. According to this understanding, in order for mass changes to occur, not only the material core is required, but the material of the core does not need to have any suitable stiffness to first transfer any force resulting from acceleration to the housing of the capacitor and from there to the instrument. There will be.

Therefore, what is desired in one aspect is a method and apparatus configured to enhance the practically achievable inertia mass change to improve the effectiveness of a non-reaction thrust device. What is desired in another embodiment is a method and apparatus for effectively and efficiently applying the inertial mass change achieved to produce a non-reaction thrust.

Thus, in one aspect of the invention, an object for inducing an inertial mass change, wherein the object includes a mass change region formed to have a time-varying power with a non-zero time change rate, and the vacuum is An object is provided for inducing an inertial mass change, which is arranged in the mass change region. Optionally, the object comprises an electrical device and the time-varying power comprises power. Optionally, the object is selected from the group consisting of capacitors, inductors, and transformers, and the mass change region comprises a vacuum core. Optionally, the power is a natural magnetic force. Optionally, said power comprises an electromagnetic force. Optionally, the object comprises a waveguide. Optionally, said power comprises microwave power.

In another aspect of the invention, an apparatus for inducing inertial mass change in an object, the apparatus comprising an object comprising a mass change region formed to have a time-varying power with a non-zero time change rate. A mass change object comprising a mass change object such that a vacuum is placed in the mass change region, the apparatus further comprising a power source configured to generate a time-varying power with a non-zero time change rate, the power source And the mass change object is configured to place the time-varying power in the mass change region of the mass change object to change the inertial mass of the mass change object. An apparatus for is provided. Optionally, the apparatus further comprises an accelerator for accelerating the mass change object while time-varying power is disposed in the mass change region. Optionally, the object is selected from the group consisting of capacitors, inductors, and transformers, and the mass change region comprises a vacuum core. Optionally, the accelerator includes a linear accelerator for accelerating the mass change object along the linear path. Optionally, the accelerator includes a rotary accelerator for rotating acceleration of the mass change object. Optionally, the accelerator includes an electric motor with a servo feedback function to generate motion according to a predetermined motion profile with respect to the mass change object. Optionally, the device may be configured such that substantially zero force is transmitted between the mass change object and the accelerator upon disconnection between the mass change object and the accelerator, and wherein the mass change object is accelerated upon engagement between the mass change object and the accelerator. And a binder-breaker (chopper) configured to selectively bind and disconnect the mass change object and the accelerator so as to be accelerated by. Optionally, the power source includes a waveform generator and an amplifier for amplifying the generated waveform to a predetermined level. Optionally, the power source comprises a source of stored waveforms and an amplifier for amplifying the supplied stored waveforms to a predetermined level.

In another aspect of the invention, an apparatus for generating a net force in a net force direction with respect to a base, the device comprising:

At least one mass change object coupled to the base, the at least one mass change object being configured to have an inertial mass change when power with a non-zero time change rate is applied;

An accelerator coupled with the at least one mass change object to accelerate the at least one mass change object such that the at least one mass change object exerts a force on the base;

A power source operably connected to at least one mass change object, wherein the mass increase waveform is characterized by (1) the rate of change of power being positive in at least one mass change object, and (2) the rate of change of time in power And a power source configured to selectively apply a mass reduction waveform characterized in that it is a negative value.

The power source applies a mass increasing waveform to each of the at least one mass changing object when the acceleration of the mass changing object has a component opposite in at least one net force direction, and the acceleration of the mass changing object is at least one net force. When having a directional component, it is configured to apply a mass reduction waveform to each of the at least one mass changing object,

  An apparatus for generating a net force in the net force direction with respect to a base characterized in that the mass gain waveform is a waveform different from the mass loss waveform as a function of time.

Optionally, the rate of change of power of the mass gain waveform and / or the mass loss waveform is approximately linear as a function of time. Optionally, the rate of change of power of the mass gain waveform and / or mass loss waveform is approximately constant as a function of time. Optionally, the at least one mass change object comprises an electrical device and the power source comprises a power source. Optionally, the at least one mass change object comprises an electrical device selected from the group consisting of capacitors, inductors and transformers. Optionally, the mass change object comprises a capacitor and the mass increasing waveform comprises a sawtooth voltage waveform. Optionally, the at least one mass change object comprises a capacitor, the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform each comprise a voltage waveform represented by the following equation as a function of time,

V (t) = ± (1 / C) [C (2t 0 - 2V 0 + 2tP 0 + (δP / δt) t 2)] 1/2

Where t is time, t ₀ is the initial time, V ₀ is the integral constant representing the initial voltage, P ₀ is the integral constant representing the initial power, C is the capacitance of the capacitor, and δP / δt is the mass reduction waveform. The rate of change of power in hours. Optionally, the accelerator includes a reciprocating accelerator configured to accelerate the at least one mass change object along a substantially linear path, wherein the accelerator and the power source are configured such that at least one mass change object is a discontinuous portion or mass in the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform. It is formed such that it is not substantially accelerated during the discontinuous portion between the increasing waveform and the mass decreasing waveform. Optionally, the accelerator includes at least one arm moving with at least one mass change object in a substantially circular path about the center point, wherein the accelerator and power source are such that the average mass change over time is substantially zero. It is configured to apply a mass increase waveform and a mass decrease waveform. Optionally, the accelerator includes an actuator for moving the at least one mass object, and a controller for controlling the actuator. Optionally, the power source is configured to apply the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform to the entire waveform, the entire waveform being within (1) the mass increase waveform, (2) the mass decrease waveform, and (3) the mass increase waveform. There is virtually no discontinuity between the mass reduction waveforms. Optionally, the mass reduction waveform is approximately elliptical and includes four sections, wherein the four sections are:

a section A consisting of a section of a mass reduction waveform where t is less than t ₀ and V is _greater than zero volts;

a section B consisting of sections of the mass reduction waveform where t is _greater than t ₀ and V is greater than zero volts;

a section C consisting of sections of the mass reduction waveform where t is _greater than t ₀ and V is less than zero volts; And

section D consisting of a section of a mass reduction waveform where t is less than t ₀ and V is less than zero volts.

Optionally, the mass increase waveform comprises a sawtooth voltage waveform consisting of alternating linear increasing voltage sections and linear decreasing voltage sections. Optionally, the entire waveform is formed as a periodic waveform that repeats every 720 degree rotation of each mass change object about its center point,

The increasing voltage section of the mass increasing waveform is applied from 0 degrees to 180 degrees;

Section A is applied from 180 degrees to 270 degrees;

Section B is applied from 270 to 360 degrees;

The decreasing voltage section of the mass increasing waveform is applied from 360 degrees to 540 degrees;

Section C applies from 540 degrees to 630 degrees; And

Section D is applied from 630 degrees to 720 degrees; As a result, the net force direction is approximately 90 degrees.

In another aspect of the invention, an apparatus for generating mechanical power, said apparatus comprising:

At least one mass change object attached to the moving frame, the at least one mass change object being configured to have an inertial mass change when power with a non-zero time change rate is applied;

An accelerator coupled with the at least one mass change object to accelerate the at least one mass change object along the path of motion to an initial velocity;

A power source operably connected to the at least one mass change object, such that the net inertial mass of the at least one mass change object and the moving frame coupled thereto is less than zero, so that 1) a power source configured to selectively apply a mass increase waveform, characterized in that the rate of change of power is a positive value, and (2) a mass decrease waveform, characterized in that the rate of change of power is a negative value;

A regenerative brake configured to apply a stopping force to at least one mass change object to regenerate mechanical power when the mass reduction waveform is applied, and not to apply the stopping force to at least one mass change object when the mass increase waveform is applied. Contains;

The power source is configured to apply a mass increase waveform to at least one mass change object when the stop force is not applied, and apply a mass decrease waveform to at least one mass change object when the stop force is applied,

An apparatus for generating mechanical power is provided wherein the mass increase waveform is a waveform different from the mass decrease waveform as a function of time.

Optionally, the path of movement is substantially linear. Optionally, the path of movement is substantially circular. Optionally, the regenerative brake disconnects the brake from the at least one mass change object such that no stopping force is applied when the mass increase waveform is applied, and the brake is applied so that the stopping force is applied when the mass reduction waveform is applied. It includes a tie-breaker that binds to an object. Optionally, the tie-breaker (chopper) is selected from the group consisting of an electromagnetic device, a mechanical clutch, a hydraulic clutch, a pneumatic clutch, a clutch using electro-fluidic or magnetorheological fluid, and a controlled drive system. Optionally, the regenerative brake is selected from the group consisting of an electric motor, a generator, a pneumatic compressor, a pneumatic pump, a hydraulic compressor, and a hydraulic pump in the regenerative braking mode. Optionally, the rate of change of power of the mass gain waveform and / or the mass loss waveform is approximately linear as a function of time.

Optionally, the rate of change of power of the mass gain waveform and / or mass loss waveform is approximately constant as a function of time. Optionally, the at least one mass change object comprises an electrical device and the power source comprises a power source. Optionally, the at least one mass change object comprises an electrical device selected from the group consisting of capacitors, inductors and transformers. Optionally, the mass change object comprises a capacitor and the mass increasing waveform comprises a sawtooth voltage waveform. Optionally, the at least one mass change object comprises a capacitor, the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform each comprise a voltage waveform represented by the following equation as a function of time,

V (t) = ± (1 / C) [C (2t 0 - 2V 0 + 2tP 0 + (δP / δt) t 2)] 1/2

Where t is time, t ₀ is the initial time, V ₀ is the integral constant representing the initial voltage, P ₀ is the integral constant representing the initial power, C is the capacitance of the capacitor, and δP / δt is the mass reduction waveform. The rate of change of power in hours.

The present invention will be described by way of example with reference to the drawings showing preferred embodiments.

1 is a diagram showing a curve of a result of applying a sine wave AC voltage waveform to a capacitive circuit.

2 is a diagram showing a curve of a result of applying a sawtooth waveform to a capacitive circuit.

FIG. 3 is a curve resulting from the application of the sawtooth waveform to the capacitive circuit, showing that the sharp peak of the sawtooth wave is approximated as a parabolic curve.

4 shows a preferred mass reduction waveform.

5 is a diagram illustrating a relationship between power and acceleration.

6 is a view schematically showing a linear non-reaction thrust device.

7 is a view schematically showing a rotary non-reaction thrust device.

8 is a detailed view of the apparatus of FIG. 7.

9 is a block diagram of a system that enables detection and correction of fluctuations in operating conditions that may reduce the effectiveness of a non-reaction thrust device.

Fig. 10 shows an example of the entire input waveform of the rotary non-reaction thrust device.

11 illustrates waveforms that can be used for the development of axial force.

12 is a schematic diagram of a capacitor.

It is a figure which shows the direction of the acceleration of the mass change object in a rotary non-reaction thrust system.

14 is a diagram showing a hyperbolic mass increase waveform of symmetry.

15 is a diagram showing a hyperbolic mass increase waveform of vertical symmetry.

In the accompanying drawings, like reference numerals designate like elements. 6 and 7, these figures show two types of methods and apparatus for generating thrust by changing the inertial mass of a mass change object. The apparatus preferably includes a mass change object 30 (eg, a capacitor, inductor or transformer) having a vacuum core; A waveform generator 60 comprising means for generating an arbitrary waveform or an apparatus for reproducing a recorded or stored waveform of a predetermined type; An amplifier (50) for increasing the voltage of the waveform to a predetermined level; Actuator 25 with the function of accelerating the mass change object 30 and generating a suitable motion profile, for example by a mechanical cam, electric servo feedback, hydraulic or pneumatic servo feedback and any necessary control device 80 coupled together. (FIG. 6 is linear, FIG. 7 is rotatable); Starting power sources (not shown) for linear or rotary actuators 25 (such as electric power, pneumatic or hydraulic fluid supplies); A connection cable comprising a flexible cable element 70 to allow movement of the linear actuator to attach the electrical components or a rotational slip ring 45 to allow connection to the rotary actuator; An insulator that may be required to receive the terminals and body of the mass change object; And a structural element 15 for connecting the mass change object 30 to the actuator.

In the preferred embodiment, the mass of the mass change object 30 is selectively changed, and a change in this mass is used to generate the non-powered thrust. Also, in the preferred embodiment, a capacitor is used as the mass change object 30. The dielectric medium of the capacitor 30 is preferably a natural or artificial vacuum. In this specification, "vacuum" is a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure. Preferably, the vacuum in capacitor 30 is less than 7.6 Torr; 7.6 Torr is the pressure corresponding to 1% of atmospheric pressure. Most preferably, the vacuum is about 1 × 10 ⁻⁷ Torr or less. Capacitors with a vacuum of ¹ × 10 ⁻⁷ Torr are commercially available, manufactured for use in high power broadcast radio applications, and can have a maximum rating of as high as 100,000 volts.

One aspect of the present invention relates to the use of such an electrical component, as a mass change object 30, in which a power flux can be induced in a core close to vacuum or vacuum in the electrical component or in the region of the electrical component. Include. Examples of such electrical components include, but are not limited to, vacuum capacitors, vacuum-core inductors, and vacuum-core transformers. Where there is a natural vacuum, such as in space, such electrical components can be rescued using that natural vacuum. For example, in such an environment, two sufficiently spaced conductor plates would be a natural vacuum capacitor.

(Φ/[4πGρ₀ c⁴])(δP/δt)이므로, 질량 변화는 δP/δt를 가지는 임의의 물체에서 유도될 수 있다. δP/δt는 반드시 전력에 한정될 필요는 없다. 예컨대, 폐쇄된 도파관은 그것의 챔버 내에 입사된 마이크로파의 결과로서 δP/δt를 가질 수 있다. 자기력은 질량 변화 물체 내에서 시간에 따라 변할 수 있는 다른 형태의 동력이 될 수 있으며, 이 다른 형태의 동력으로는 전자기 스펙트럼 상의 방출되는 전자기력에만 한정되는 것은 아니다. 본 발명은 임의의 형태의 시간-변화 동력의 사용을 포함한다. 본 명세서에서, "시간-변화-동력 물체"라는 용어는 시간에 따른 동력의 변화를 가질 수 있는 물체를 의미한다. 본 발명은 질량 변화 물체(30)와 관련한 질량 변화 영역(32)에 위치되는 논-제로(non-zero) 시간 변화율을 가지는 임의의 시간-변화-동력 물체의 사용을 포함한다는 것이 이해될 것이다. 또한, 커패시터, 인덕터, 및 트랜스포머와 같은 전기 장치에 시간-변화 전력을 공급하는 것 이 실용적이고 상대적으로 편리하고, 유용한 양만큼 상업적으로 입수가능한 적당한 장치 형태이기 때문에, 커패시터, 인덕터, 및 트랜스포머와 같은 전기 장치가 시간-변화-동력 물체로서 바람직하다는 것이 이해될 것이다. The invention also encompasses the use of mass change objects independent of electricity. δm

Since (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt), the mass change can be induced in any object having δP / δt. δP / δt need not necessarily be limited to power. For example, a closed waveguide may have δP / δt as a result of microwaves incident in its chamber. Magnetic forces can be other forms of power that can change over time in mass-changing objects, and this different form of power is not limited to the electromagnetic forces emitted in the electromagnetic spectrum. The present invention involves the use of any form of time-varying power. As used herein, the term "time-change-power object" means an object that can have a change in power over time. It will be appreciated that the present invention encompasses the use of any time-varying-powered object having a non-zero time change rate located in the mass change area 32 in relation to the mass changing object 30. Also, since supplying time-varying power to electrical devices such as capacitors, inductors, and transformers is a suitable, commercially available form of device that is practical, relatively convenient, and useful, such as capacitors, inductors, and transformers, It will be appreciated that electrical devices are preferred as time-varying-powered objects.

The nature of the mass change region in which the time-varying power is located depends on the type of mass change object 30 used. For example, as will be described further below, the mass change region 32 in the capacitor consists of an area between two plates, i.e., conductors, which form the capacitor (see FIG. 12). In a coil inductor having a cylindrical coil, the mass change region 32 is made up of a space inside the cylinder. In the waveguide described above, the mass change region 32 consists of a space in a closed waveguide in which the time-varying microwave power is located.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the relationship between variables such as voltage, current, and power will be different for different types of electrical devices. For example, for a capacitor, I = CdV / dt when V is the voltage across the capacitor, t is the time, C is the capacitance, and I is the current through the capacitor. In contrast, in an inductor, V and I represent voltages and currents that traverse and penetrate the inductor, respectively, where t is time and L is inductance, where V = LdI / dt. In general, P = VI and dP / dt = d (VI) / dt, but this general formula gives rise to special formulas for power P and δP / δt that differ for each such device. Thus, the input voltage or current waveforms are for different shapes in the capacitors and inductors for any particular δP / δt. For similar reasons, when other types of electrical devices are used, the input waveform may vary. Finding an input waveform that is suitable for a particular electrical device that produces a given δP / δt determines a given δP / δt, and the characteristics of the particular electrical device (e.g., capacitor = I = CdV / dt, inductor V = LdI / dt). By determining the appropriate input waveform.

(Φ/[4πGρ₀ c⁴])(δP/δt)에 따르면, 질량 변화는 δP/δt에 비례한다는 것을 이해할 것이다. 따라서, 소정의 질량 변화 특성을 낳도록 선택된 δP/δt를 생성하는 것에 의해 특정의 특성을 가지는 질량 변화를 발생시킬 수 있다. Likewise, for a time-varying-powered object whose power does not change, a suitable input needed to produce δP / δt takes a predetermined δP / δt and takes advantage of the characteristics of the time-changing-powered object to produce a predetermined δP / δt It can be determined by determining the input that will generate a. Δm

According to (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt), it will be understood that the mass change is proportional to δP / δt. Therefore, by generating δP / δt selected to produce a predetermined mass change characteristic, it is possible to generate a mass change having a specific characteristic.

In a preferred embodiment, any commercially available waveform generator 60 may be programmed to generate a predetermined waveform or, in some cases, multiple channels of multiple channels. Existing means 60 for waveform generators are available off-the-shelf for generating suitable waveforms or for reproducing any type of waveform recorded or stored. Such existing means include, but are not limited to, arbitrary waveform generators, computers with suitable digital-analog software and hardware, or analog storage devices such as programmable logic controllers, tape players. Although a special purpose device such as an MP-3 player may be used, preferably such a device can accurately reproduce certain waveforms and in particular replication errors that may occur with compression algorithms used in such devices. It should be designed to avoid. In embodiments that have multiple electrical mass change object devices 30, it is advantageous to have multiple waveform channels operating simultaneously. In some cases, such a waveform generator 60 may be coupled with the amplifier 50 to generate a sufficiently high output voltage and current required for a particular application.

The waveform generator 60 and the amplifier 50 of the preferred embodiment, like the power source serving as a power source or other means for energy supply, preferably a mass increase waveform having a time change rate of positive power and a rate of change of negative power. It will be appreciated that it is coupled to the mass change object 30 to generate a time-varying power having a non-zero time change rate including a mass reduction waveform having a. It will be appreciated that the present invention also encompasses the use of other components to carry out this action. Importantly, in one aspect of the present invention, a device preferably has a time with a non-zero time change rate comprising a mass increase waveform having a time change rate of positive power and a mass decrease waveform having a time change rate of negative power. -It contains a power source (power source) connected to the mass change object 30 to generate the change power.

Preferably, amplifier 50 may amplify the waveform to the required voltage, which may exceed 30,000 volts. In some embodiments, multiple amplification channels may be required. Such amplification can be accomplished by the use of high voltage tubes or by the use of power resistors and cascaded diode networks or other known methods.

The powered actuator 25 may take the form of a permanent magnet DC motor, for example. Preferably, the actuator 25 has a characteristic that torque, speed and acceleration are shown to be gentle at or near the waveform frequency, and the torque can be adjusted rapidly and the acceleration can be adjusted accordingly. In the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the actuator 25 is a permanent magnet DC motor with servo feedback function by a device such as a commercially available rotary encoder. In general, the actuator 25 may be a linear, rotary or other type of device, but it must be capable of generating a programmed suitable motion profile. The actuator 25 includes a linear electric motor having a servo feedback function; A linear motion device in which the motion of the rotary electric servo motor is converted into linear motion by means such as a belt, chain, cable, lead screw or ball screw; It may be one of a pneumatic or hydraulic motion device or a rotary motion device with a servo feedback and a controller, but is not limited thereto. The movement profile may be generated by a mechanical cam or rod linkage or electric servo feedback means with a suitable controller or by other means. In some cases, it may be possible to generate a useful and close approximation profile of a given movement without the use of a servo feedback mechanism.

In other cases, it is contemplated that the mass change object 30 may be connected to the actuator 25 by a clutch. When the clutch is engaged, the object 30 is moved by the actuator. When the clutch is disconnected, the object 30 is freed from the actuator 25 and moves only to the moving inertia, thus reducing the acceleration and breaking the inertial effect caused by the mass change in the object 30. Let's go. Due to the high switching speed that may be required in the clutch of the preferred embodiment, such a clutch is expected to operate using electromagnetic means. However, other means may be used, such as mechanical clutches, hydraulic or pneumatic clutches, or clutches using electrorheological or magnetorheological fluids having a relatively rapid response time. It is not limited.

The apparatus also preferably comprises control means 80 having the capability of providing the required program speed and acceleration profile for the selected actuator means (except as described above). Commercially available servo motor drive systems with integrated controllers and drive amplifiers capable of providing the described movement profiles are suitable. Other controls including electronic controllers such as electric servo drive systems with amplifiers, systems programmed by cam or similar mechanical means, or electronic servo drive systems with professional valves for control of pneumatic or hydraulic actuators. Means may be used, but are not limited to these. In a preferred embodiment, the control means 80 form part of an accelerator for accelerating the mass change object.

The apparatus also preferably comprises means for providing the required electrical, mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic or other kind of power required for the actuator. In a preferred embodiment, this means takes the form of a power supply (regulated DC power supply in the case of a DC motor).

In the case of the preferred rotary actuator 25, a commercially available multi-conductor rotary slip ring 45 may be used to deliver the amplified waveform to a capacitor or other electrical device that functions as a mass change object 30. . In the case of the linear actuator 25, a flexible cable element or cable track that provides an amplified waveform to the mass change object 30 while reciprocating the range of motion of the actuator 25 is suitable. However, it will be appreciated that there are other ways to achieve the purpose of delivering a waveform to a mass change object. For example, sufficiently compact and durable waveform generators and amplifiers may be developed that can be mounted on mobile components, where communication with actuator controller 80 may be via wireless communication or wireless means such as infrared. In a modified embodiment, the waveform may be generated outside the moving part, but the amplifier is located on the moving component, limiting the voltage transmitted through the slip ring 45 to only a low voltage (typically less than 48 volts). It is desirable to.

If an electrical mass change object is used, an insulator can be used to prevent arc generation from the terminals or body of the mass change object 30, especially when operating at high voltages where arcing is concerned. Insulation can be accomplished by the use of a nonconductive material such as plastic or ceramic. In the case of such a high voltage, insulation may not be required if the mass change object 30 can be placed away from other conductive components. It is desirable that the operating parameters of the device generating thrust by inertial mass fluctuations can produce useful mass change effects with high frequency low voltage devices, thereby reducing the need for insulators.

The apparatus also preferably comprises structural means for rigidly mounting the one or more mass change objects 30 to the actuator 25. In the case of a rotary actuator, the rescue means preferably take the form of one or more spokes or arms 15 rigidly connected to the hub 43. In this embodiment, the mass change object 30 is mounted near the end of each arm 15, if necessary, using the insulator described above.

7 shows a rotary system embodying this principle. The electric motor 25 is controlled by the controller 80. The electric motor 25 drives the hub 43 to rotate the arm 15 on which the mass change object 30 in the form of a capacitor is mounted. The signal generator 60 generates a signal, which is amplified by the amplifier 50 and supplied to the capacitor on the arm 15 through the lead 70 utilizing the slip ring 45.

FIG. 6 shows a linear arrangement that allows a controlled acceleration effect to be generated in synchronization with the mass change effect. The low friction lead screw 12 is driven by a servo motor 25 controlled by the controller 80. The mass change object 30 in the form of a capacitor is mounted to the moving slide 40 with an embedded nut driven by a lead screw 12. Thus, the screw 12 functions as a track through which the object 30 moves along, and also as part of an accelerator that linearly accelerates the object. Programmable signal generator 60 generates a signal, which is amplified by amplifier 50 and supplied to capacitor 30 by flexible conductor 70.

(Φ/[4πGρ₀ c⁴])(δP/δt)에 의해 지배된다. 중력 포텐셜 장은 계산에 있어 전체 우주에 대해서는 상수에 가깝다. G는 뉴턴 중력 상수이다. ρ₀는 시간-변화 동력과 밀접한 관계에 있는 질량 매체(바람직한 실시예에서는, 커패시터의 유전체 물질)의 밀도이다. δP/δt는 질량 변화 물체(30)에 가해지는 동력(실시예에서는 전력)의 시간 변화율이다. As described above, the inertial mass change is the equation δm when Φ is the gravitational potential field, which is approximately c ² when c is the speed of light.

Is governed by (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt). The gravitational potential field is close to a constant in the calculations for the entire universe. G is the Newtonian gravity constant. ρ ₀ is the density of the mass medium (in the preferred embodiment, the dielectric material of the capacitor) that is closely related to the time-varying power. δP / δt is the rate of time change of the power (in this embodiment, the power) applied to the mass change object 30.

(Φ/[4πGρ₀ c⁴])(δP/δt)에서 , Φ, G 및 c는 범 우주적 상수들이다. 하지만, ρ₀는 선택된 시간-변화 동력 물체(예컨대, 커패시터)의 특성값이며, 조정될 수 있다. 실시예는 커패시터를 중심으로 이루어지겠지만, 동일한 원리가 특히 인덕터 및 트랜스포머와 같은 다른 시간-변화 동력 물체에 적용된다. 커패시터에 있어서는, 시간-변화 동력(논-제로 δP/δt를 가지는)은 전하가 저장되는 영역(즉, 유전체 또는 절연체 물질)을 통해 흐른다. 커패시터 내의 에너지는 절연체에 의해 분리된 2개의 축전판 사이에 전위로서 저장된다. 따라서, 이러한 밀도는 하우징을 포함한 전체 커패시터의 밀도라기보다는 유전체(즉, 2개의 판 사이의 절연체) 사이의 밀도이다. ρ₀는 질량 변화 계산식의 분모에 있는 것이기 때문에, ρ₀의 값이 작으면 작을수록, 더 높은 크기의 질량 변화의 형태의 향상된 결과를 제공할 것이다. Δm

In (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt), Φ, G and c are universal constants. However, ρ ₀ is the characteristic value of the selected time-varying power object (eg, capacitor) and can be adjusted. The embodiment will be centered around a capacitor, but the same principle applies in particular to other time-varying power objects such as inductors and transformers. For capacitors, the time-varying power (with non-zero δP / δt) flows through the region where charge is stored (ie, dielectric or insulator material). Energy in the capacitor is stored as a potential between two capacitor plates separated by an insulator. Thus, this density is not the density of the entire capacitor including the housing, but rather the density between the dielectric (ie, the insulator between the two plates). Since ρ ₀ is in the denominator of the mass change equation, smaller values of ρ ₀ will provide improved results in the form of higher magnitude mass changes.

The density of the dielectric material can be regarded as a retarding factor that affects the electrically induced inertial mass change. Woodward chose capacitors with lightweight but rigid dielectric materials, and US Pat. Nos. 6,098,924 and 6,347,766 taught that capacitors must have a material core. In a paper evaluating why his initial expected results were smaller than expected, he speculated that movement or elastic compression in the dielectric material in the casing of the capacitor would have influenced the results. Woodward seems to have understood the effects of inertial mass changes occurring in mass materials contained in the potential field surrounding the dielectric, thus saying he believed a material core was needed. According to this understanding, not only the material core is required, but the material of the core must have adequate stiffness to transfer any force resulting from acceleration to the housing of the capacitor and from there to the instrument.

Therefore, the prior art was based on the understanding that the mass change effect is required to occur in the mass material contained in the potential field surrounding the dielectric, so that the dielectric needs to have a significant mass. Thus, it was understood that a material core for the capacitor was needed. Unexpectedly, however, the transient inertial effects do not occur within the mass itself (and therefore are not dependent on mass), but occur within the region of spacetime where the mass is present or within the region of spacetime independent of mass. It was found that it can. This happens because E = mc ² in the special theory of relativity is fundamentally allowed to exchange mass and energy. Rewriting equation F = ma in the form of momentum gives the Einstein 4-vector form below.

F =-[(1 / ρ ₀ c) (δE0 / δt), f]

In this equation, E ₀ (energy density) by replacing the place of ρ ₀ is the time derivative indicates the possibility of the energy flux δE ₀ / δt (may be given by an electric field), ρ ₀ is fixed on the object density is constant Ie left in the "constant" portion (1 / ρ ₀ c) of the equation representing the "native" mass.

If a capacitor with a vacuum is used instead of the insulator of the material dielectric, the possible mass change of the capacitor is significantly increased. E ₀ = ρ ₀ c ² can be used to convert between matter and energy, and it is permissible to replace the physical mass ρ ₀ with a small but positive constant E _0i . Where E _0i is the energy density resulting from the complete material-energy conversion of the material remaining in the vacuum core of the capacitor when an incomplete vacuum is made. Since E _0i is constant for the energy flux given to the capacitor, there is a significant improvement in the mass change possible by the vacuum larger capacitor compared to the material core capacitor. When ρ ₀ is replaced by E _0i , the modified mass change equation becomes

(Φ/[4πGE_0i c²])(δP/δt)δm

(Φ / [4πGE _0i c ² ]) (δP / δt)

E _0i can be made smaller by improving the vacuum in the capacitor—the better the better the vacuum, the smaller the value, in that E _0i becomes smaller. E _0i is in the denominator in the above equation, so the smaller E _0i is, the larger δm will be. This substitution of ρ ₀ to E _0i also results in c ⁴ of the denominator of the previous equation being c ² .

When the mass change effect can occur well in the region of spacetime where time-varying power is present, the generated inertial and acceleration forces are transmitted to the structure of the mass changing object adjacent to the region. Thus, in the case of a capacitor, the power flux is located between both plates. In the case where the capacitors are accelerated to p ₁ in the position p ₀ between times t ₀ and t _1, p ₁ and p when the distance between _{0 and} larger than the length of the capacitor, the capacitor is based on the energy density E _0i and the inertial mass change effect Since it forms the position of both of the power flux δP / δt that causes δm, the effect moves over the same distance (ie, the distance p ₁ -p ₀ ). The field in which the mass change occurs is held between the two plates of the capacitor and is determined by the position of the two plates. Therefore, the elasticity of the structure of the two plates will affect how any force is transferred to the body of the capacitor. This effect can be minimized, in particular, by making the structure of the two plates more rigid.

(Φ/[4πGρ₀ c⁴])(δP/δt)가 작용하기 위해 어떠한 실질적인 질량도 사용될 필요가 없다. 에너지는 치환될 수 있어, 고유의 질량 밀도인 ρ₀가 제로(0)에 가까워질수록 질량 변화 실효성의 막대한 증가가 성취될 수 있다는 결론에 이르게 된다. Therefore, since E ₀ / c ² can be substituted instead of ρ ₀ , the mass change effect takes place, that is, the equation δm

No substantial mass needs to be used for (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt) to work. The energy can be substituted, leading to the conclusion that as the intrinsic mass density, ρ ₀ , approaches zero, a massive increase in mass change effectiveness can be achieved.

It will be understood that a full vacuum, whether artificial or natural, is not known (in the universe of abyss, a natural vacuum is not a full vacuum). In particular, the vacuum created by industrial processes will have a residual detectable mass. When the capacitor is accelerated (atoms accumulate at the end opposite the direction of acceleration), the movement of very low pressure gaseous material can affect the transfer of force to the casing of the capacitor.

One example of such an adverse effect on the transmission of force is the woodward device of the prior art. One feature of the Woodward device is that the back and forth acceleration imparted by the piezoelectric actuator occurs within a very small distance, described in a few angstroms in the published paper. Thus, in a woodword device having a material dielectric, if there is any elasticity or gap between the dielectric and the casing in the dielectric, there is a possibility that the force is not effectively transferred to the casing. This is because the movement in each of the front and rear directions before the inversion (reversal) of the movement is so short that the only effect of the movement was the compression or movement of the dielectric. In other words, if it was time for the force to begin to transfer to the structure of the capacitor, the motion would be reversed, causing the dielectric to move and / or compress in the other direction.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, this potential challenge can be overcome by at least one of the following methods. First, the distance traveled by the mass change object during each acceleration cycle is a reasonable percentage of the size of the capacitor. The distance to be moved is preferably at least 5% of the length of the capacitor, most preferably at least the length of the capacitor. As a result, even after the movement of the remaining gas in the vacuum, there is an additional motion in which the force is transferred to the two plates of the capacitor and the structure of the housing or other type of mass change object. Secondly, the device is preferably configured to accelerate in a single direction rather than back and forth, minimizing the adverse effects of force transfer by the material remaining in the vacuum. In this configuration, instead of being moved from one end to the other, the remaining material in the vacuum accumulates at one end and stays there, so that the effect of the moving material is minimized. As will be described further below, the rotary device of this embodiment has this advantage, as in the linear device, because the mass change object moves in one direction around the hub, not in the direction of periodic inversion.

Electrical devices with non-solid cores to which time-varying power fluxes can be applied are commercially available. For example, vacuum capacitors with a degree of vacuum on the order of 1 × 10 ⁻⁷ torr are commercially available and are generally used for high-power broadcasting. Air core inductors and transformers are also commercially available.

Significant improvements in mass change effectiveness when using a mass change region of vacuum can be seen by comparison with the prior art. One Woodward apparatus used a capacitor with a dielectric material having a density of 3,000 kg / m 3. In comparison, a vacuum of 1 × 10 ⁻⁷ torr has a density of 1.7 × 10 ⁻¹⁰ kg / m 3. This represents an improvement in potential mass change of approximately 1.8 x 10 ¹³ times.

It has also been found that the input waveform shape can be selected to produce the desired mass change profile. This has practical advantages over the prior art of the Woodward apparatus, which in particular is limited to essentially periodic and inverted mass variations due to the use of resonant circuits and the inevitable necessity of AC waveforms. Given the greatly improved effectiveness associated with using vacuum-core energy storage devices, large mass changes can be derived from relatively small power fluxes. There may be certain waveforms that will provide the best performance depending on whether an increase in mass, a decrease in mass, or other purpose is desired.

It will be appreciated that the non-reactive thruster will operate optimally according to the mass of the object at a particular time by accelerating the mass change object differently. In other words, the direction and / or magnitude of the acceleration of the mass change object 30 will be different when the mass of the mass change object 30 is increased and when the mass of the mass change object 30 is reduced. By using the selected acceleration profile in relation to a specific mass change profile, the desired net thrust in the desired direction is generated. Detailed examples of how to match the acceleration profile and the mass change profile are described below.

Correlating the acceleration profile with the mass change profile to generate thrust involves two separate input waveforms: a mass increase waveform (a waveform that produces positive δm) and a mass decrease waveform (a negative waveform that is different from the mass increase waveform as a function of time). Waveforms that yield δm) become easy. This is in contrast to Woodward's device, which has an input waveform that is always the same single sine wave as a function of time rather than two separate waveforms.

Preferably, the mass gain waveform and the mass loss waveform generally produce some form of a constant mass change effect (ie, a constant amount of δm or a constant negative δm). Such waveforms maximize mass change effectiveness. This is because the ability to generate thrust is related to the magnitude of the mass change over the entire time that the mass change occurs. Therefore, suppose that it is desired to increase the mass of the mass change object between the times t ₁ and t ₂ . Since the magnitude of thrust that can be generated generally increases with the increase in the magnitude of the mass change, the most preferable would be that the mass change is approximately constant from t ₁ to t ₂ . If the mass defenses are not constant, the maximum mass change will not be effective for generating thrust over the period between t ₁ and t ₂ , which is less desirable.

In addition, having a substantially constant mass change simplifies the computational design. If the mass change is constant for any given period of interest, then the second term of the force equation F = mdv / dt + vdm / dt can be ignored because dm / dt is zero.

However, it will be appreciated that the present invention also encompasses non-uniform input waveforms. Although much less preferred, any mass gain waveform and mass loss waveform that are different time functions are included in the present invention. Thus, for example, input waveforms that change linearly but produce a non-uniform mass change can be used, and those waveforms have been compared with one sine input wave since dm / dt will be constant over the mass change period. Will simplify the computational design. However, most preferred is to use a mass gain waveform that produces a constant positive mass change and a mass decrease waveform that produces a constant negative mass change.

In one ideal capacitor, the relationship between voltage and current is I = C (dV / dt), where it corresponds to the current through the capacitor, C is the capacitance of the capacitor, and V is the voltage across the capacitor. Using a capacitor as an example of a mass change object, a preferable mass increase waveform and a mass decrease waveform will be described. Since it is desirable to make the mass change approximately constant (and therefore to make dP / dt approximately constant), it is assumed that the magnitude of dP / dt is a constant K. Thus, for positive mass change, dP / dt = K and P = P ₀ + Kt, where P represents power and P ₀ is an integral constant representing the initial power of the initial time. Similarly, for the mass reduction waveform, dP / dt = -K and P = P ₀ -Kt.

To derive the waveform equation, an equation (I = CdV / dt) relating to the voltage-current of the capacitor and an equation (P = VI) for calculating the power in the electrical circuit are used.

The general solution is represented by the equation

V (t) = ± (1 / C) [C (2t 0 - 2V 0 + 2tP 0 + (δP / δt) t 2)] 1/2

Where t is time, t ₀ is the initial time, V ₀ is the integral constant representing the initial voltage, P ₀ is the integral constant representing the initial power, C is the capacitance of the capacitor, and δP / δt is the mass reduction waveform. The rate of change of power in hours. ? P /? t is a predetermined constant value.

The simplest solution occurs when t ₀ = O, V ₀ = O, and P ₀ = O with positive δP / δt. This mass-increasing voltage waveform for the capacitor is shown in FIG. 2 and consists of a sawtooth waveform. Because of the ± symbol, the line may increase or decrease. This waveform can be inclined upwardly from the base voltage to reach the highest point, and then inclined downwardly until the base voltage is reached (with the same magnitude of slope as the upward straight line). This cycle can be repeated indefinitely. The current I is constant in magnitude as shown in FIG. 2 but periodically reverses direction. 2 also shows that the resulting power curve appears as an upward slope with periodic discontinuous portions. The power change δP / δt over time is equal to the power line slope, which is constant (constant) and positive with by inspection. The power reaches a maximum value on the left side of each discontinuous portion and becomes a minimum value on the right side of each discontinuous portion. Thus, although it cannot be mathematically determined in the periodic discontinuous portion of power, the power drop across the discontinuous portion gives a sharp change in the large negative value of δP / δt. On the other hand, at every point determined on a continuous power curve, δP / δt is constant and positive.

In an artificial system, the drive amplifier will not be able to make instantaneous switching from negative current to positive current, which is required to generate the sawtooth voltage input waveform shown in FIG. As a practical result, such an artificial amplifier will produce a small curve at the peak of the voltage. As shown in FIG. 3, the voltage is taken to drive the artificial system, and when I = C δv / δt, the voltage peak is designed as a parabolic curve tangent to the voltage curve rather than the point shown in FIG. 2. The result is that, as shown in FIG. 3, a large negative value of δP / δt (and accompanying inertial mass change) is present in the discontinuous portion. Failure to adjust these effects can potentially lead to equipment damage, depending on the application. It is also important to know that the total power is summed to zero over time, which can be seen by comparing the positive and negative areas under the δP / δt curve.

It can also be seen that other initial conditions for positive mass produce hyperbolic lines of up-down and left-right symmetry, as shown in FIGS. 14 and 15.

If a negative δP / δt is selected, the curve has an elliptic characteristic curve as shown in Fig. 4 (and as shown by the outline of the dashed dashed line as the reference ellipse in Figs. 10 and 11). There are two symmetry in the waveforms. Since time is squared, the same result is held over time on both sides of t ₀ (common for periodic waveforms). It is also symmetrical around zero volts.

Hyperbolic and elliptic curves have an area where the tangent to the voltage curve approaches normal when the curve passes through V = O. These areas may not be used in practice. First, since I = CdV / dt and dV / dt approaching infinity at the vertical tangent, infinite current will be required to achieve such a curve. Second, because P = VI, at such a position the power would be equal to zero multiplied by infinity, which is not mathematically determined.

These factors, together with the ability to set certain initial conditions, give rise to the ability to design arbitrary waveforms within certain limits. The limiting amplitude, the starting voltage V ₀ of the waveform segment, the initial power level P ₀ , the initial time t _0, and the predetermined δP / δt may be configured to generate the predetermined waveform segment. Several waveform segments may be connected (combined) with each other to produce the desired effect. In order to avoid undesired abrupt fluctuations in δP / δt in the discontinuous portion of the voltage waveform, several voltage curves may be designed and combined so that a gently continuous δV / δt occurs.

(Φ/[4πGρ₀ c⁴])(δP/δt)에서, 무반동 추력 장치의 설계자의 제어 범위 내에 있는 것은 단지 2개의 변수이며 그것은 ρ₀와 δP/δt이다. 상술한 바와 같이, ρ₀는 질량 변화 물체(30)의 선정과 구성에 의해 상당한 정도로 제어될 수 있다. 따라서, 본 발명의 하나의 양태의 바람직한 실시예는 진공을 질량 변화 영역(32)에 위치시킨 질량 변화 물체의 사용을 포함한다. Equation δm

In (Φ / [4πGρ ₀ c ⁴ ]) (δP / δt), it is only two variables that are within the designer's control range of the non-reaction thrust device, which is ρ ₀ and δP / δt. As described above, ρ ₀ can be controlled to a considerable extent by the selection and configuration of the mass change object 30. Thus, a preferred embodiment of one aspect of the present invention involves the use of a mass change object having a vacuum placed in the mass change region 32.

As for δP / δt, this variable may theoretically be set to any desired value. The particular shape of the waveform can then be determined using equations that are valid for the particular mass change object being used, which associates δP / δt with the variable inducing the input waveform. In the case of certain capacitors described above, it is most preferable that δP / δt is set to a positive or negative constant for mass-increasing or mass-reducing. The equations for power and voltage are then used to determine the mass-increasing input voltage waveform and the mass-decreasing input voltage waveform. As can be seen, the designer can then configure initial conditions (eg, t ₀ , V ₀ , P ₀ ) to generate the required waveform. In theory, there is no limit to the magnitude of the constant δP / δt that can be selected by the designer. In practice, however, δP / δt should preferably be selected taking into account real world limitations. The above limitations include the ability of an amplifier or other power source to accurately generate and amplify complex waveforms, and the performance of exercise equipment in relation to mass changing objects for switching at high speeds. Other important practical limitations to consider include the limitations on equipment dimensions and the waveform frequency imposed by shock wave propagation and sound wave effects. In addition, structural restrictions may exist as a result of the impact on equipment caused by extreme abrupt changes in δP / δt.

In fact, it has been found that sonic effects limit the maximum frequencies that can be used in commercially readily available equipment. At the appropriate dimensions of the mechanical equipment (about 1 m), the maximum frequency is approximately 100-200 Hz. At 100 Hz, with a 1x10 ^-7 torr vacuum capacitor powered by an amplifier with a maximum output of 2100 V, a current of ± 100 mA and a maximum output power of about 21 mW, a theoretical mass change of 325 kg occurs. do. In practice, it has been found that the high mass changes have the potential to impart structural forces damaging the capacitors, so that the mass changes possible for current readily available devices should be virtually limited. Higher performance equipment may be fabricated that will enable to increase the effective range of possible mass changes, but mass changes of up to 50 kg per capacitor are considered to be practical targets for currently commercially available large quantities of equipment. .

Preferably, the mass change object 30 will move in one direction in a continuous motion due to the effect on the force transfer of any remaining material in the vacuum chamber. In this respect, linear accelerators that move mass changing objects along a straight path are less desirable. The reason is that the magnitude of the straight path is inevitably limited, and a motion reversal will be required. In each movement inversion. The material remaining in the vacuum will move to the other end of the mass change region, thus reducing the force transfer of the mass change object 30 to the structure. Where linear accelerators are used, it is therefore desirable to have several input waveform cycles in each direction before inversion is made in order to minimize the impact on the force transfer of the moving material.

In determining how to apply mass-change waveforms to generate a desired mass change profile for generating a non-recoil thrust, a mass change object (e.g. a capacitor) mounted on a small powered carriage on any long track It is useful to consider. The capacitor is supplied with the necessary power flux to induce the desired mass change. In this scenario, the goal is to derive the maximum reverse force (i.e. thrust) on the track without exceeding the set speed V in the carriage, and also to drive the carriage before the end of the track according to Newton's third law of motion. After braking and stopping, there must be such a net reverse force or reaction force.

In the general case where the inertial mass of the carriage cannot be varied, the towing by the motorized cart generates a reverse force on the track, during which the carriage accelerates at speed V. However, when the carriage is braked back to zero speed, momentum in the same magnitude opposite direction will act on the track resulting in zero net force on the track.

However, if the mass gain waveform of FIG. 3 is applied to a capacitor on a powered carriage to produce time-varying power and a corresponding mass increase, it is possible to alter the result of this zero net force. If the acceleration of the carriage is applied uniformly, the change in mass due to the sudden fluctuation of the negative value of δP / δt will have the same result of the net zero reaction force, since its average value becomes zero for a long time. will be. However, if the carriage acceleration is canceled while the mass change is negative, only the force due to the higher inertia mass will be observed on the track. This is shown in FIG.

If the acceleration of the carriage occurs only when the carriage becomes "heavy" and the braking cycle is completely eliminated during the braking cycle so that the braking occurs only in the inherent mass state of the mass change object, the net reverse force on the track Is achieved.

One can have inherent masses of one unusual potential effect when using a mass reduction waveform. As mentioned above, a magnitude of mass change of 50 kg may be practically possible. If the -50 kg waveform is applied, the net inertial mass of the carriage will be -25 kg. If the acceleration is controlled such that the acceleration is only present during the negative mass cycle, only negative mass is observed in the system because the inertial mass change effect can be utilized through the acceleration. Optionally, during the positive mass waveform portion, the carriage can be disconnected from the drive means by the clutch described above. In the case of negative masses, the general behavior of the force equation F = ma is reversed to F = -ma. For example, a braking force applied to the wheel of the carriage (only during the negative portion of the waveform) will actually accelerate the mass. Here we have the possibility of generating a virtual negative material, in that the average mass remains the same as the intrinsic mass, but the clutch only allows sensing the mass when the drive means is negative. . The acceleration effect of these negative materials Robert Forward's article "Negative Matter Propulsion", J. Propulsion 6, 28-37 (January-February 1990).

A linear reciprocating backlashless thrust system is shown in FIG. 6. The mass change object 30 (preferably a capacitor) is mounted on the carriage 40, the carriage 40 moves back and forth along the lead screw 12, and the lead screw 12 functions as a track. . The waveform generator 60 and the amplifier 50 function as a power source for selectively applying a mass increase waveform and a mass decrease waveform to the capacitor. The motor 25 (associated with the capacitor) accelerates the capacitor to exert a force on the lead screw 12 and the lead screw 12 functions as a base to which the force is applied. It will be appreciated that the present invention includes other types of tracks and bases than the preferred embodiment.

The following method can be used to generate thrust in the system of FIG. The mass change object 30 is initially located at one end of the lead screw 12. Amplifier 50 is used to generate inertial mass gain waveforms. The capacitor is accelerated toward the center line C / L of the lead screw 12. The acceleration profile is adjusted so that no acceleration is performed when the waveform reaches a discontinuous portion with an undesirable mass effect (i.e., a sharp change in the negative value of δP / δt shown in FIG. 5). The maximum speed will be reached at the centerline position. At this time, an inertial mass reduction waveform is generated. The carriage with the vacuum capacitor 30 then decelerates to zero speed at the other end of the lead screw and again accelerates in the opposite direction towards the center line. The acceleration profile is again adjusted so that no acceleration is performed when the waveform reaches a discontinuous portion with undesirable mass effects. At this point, upon reaching the centerline again, the waveform should switch to the mass-increasing effect. The carriage should be slowed down to zero speed at the end, and this process can continue as needed.

In this embodiment all accelerations are directed to the centerline. If there is no mass change effect, the result is alternating forces that eventually cancel themselves out. However, if the mass increases when acceleration occurs in one direction and the mass decreases when acceleration occurs in the other direction, a net force is generated. The best results are expected when the total movement is greater than the size of the capacitor and several waveform cycles in one direction are obtained before the motion reversal.

As mentioned above, the path of the mass change object is preferably as long as possible so that no motion reversal is required. The use of trajectories of mass change objects to form a closed loop eliminates the problem of motion reversal. The use of loops introduces design complexity because the force and acceleration equations of a mass-changing object rotating around its center point include conditions that represent rotation, or rotational motion. However, it turns out that in practice it is possible to ignore these conditions. The reason is that for any actual radius, a "linear" effect (eg, instantaneous acceleration in contact with a circular path) will dominate any rotational effect. A recoilless thrust system 10 with a loop path of a mass change object is shown in FIG. 7. This system 10 has a set of arms 15 on the shaft (shaft) of the standard electric motor 25, as shown in FIG. 7, and at least one capacitor at the end of the arm 15. (30) is attached. The set of arms meet each other at the hub 43 near the rotary slip ring 45, and the rotary slip ring 45 is preferably used to feed the input waveform to the mass change object 30. Thus, the capacitor 30 rotates about the hub 43, and the hub 43 functions as a center point at which the object 30 rotates about the center. For illustration purposes, rotation points of 0 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees are shown.

As explained below, the rotational effect of the centripetal force effectively enlarges the thrust as effectively as possible. When one capacitor rotates from 0 degrees to 180 degrees, an inertial mass increase waveform (voltage rise) is applied. When one capacitor rotates from 180 degrees to 270 degrees, a mass reduction waveform (curve A in FIG. 4) is applied. When rotating from 270 degrees to 360 degrees, another mass reduction waveform (curve B in FIG. 4) is applied. From 360 degrees to 540 degrees, a mass increase waveform (voltage drop) is applied. From 540 degrees to 630 degrees, a mass reduction waveform (curve C in FIG. 4) is applied. From 630 to 720 degrees, another mass reduction waveform (curve D in FIG. 4) is applied. Thereafter, this 720 degree cycle is repeated. Thus, two cycles of the capacitor are required for one cycle of combined mass increase waveform and mass decrease waveform. This is illustrated in FIG. 10.

As with all rotating objects, the capacitor is accelerated towards the center of rotation located in the hub 43. Reaction forces of the same size and opposite directions pull the hub for balance. Since the capacitor has a larger inertia mass in the sector of 0-180 degrees, more force is generated on the hub compared to the sector of 180-360 degrees with the net average thrust in the 90 degree direction.

Thus, in both linear and rotary systems, the net force direction thrust increases the mass to the mass change object when (1) the acceleration of the mass change object 30 has at least the component opposite in the net force direction. It will be appreciated that the waveform, and (2) the acceleration of the mass change object 30 is generated by application of a mass reduction waveform to the mass change object when it has at least a component in the net force direction. In the linear arrangement, with reference to FIG. 6, suppose that the mass increase waveform is applied to the mass change object 30 when the mass change object 30 is accelerated toward the centerline at the far right of the track. In such a case, the net force direction (i.e., the direction of net thrust applied to the lead screw 12) will be indicated by the NF arrow in FIG. 6 and will be in the right direction as described above.

In the rotary device, when the mass change object 30 rotates at a constant speed around the hub 43, the mass change object 30 is always subjected to net momentary acceleration in the direction of the hub 43. When the waveform of the above combination is used and the net force direction is in the 90 degree direction as shown in Fig. 7, the acceleration component in the 90 degree direction when the mass change object is between 180 and 360 degrees and between 540 and 720 degrees This exists. Likewise, when the mass change object is in the range of 0-180 degrees and 360-540 degrees, there is an acceleration component opposite to the net force direction. This is shown in FIG. 13.

In FIG. 13, the mass change object 30 is shown in the range of 0-90-180 degrees, or in the range of 360-450-540 degrees. In this range, the centripetal acceleration CA vector is the sum of two rectangular components. One of these two right angle components is the component PC perpendicular to the net force direction. The other is the component ONFD, which is opposite the net force direction. Therefore, in this range, the mass change object has an acceleration component opposite to the net force direction, and in this range, a mass increase waveform is applied. 13 also shows mass change objects in the range of 180-270-360 degrees or in the range of 540-630-720 degrees. Objects within this range have a centripetal acceleration CA that is the sum of the two right angle vector components. One right angle vector component PC is perpendicular to the net force direction, and the other right angle vector component NFD is the net force direction. Therefore, in this range, the mass change object has an acceleration component in the net force direction, and in this range, a mass reduction waveform is applied.

The entire input waveform, that is, the combined waveform of the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform, is configured such that the average mass deflection is zero for a long time. This is required for any practical system where the magnitude of power does not increase indefinitely. An additional capacitor (ie, another object 30 in another embodiment) has a periphery of the rotational trajectory of the mass change object with an input waveform of the appropriate phase applied to each object 30 depending on its position on the orbit as described above. Can be added to The more objects 30 are present, the slower the thrust will be. Less effective and therefore less desirable devices can be constructed using only one mass increasing effect or mass reducing effect on only one mass changing object. It will also be appreciated that the net thrust direction can be adjusted by changing the phase of the waveform with respect to rotation.

If a ± 5 kg mass change is induced in two capacitors at only 12 Hz and the corresponding 0.25 m radius of 720 rpm, a net thrust of as much as 9,000 N can be generated (which is comparable to one of the engines of small commercial jets). ). This effect is to increase the frequency and rpm; Increasing arm radius; Increasing mass change; Or by increasing the number of capacitors.

As the sudden δP / δt inversion as shown in FIG. 5 interferes with thrust generation and may damage capacitors or other objects 30, a gentle transition from the mass increase waveform to the mass decrease waveform Is preferred.

In a linear reciprocating, non-recoil thrust system as shown in FIG. 6, acceleration can be stopped at any time when an undesirable sudden change in δP / δt occurs, so that such an adverse effect can not be observed. This can be achieved because substantially only one acceleration occurs and the acceleration is oriented along the track. However, there are two accelerations in the rotary device. The first is the tangential acceleration caused by increasing or decreasing the speed by the motor. This can be controlled as desired. However, the centripetal acceleration, ie the acceleration towards the center of rotation of the rotating mass, is proportional to the square of the rotational speed. Thus, as long as the capacitor (or other object 30) moves along the rotation path, even when a sudden fluctuation in δP / δt occurs and the speed is constant, the capacitor (or other object 30) is accelerated. . As described below, for a rotatable device, it is preferred that the input waveform be applied in such a way as to substantially avoid the discontinuous portion and thus the abrupt change in δP / δt. However, the waveforms of the real world are not complete and some sudden fluctuations can occur. Therefore, it is important to know the magnitude of the abrupt fluctuation and, when combined with the rotational speed, to focus on generating a waveform with the highest value in a controlled form to be within the range of structural strength of the device and capacitor. A substantially rigid resilient mounting means in the tangential direction, while being movable and capable of absorbing radial shock, can be designed to dampen forces caused by rapid fluctuations.

As described above, in particular, a sudden variation of δP / δt occurs in the discontinuous portion of the input waveform. In the linear system of FIG. 6, this discontinuous portion can be controlled using a tie-breaker (chopper), for example in the form of a clutch. When the clutch is engaged (ie, when the mass change object 30 is connected to the accelerator), the mass change object 30 moves in response to the accelerator. When the clutch is disconnected, the mass change object 30 is disconnected from the accelerator, and the mass change object is not substantially accelerated, i.e., moves only with the inertia that was moving. By releasing the clutch from the base where the mass changing object exerts a force by breaking the clutch during the discontinuous portion that will result in a sudden fluctuation of undesirable δP / δt from the desired constant value, It is possible to prevent sudden fluctuations in δP / δt from having a substantial effect on the generation of thrust.

However, in a rotary device, the mass change object is always in an acceleration state as long as it is in motion (as long as the motion is about the hub). Therefore, the combination waveform of the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform, which preferably form the entire input waveform, is configured to reduce or eliminate discontinuous portions that produce sudden fluctuations in unwanted [delta] P / [delta] t. Such a full waveform is shown in FIG. As described above, the entire waveform repeating every two revolutions, i.e., 720-degree rotations, consists of a combination of the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform selected to produce net thrust in the predetermined direction. As can be seen in FIG. 10, these mass gain waveforms and mass decrease waveforms are arranged such that there are no discontinuities between them. In other words, at a point where one waveform section meets another waveform section, the tangential slope of one waveform section is equal to the tangential slope of another waveform section. As a result, in this preferred embodiment, the abrupt fluctuation of unwanted δP / δt associated with the discontinuous portion in the entire input waveform is eliminated.

The non-reactive thrust device as described above may also be configured to generate axial force. Such a system may have a physical form as shown in FIG. 7, for example with two mass change objects 30 (preferably capacitors) moving along a substantially circular path of motion. It has been described above how the apparatus can be used to generate thrust. In general, the motion of a mass change object in a rotary system has two components: an angular component and a radial component. This rotary system has an angular velocity that represents the rate of rotation at any given time, and the angular acceleration will increase or decrease the rate of rotation. The radial acceleration is imparted to the mass change object 30 in the form of a centripetal acceleration corresponding to the centripetal force by the rigid arm 15. The centripetal force is proportional to the square of the instantaneous tangential velocity of the mass change object 30. Preferably, in the rotary thrust system described above, there is a constant rotation rate for a given desired thrust magnitude. In a system with two mass change objects 30, one method of developing thrust is to provide a mass increase waveform to one mass change object while providing a mass decrease waveform to the other mass change object according to the principles described above. will be. For example, both waveforms may be phase shifted by 180 ° relative to each other while taking the form of FIG. 10.

In contrast, in a system configured to generate axial force, all mass change objects 30 will be provided with the same waveform. In the case where the mass change object 30 is a capacitor, the voltage waveform is mainly as shown in FIG. 11 where a mass reduction effect is applied to each capacitor so that its value becomes a large negative value for most given cycles. It would be desirable to take the form of a negative mass waveform. In this case, the net moment of inertia of the entire rotating structure (ie the net moment of inertia of DC motor 25, hub 43, mounting arm 15 and capacitor 30) will be temporarily negative. Considering the angular motion and the principle of the negative material described above, the braking torque applied to the shaft by a regenerative brake (regenerative brake) configured to extract the axial force by applying a retarding force to the shaft (shaft) causes the assembly to accelerate. Will cause it to become and cause the turnover to increase. Since the waveform power is bound, there is necessarily a corresponding amount of δP / δt spacing. Therefore, when δP / δt becomes positive, it will be necessary to disconnect the mass change object 30 from the regenerative brake so that during the positive δP / δt the regenerative brake does not apply the restraining force to the mass change object 30 ( If the regenerative brake applies the restraining force to the mass change object 30 during a positive δP / δt, the result will be observed only the mean mass value, i.e. the intrinsic mass of the mass change object, even with the regenerative brake). The binder-breaker (chopper) used to bind the brake to the object 30 when the mass reduction waveform is applied and to disconnect the brake from the object when the mass increase waveform is applied is used to cut off the current to the permanent magnet DC motor. (The current is proportional to the torque; there is no acceleration without torque-thus the motor functions as a bond-breaker); Using a servo drive controller to maintain a constant rotational speed during said positive [delta] P / [delta] t intervals; And optionally using an electric or mechanical hydraulic or pneumatic clutch or a fast-responsive electrofluid or magnetorheological fluid to disconnect the assembly from the shaft at the required time. Since braking while negative inertial mass is applied causes angular acceleration, the turnover rate can rise to dangerous or unwanted levels. If the rotatable assembly being accelerated exceeds a predetermined rotational speed, the negative mass effect can be blocked and the system can be decelerated as needed.

It is also necessary to take into account radial acceleration, ie centripetal force effect. Since all mass change objects 30 have the same waveform, assuming that there are two or more objects 30 as shown in FIG. 7, the centripetal forces will be canceled and any net in the net force direction NF There is no power. However, centripetal forces will impose structural loads on the device several hundred times the gravity at typical rotation rates. The device must be strong enough to withstand the applied loads, and the δP / δt values should preferably not be allowed to approach theoretical infinity values. In addition, as a result of balanced centripetal forces, the phase of the waveform must be synchronized with the rotational position in the device in which the net force must be generated, but no such synchronization is required for the operation of the device configured to generate the axial force.

It may be useful to summarize and compare the conditions under which a rotatable device as shown in FIG. 7 can be used for axial force and the conditions that can be used for thrust. If a rotary device is used for axial force, the rate of rotation will be variable, the same waveform is provided for all mass change objects, no synchronization of waveform and rotation is required, and a tie-breaker is required. .

When a rotary device is used for thrust, the rate of rotation is preferably constant, phase shifted waveforms are provided to each mass change object, the waveforms are synchronized with the absolute position of rotation, and the rate of rotation is preferably Constant, no binder-breaker is required.

While the use of an electric motor in regenerative braking mode is a preferred method of extracting axial force from such devices, the present invention includes any suitable method of power extraction including a generator, pneumatic compressor, pneumatic pump, hydraulic compressor and hydraulic pump. It does not restrict | limit to the example enumerated above.

It will also be appreciated that power can be extracted in equivalent linear devices. In one example of such a linear device, the mass change object can be accelerated and braked in a substantially linear path of motion using a linear induction motor. The linear induction motor functions as a regenerative brake and can regenerate power from the application of the stopping force. As described above, if the stopping force is applied during the period when the net inertial mass of the moving structure including the mass changing object is negative, the moving structure and the mass changing object will be accelerated. One disadvantage of such linear devices is that reciprocation is required in the absence of menopause. In addition, other modes of extracting power in a linear manner including a pneumatic device and a hydraulic device are also included in the present invention and are not limited to the above examples.

As electrical characteristics change with temperature and other conditions in the circuit, the effect of a given input waveform may vary. Therefore, it would be beneficial to monitor such a change in the effect and derive a correction of the change in the input waveform using a feedback monitoring system as shown in FIG. 9. Current (I) sensor 61 and voltage (V) sensor 62 can be employed, and the output from these sensors is connected to a multiplier 63 that yields instantaneous power (P = V x I). The power flux δP / δt is an important variable. The output of the multiplier can then be fed to a comparator 64 which compares the actual power to the expected value at a particular point in the cycle. Then, a waveform corrector 65 is provided for correcting the waveform to obtain a desired result. The modified waveform is then generated by the waveform generator 60 and output to the circuit. Such a device may be developed by components in software within a computer processor device using discrete components or with the addition of appropriate analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog hardware.

In the description of the invention in the examples, more preferred and somewhat less preferred waveforms have been described. It will be appreciated that the present invention encompasses the use of such approximate waveforms to achieve mass changes that approximate mass changes obtained by using the waveforms described in the examples. Sometimes, due to equipment limitations or other practical limitations, it will be easier to use approximation waveforms of the desired input waveforms, and these approximation waveforms can provide suitable results.

Experiments were performed using the device essentially the same as that shown in FIG. 7. The structure of the experimental apparatus is shown in FIG. 8. The difference from the configuration shown in FIG. 7 is that a small amplifier was used attached to the rotating arm. The power supply for the amplifier and the waveform signal (provided by the digital waveform generator) were connected to the rotating arm via a multi-conductor rotating slip ring. In addition, due to the high voltages used, the plastic housings were made to prevent arcing from the capacitors to the adjacent metal frame.

The motor used was a 1 hp permanent magnet DC unit. Such a motor has the characteristic that the voltage is proportional to the speed of the motor and the input current is proportional to the torque. Digital signal generators were used to generate sawtooth waveforms with a low voltage of 0 V and a high voltage of 5 V. The resulting waveform after amplification had a minimum voltage of 18,000 volts, a maximum voltage of 25,000 volts, and a frequency of 6 Hz. The amplifier had the smallest distortion in this voltage range.

The capacitor used was a Jennings vacuum capacitor with a capacitance of 1 p10 ^-7 torr with a capacitance of 12 pF at voltages up to 35,000 V.

The first experiment was started with the motor stopped. The waveform generator started running and the amplifier was powered on. Then the power was connected to the motor. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) with analog-to-digital (A / D) converters have been used to drive motors through high speed solid-state relays. The A / D converter sensed the input voltage from the waveform generator. When the voltage reached a predetermined magnitude, the motor was stopped for 20 mS. This ensured that the current to the motor was cut off at the peak of the waveform, and that the motor only rotated (ie, rotating without any angular acceleration) at the peak of the waveform and its associated δP / δt inversion. . A time of 20 mS was used because the specific relay of the experimental device had an activation delay of up to 10 mS. 5 shows this method. The first experiment was started with the motor stopped. The waveform generator started running and the amplifier was powered on. Then the power was connected to the motor. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) with analog-to-digital (A / D) converters have been used to drive motors through high speed solid-state relays. The A / D converter sensed the input voltage from the waveform generator. When the voltage reached a predetermined magnitude, the motor was stopped for 20 mS. This ensured that the current to the motor was cut off at the peak of the waveform, and that the motor only rotated (ie, rotating without any angular acceleration) at the peak of the waveform and its associated δP / δt inversion. . A time of 20 mS was used because the specific relay of the experimental device had an activation delay of up to 10 mS. 5 shows this method.

In order to achieve control where the inertial mass fluctuation effect was rendered ineffective (disappeared), power to the amplifier was cut off during some control operations. Since digital signal generation was still possible, it could be used to provide the same waveform to the PLC's A / D converter for controlling the motor's on / off pulses. Thus, the only difference between the two experimental conditions was whether high power flux (δP / δt) was present in the capacitor.

Thus, if the inertial mass of the capacitor is increased with high power flux δP / δt, it is expected that the given available torque of the motor at a given set voltage should exhibit increased rotational acceleration during operation without virtually high power flux.

Current in the motor was also monitored to ensure the same for both experiments.

One visual target was attached to one of the rotating arms and the experiment was recorded with a video camera. The tape recording the experiment was then examined frame by frame, and the number of frames required for each rotation during acceleration was recorded. Each frame represents 1/30 seconds, so precise measurements could be made.

The experiment was performed at voltages between 25 volts and 35 volts. In the test groups outlined below, eight tests were conducted in four pairs: one test with inertia alteration and one test with inertial alteration effect blocked. The elapsed time of four full revolutions was compared between the two conditions with each test pair.

Average difference: 0.13 seconds

Minimum difference: 0.10 seconds

Max Difference: 0.17 sec

The variation in measured time was caused by the measurement technique using a partial 1/30 second measurement snapshot. For example, the device could move 4.0 rotations in one snapshot and 4.1 rotations in the closest comparable snapshot for another operation. However, it should be noted that there was a difference of more than 0.10 seconds in all test pairs.

In another test under the same conditions, data for seven revolutions were extracted. The torque capacity of the motor was used to calculate the change in mass of inertia that would result in a change in acceleration. This calculation was performed for each revolution.

Mean mass difference: 0.43 kg

Minimum output mass difference: 0.27 kg

Maximum output mass difference: 0.65 kg

The variation in mass difference was caused by the measurement technique using 1/30 second measurement snapshot. For example, the device could move 4.0 rotations in one snapshot and 4.1 rotations in the closest comparable snapshot for another rotation.

Another experiment was conducted to determine the sensitivity of the system to mass changes. The high voltage amplifier is shut off. Voltage regulators were used to set the system to a minimum stalling condition. Then, the voltage was increased by the minimum size at which rotation could begin. The power to the motor was then cut off and then reconnected to ensure that rotation takes place. Then, the voltage amplifier was activated to produce a mass gain effect. In all tests, it was found that the motor stalled with the operation of the amplifier (and thus produced an increased inertial mass increasing effect).

Then, a calibration was performed to determine the minimum sensitivity of the test device. A load was added to the rotating arm to increase the inertial mass of the system to mimic the mass change effect. Since the load could not be added to the capacitor position, the position of each load was measured so that a significant (equivalent) moment of inertia change could be assigned as if the load were located at the same radius position as the capacitor.

Weight up to a significant mass change (at the capacitor radius) of 0.18 kg total was added before all free space was lost. The motor could rotate this increased mass without stalling. Since a capacitor system with an amplified mass gain waveform could stall the motor, it was concluded that the inertia mass change of the capacitor was greater than 0.18 kg.

This experiment proved two theories. The first theory is that vacuum components will be significantly more effective at producing the desired mass change effect than capacitors with material cores. The second theory is that when the mass change effect is combined with a pulse drive that is not accelerated when it is not the desired shape, the wave in the low frequency form will be effective in producing large and nearly continuous mass changes.

The measurements showed that the mass change was greater than 0.18 kg. The calculated values based on the acceleration time and the motor characteristics showed that the mass change was 0.43 kg in the range of +0.21 kg and -0.16 kg.

How does this compare with the theoretical value of inertial mass change? The measured value is smaller than the theoretical calculated value of 7.3 kg by the coefficient of about 16. Various theories must be considered for the reason for this discrepancy. First, it should be noted that the estimate of Φ depends on our knowledge of the size of the universe and the distribution of matter. Another factor is related to the equipment. For example, the amplifier could not faithfully replicate the input signal at high voltages. Future experiments with improved equipment are expected to be closer to theoretical values. Nevertheless, the results achieved show an industrial scale inertia mass change (about 1 lb) with the potential to be used immediately practically.

Since many modifications and variations can be readily made by those skilled in the art, the present invention is not limited to the construction and operation of the preferred embodiments shown and described, and therefore all appropriate levels of Modifications and equivalent structures and operations may be classified as falling within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (48)

 An object for inducing an inertial mass change, the object comprising a mass change region formed to have a time-varying power with a non-zero time change rate, wherein a vacuum is disposed in the mass change region Object to induce inertia mass changes. The object of claim 1, wherein the object comprises an electrical device and the time-varying power comprises power. 3. The object of claim 2, wherein said object is selected from the group consisting of a capacitor, an inductor and a transformer, and said mass change region comprises a vacuum core. The object of claim 1, wherein the power is a natural magnetic force. The object of claim 1, wherein the power comprises an electromagnetic force. 6. The object of claim 5, wherein the object comprises a waveguide. 7. The object of claim 6, wherein said power comprises a microwave force. Apparatus for inducing an inertial mass change on an object, said apparatus comprising: A mass change object comprising the object of claim 1; A power source configured to generate a time-varying power with a non-zero time-varying rate; The power source and the mass change object are configured to place the time-varying power in a mass change region of the mass change object to change the inertial mass of the mass change object. Device for inducing. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising an accelerator for accelerating the mass change object while time-varying power is disposed in the mass change region. . Apparatus for inducing an inertial mass change on an object, said apparatus comprising: A mass change object comprising the object of claim 3; A power source configured to generate a time-varying power with a non-zero time-varying rate; The power source and the mass change object are configured to place the time-varying power in a mass change region of the mass change object to change the inertial mass of the mass change object. Device for inducing. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the accelerator comprises a linear accelerator for accelerating the mass change object along the linear path. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the accelerator comprises a rotary accelerator for rotational acceleration of the mass change object. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the accelerator comprises an electric motor having a servo feedback function to generate a motion according to a predetermined motion profile with respect to the mass change object. . 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the accelerator comprises an electric motor having a servo feedback function to generate motion according to a predetermined motion profile with respect to the mass change object. . 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the device is configured such that a zero force is transmitted between the mass change object and the accelerator substantially upon disconnection between the mass change object and the accelerator, and the mass change upon engagement between the mass change object and the accelerator. Apparatus for inducing an inertial mass change in an object, characterized in that it further comprises a binder-breaker (chopper) configured to selectively bind and disconnect the mass change object and the accelerator so that the object can be accelerated by the accelerator. . 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the device is configured to: substantially zero force is transmitted between the mass change object and the accelerator upon disconnection between the mass change object and the accelerator, and the mass change upon engagement between the mass change object and the accelerator. Apparatus for inducing an inertial mass change in an object, characterized in that it further comprises a binder-breaker (chopper) configured to selectively bind and disconnect the mass change object and the accelerator so that the object can be accelerated by the accelerator. . 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the power source comprises a waveform generator and an amplifier for amplifying the generated waveform to a predetermined level. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the power source comprises a source of stored waveforms and an amplifier for amplifying the supplied stored waveforms to a predetermined level. A device for generating net force in a net force direction with respect to a base, the device comprising: At least one mass change object coupled to the base, the at least one mass change object being configured to have an inertial mass change when power with a non-zero time change rate is applied; An accelerator coupled with the at least one mass change object to accelerate the at least one mass change object such that the at least one mass change object exerts a force on the base; A power source operably connected to at least one mass change object, wherein the mass increase waveform is characterized by (1) the rate of change of power being positive in at least one mass change object, and (2) the rate of change of time in power And a power source configured to selectively apply a mass reduction waveform characterized in that it is a negative value. The power source applies a mass increasing waveform to each of the at least one mass changing object when the acceleration of the mass changing object has a component opposite in at least one net force direction, and the acceleration of the mass changing object is at least one net force. When having a directional component, it is configured to apply a mass reduction waveform to each of the at least one mass changing object,   Wherein the mass gain waveform is a waveform that is different from the mass decrease waveform as a function of time. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the rate of change of power of the mass gain waveform is approximately linear as a function of time. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the rate of change of power of the mass gain waveform is approximately constant as a function of time. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the rate of change of power of the mass reduction waveform is approximately linear as a function of time. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the rate of change in power of the mass reduction waveform is approximately constant as a function of time. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the at least one mass change object comprises an electrical device and the power source comprises a power source. 25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the at least one mass change object comprises an electrical device selected from the group consisting of a capacitor, an inductor, and a transformer. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the mass change object comprises a capacitor and the mass gain waveform comprises a sawtooth voltage waveform. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the at least one mass change object comprises a capacitor, the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform each comprise a voltage waveform represented by the following equation as a function of time, V (t) = ± (1 / C) [C (2t 0 - 2V 0 + 2tP 0 + (δP / δt) t 2)] 1/2 Where t is time, t ₀ is the initial time, V ₀ is the integral constant representing the initial voltage, P ₀ is the integral constant representing the initial power, C is the capacitance of the capacitor, and δP / δt is the mass reduction waveform. And a net force in the net force direction with respect to the base, characterized in that it is the rate of time change of the power of. 20. The accelerator of claim 19, wherein the accelerator comprises a reciprocating accelerator configured to accelerate the at least one mass change object along a substantially linear path, wherein the accelerator and the power source are configured such that at least one mass change object is discontinuous in the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform. And a net force in the net force direction with respect to the base, characterized in that it is formed so as not to substantially accelerate during the discontinuous portion between the portion or the mass gain waveform and the mass decrease waveform. 20. The accelerator according to claim 19, wherein the accelerator comprises at least one arm moving with the at least one mass change object in a substantially circular path around the center point, wherein the accelerator and the power source have a mean mass change over time of substantially zero (0). And a net force increase in the net force direction with respect to the base, characterized in that the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform are applied. 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the accelerator comprises an actuator for moving the at least one mass object, and a controller for controlling the actuator. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the power source is configured to apply the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform as a full waveform, wherein the full waveform is within (1) mass increase waveform, (2) within mass decrease waveform, and (3) mass. 10. An apparatus for generating net force in the net force direction with respect to a base, characterized in that substantially no discontinuity exists between the increasing waveform and the mass decreasing waveform. The method of claim 31, wherein the mass reduction waveform is approximately elliptical and includes four sections, wherein the four sections are: a section A consisting of a section of a mass reduction waveform where t is less than t ₀ and V is _greater than zero volts; a section B consisting of sections of the mass reduction waveform where t is _greater than t ₀ and V is greater than zero volts; a section C consisting of sections of the mass reduction waveform where t is _greater than t ₀ and V is less than zero volts; And and a section D consisting of sections of a mass reduction waveform where t is less than t ₀ and V is less than zero volts. 10. An apparatus for generating net force in a net force direction with respect to a base. 33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the mass gain waveform comprises a sawtooth voltage waveform consisting of alternating linear increasing voltage sections and linear decreasing voltage sections. 34. The system of claim 33, wherein the entire waveform is formed as a periodic waveform that repeats every 720 degree rotation of each mass change object about a center point, The increasing voltage section of the mass increasing waveform is applied from 0 degrees to 180 degrees; Section A is applied from 180 degrees to 270 degrees; Section B is applied from 270 to 360 degrees; The decreasing voltage section of the mass increasing waveform is applied from 360 degrees to 540 degrees; Section C applies from 540 degrees to 630 degrees; And Section D is applied from 630 degrees to 720 degrees; Thereby providing a net force in the net force direction with respect to the base, wherein the net force direction is approximately 90 degrees. Apparatus for generating mechanical power, the apparatus comprising: At least one mass change object attached to the moving frame, the at least one mass change object being configured to have an inertial mass change when power with a non-zero time change rate is applied; An accelerator coupled with the at least one mass change object to accelerate the at least one mass change object along the path of motion to an initial velocity; A power source operably connected to the at least one mass change object, such that the net inertial mass of the at least one mass change object and the moving frame coupled thereto is less than zero, so that 1) a power source configured to selectively apply a mass increase waveform, characterized in that the rate of change of power is a positive value, and (2) a mass decrease waveform, characterized in that the rate of change of power is a negative value; A regenerative brake configured to apply a stopping force to at least one mass change object to regenerate mechanical power when the mass reduction waveform is applied, and not to apply the stopping force to at least one mass change object when the mass increase waveform is applied. Contains; The power source is configured to apply a mass increase waveform to at least one mass change object when the stop force is not applied, and apply a mass decrease waveform to at least one mass change object when the stop force is applied, The mass increase waveform is a waveform different from the mass decrease waveform as a function of time. 36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the path of motion is substantially linear. 36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the path of motion is substantially circular. 36. The brake of claim 35, wherein the regenerative brake disconnects the brake from the at least one mass change object such that no stopping force is applied when the mass increase waveform is applied, and at least one brake such that the stopping force is applied when the mass reduction waveform is applied. Apparatus for generating mechanical power, characterized in that it comprises a binder-breaker (cutter) for binding to a mass-changing object. 39. The device of claim 38, wherein the binder-breaker is selected from the group consisting of an electromagnetic device, a mechanical clutch, a hydraulic clutch, a pneumatic clutch, a clutch using an electrofluid or magnetorheological fluid, and a controlled drive system. A device for generating mechanical power. 36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the regenerative brake is selected from the group consisting of an electric motor, a generator, a pneumatic compressor, a pneumatic pump, a hydraulic compressor, and a hydraulic pump in a regenerative braking mode. 36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the rate of change of time of power of the mass gain waveform is approximately linear as a function of time. 36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the rate of change of time of power of the mass gain waveform is approximately constant as a function of time. 36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the rate of change of power of the mass reduction waveform is approximately linear as a function of time. 36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the rate of change of time of power of the mass reduction waveform is approximately constant as a function of time. 36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the at least one mass change object comprises an electrical device and the power source comprises a power source. 46. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the at least one mass change object comprises an electrical device selected from the group consisting of capacitors, inductors and transformers. 36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the mass change object comprises a capacitor and the mass gain waveform comprises a sawtooth voltage waveform. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the at least one mass change object comprises a capacitor, the mass increase waveform and the mass decrease waveform each comprise a voltage waveform represented by the following equation as a function of time: V (t) = ± (1 / C) [C (2t 0 - 2V 0 + 2tP 0 + (δP / δt) t 2)] 1/2 Where t is time, t ₀ is the initial time, V ₀ is the integral constant representing the initial voltage, P ₀ is the integral constant representing the initial power, C is the capacitance of the capacitor, and δP / δt is the mass reduction waveform. Apparatus for generating a mechanical power, characterized in that the rate of change of power of the time.

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